yuèdòubǐ dé · dé lǔ kè Peter F. Druckerzài历史大观dezuòpǐn!!! yuèdòubǐ dé · dé lǔ kè Peter F. Druckerzài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||
彼得·德鲁克dé lǔ kè yú 1909 nián shēng yú 'ào xiōng dì guó de wéi yě nà， zǔ jí wéi hé lán。 dé lǔ kè jiā zú de xiān rén zài 17 shì jì shí cóng shì shū jí chū bǎn gōng zuò。 dé lǔ kè de fù qīn wéi 'ào guó fù zé wén huà shì wù de guān yuán。 mǔ qīn shì shuài xiān xué xí yī xué de fù nǚ zhī yī。 dé lǔ kè cóng xiǎo shēngzhǎng zài fù yú wén huà de huán jìng zhī zhōng， qí 1979 nián suǒ zhù de zìzhuàn tǐ xiǎo shuō《 bàng guān zhě》 duì qí chéngzhǎng lì chéng zuò liǎo xiáng xì 'ér shēng dòng de miáo shù。 bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè zài guǎn lǐ jiè shì shòu rén zūn jìng de sī xiǎng dà shī。 tā 1909 nián shēng yú wéi yě nà， 1937 nián yí jū měi guó， zhōng shēn yǐ jiāoshū、 zhù shū hé zī xún wéi yè。 dé lǔ kè yī shēng gòng zhù shū 39 běn， zài《 hā fó shāng yè píng lùn》 fā biǎo wén zhāng 30 yú piān， bèi yù wéi“ xiàn dài guǎn lǐ xué zhī fù”。 tā wén fēng qīng xī liàn dá， duì xǔ duō wèn tí tí chū liǎo zì jǐ de jīng bì jiàn jiě。 jié kè · wéi 'ěr qí、 bǐ 'ěr · gài cí děng réndōu shēn shòu qí sī xiǎng de yǐng xiǎng。 dé lǔ kè yī shēng bǐ gēng bù chuò， nián yú jiǔ xún hái chuàng zuò liǎo zhè běn《 dé lǔ kè rì zhì》， wú guài hū《 niǔ yuē shí bào》 zàn yù tā wéi“ dāng dài zuì jù qǐ fā xìng de sī xiǎng jiā”。 2005 nián 11 yuè 11 rì， dé lǔ kè zài jiā zhōu jiā zhōng shì shì， xiǎng nián 95 suì。
zūn wéi“ xiàn dài guǎn lǐ xué zhī fù” de dé lǔ kè， shì zhè gè shí dài zuì chū sè de guǎn lǐ xué zhě。 tā céng fā shì：“ rú guǒ wǒ néng huó dào 80 suì， wǒ yào xiě dào 80 suì”
bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè duì qǐ yè jiè de shēn yuǎn yǐng xiǎng：
“ dé lǔ kè xiān shēng de yuān bó zhī shí、 shēn kè sī xiǎng bù jǐn yǐng xiǎng liǎo xué shù jiè， yě yǐng xiǎng liǎo qǐ yè jiè。 kě yǐ shuō， méi yòu yī gè zhù míng xué zhě hé chéng gōng de shāng jiè lǐng xiù bù cóng tā nà lǐ jí qǔ yǎng fēn。”
héng héng nán jīng dà xué shāng xué yuàn yuàn cháng zhào shǔ míng
“ quán shì jiè de guǎn lǐ zhě dū yìng gāi gǎn xiè zhè gè rén， yīn wéi tā gòng xiàn liǎo bì shēng de jīng lì， lái lǐ qīng wǒ men shè huì zhōng rén de juésè hé zǔ zhì jī gòu de juésè， wǒ rèn wéi bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè bǐ rèn hé qí tā réndōu gèng yòu xiào dì zuò dào liǎo zhè yī diǎn。”
héng héng tōng yòng diàn qì qián shǒu xí zhí xíng guān jié kè · wéi 'ěr qí
“ zài suǒ yòu de guǎn lǐ xué shū jí zhōng， dé lǔ kè de zhù zuò duì wǒ yǐng xiǎng zuì shēn。”
héng héng wēi ruǎn zǒng cái bǐ 'ěr · gài cí
“ dé lǔ kè shì wǒ xīn zhōng de yīng xióng。 tā de zhù zuò hé sī xiǎng fēi cháng qīng xī， zài nà xiē kuáng rè zhuī qiú shí máo sī xiǎng de rén qún zhōng dú shù yī zhì。”
héng héng yīng tè 'ěr zhù xí 'ān dí · gé lǔ fū
guó jì quán wēi méi tǐ duì bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè de píng jià：
“ bǐ dé F. dé lǔ kè lùn shù liǎo guǎn lǐ de xīn fàn shì rú hé gǎi biàn hé rú hé jì xù gǎi biàn wǒ men duì guǎn lǐ shí jiàn hé guǎn lǐ lǐ lùn de jī běn rèn shí。《 21 shì jì de guǎn lǐ tiǎo zhàn》 bù fá yuǎn jiàn zhuó shí hé chāo qián sī wéi， tā jí fēng fù de zhī shí、 guǎng fàn de shí jiàn jīng yàn、 shēn suì de dòng chá lì、 jīng bì de fēn xī hé bō yún jiàn wù bān de cháng shí yú yī shēn， zhè xiē dōushì dé lǔ kè zhù zuò de jīng suǐ hé ‘ guǎn lǐ zhuān yè de lǐ chéng bēi ’。”
héng héng《 hā fó shāng yè píng lùn》
“ zhè wèi gāo zhān yuǎn zhǔ de sī xiǎng jiā jù yòu zhāo pái shì de mǐn ruì dòng chá lì， tā néng gòu dòng xī bù tóng lì liàng zhī jiān cún zài de nèi zài lián xì， tā yòu yī cì gěi wǒ men dài lái yī bù bù kě bù dú de zhù zuò。”
héng héng《 tú shū guǎn》 zá zhì（ LibraryJournal）
bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè yú 1909 nián shēng yú 'ào xiōng dì guó de wéi yě nà， zǔ jí wéi hé lán rén。 qí jiā zú zài shí qī shì jì shí cóng shì shū jí chū bǎn gōng zuò（ Drucker yuán yì wéi " yìn shuà zhě "）。 tā de fù qīn wéi 'ào guó fù zé wén huà shì wù de guān yuán， céng chuàng bàn sà 'ěr sī bǎo yīnyuè jié。 tā de mǔ qīn shì 'ào guó shuài xiān xué xí yī kē de fù nǚ zhī yī。 dé lǔ kè cóng xiǎo shēngzhǎng zài fù yú wén huà de huán jìng zhī zhōng。 qí 1979 nián suǒ zhù de zìzhuàn tǐ xiǎo shuō《 bàng guān zhě》 duì qí chéngzhǎng lì chéng zuò liǎo xiáng xì 'ér shēng dòng de miáo shù。 bǐ dé - dé lǔ kè：《 jīng jì xué rén》 duàn yán dà shī zhōng de dà shī。
dé lǔ kè xiān hòu zài 'ào dì lì hé dé guó shòu jiào yù， 1929 nián hòu zài lún dūn rèn xīn wén jì zhě hé guó jì yínháng de jīng jì xué jiā。 yú 1931 nián huò fǎ lán kè fú dà xué fǎ xué bó shì。 1937 nián yí mín měi guó， céng zài yī xiē yínháng、 bǎo xiǎn gōng sī hé kuà guó gōng sī rèn jīng jì xué jiā yǔ guǎn lǐ gù wèn。 1942 nián dào 1949 nián rèn bèi níng dùn xué yuàn zhé xué jiào shòu hé zhèng zhì xué jiào shòu。 1942 shòu pìn wéi dāng shí quán shì jiè zuì dà qǐ yè héng héng tōng yòng qì chē gōng sī de gù wèn。 tā yú 1946 nián jiāng xīn dé chéng guǒ biān ji wéi《 gōng sī de gài niàn》 yī shū chū bǎn， duì dà qǐ yè de zǔ zhì yǔ jié gòu yòu xiáng xì 'ér dú dào de fēn xī。 1950 nián qǐ rèn niǔ yuē dà xué shāng yè yán jiū yuàn guǎn lǐ xué jiào shòu。
tí chū“ mù biāo guǎn lǐ” de gài niàn
1954 nián， dé lǔ kè tí chū liǎo yī gè jù yòu huàshídài yì yì de gài niàn héng héng mù biāo guǎn lǐ (ManagementByObjectives， jiǎn chēng wéi MBO)， tā shì dé lǔ kè suǒ fā míng de zuì zhòng yào、 zuì yòu yǐng xiǎng de gài niàn， bìng yǐ chéng wéi dāng dài guǎn lǐ xué de zhòng yào zǔ chéng bù fēn。
mù biāo guǎn lǐ de zuì dà yōu diǎn yě xǔ shì tā shǐ dé yī wèi jīng lǐ rén néng kòng zhì zì jǐ de chéng jiù。 zì wǒ kòng zhì yì wèi zhe gèng qiáng de jī lì： yī zhǒng yào zuòde zuì hǎo 'ér bù shì fū yǎn liǎo shì de yuàn wàng。 tā yì wèi zhe gèng gāo de chéng jiù mù biāo hé gèng guǎng kuò de yǎn jiè。 mù biāo guǎn lǐ de zhù yào gòng xiàn zhī yī jiù shì tā shǐ dé wǒ men néng yòng zì wǒ kòng zhì de guǎn lǐ lái dài tì yóu bié rén tǒng zhì de guǎn lǐ。
guǎn lǐ xué de zhēn dì
“ guǎn lǐ shì yī mén xué kē， zhè shǒu xiān jiù yì wèi zhe， guǎn lǐ rén yuán fù zhū shí jiàn de shì guǎn lǐ xué 'ér bù shì jīng jì xué， bù shì jìliáng fāng fǎ， bù shì xíng wéi kē xué。 wú lùn shì jīng jì xué、 jìliáng fāng fǎ hái shì xíng wéi kē xué dū zhǐ shì guǎn lǐ rén yuán de gōng jù。 dàn shì， guǎn lǐ rén yuán fù zhū shí jiàn de bìng bù shì jīng jì xué， zhèng hǎo xiàng yī gè yī shēng fù zhū shí jiàn de bìng bù shì yàn xuè nà yàng。 guǎn lǐ rén yuán fù zhū shí jiàn de bìng bù shì xíng wéi kē xué， zhèng hǎo xiàng yī wèi shēng wù xué jiā fù zhū shí jiàn de bìng bù shì xiǎn wēi jìng nà yàng。 guǎn lǐ rén yuán fù zhū shí jiàn de bìng bù shì jìliáng fāng fǎ， zhèng hǎo xiàng yī wèi lǜ shī fù zhū shí jiàn de bìng bù shì pàn lì nà yàng。 guǎn lǐ rén yuán fù zhū shí jiàn de shì guǎn lǐ xué。”
guǎn lǐ yào jiě jué de wèn tí yòu 90% shì gòng tóng de
