| xìng： | ài xīn jué luó | ||||||||||||
| míng： | huáng tài jí | ||||||||||||
| wǎngbǐhào： | yìng tiān xīng guó hóng dé zhāng wǔ kuān wēn rén shèng ruì xiào jìng mǐn zhāo dìng lóng dào xiǎn gōng wén huáng dì | ||||||||||||
| miàohào： | tài zōng | ||||||||||||
| língmù： | zhāo líng | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
xìng bié： nán
mín zú： nǚ zhēn zú（ jīn mǎn zú qián shēn）
chū shēng rì qī： míng wàn lì 'èr shí nián（ 1592 nián） shí yuè 'èr shí wǔ rì。
nǔ 'ěr hā chì dì bā zǐ， mǔ xiào cí gāo huáng hòu yè hè nà lā shì。
míng tiān qǐ liù nián（ 1626 nián） zài shěn yáng jì hòu jīn hàn wèi。 cì nián gǎi yuán tiān cōng。 tā duì nèi dà lì tuī xíng fēng jiàn huà de gǎi gé， jiā qiáng zhōng yāng jí quán； duì wài xiāng jì zhēng fú liǎo měnggǔ hé cháo xiān， bìng duō cì dài bīng gōng dǎ míng cháo， jiāng xī bù guó jiè kuò zhāng zhì jǐn zhōu、 níng yuǎn yī xiàn。 shí nián sì yuè gǎi yuán chóng dé， gǎi guó hào dà qīng， zhèng shì chēng dì。
shēng zú shí rì： 1592 héng héng 1643， xiǎng nián 52 suì， zài wèi 17 nián。
shì hào： yìng tiān xīng guó hóng dé zhāng wǔ kuān wēn rén shèng ruì xiào wén huáng dì。
qǐn líng： zhāo líng（ shěn yáng běi líng）
miào hào：（ qīng） tài zōng。
xìng míng： huáng tài jí
shǔ xiāng： lóng
nián hào： tiān cōng， chóng dé
miào hào： tài zōng
shì hào： wén huáng dì
chū shēng rì qī： míng wàn lì 'èr shí nián shí yuè 'èr shí wǔ rì（ 1592 nián 11 yuè 28 rì）
chū shēng dì： fèi 'ā lā chéng
sǐ wáng dì： shěn yáng qīng níng gōng
líng qǐn： zhāo líng（ shěn yáng běi líng）
jí wèi： tiān mìng shí yī nián jiǔ yuè chū yī → chóng dé bā nián bā yuè chū jiǔ（ 1626 nián 12 yuè 20 rì→ 1643 nián 9 yuè 21 rì）
zài wèi nián shù： 17 nián
xiǎng nián： 52
fù： tài zǔ nǔ 'ěr hā chì
mǔ： yè hè nà lā mèng gǔ， hòu zūn wéi xiào cí gāo huáng hòu
páiháng： tài zǔ dì bā zǐ
chū hūn： 22 suì， bó 'ěr jì jí tè zhé zhé wéi huáng hòu
pèi 'ǒu： 15 rén， huáng hòu bó 'ěr jì jí tè zhé zhé
zǐ nǚ： 11 zǐ， 14 nǚ
jì wèi zhī “ chū ”， jiā qiáng jí quán
huáng tài jí jì wèi zhī chū， hòu jīn miàn lín de xíng shì shí fēn yán jùn。 yóu yú duō cì duì wài lüè duó， chǔjìng gū lì， shòu dào míng cháo、 měnggǔ、 cháo xiān de bāo wéi。 nèi bù yóu yú guì zú fēn quán shì lì de máo dùn， chōng tū rì yì yán zhòng。 tā suī jì chéng liǎo hàn wèi， dàn shí jì shàng shì tóng dài shàn、 ā mǐn、 mǎng gǔ 'ěr tài sān dà bèi lè“ àn yuè fēn zhí” zhèng wù。 quán lì fēn sàn， shì shì chè zhǒu， tú yòu“ yī hàn xū míng”。 wèile jiā qiáng zhōng yāng jí quán， tuī jìn fēng jiàn huà de gǎi gé， huáng tài jí cǎi qǔ gè gè jī pò de shǒu duàn， dǎ jī、
fā zhǎn jīng jì， guó nèi gǎi gé
zài jīng jì shàng， yóu yú nǔ 'ěr hā chì wǎn nián zài liáo dōng shí xíng“ kàng jù zhě bèi lù， fú qǔ zhě wéi nú” de nú lì zhì zhèng cè， hàn rén fēn fēn táo wáng hé bào dòng， shēng chǎn diāo bì， hòu jīn shè huì dòng dàng bù 'ān。 wèile huǎn hé shè huì máo dùn， huáng tài jí zhí zhèng yī shǐ， biàn tí chū“ zhì guó zhī yào， mò xiān 'ān mín” de fāng zhēn， bǎ yuán xiān nǔ 'ěr hā chì suǒ tuī xíng de hàn rén měi shí sān zhuàng dīng biān wéi yī zhuāng， àn mǎn guān pǐn jí fēn gěi wéi nú de zhèng cè gǎi wéi měi bèi yù zhǐ gěi zhuàng dīng bā rén、 niú 'èr tóu， yǐ bèi shǐ lìng， qí yú hàn rén fēn tún bié jū， yòng hàn guān guǎn lǐ， shǐ dà liàng hàn zú nú lì qǔ dé liǎo“ mín hù” dì wèi， chéng wéi hòu jīn zhèng quán xià de gè tǐ nóng mín。 tiān cōng wǔ nián， huáng tài jí bān bù《 lì zhù tiáo lì》， qí zhōng guī dìng“ fán nú lì zhù fàn yòu sī xíng tuò liè、 shàn shā rén mìng、 yǐn nì zhàn lì pǐn、 jiān wū shǔ xià fù nǚ、 mào gōng làn jiàn、 yā zhì shēn sù děng zuì， xǔ nú pú gào fā， zhǔn qí lí zhù”。 zhè yī tiáo lì， xiàn zhì liǎo mǎn zhōu guì zú de mǒu xiē tè quán， yòu lì yú nú pú zhēng qǔ gǎi biàn zì jǐ de shēn fèn hé dì wèi。 wèile cù jìn nóng yè shēng chǎn， huáng tài jí zhù yì tǐ xù mín lì， fán yòu fáng nóng wù de gōng chéng， yī lǜ bù fù xīng zhù， shǐ bǎi