dé lǔ kè rèn wéi： guǎn lǐ zài bù tóng de zǔ zhì lǐ huì yòu yī xiē chā yì。 yīn wéi shǐ mìng jué dìng yuǎn jǐng， yuǎn jǐng jué dìng jié gòu。 guǎn lǐ wò 'ěr mǎ (Wal-Mart) hé guǎn lǐ luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào táng dāng rán yòu suǒ bù tóng， qí chā yì zài yú， gè zǔ zhì suǒ shǐ yòng de míng cí（ yǔ yán） yòu suǒ bù tóng。 qí tā de chā yì zhù yào shì zài yìng yòng shàng 'ér bù shì zài yuán zé shàng。 suǒ yòu zǔ zhì de guǎn lǐ zhě， dōuyào miàn duì jué cè， yào zuò rén shì jué cè， ér rén de wèn tí jīhū shì yī yàng de。 suǒ yòu zǔ zhì de guǎn lǐ zhě dū miàn duì gōu tōng wèn tí， guǎn lǐ zhě yào huā dà liàng de shí jiān yǔ shàng sī hé xià shǔ jìn xíng gōu tōng。 zài suǒ yòu zǔ zhì zhōng， 90% zuǒ yòu de wèn tí shì gòng tóng de， bù tóng de zhǐ yòu 10%。 zhǐ yòu zhè 10% xū yào shì yìng zhè gè zǔ zhì tè dìng de shǐ mìng、 tè dìng de wén huà hé tè dìng yǔ yán。 huàn yán zhī， yī gè chéng gōng de qǐ yè lǐng dǎo rén tóng yàng néng lǐng dǎo hǎo yī jiā fēi yíng lì jī gòu， fǎn zhī yì rán。
péi yǎng jīng lǐ rén de zhòng yào xìng
dé lǔ kè rèn wéi： jīng lǐ rén shì qǐ yè zhōng zuì 'áng guì de zī yuán， ér qiě yě shì zhé jiù zuì kuài、 zuì xū yào jīng cháng bǔ chōng de yī zhǒng zī yuán。 jiàn lì yī zhī guǎn lǐ duì wǔ xū yào duō nián de shí jiān hé jí dà de tóu rù， dàn chè dǐ gǎo kuǎ tā kě néng bù yòng fèi duō dà jìn 'ér。 21 shì jì， jīng lǐ rén de rén shù bì jiāng bù duàn zēng jiā； péi yǎng yī wèi jīng lǐ rén suǒ xū de tóu zī yě bì jiāng bù duàn zēng jiā。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， qǐ yè duì qí jīng lǐ rén de yào qiú yě jiāng bù duàn tí gāo。
qǐ yè de mù biāo néng fǒu dá dào， qǔ jué yú jīng lǐ rén guǎn lǐ de hǎo huài， yě qǔ jué yú rú hé guǎn lǐ jīng lǐ rén。 ér qiě， qǐ yè duì qí yuán gōng de guǎn lǐ rú hé， duì qí gōng zuò de guǎn lǐ rú hé， zhù yào yě qǔ jué yú jīng lǐ rén de guǎn lǐ jí rú hé guǎn lǐ jīng lǐ rén。 qǐ yè yuán gōng de tài dù suǒ fǎn yìng de， shǒu xiān shì qí guǎn lǐ céng de tài dù。 qǐ yè yuán gōng de tài dù， zhèng shì guǎn lǐ céng de néng lì yǔ jié gòu de yī miàn jìng zǐ。 yuán gōng de gōng zuò shì fǒu yòu chéng xiào， zài hěn dà chéng dù shàng qǔ jué yú tā bèi guǎn lǐ de fāng shì。
zǔ zhì de mù de shì shǐ píng fán de rén zuò chū bù píng fán de shì
dé lǔ kè rèn wéi： zǔ zhì de mù de shì shǐ píng fán de rén zuò chū bù píng fán de shì。
zǔ zhì bù néng yǐ lài yú tiān cái。 yīn wéi tiān cái xī shǎo rú fèng máo lín jiǎo。 kǎo chá yī gè zǔ zhì shì fǒu yōu xiù， yào kàn qí néng fǒu shǐ píng cháng rén qǔ dé bǐ tā men kàn lái suǒ néng qǔ dé de gèng hǎo de jì xiào， néng fǒu shǐ qí chéng yuán de cháng chù dū fā huī chū lái， bìng lì yòng měi gè rén de cháng chù lái bāng zhù qí tā rén qǔ dé jì xiào。 zǔ zhì de rèn wù hái zài yú shǐ qí chéng yuán de quē diǎn xiāng dǐ xiāo。
dé lǔ kè de quán bù zhù zuò nián biǎo
1.《 jīng jì rén de mò rì》（ TheEndofEconomicMan） -1939
2.《 gōng yè rén de wèi lái》（ TheFutureofIndustrialMan） -1942
3.《 gōng sī de gài niàn》（ ConceptoftheCorporation） -1946
4.《 xīn shè huì》（ TheNewSociety） -1950
5.《 guǎn lǐ shí jiàn》（ ThePracticeofManagement） -1954
6.《 měi guó de xià yī gè 20 nián》（ America'sNextTwentyYears） -1957
7.《 míng rì de lǐ chéng bēi》（ LandmarksofTomorrow） -1957
8.《 chéng guǒ guǎn lǐ》（ ManagingforResults） -1964
9.《 zhuó yòu chéng xiào de guǎn lǐ zhě》（ TheEffectiveExecutive） -1966
10.《 duàn céng shí dài》（ TheAgeofDiscontinuity） -1968
11.《 jì shù、 guǎn lǐ yǔ shè huì》（ Technology， ManagementandSociety） -1970
12.《 rén、 sī xiǎng yǔ shè huì》（ Men， IdeasandPolitics） -1971
13.《 guǎn lǐ： rèn wù、 zé rèn、 shí jiàn》（ Management:Tasks， Responsibilities， Practices） -1973
14.《 kàn bù jiàn de gé mìng》（ TheUnseenRevolution） -1976(1996 nián yǐ《 tuì xiū jī jīn gé mìng》（ ThePensionFundRevolution） chóngbǎn )
15.《 rén yǔ jì xiào： dé lǔ kè lùn guǎn lǐ jīng huá》（ PeopleandPerformance:TheBestofPeterDruckeronManagement） -1977
16.《 guǎn lǐ dǎo lùn》（ AnIntroductoryViewofManagement） -1977
17.《 bàng guān zhě》（ AdventuresofaBystander） -1978(autobiography)
18.《 máo bǐ zhī gē： rì běn huì huà》（ SongoftheBrush:JapanesePaintingfromtheSansoCollection） -1979
19.《 dòng dàng nián dài de guǎn lǐ》（ ManaginginTurbulentTimes） -1980
20.《 mài xiàng jīng jì xīn jì yuán jí qí tā lùn wén》（ TowardtheNextEconomicsandOtherEssays） -1981
21.《 biàn dòng zhōng de guǎn lǐ jiè》（ TheChangingWorldoftheExecutive） -1982
22.《 zuì hòu kě néng chū xiàn de shì jiè》（ xiǎo shuō， TheLastofAllPossibleWorlds） -1982
23.《 xíng shàn de yòu huò》（ xiǎo shuō， TheTemptationtoDoGood） -1984
24.《 chuàng xīn yǔ qǐ yè jiā jīng shén》（ InnovationandEntrepreneurship） -1985
25.《 guǎn lǐ de qián yán》（ FrontiersofManagement） -1986
26.《 xīn xiàn shí： zhèng fǔ yǔ zhèng zhì、 jīng jì yǔ qǐ yè、 shè huì yǔ shì jiè》（ TheNewRealities） -1989
27.《 fēi yíng lì zǔ zhì de guǎn lǐ： yuán lǐ yǔ shí jiàn》（ ManagingtheNonprofitOrganization:PrinciplesandPractices） -1990
28.《 guǎn lǐ wèi lái》（ ManagingfortheFuture） -1992
29.《 shēng tài yuǎn jǐng》（ TheEcologicalVision） -1993
30.《 hòu zī běn zhù yì shè huì》（ Post-CapitalistSociety） -1993
31.《 jù biàn shí dài de guǎn lǐ》（ ManaginginaTimeofGreatChange） -1995
32.《 dé lǔ kè kàn yà zhōu： dé lǔ kè yǔ zhōng nèi de duì huà》（ DruckeronAsia:ADialoguebetweenPeterDruckerandIsaoNakauchi） -1997
33.《 dé lǔ kè lùn guǎn lǐ》（ PeterDruckerontheProfessionofManagement） -1998
34.《 21 shì jì de guǎn lǐ tiǎo zhàn》（ ManagementChallengesforthe21stCentury） -1999
35.《 jiǔ shí nián dài de guǎn lǐ》 － bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè－ 1999
36.《 dé lǔ kè jīng huá》（ TheEssentialDrucker） -2001
37.《 xià yī gè shè huì de guǎn lǐ》（ ManagingintheNextSociety） -2002
38.《 gōng néng shè huì》（ AFunctioningSociety） -2002
39.《 dé lǔ kè rì zhì》（ TheDailyDrucker） -2004
40.《 zhuó yòu chéng xiào guǎn lǐ zhě de shí jiàn》（ TheEffectiveExecutiveinAction） -2006
bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè bù fēn wén jí：
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ zhuó yuè zǒng cái de“ yù rén shù” .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ zhì liàng zài yú guò chéng .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ zhì zào yè miàn lín liǎng nán chǔjìng .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ zhàn lüè guī huá de shì yǔ fēi .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ tǒng yī shì chǎng de duō yuán huà jīng yíng .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ qiǎn xī“ zhuó yòu chéng xiào de guǎn lǐ zhě” .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ méi yòu yǒng yuǎn de lǐng dǎo zhě .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ kàn qīng zì jǐ shì chéng gōng mài chū“ zì wǒ guǎn lǐ” de dì yī bù .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ jīng lǐ rén yào xué huì guǎn lǐ zì jǐ .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ gāo xiào jīng lǐ rén wèihé gāo xiào .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ gāo céng guǎn lǐ de jié gòu .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ fǎn miàn yì jiàn： zhèng què jué cè de“ shǒu hù shén” .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ duō yuán huà de jì shù guī zé .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ dé lǔ kè kàn rú hé“ lǐng dǎo” lǐng dǎo .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ biàn gé de yǐn dǎo zhě bì xū zūn xún de 4 gè yuán zé .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ bǐ dé－ dé lǔ kè tí chū de wèn tí .pdf
bǐ dé . dé lǔ kè wén jí－ bāng zhù xiǎo qǐ yè jīng yíng .pdf
bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè de xiáng xì shēng píng
1909 nián 11 yuè 19 rì， bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè chū shēng yú 'ào xiōng dì guó tǒng zhì xià de wéi yě nà， zǔ jí hé lán。 qí jiā zú zài 17 shì jì shí jiù cóng shì shū jí chū bǎn gōng zuò。 fù qīn shì 'ào guó fù zé wén huà shì wù de guān yuán， céng chuàng bàn sà 'ěr sī bǎo yīnyuè jié； tā de mǔ qīn shì 'ào guó shuài xiān xué xí yī kē de fù nǚ zhī yī。 dé lǔ kè cóng xiǎo shēngzhǎng zài fù yú wén huà de huán jìng zhī zhōng。
dé lǔ kè xiān hòu zài 'ào dì lì hé dé guó shòu jiào yù， 1929 nián hòu zài lún dūn rèn xīn wén jì zhě hé guó jì yínháng de jīng jì xué jiā。 yú 1931 nián huò fǎ lán kè fú dà xué fǎ xué bó shì。
1937 nián yí mín měi guó， céng zài yī xiē yínháng、 bǎo xiǎn gōng sī hé kuà guó gōng sī rèn jīng jì xué jiā yǔ guǎn lǐ gù wèn， 1943 nián jiā rù měi guó jí。 dé lǔ kè céng zài bèi níng dùn xué yuàn rèn zhé xué jiào shòu hé zhèng zhì xué jiào shòu， bìng zài niǔ yuē dà xué yán jiū shēng yuàn dān rèn liǎo 20 duō nián de guǎn lǐ xué jiào shòu。 jìn guǎn bèi chēng wéi“ xiàn dài guǎn lǐ xué zhī fù”， dàn dé lǔ kè yī zhí rèn wéi zì jǐ shǒu xiān shì yī míng zuò jiā hé lǎo shī。
1942 nián， shòu pìn wéi dāng shí shì jiè zuì dà qǐ yè héng héng tōng yòng qì chē gōng sī de gù wèn， duì gōng sī de nèi bù guǎn lǐ jié gòu jìn xíng yán jiū。
1946 nián， jiāng xīn dé xiě chéng《 gōng sī gài niàn》，“ jiǎng shù yōng yòu bù tóng jì néng hé zhī shí de rén zài yī gè dà xíng zǔ zhì lǐ zěn yàng fēn gōng hé zuò”。 gāi shū de zhòng yào gòng xiàn hái zài yú， dé lǔ kè shǒu cì tí chū“ zǔ zhì” de gài niàn， bìng qiě diàn dìng liǎo zǔ zhì xué de jī chǔ。
1954 nián， chū bǎn《 guǎn lǐ shí jiàn》， tí chū liǎo yī gè jù yòu huàshídài yì yì de gài niàn héng héng mù biāo guǎn lǐ。 cóng cǐ jiāng guǎn lǐ xué kāi chuàng chéng wéi yī mén xué kē , cóng 'ér diàn dìng guǎn lǐ dà shī de dì wèi。
1966 nián， chū bǎn《 zhuó yòu chéng xiào de guǎn lǐ zhě》， gào zhī dú zhě： bù shì zhǐ yòu guǎn lǐ bié rén de rén cái chēng dé shàng shì guǎn lǐ zhě， zài dāng jīn zhī shí shè huì zhōng， zhī shí gōng zuò zhě jí wéi guǎn lǐ zhě， guǎn lǐ zhě de gōng zuò bì xū zhuó yòu chéng xiào。 chéng wéi gāo jí guǎn lǐ zhě bì dú de jīng diǎn zhī zuò。
1973 nián， chū bǎn jù zhù《 guǎn lǐ： rèn wù， zé rèn， shí jiàn》， shì yī běn gěi qǐ yè jīng yíng zhě de xì tǒng huà guǎn lǐ shǒu cè， wéi xué xí guǎn lǐ xué de xué shēng tí gōng de xì tǒng huà jiào kē shū， gào sù guǎn lǐ rén yuán fù zhū shí jiàn de shì guǎn lǐ xué 'ér bù shì jīng jì xué， bù shì jìliáng fāng fǎ， bù shì xíng wéi kē xué。 gāi shū bèi yù wéi“ guǎn lǐ xué” de“ shèng jīng”。
1982 nián， chū bǎn《 jù biàn shí dài de guǎn lǐ》， tàn tǎo liǎo yòu guān guǎn lǐ zhě de yī xiē wèn tí， guǎn lǐ zhě juésè nèi hán de biàn huà， tā men de rèn wù hé shǐ mìng， miàn lín de wèn tí hé jī yù， yǐ jí tā men de fā zhǎn qū shì。
1985 nián， chū bǎn《 chuàng xīn yǔ qǐ yè jiā jīng shén》， bèi yù wéi《 guǎn lǐ de shí jiàn》 tuī chū hòu dé lǔ kè zuì zhòng yào de zhù zuò zhī yī， quán shū qiáng diào mù qián de jīng jì yǐ yóu“ guǎn lǐ de jīng jì” zhuǎn biàn wéi“ chuàng xīn de jīng jì”。
1999 nián， chū bǎn《 21 shì jì de guǎn lǐ tiǎo zhàn》， dé lǔ kè jiāng“ xīn jīng jì” de tiǎo zhàn qīng chǔ dì dìng yì wéi： tí gāo zhī shí gōng zuò de shēng chǎn lì。
zài 'ōu zhōu jīng lì liǎo 'èr zhàn de cán kù， bìng mù dǔ liǎo měi guó zài liǎng cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng de zuò yòng， dé lǔ kè gǎn dào nà xiē yōu xiù de lǐng dǎo zhě cái shì nà gè shì jì de yīng xióng。 dé lǔ kè zài tā nà běn fā rén shēn shěng de zìzhuàn《 bàng guān zhě de mào xiǎn》 zhōng xiě dào：“ wǒ hé qí tā wéi yě nà de xiǎo hái yī yàng， dōushì hú fó zǒng tǒng jiù huó de。 tā tuī dòng chéng lì de jiù jì zǔ zhì， tí gōng xué xiào měi tiān yī dùn wǔ cān。 zhè dùn wǔ cān de cài shì， qīng yī sè shì mài piàn yù yǔ kě kě fěn chōng pào de yǐn liào， zhí dào jīn tiān wǒ réng rán duì zhè liǎng yàng dōng xī dǎo wèi kǒu。 bù guò zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu dà lù， dāng rán yě bāo kuò wǒ zài nèi de shù bǎi wàn jī 'è hái tóng de xìng mìng， dōushì zhè gè zǔ zhì jiù huó de。” yī gè“ zǔ zhì” jū rán néng fā huī zhè me dà de gōng yòng！ cóng dé lǔ kè huó shēng shēng de jīng lì zhōng， wǒ men bù nán fā xiàn， dé lǔ kè qiáng diào“ tòu guò zǔ zhì zhè zhǒng gōng jù， jìn liàng fā huī rén lèi chuàng zào lì” guān niàn de gēn yuán。
cǐ wài， dé lǔ kè zài yù cè shāng yè hé jīng jì de biàn huà qū shì fāng miàn xiǎn shì chū liǎo jīng rén de tiān fù。 lì rú， zǎo zài 1969 nián dé lǔ kè jiù yù yán jiāng yòu yī zhǒng xīn de lèi xíng de láo dòng zhě chū xiàn héng héng héng zhī shí yuán gōng， tā men de zhí yè jiāng yóu zì jǐ suǒ xué de zhī shí lái jué dìng， bù zài yǐ kào chū mài tǐ lì lái yǎng jiā hú kǒu。 1987 nián 10 yuè， měi guó gǔ shì dà bēng pán。 jǐn 10 yuè 19 rì yī tiān， měi guó quán guó sǔn shī gǔ piào shì zhí 5000 yì měi yuán。 duì cǐ， dé lǔ kè shuō， tā zǎo jiù yù liào dào liǎo，“ bù shì yīn wéi jīng jì shàng de yuán yīn， ér shì jī yú shěn měi hé dào dé。” dé lǔ kè jiāng dāng shí de huá 'ěr jiē gǔ piào jīng jì rén chēng wéi“ wán quán bù jù yòu shēng chǎn lì de yī qún， dàn yòu néng hěn qīng yì dì dà bǎ lāo qián。”
zuò wéi dì yī gè tí chū“ guǎn lǐ xué” gài niàn de rén， dāng jīn shì jiè， hěn nán zhǎo dào yī gè bǐ dé lǔ kè gèng néng yǐn lǐng shí dài de sī kǎo zhě： 1950 nián dài chū， zhǐ chū jì suàn jī zhōng jiāng chè dǐ gǎi biàn shāng yè； 1961 nián， tí xǐng měi guó yìng guān zhù rì běn gōng yè de jué qǐ； 20 nián hòu， yòu shì tā shǒu xiān jǐng gào zhè gè dōng yà guó jiā kě néng xiàn rù jīng jì zhì zhàng； 1990 nián dài， shuài xiān duì“ zhī shí jīng jì” jìn xíng liǎo chǎn shì。
dé lǔ kè zhù shū hé shòu kè wèi céng jiànduàn， zì 1971 nián qǐ， yī zhí rèn jiào yú kè lāi méng tè dà xué de bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè guǎn lǐ yán jiū shēng yuàn。 wéi jì niàn qí zài guǎn lǐ lǐng yù de jié chū gòng xiàn， kè lāi méng tè dà xué de guǎn lǐ yán jiū yuàn yǐ tā de míng zì mìng míng。 1990 nián， wéi tí gāo fēi yíng lì zǔ zhì de jì xiào， yóu fú lǎng xī sī · hè sài 'ěr běn děng rén fā qǐ， yǐ dé lǔ kè de shēng wàng， zài měi guó chéng lì liǎo“ dé lǔ kè fēi yíng lì jī jīn huì”。 gāi jī jīn huì shí yú nián lái xuǎn bá yōu xiù de fēi yíng lì zǔ zhì， jǔ bàn yán tǎo huì、 chū bǎn jiào cái、 shū jí jí kān wù duō zhǒng， duì shè huì zào chéng jù dà yǐng xiǎng。
dé lǔ kè zhì jīn yǐ chū bǎn chāo guò 30 běn shū jí， bèi fān yì chéng 30 duō zhǒng wén zì , chuán bō jí 130 duō gè guó jiā， shèn zhì zài qián sū lián、 bō lán、 nán sī lā fū、 jié kè děng guó yě jí wéi chàng xiāo。 qí zhōng zuì shòu tuī chóng de shì tā de yuán zé gài niàn jí fā míng， bāo kuò：“ jiāng guǎn lǐ xué kāi chuàng chéng wéi yī mén xué kē、 mù biāo guǎn lǐ yǔ zì wǒ kòng zhì shì guǎn lǐ zhé xué、 zǔ zhì de mùdì shì wèile chuàng zào hé mǎn zú gù kè、 qǐ yè de jī běn gōng néng shì xíng xiāo yǔ chuàng xīn、 gāo céng guǎn lǐ zhě zài qǐ yè cè lüè zhōng de juésè、 chéng xiào bǐ xiàolǜ gèng zhòng yào、 fēn quán huà、 mín yíng huà、 zhī shí gōng zuò zhě de xīng qǐ、 yǐ zhī shí hé zī xùn wéi jī chǔ de shè huì。” zhì 2004 nián， dé lǔ kè hái yòu xīn shū wèn shì。
2002 nián 6 yuè 20 rì， měi guó zǒng tǒng qiáo zhì ·W· bù shí xuān bù bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè chéng wéi dāng nián de“ zǒng tǒng zì yóu xūn zhāng” de huò dé zhě， zhè shì měi guó gōng mín suǒ néng huò dé de zuì gāo róng yù。
wú lùn shì yīng tè 'ěr gōng sī chuàng shǐ rén 'ān dí · gé lǔ fū， wēi ruǎn dǒng shì cháng bǐ 'ěr · gài cí， hái shì tōng yòng diàn qì gōng sī qián CEO jié kè · wéi 'ěr qí， tā men zài guǎn lǐ sī xiǎng hé guǎn lǐ shí jiàn fāng miàn dū shòu dào liǎo dé lǔ kè de qǐ fā hé yǐng xiǎng。“ jiǎ rú shì jiè shàng guǒ zhēn yòu suǒ wèi dà shī zhōng de dà shī， nà gè rén de míng zì， bì dìng shì bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè” héng héng zhè shì zhù míng cái jīng zá zhì《 jīng jì xué rén》 duì bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè de píng jià。
2005 nián 11 yuè 11 rì， dé lǔ kè zài měi guó jiā zhōu kè lāi méng tè jiā zhōng shì shì， xiǎng nián 95 suì。
zī běn zhù yì de yù yán jiā： bǐ dé ? dé lǔ kè
céng jīng yòu yī wèi měi guó gōng sī de jīng lǐ xiě xìn xiàng bǐ dé ? dé lǔ kè bào gào shuō， tā de jīng lǐ bān zǐ duì dé lǔ kè fā biǎo de měi yī piān lùn wén dōuyào jìn xíng fǎn fù de tàn tǎo， bìng zǒng jié běn qǐ yè kě yǐ cóng zhōng dé dào de jiào yì。 duì yú guǎn lǐ xué jiā lái shuō， kǒng pà zài yě méi yòu bǐ zhè gèng gāo de jiǎng shǎng liǎo， háo wú yí wèn， jiān chí zhè zhǒng zuò fǎ de jué bù jǐn xiàn yú shàng miàn tí dào de qǐ yè hé tā de jīng lǐ bān zǐ。 shì shí shàng， zì cóng 40 nián dài guǎn lǐ xué xué shù yán jiū xīng qǐ yǐ lái， dé lǔ kè de wén zhāng cóng láidōu shì qǐ yè jiè， tè bié shì yī xiàn jīng lǐ men guān zhù de jiāo diǎn hé duì bǐ xué xí de biāo chǐ， tā yě yīn cǐ 'ér bèi yù wéi“ měi guó gōng sī zǒng cái de dǎo shī”。
cóng xué shù de jiǎo dù lái jiǎng， yào xiǎng qǔ dé shàng shù chéng jiù bì xū zài běn zhuān yè nèi zuò dào yǐ xià sān diǎn： (1) zhèng què dì tí chū wèn tí； (2) tí chū qièshí kě xíng de jiě jué zhī dào； (3) yǔ shí jù jìn， zài shè huì jìn bù de bèi jǐng xià chóngfù qián liǎng gè bù zhòu。
dé lǔ kè běn rén de gōng zuò jīhū kě yǐ chēng dé shàng shì mǎn zú shàng shù tiáo jiàn de diǎn fàn。 bù jǐn rú cǐ， zài guǎn lǐ xué de lǐ lùn hé shí jiàn zhōng， zhè yī gōng zuò liú chéng yě shì dé lǔ kè běn rén suǒ jí lì tí chàng de。
lì rú， dāng dà gōng sī zài jīng lì liǎo duō nián de gāo sù zēngzhǎng zhī hòu， wǎng wǎng huì chū xiàn tū rán de tíng zhì， shèn zhì shuāi tuì。 zhè yàng de lì zǐ zài qǐ yè jiè lǐ kě wèi bǐ bǐ jiē shì。 rén men de zuì chū fǎn yìng wǎng wǎng shì qǐ yè de jiāng huà、 guān liáo zhù yì， shèn zhì yuán gōng de dài qíng děng děng。 zhì liáo de fāng fǎ zé shì zhàn lüè guī zé、 zhòng zǔ、 tuán duì jī lì děng。 dàn shì， shì bù shì kě yǐ ràng sī wéi zài fā sàn yī xiē ní？
dé lǔ kè zài fēn xī shàng shù wèn tí shí dú xī jìng， tí chū liǎo tā de shì yè lùn guān diǎn。 yī gè qǐ yè zài xiāng dāng cháng de shí jiān lǐ néng gòu shùn lì dì chéngzhǎng， zài hěn dà chéng dù shàng dé yì yú tā suǒ dú jù de shì yè lǐ lùn。 tā yǐ qǐ yè zì jué de shǐ mìng lì hé xīn， bāo kuò duì shì chǎng huán jìng de jī běn jiǎ shè yǐ jí shí xiàn shǐ mìng de yī bān shǒu duàn。 chéng gōng de shì yè lǐ lùn jiāng bǎ qǐ yè tí shēng wéi xíng yè fā zhǎn de lǐng tóu rén hé zhù dǎo zhě。 rán 'ér， dāng shì yè lǐ lùn shí xiàn hòu， zhè lèi qǐ yè wǎng wǎng què huì mí shī fāng xiàng， zuò chū yòu bèi yú shí shì de xíng wéi。
20 nián dài， AT&T wéi zì jǐ de zǔ zhì guī dìng de shǐ mìng shì“ ràng měi yī gè měi guó jiā tíng hé gōng sī dū zhuāng shàng diàn huà”， zài zhè yī shǐ mìng de jī lì xià， gōng sī jī jí diào dòng zī yuán， zài cháng dá 30 nián de shí jiān lǐ qǔ dé liǎo wěi dà de chéng jiù。 rán 'ér， dāng tā zài 50 nián dài wán chéng liǎo zhè yī shǐ mìng zhī hòu， gōng sī què kāi shǐ xiàn rù wēi jī， qí yuán yīn jì fēi guān liáo zhù yì， yě fēi jì shù yōu shì de sàng shī。 zhè xiē shuō fǎ gù rán bìng fēi kōng xué lái fēng， dàn què bù zú yǐ jiě shì gōng sī zāo shòu de cuò zhé， guān jiàn de wèn tí shì wèi néng tiáozhěng hé tí chū xīn de shì yè lǐ lùn， gōng sī bù néng shì yìng biàn huà liǎo de wài bù huán jìng， ér duì wài bù huán jìng biàn huà de mǐn ruì fǎn yìng què shì rèn hé yī gè gōng sī qǔ dé chéng gōng de xiān jué tiáo jiàn。
jīn tiān， zhè zhǒng wēi jī tóng yàng qián fú zài xiàng { wēi ruǎn zhè yàng de chǔyú shì yè diān fēng de qǐ yè zhōng。 wǒ mendōu zhī dào wēi ruǎn de kǒu hào shì“ ràng měi gè bàn gōng shì hé měi gè jiā tíng de zhuō shàng dū bǎi shàng yī tái diàn nǎo”， zhè yī kǒu hào zhèng shì qǔ zì AT&T50 nián qián wéi zì jǐ guī dìng de shǐ mìng。 dāng zhè yī mù biāo zhèng zài xùn sù jiē jìn shí， wēi ruǎn rú hé tiáozhěng zì jǐ de shì yè lǐ lùn jiāng shì guān xì dào qǐ yè cháng yuǎn fā zhǎn de guān jiàn jǔ cuò。
zài zhè yī wèn tí shàng， yě xǔ lìng yī jiā měi guó dà qǐ yè de xuǎn zé kě zī cān kǎo。 tōng yòng diàn qì shì dào qióng sī gōng yè zhǐ shù fā bù yǐ lái shuò guǒ jǐn cún de chéng fèn gǔ， zài qí qiáng hàn de CEO jié kè · wéi 'ěr qí de lǐng dǎo xià， yǐ jīng jìn rù liǎo lì shǐ shàng zuì chéng gōng de shí qī， dàn tā men jū 'ān sī wēi， wèi yǔ chóu yīng， yǐn rén liǎo xīn de shì yè lǐ lùn。 xiàn zài， zhěng gè gōng sī zhèng zài wéi diàn zǐ shāng wù shí dài de dào lái jìn xíng zhǔn bèi hé diào zhěng。 wéi 'ěr qí yóu yú bù yí yú lì dì tuī dòng tā de jù xíng qǐ yè zhuànxiàng diàn zǐ shāng wù shí dài 'ér huò zèng E-Jack de yǎ hào。
dé lǔ kè zài lùn wén zhōng wéi zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng kāi liǎo liǎng gè yào fāng， dì yī gè jiù shì zhù dòng fàng qì， dì 'èr gè shì zhuī suí zì jǐ de gù kè。 GE de xuǎn zé yǔ dé lǔ kè de lǐ lùn bù móu 'ér hé。 duì zhào dé lǔ kè de lùn wén hé GE de xíng dòng， CEO men bù nán wù chū zì jǐ de qǐ yè mù qián chǔyú shénme wèi zhì， shèn zhì lián gōng zuò de liú chéng dōukě yǐ shè jì chū lái。 dé lǔ kè tán lùn de fǎng fó shì zuì yī bān de qíng kuàng， dàn nǐ jīhū kě yǐ háo wú zhàng 'ài jiāng tā yǐn shēn dào zì jǐ de qǐ yè， bìng qiě zhī dào yīnggāi zěn yàng cāo zuò。 zhè zhèng shì yī wèi zhuó yuè de guǎn lǐ xué jiā dú tè mèi lì zhī suǒ zài。
guān zhù qǐ yè miàn lín de yī bān xìng jīng yíng wèn tí gù rán shì guǎn lǐ xué jiā de zhí zé， dàn rú guǒ guǎn lǐ xué jiā jǐn jǐn cóng qǐ yè jīng yíng de wēi guān céng cì shàng， ér bù néng cóng shè huì hé shí dài suǒ fā shēng de gēn běn xìng biàn huà chū fā， duì qǐ yè jīng yíng de wài bù huán jìng zhōng suǒ chū xiàn de qián suǒ wèi yòu de biàn huà zuò chū mǐn ruì de fǎn yìng， nà me tā suǒ péi yǎng de zhǐ néng shì“ jiě jué wèn tí” de jīng lǐ 'ér bù shì fā xiàn jī huì、 bǎ wò jī huì， shèn zhì chuàng zào jī huì de“ qǐ yè jiā”。 zhè kě bù shì dé lǔ kè de fēng gé。 zuò wéi“ qǐ yè jiā de dǎo shī”， zhè yì wèi zhe tā bì xū jiāng xiān zhī de jīng guān dài dào zì jǐ de tóu shàng， bì xū yǐ gāo dù de mǐn gǎn jué chá hé fēn xī shí dài biàn qiān xiàng shè huì tí chū de xīn de yào qiú， bìng qiě yǐ zuì kuài de sù dù xiàng shè huì、 xiàng qǐ yè jiè bào gào tā de fā xiàn， xiàng yī xiàn de CEO men fā chū jǐng bào， tí xǐng tā men yóu yú wài bù huán jìng de biàn huà， qǐ yè zài jìng zhēng zhōng kě néng zāo yù de gè zhǒng wēi jī。 zài guò qù de jǐ shí nián lǐ tā cóng wèi fàng qì guò zhè zhǒng nǔ lì， qí chéng jiù jí shì jīn tiān wǒ men suǒ shú xī de yī dà pī zuò pǐn rú《 duàn liè de shí dài》、《 jīng jì rén de mò rì》、《 qǐ yè rén de wèi lái》、《 fēi yíng lì jī gòu de jīng yíng zhī dào》、《 hòu zī běn zhù yì shí dài de jīng lǐ》 děng。 dān cóng míng zì shàng kàn， tā men gèng xiàng shì shè huì xué de wén xiàn， ér bù shì guǎn lǐ xué de zhù zuò。 zhè xiē zuò pǐn wèitā yíng dé liǎo“ zī běn zhù yì de yù yán jiā” de chēng hào。
jìn guǎn rú cǐ， dé lǔ kè bì jìng shì guǎn lǐ xué jiā 'ér bù shì shè huì xué jiā， tā duì shè huì biàn huà de xīng qù zuì zhōng hái shì luò shí zài qǐ yè céng miàn。 zhòng suǒ zhōu zhī， zhī shí jīng jì、 zhī shí shè huì de tí fǎ zuì zǎo jiù chū zì dé lǔ kè de bǐ xià (60 nián dài )， tā zài lùn wén zhōng shǐ yòng liǎo“ zhī shí gōng zuò zhě” (knowledgeworker) de gài niàn， ér tā duì zhè yī gài niàn de fēn xī zé jí zhōng yú qǐ yè nèi bù shòu quán、 xìn xī liú xiàng、 zhī shí gōng zuò zhě de yè jì kǎo hé děng děng。
zài lìng yī piān tí wéi“ xīn shēng chǎn lì de tiǎo zhàn” zhōng， dé lǔ kè tí chū liǎo yī gè xīn de wèn tí， zhī shí jīng jì bèi jǐng xià tí gāo shēng chǎn lì de guān jiàn shì shénme？ zài huí gù liǎo lì shǐ shàng tí gāo wù pǐn shēng chǎn hé yí dòng de gōng zuò xiàolǜ de nǔ lì zhī hòu， dé lǔ kè jiāng chuán tǒng jīng jì hé zhī shí jīng jì shí dài de gōng zuò zuò liǎo jīng cǎi zhì jí de huàfēn： qián zhě kě yǐ guī jié wéi rú hé zhèng què dì zuò shì， hòu zhě zé tí liàn wéi yīngdāng zuò shénme de wèn tí。 zài chuán tǒng jīng jì gōng zuò zhōng， guǎn lǐ zhě bù dé bù jiào huì gōng rén zěn yàng cāo zuò cái néng tí gāo xiàolǜ， yǐ tài luó de fān shā gōng dòng zuò fēn jiě yán jiū wéi dài biǎo。 dàn shì， zài zhī shí jīng jì zhōng， shòu guò zhuān yè xùn liàn de ( qí zhuān yè shuǐ zhǔn zǎo yǐ chāo chū guǎn lǐ zhě de shuǐ píng， cóng 'ér tán bù dào fǔ dǎo hé péi xùn ) zhī shí gōng zuò zhě men miàn lín de zhēn zhèng kǎo yàn què shì jué dìng zì jǐ yīnggāi zuò shénme？
tí gāo zhī shí shēng chǎn lì de guān jiàn shì guī dìng zhèng què de gōng zuò nèi róng， ér bù shì gào sù zhī shí gōng zuò zhě zěn yàng wán chéng qí gōng zuò。
“ zhèng què dì zuò shì” hé“ zuò zhèng què de shì”， yòng chún cuì cāo zuò céng miàn de yǔ yán jiè zǒu liǎng dà shí dài de qū bié， zài zhè yī diǎn shàng hái méi yòu rén zuòde bǐ dé lǔ kè gèng chū sè de liǎo。
zhèng rú tā de tóng shì qiáo zhì ? hā lǐ sī suǒ shuō， dé lǔ kè“ yī xiàng shàn yú jiāng chōu xiàng de lǐ lùn hái yuán wéi rén men zài rì cháng gōng zuò shēng huó zhōng kě yǐ lǐng wù dào de sī xiǎng guān niàn”。 zài yuè dú dé lǔ kè de lùn wén zhōng， nǐ jiāng bù duàn xiǎng shòu dào zhè zhǒng sī wéi de lè qù。 zhè zhèng shì dé lǔ kè suǒ xī wàng de。 péi gēn shuō guò， zhī shí jiù shì lì liàng， dé lǔ kè zé bǔ chōng dào， fēn xiǎng de zhī shí cái shì yòu lì liàng de。
bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè de hé xīn yí chǎn
dé lǔ kè duì shēng huó de kàn fǎ hé duì guǎn lǐ de kàn fǎ yī mài xiāng chéng， nà jiù shì rèn hé yī zhǒng zhī shí， zhǐ yòu dāng tā néng yìng yòng yú shí jiàn， gǎi biàn rén men de shēng huó， zhè zhǒng zhī shí cái huì yòu jià zhí
zài duō huó 8 tiān， bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè jiù néng yíng lái tā de 96 suì shēng rì liǎo。 dàn yǐ tā de ruì zhì， sì hū zǎo yǐ wú yì wán zhè zhǒng hé shí jiān“ jiào jìn” de yóu xì liǎo。 zhí dào shēng mìng de zuì hòu yī kè， tā yǐ rán yōng yòu yī gè nián qīng de xīn líng hé tóu nǎo。
zuò wéi“ xiàn dài guǎn lǐ zhī fù”， dé lǔ kè de sī xiǎng jīhū shè jí liǎo guǎn lǐ xué de fāng fāng miàn miàn， xiàn zài wǒ men shú zhī de xǔ duō guǎn lǐ lǐ lùn de gài niàn dōushì tā shǒu xiān tí chū lái de， rú yíng xiāo、 mù biāo guǎn lǐ hé zhī shí gōng zuò zhě děng。 fěi lì pǔ · kē tè lè shuō：“ rú guǒ rén men shuō wǒ shì yíng xiāo guǎn lǐ zhī fù， nà me dé lǔ kè jiù shì yíng xiāo guǎn lǐ de zǔ fù。”
dàn dé lǔ kè bù shì yī gè tōng cháng yì yì shàng de guǎn lǐ xué zhě， shí jì shàng tā hé guǎn lǐ de xué yuàn pài yī zhí gé gé bù rù。 tā zài tán dào zì jǐ de zhí yè shí shuō：“ xiě zuò shì wǒ de zhí yè， zī xún shì wǒ de shí yàn shì。” tā de yán jiū lǐng yù hán gài liǎo guǎn lǐ xué、 zhèng zhì xué hé shè huì xué de zhū duō fàn chóu， zhè shǐ dé tā de zuò pǐn jù yòu kuān guǎng de shì yě hé héng jiǔ de chuān tòu lì。
chú fēi néng gǎi biàn rén men de shēng huó
1950 nián yuán dàn， dé lǔ kè hé tā de fù qīn qù tàn wàng tā de lǎo shī yuē sè fū · xióng bǐ tè， guò liǎo 8 tiān xióng bǐ tè jiù qù shì liǎo。 zài zhè cì jiàn miàn zhōng， xióng bǐ tè duì dé lǔ kè fù zǐ shuō：“ wǒ xiàn zài yǐ jīng dào liǎo zhè yàng de nián líng， zhī dào jǐn jǐn píng jiè zì jǐ de shū hé lǐ lùn 'ér liú fāng bǎi shì shì bù gòu de。 chú fēi néng gǎi biàn rén men de shēng huó， fǒu zé jiù méi yòu rèn hé zhòng dà de yì yì。”
zhè jù huà chéng liǎo dé lǔ kè hòu lái héng liàng zì jǐ yī shēng chéng bài de jī běn biāo zhǔn， yě shì tā yī shēng cóng shì xué shù yán jiū de zhòng yào fǎ zé， hái shì tā hé xué shù jiè gé gé bù rù de zhù yào yuán yīn。 tā yī biān jiāoshū， yī biān zuò zī xún， yī biān xiě zuò， zhèng shì zhè sān zhǒng bù tóng de shēn fèn sù zào liǎo tā de yán jiū fāng fǎ yǔ chéng wén fēng gé， yě chéng liǎo tā qū bié yú bié de guǎn lǐ xué zhě de zhòng yào tè zhēng。
tā céng jīng jù jué liǎo hā fó shāng xué yuàn de yāo qǐng， zhù yào yuán yīn shì dāng shí hā fó shāng xué yuàn yuàn cháng zhì dìng liǎo yī xiàng guī dìng héng héng jiào zhí yuán gōng měi xīng qī zuì duō zhǐ néng zuò yī cì zī xún gōng zuò。 ér zài tā kàn lái， guǎn lǐ xué gèng shì yī zhǒng shí jiàn， cóng yè zhě bì xū yào cānyù shí jiàn。 zài 1946 nián chū bǎn《 gōng sī de gài niàn》 zhī qián， tā céng jīng zài tōng yòng qì chē gōng zuò hé guān chá liǎo liǎng nián。
zài xiě zuò zhī qián， dé lǔ kè tōng cháng duì qǐ yè jìn xíng shēn rù yán jiū hé guān chá， zài zī xún guò chéng zhōng fā xiàn wèn tí， bìng zài zhè zhǒng guān chá hé hù dòng zhōng xíng chéng yī xiē pō jù dòng chá lì de guān diǎn。 zài tā de zuò pǐn zhōng， hěn shǎo kàn dào shénme“ guǎn lǐ mó xíng” hé“ shù jù fēn xī”， qǔ 'ér dài zhī de zé shì yī xiē zhí zhǐ rén xīn de guān diǎn hé gù shì， chéng wén fēng gé jiǎn dān、 qīng xī 'ér yòu lì。
zhè zhǒng yán jiū fāng fǎ zài guǎn lǐ xué shù zhōng bèi chēng zhī wéi“ guǎn lǐ jīng yàn xué pài”， zhè zhǒng xué pài zài xué shù yán jiū zhōng bù shǔ zhù liú。 yīn wéi tā men de yán jiū fāng fǎ bù fú hé kē xué de“ xué shù guī fàn”， méi yòu“ mó xíng” hé“ lùn zhèng”， yīn cǐ hěn nán zài xué shù lùn wén zhōng yǐn yòng tā men de“ yán jiū chéng guǒ”。
yī wèi liú xué 'ōu zhōu de bó shì gào sù jì zhě， tā dāng shí wèile xiě bó shì lùn wén， kàn guò jǐ bǎi piān xué shù lùn wén， méi yòu yī piān yǐn yòng dé lǔ kè de huà yǔ。 tā wéi yī yī cì tīng dào dé lǔ kè de míng zì shì zài yī cì wǔ cān huì shàng， jǐ wèi guǎn lǐ xué bó shì zài tǎo lùn dé lǔ kè hé yī gè zhù jiào shuí de gòng xiàn dà， nà wèi nián qīng de zhù jiào zuò liǎo yī gè hé zī qǐ yè yíng lì mó shì de diào chá yán jiū。
dé lǔ kè qīng chǔ dì yì shí dào， tā cóng lái jiù shì yī gè xué yuàn pài de“ biān yuán rén”。 dé lǔ kè běn rén tí gōng liǎo yī gè fù yòu dòng jiàn de jiě shì：“ wèile kòng zhì xué jiè， měi guó zhèng fǔ zhǐ xiàng nà xiē yòng shù xué gōng shì xiě zuò de yán jiū rén yuán tí gōng yán jiū zī jīn， zì jǐ zhè lèi shēn rù shí jiàn de xué zhě bèi jù zhī mén wài biàn shùn lǐ chéng zhāng liǎo。”
2002 nián 6 yuè 22 rì， měi guó zǒng tǒng qiáo zhì ·W. bù shí xuān bù bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè chéng wéi dāng nián de“ zǒng tǒng zì yóu xūn zhāng” de huò dé zhě， zhè shì měi guó gōng mín suǒ néng huò dé de zuì gāo róng yù。 zhè shì yī fèn chí dào de róng yù， dāng shí dé lǔ kè yǐ jīng 93 suì liǎo。
guǎn lǐ shì yī zhǒng shí jiàn
1971 nián qiū tiān， dé lǔ kè lí kāi liǎo céng jīng rèn jiào 20 duō nián de niǔ yuē dà xué shāng xué yuàn yán jiū shēng yuàn， dào luò shān jī de jiā zhōu kè lāi 'ěr méng tè yán jiū shēng yuàn wéi qǐ yè gāo céng guǎn lǐ rén yuán péi xùn bān shòu kè。 zhè suǒ dà xué bù jǐn zài dāng shí méi yòu shénme yǐng xiǎng lì， jí biàn shì xiàn zài de měi guó shāng xué yuàn páiháng bǎng zhōng， tā de pái míng yě zài 50 míng zhī wài。
zhè gè xuǎn zé fǎn yìng liǎo tā duì dāng shí de guǎn lǐ xué yán jiū hé jiào xué de rì yì bù mǎn。 tā xiāng xìn guǎn lǐ xué yīnggāi shì yī mén zōng hé de rén wén xué kē， ér bù shì yī xiē xì fēn xué kē de zǔ hé。 kè lāi 'ěr méng tè yán jiū shēng yuàn yě zūn cóng liǎo tā de guǎn lǐ zhé xué， zài zhè lǐ de xué shēng bù jǐn yào xué xí jīng jì hé guǎn lǐ， ér qiě yào xué xí lì shǐ、 shè huì xué、 fǎ lǜ hé zì rán kē xué。
zhè zhǒng xué shù xùn liàn fāng shì yán xí liǎo 'ōu zhōu de dà xué chuán tǒng， yě fǎn yìng liǎo guǎn lǐ de běn zhì yào qiú。 nà jiù shì guǎn lǐ bù yìng gāi zhǐ shì yī xiē jì néng de xùn liàn， ér shì yī gè duì rén lèi、 shè huì hé qǐ yè de zhěng tǐ rèn shí。 guǎn lǐ bù yìng gāi zhǐ shì yī xiē lǐ lùn hé xué shù yán jiū， ér shì yīnggāi yòng lái jiě jué shè huì hé qǐ yè suǒ xū yào jiě jué de wèn tí。
zhèng yīn wéi zhè gè yuán gù， dé lǔ kè de zuò pǐn yíng dé liǎo xǔ duō qǐ yè jiā de gāo dù píng jià。 yīng tè 'ěr de chuàng shǐ rén 'ān dí · gé lǔ fū háo bù yǎn shì duì dé lǔ kè de chóng bài zhī qíng。“ bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè shì wǒ xīn zhōng de yīng xióng。 tā de zhù zuò hé sī xiǎng rú cǐ qīng xī yòu lì， zài nà xiē kuáng rè zhuī qiú shí máo sī xiǎng de guǎn lǐ xué shù fàn zǐ zhōng dú shù yī zhì。” jié kè · wéi 'ěr qí yě jiāng qí zhòng yào de qǐ yè jué cè guī gōng yú dé lǔ kè， tā rèn wéi 1981 nián zhěng hé tōng yòng diàn qì de dì yī gè hé xīn sī xiǎng héng héng“ dì yī dì 'èr” de yuán zé biàn lái zì bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè。
xìng hǎo yòu xiàng 'ān dí · gé lǔ fū、 bǐ 'ěr · gài cí zhè yàng wěi dà de qǐ yè jiā hé jié kè · wéi 'ěr qí、 zhāng ruì mǐn zhè yàng wěi dà de jīng lǐ rén jī jí shí jiàn tā de lǐ lùn， cóng 'ér bù róng biàn bó zhèng míng liǎo tā de lǐ lùn de jià zhí。 ér zhè xiē chéng jiù yě fú hé dé lǔ kè de yī guàn kàn fǎ：“ guǎn lǐ shì yī zhǒng shí jiàn， qí běn zhì bù zài yú zhī 'ér zài yú xíng， qí yàn zhèng bù zài yú luó ji 'ér zài yú chéng guǒ。”
suī rán shì dé lǔ kè chuàng jiàn liǎo xiàn dài guǎn lǐ xué， dàn kǒng pà lián tā zì jǐ dāng chū yě méi xiǎng dào rú jīn de guǎn lǐ xué yǐ jīng zǒu rù liǎo zhè zhǒng gāo dù fēn gōng de xué shù yán jiū zhī zhōng。 yī wèi bù yuàn tòu lù xìng míng de guǎn lǐ xué fù jiào shòu gào sù jì zhě， dāng qián de dà duō shù guǎn lǐ xué xué shù lùn wén suī rán fú hé yán gé de xué shù guī fàn， dàn qí jià zhí què bùwèi qǐ yè jiè suǒ rèn tóng， méi yòu shénme shí jiàn de jià zhí。
zhuī suí dé lǔ kè de qí tā guǎn lǐ dà shī zài guǎn lǐ xué jiè yě yī zhí méi yòu dé dào zhù liú de rèn kě， qí zhōng bāo kuò《 jī yè cháng qīng》 hé《 cóng yōu xiù dào zhuó yuè》 de zuò zhě jí mǔ · kē lín sī、《 zhuī qiú zhuó yuè》 de zuò zhě tānɡ mǔ · bǐ dé sī hé《 dì wǔ xiàng xiū liàn》 de zuò zhě bǐ dé · shèng jí。 yǐ bǐ dé · shèng jí wéi lì， tā xiàn zài zhǐ shì má shěng lǐ gōng xué yuàn de yī gè“ zī shēn jiǎng shī”！
xiǎng xiǎng wǒ rú hé gòng xiàn
1994 nián dōng tiān， jí mǔ · kē lín sī wán chéng liǎo tā zài guǎn lǐ xué shàng de zhòng yào zhù zuò《 jī yè cháng qīng》 zhī hòu， dì yī jiàn shì jiù shì qū chē dào jiā zhōu de kè lāi méng tè qù bài fǎng dé lǔ kè。 shí nián 36 suì de kē lín sī zài guǎn lǐ xué jiè hái shǔ yú“ wú míng xiǎo bèi”， hé 85 suì de dé lǔ kè zài yī qǐ de nà yī tiān， chè dǐ gǎi biàn liǎo kē lín sī duì shēng huó de kàn fǎ。
kē lín sī shuō：“ bié réndōu zài wèn‘ wǒ rú hé chéng gōng？’ ér dé lǔ kè què zài wèn‘ wǒ rú hé gòng xiàn？’ bié réndōu zài zhuī wèn‘ wǒ zěn me zuò cái néng shǐ zì jǐ yòu jià zhí？’ dé lǔ kè què zài wèn：‘ wǒ zěn me zuò cái néng duì bié rén yòu jià zhí？’”
“ zǒu chū qù， shǐ zì jǐ chéng wéi yòu yòng de rén。” lín xíng zhī qián， dé lǔ kè gào sù kē lín sī。 kē lín sī shì gè cái huá héng yì de rén， dàn dé lǔ kè què gào sù tā：“ bǎ cái huá yìng yòng yú shí jiàn zhī zhōng héng héng cái néng běn shēn háo wú yòng chù。 xǔ duō yòu cái huá de rén yī shēng lù lù wú wéi， tōng cháng shì yīn wéi tā men bǎ cái huá běn shēn kàn zuò shì yī zhǒng jiēguǒ。”
dé lǔ kè duì shēng huó de kàn fǎ hé duì guǎn lǐ de kàn fǎ yī mài xiāng chéng， nà jiù shì rèn hé yī zhǒng zhī shí， zhǐ yòu dāng tā néng yìng yòng yú shí jiàn， gǎi biàn rén men de shēng huó， zhè zhǒng zhī shí cái huì yòu jià zhí。
dé lǔ kè zǎo nián zài dé guó liú xué， wǎn shàng jīng cháng qù gē jù yuàn tīng gē jù。 yòu yī cì tā bèi yì dà lì zuòqǔ jiā wēi 'ěr dì de gē jù《 fú sī tǎ》 de měi gǎn shēn shēn dì zhèn hàn liǎo， gèng ràng tā zhèn hàn de shì tā fā xiàn zhè shì wēi 'ěr dì 80 suì shí pǔ xiě de zuì hòu yī bù zuò pǐn。 wēi 'ěr dì zài tán dào chuàng zuò《 fú sī tǎ》 shí shuō：“ wǒ yī shēng dōushì yīnyuè jiā， qiě yī zhí jí lì dá dào wán měi de jìng jiè， ér wǒ yī zhí hěn kùn huò zì jǐ shì fǒu yǐ dá dào zhè gè jìng jiè， zhǐ shì xià dìng liǎo jué xīn zài nǔ lì yī shì。”
zhè duàn huà chéng liǎo dé lǔ kè yī shēng zhuī qiú wán měi de zuò yòu míng。 tā yī shēng xiě liǎo 39 běn shū， jǐn cóng 85 suì dào 95 suì zhè 10 nián zhōng jiù chū bǎn liǎo 10 běn zhe zuò。 tā de zuì hòu yī běn zhe zuò jiāng yú míng nián 1 yuè fèn zhèng shì chū bǎn。
zhèng shì zhè zhǒng chāo cháng de qín fèn， shǐ tā yī zhí bǎo chí zhe nián qīng de tóu nǎo。 tā xīng qù guǎng fàn， duì zhèng zhì xué、 shè huì xué hé guǎn lǐ xué dū zào yì pō shēn， bìng měi gé sān sì nián jiù huì xuǎn zé yī gè xīn de zhù tí lái yán jiū。 zài 2002 nián de《 fú bù sī》 fēng miàn wén zhāng zhōng， chēng dé lǔ kè“ yǐ rán shì zuì nián qīng de tóu nǎo”。
zài tā 90 suì shēng rì shí， yòu rén wèn tā cháng shòu de mì jué， tā shuō：“ měi 5 nián zhòng dú yī biàn suō shì bǐ yà！”
bǐ dé · dé lǔ kè de shí dà bīng fǎ
1 ．“ fēn quán yǔ shòu quán” cái néng yǐn fā xué xí dòng jī
yàn zhèng： dāng jīn suǒ yòu de guó jì dà qǐ yè quándōu shì yǐ zhào“ fēn quán、 shòu quán” ér zhuàng dà de。
2． yòng chéng xiào lái guǎn lǐ， yòng mù biāo lái guǎn lǐ， ér fēi yòng jiān dū lái guǎn lǐ
yàn zhèng：“ shù jù、 e huà、 kē xué fēn xī、 kǎo píng jī hé” yǐ chéng wéi yī qiē guǎn lǐ de jī shí。
3． bù lián xù shí dài de xiàn xiàng： zhī shí chǎn yè shí dài de lái lín， quán qiú jīng jì qǔ dài gè bié jīng jì， zhèng fǔ mèi lì shì wēi
yàn zhèng： BillGates、 Google …… yǐ tì“ quán qiú zhī shí jīng jì líng jià zhèng fǔ quán lì” zuò chū pī zhù。
4． bù chuàng xīn de fēng xiǎn， bǐ chuàng xīn gāo hěn duō
yàn zhèng：“ chuàng xīn” yǐ chéng wéi běn shì jì suǒ yòu qǐ yè shēng cún fā zhǎn de mǎ dá， mò shǒu chéng guī de gōng sī zòng shǐ méi zuò cuò shì， yědōu huó bù liǎo liǎo。
5． gù kè shì qǐ yè cún zài de mùdì
yàn zhèng：“ yǐ kè wéi zūn， gù kè zhì shàng， kè rén dì yī， yǐ xiāo fèi zhě wéi dǎo shī……” yǐ chéng wéi qǐ yè chéng gōng de dì yī xìn tiáo。
6． guǎn lǐ zhě de sān dà shǐ mìng：“ dá chéng mùdì、 shǐ gōng zuò zhě yòu chéng jiù gǎn、 lǚ xíng shè huì zé rèn”
yàn zhèng：“ lì jǐ lì rén zhī hòu， hái yòu shè huì zé rèn” zhèng shì dāng jīn chàng dǎo zuì xīng shèng de“ gōng yì、 huán bǎo、 cí shàn、 jiào yù、 wén huà” děng wǔ dà shǐ mìng。
7． gōng sī jīng yíng bù néng chǎo duǎn xiàn
yàn zhèng：“ yǒng xù jīng yíng” shì xiàn dài suǒ yòu qǐ yè jiǎo jìn nǎo zhī zài zhuī qiú de bǎo diǎn。
8． huà shè huì wèn tí wéi shāng jī
yàn zhèng：“ huà shè huì wèn tí wéi shāng jī” de zhuó jiàn， ràng suǒ yòu qǐ yè de lǐng yù chuàng xīn liǎo， bù dàn zhuó zhuàng liǎo zì jǐ， yě fāng biàn liǎo shè huì。
9． zǔ zhì de mùdì bù zài guǎn lǐ rén， ér shì lǐng dǎo rén
yàn zhèng： xíng 'ér xià shì guǎn lǐ， xíng 'ér shàng shì lǐng dǎo， bǐ dé dù lā kè cóng shí wù de guǎn lǐ dào zǔ zhì de lǐng dǎo， dū chuàng lì liǎo diǎn fàn。
10． jiā zú qǐ yè fáng 'ài qǐ yè jìn bù
yàn zhèng： zhè shì“ jīng yíng quán yǔ suǒ yòu quán fēn kāi” de lǐ lùn làn shāng。 zhè gè bīng fǎ ràng tiān xià“ yòu cái què wú cái” de néng rén， néng gòu zhǎo dào fā zhǎn wǔ tái， chuàng xià róng jǐng de 'èr shí yī shì jì。
Personal life and roots of his philosophy
Peter Drucker was the son of a Jewish upper-class family in Austria-Hungary. His mother Barbie Bondi had studied medicine and his father Adolf Drucker was a lawyer and high-level civil servant. Drucker was born in Vienna, the capital of Austria, in a small village named Kaasgraben (now part of the 19th district of Vienna, Döbling). He grew up in a home where intellectuals, high government officials, and scientists would meet to discuss new ideas. After graduating from Döbling Gymnasium, Drucker found few opportunities for employment in post-Habsburg Vienna, so he moved to Hamburg, Germany, first working as an apprentice at an established cotton trading company, then as a journalist, writing for Der Österreichische Volkswirt (The Austrian Economist). Drucker then moved to Frankfurt, where he took a job at the Daily Frankfurter General-Anzeiger. While in Frankfurt, he also earned a doctorate in international law and public law from the University of Frankfurt in 1931. Among his early influences was the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter, a friend of his father’s, who impressed upon Drucker the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship. Drucker was also influenced, in a much different way, by John Maynard Keynes, whom he heard lecture in 1934 in Cambridge. “I suddenly realized that Keynes and all the brilliant economic students in the room were interested in the behavior of commodities,” Drucker wrote, “while I was interested in the behavior of people.”
Over the next 70 years, Drucker’s writings would be marked by a focus on relationships among human beings, as opposed to the crunching of numbers. His books were filled with lessons on how organizations can bring out the best in people, and how workers can find a sense of community and dignity in a modern society organized around large institutions.
As a young writer, Drucker wrote two pieces — one on the conservative German philosopher Friedrich Julius Stahl and another called “The Jewish Question in Germany” — that were burned and banned by the Nazis. In 1933, Drucker left Germany for England. In London, he worked for an insurance company, then as the chief economist at a private bank. He also reconnected with Doris Schmitz, an acquaintance from the University of Frankfurt. They married in 1934. (His wedding certificate lists his name as Peter Georg Drucker.) The couple permanently relocated to the United States, where he became a university professor as well as a free-lance writer and business consultant. (Drucker disliked the term “guru,” though it was often applied to him; “I have been saying for many years,” Drucker once remarked, “that we are using the word ‘guru’ only because ‘charlatan’ is too long to fit into a headline.”)
In 1943, Drucker became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He taught at Bennington College from 1942–1949, then at New York University as a Professor of Management from 1950 to 1971. Drucker came to California in 1971, where he developed one of the country's first executive MBA programs for working professionals at Claremont Graduate University (then known as Claremont Graduate School). From 1971 to his death he was the Clarke Professor of Social Science and Management at Claremont Graduate University. The university's management school was named the "Peter F. Drucker Graduate School of Management" (later known as the "Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management") in his honor in 1987. He taught his last class at the school in 2002 at age 92.
Career
His career as a business thinker took off in 1942, when his initial writings on politics and society won him access to the internal workings of General Motors (GM), one of the largest companies in the world at that time. His experiences in Europe had left him fascinated with the problem of authority. He shared his fascination with Donaldson Brown, the mastermind behind the administrative controls at GM. In 1943 Brown invited him in to conduct what might be called a "political audit": a two-year social-scientific analysis of the corporation. Drucker attended every board meeting, interviewed employees, and analyzed production and decision-making processes.
The resulting book, Concept of the Corporation, popularized GM's multidivisional structure and led to numerous articles, consulting engagements, and additional books. GM, however, was hardly thrilled with the final product. Drucker had suggested that the auto giant might want to reexamine a host of long-standing policies on customer relations, dealer relations, employee relations and more. Inside the corporation, Drucker’s counsel was viewed as hypercritical. GM's revered chairman, Alfred Sloan, was so upset about the book that he “simply treated it as if it did not exist,” Drucker later recalled, “never mentioning it and never allowing it to be mentioned in his presence.”
Drucker taught that management is “a liberal art,” and he infused his management advice with interdisciplinary lessons from history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, culture and religion. He also believed strongly that all institutions, including those in the private sector, have a responsibility to the whole of society. “The fact is,” Drucker wrote in his 1973 Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, “that in modern society there is no other leadership group but managers. If the managers of our major institutions, and especially of business, do not take responsibility for the common good, no one else can or will.”
Drucker was interested in the growing effect of people who worked with their minds rather than their hands. He was intrigued by employees who knew more about certain subjects than their bosses or colleagues and yet had to cooperate with others in a large organization. Rather than simply glorify the phenomenon as the epitome of human progress, Drucker analyzed it and explained how it challenged the common thinking about how organizations should be run.
His approach worked well in the increasingly mature business world of the second half of the twentieth century. By that time, large corporations had developed the basic manufacturing efficiencies and managerial hierarchies of mass production. Executives thought they knew how to run companies, and Drucker took it upon himself to poke holes in their beliefs, lest organizations become stale. But he did so in a sympathetic way. He assumed that his readers were intelligent, rational, hardworking people of good will. If their organizations struggled, he believed it was usually because of outdated ideas, a narrow conception of problems, or internal misunderstandings.
During his long consulting career, Drucker worked with many major corporations, including General Electric, Coca-Cola, Citicorp, IBM, and Intel. He consulted with notable business leaders such as GE’s Jack Welch; Procter & Gamble’s A.G. Lafley; Intel’s Andy Grove; Edward Jones’ John Bachmann; Shoichiro Toyoda, the honorary chairman of Toyota Motor Corp.; and Masatoshi Ito, the honorary chairman of the Ito-Yokado Group, the second largest retailing organization in the world. Although he helped many corporate executives succeed, he was appalled when the level of Fortune 500 CEO pay in America ballooned to hundreds of times that of the average worker. He argued in a 1984 essay that CEO compensation should be no more than 20 times what the rank and file make — especially at companies where thousands of employees are being laid off. “This is morally and socially unforgivable,” Drucker wrote, “and we will pay a heavy price for it.”
Drucker served as a consultant for various government agencies in the United States, Canada and Japan. He worked with various nonprofit organizations to help them become successful, often consulting pro bono. Among the many social-sector groups he advised were the Salvation Army, the Girl Scouts of the USA, C.A.R.E., the American Red Cross, and the Navajo Indian Tribal Council.
In fact, Drucker anticipated the rise of the social sector in America, maintaining that it was through volunteering in nonprofits that people would find the kind of fulfillment that he originally thought would be provided through their place of work, but that had proven elusive in that arena. “Citizenship in and through the social sector is not a panacea for the ills of post-capitalist society and post-capitalist polity, but it may be a prerequisite for tackling these ills,” Drucker wrote. “It restores the civic responsibility that is the mark of citizenship, and the civic pride that is the mark of community.”
Author
Drucker's 39 books have been translated into more than thirty languages. Two are novels, one an autobiography. He is the co-author of a book on Japanese painting, and made eight series of educational films on management topics. He also penned a regular column in the Wall Street Journal for 20 years and contributed frequently to the Harvard Business Review, The Atlantic Monthly, and The Economist. He continued to act as a consultant to businesses and non-profit organizations well into his nineties. Drucker died November 11, 2005 in Claremont, California of natural causes at 95.
His work is especially popular in Japan, even more so after the publication of “What if the Female Manager of a High-School Baseball Team read Drucker’s ‘Management’”, a book that features the main character using one of his books to great effect.
Basic idea
Several ideas run through most of Drucker's writings:
* Decentralization and simplification. Drucker discounted the command and control model and asserted that companies work best when they are decentralized. According to Drucker, corporations tend to produce too many products, hire employees they don't need (when a better solution would be outsourcing), and expand into economic sectors that they should avoid.
* A profound skepticism of macroeconomic theory. Drucker contended that economists of all schools fail to explain significant aspects of modern economies.
* Respect of the worker. Drucker believed that employees are assets and not liabilities. He taught that knowledgeable workers are the essential ingredients of the modern economy. Central to this philosophy is the view that people are an organization's most valuable resource and that a manager's job is to prepare and free people to perform.
* A belief in what he called "the sickness of government." Drucker made nonpartisan claims that government is often unable or unwilling to provide new services that people need or want, though he believed that this condition is not inherent to the form of government. The chapter "The Sickness of Government" in his book The Age of Discontinuity formed the basis of the New Public Management, a theory of public administration that dominated the discipline in the 1980s and 1990s.
* The need for "planned abandonment". Businesses and governments have a natural human tendency to cling to "yesterday's successes" rather than seeing when they are no longer useful.
* A belief that taking action without thinking is the cause of every failure.
* The need for community. Early in his career, Drucker predicted the "end of economic man" and advocated the creation of a "plant community" where individuals' social needs could be met. He later acknowledged that the plant community never materialized, and by the 1980s, suggested that volunteering in the nonprofit sector was the key to fostering a healthy society where people found a sense of belonging and civic pride.
* The need to manage business by balancing a variety of needs and goals, rather than subordinating an institution to a single value. This concept of management by objectives forms the keynote of his 1954 landmark The Practice of Management.
* A company's primary responsibility is to serve its customers. Profit is not the primary goal, but rather an essential condition for the company's continued existence.
* An organization should have a proper way of executing all its business processes.
* A belief in the notion that great companies could stand among humankind's noblest inventions.
Awards and honor
Drucker was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. He also received honors from the governments of Japan and Austria. He was the Honorary Chairman of the Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management, now the Leader to Leader Institute, from 1990 through 2002. In 1969 he was awarded New York University’s highest honor, the NYU Presidential Citation. Harvard Business Review honored Drucker in the spring of 2005 with his seventh McKinsey Award for his article, "What Makes an Effective Executive", the most awarded to one person. Drucker was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1996. Additionally he holds 25 honorary doctorates from American, Belgian, Czech, English, Spanish and Swiss Universities. In Claremont, California, Eleventh Street between College Avenue and Dartmouth Avenue was renamed "Drucker Way" in October 2009 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Drucker's birth.
Criticism of Drucker's work
The Wall Street Journal researched several of his lectures in 1987 and reported that he was sometimes loose with the facts. Drucker was off the mark, for example, when he told an audience that English was the official language for all employees at Japan’s Mitsui trading company. (Drucker’s defense: “I use anecdotes to make a point, not to write history.”) And while he was known for his prescience, he wasn’t always correct in his forecasts. He predicted, for instance, that the nation’s financial center would shift from New York to Washington.
Others maintain that one of Drucker’s core concepts—“management by objectives”—is flawed and has never really been proven to work effectively. Specifically, critics say that the system is difficult to implement, and that companies often wind up overemphasizing control, as opposed to fostering creativity, to meet their goals.
Main work
* 1939: The End of Economic Man
* 1942: The Future of Industrial Man
* 1946: Concept of the Corporation
* 1950: The New Society
* 1954: The Practice of Management
* 1957: America's Next Twenty Year
* 1959: Landmarks of Tomorrow
* 1964: Managing for Result
* 1967: The Effective Executive
* 1969: The Age of Discontinuity
* 1970: Technology, Management and Society
* 1971: Men, Ideas and Politic
* 1973: Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practice
* 1976: The Unseen Revolution: How Pension Fund Socialism Came to America
* 1977: People and Performance: The Best of Peter Drucker on Management
* 1977: An Introductory View of Management
* 1979: Song of the Brush: Japanese Painting from Sanso Collection
* 1980: Managing in Turbulent Time
* 1981: Toward the Next Economics and Other Essay
* 1982: The Changing World of Executive
* 1982: The Last of All Possible World
* 1984: The Temptation to Do Good
* 1985: Innovation and Entrepreneurship
* 1986: The Frontiers of Management: Where Tomorrow's Decisions are Being Shaped Today
* 1989: The New Realities: in Government and Politics, in Economics and Business, in Society and World View
* 1990: Managing the Nonprofit Organisation: Principles and Practice
* 1992: Managing for the Future
* 1993: The Ecological Vision
* 1993: Post-Capitalist Society
* 1995: Managing in a Time of Great Change
* 1997: Drucker on Asia: A Dialogue between Peter Drucker and Isao Nakauchi
* 1998: Peter Drucker on the Profession of Management
* 1998: Adventures of a Bystander
* 1999: Management Challenge for 21st Century
* 2001: The Essential Drucker
* 2002: Managing in the Next Society
* 2002: The Functioning Society
* 2004: The Daily Drucker
* 2006: The Effective Executive in Action
Further reading
* Tarrant, John C., Drucker: The Man Who Invented the Corporate Society (1976), ISBN 0-8436-0744-0
* Beatty, Jack, The World According to Peter Drucker (1998), ISBN 0-684-83801-X
* Flaherty, John E., Peter Drucker: Shaping the Managerial Mind (1999), ISBN 0-7879-4764-4
* Edersheim, Elizabeth, The Definitive Drucker (2007), ISBN 0-07-147233-9
* Cohen, William A., A Class with Drucker: The lost lessons of the World's greatest management teacher (2008), ISBN 978-0-8144-0919-0
* Weber, Winfried W., Kulothungan, Gladius (eds.), Peter F. Drucker's Next Management. New Institutions, New Theories and Practices (2010), ISBN 978-3-9810228-6-5
* Stein, Guido, Managing People and Organisations (2010), ISBN 978-0-8572403-2-3
Reference
1. ^ Drucker, Peter F., “Reflections of a Social Ecologist,” Society, May/June 1992
2. ^ Drucker Institute - Why Drucker Now?
3. ^ a b c Byrne, John A.; Gerdes, Lindsey (November 28, 2005). "The Man Who Invented Management". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_48/b3961001.htm. Retrieved November 2, 2009.
4. ^ Drucker, Peter F., Concept of the Corporation, Preface to the 1983 edition, p. xvii, (1983)
5. ^ Beatty, Jack, The World According to Peter Drucker, p. 5-7, (1998)
6. ^ Beatty, Jack, The World According to Peter Drucker, p. 163, (1998)
7. ^ Drucker, Peter F., The Ecological Vision, p. 75-76, (1993)abcdefghijklmnopqr
8. ^ Drucker Institute - Why Drucker Now?
9. ^ The Drucker Institute Archives, Claremont, California. Box 39, Folder 11
10. ^ “Peter Drucker, the man who changed the world,” Business Review Weekly, 15 September 1997, p. 49
11. ^ Drucker, Peter F., Adventures of a Bystander, p. 288, (1979)
12. ^ Drucker Institute - Why Drucker Now?
13. ^ Drucker, Peter F., Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, p. 325, (1973)
14. ^ Drucker Institute
15. ^ Drucker, Peter F., Managing the Nonprofit Organization (1994)
16. ^ Drucker, Peter F., Post-Capitalist Society, p. 177, (1993)
17. ^ Drucker in the dug-out, A Japanese book about Peter Drucker and baseball is an unlikely hit, The Economist, Jul 1st 2010
18. ^ Drucker, P. F., Collins, J., Kotler, P., Kouzes, J., Rodin, J., Rangan, V. K., et al., The Five Most Important Questions You Will Ever Ask About your Organization, p. xix (2008)
19. ^ Planning a successful lesson
20. ^ Drucker, Peter F., The Practice of Management, pp 62-63, (1954)
21. ^ Drucker, Peter F., Managing for the Future, p. 299, (1992)
22. ^ Drucker, Peter F., The Practice of Management, p. 12, (1954)
23. ^ Drucker, Peter F., The Practice of Management (1954)
24. ^ Drucker, Peter F., The Five Most Important Questions You Will Ever Ask About Your Organization, p.54, (2008)
25. ^ Drucker, Peter F., "Classic Drucker", p. vii, (2006)
26. ^ http://www.druckerinstitute.com/showpage.aspx?Section=WN&PageID=110
27. ^ “Peter Drucker, Leading Management Guru, Dies at 95," Bloomberg, Nov. 11, 2005
28. ^ Krueger, Dale, "Strategic Management and Management by Objectives", Small Business Advancement National Center, 1994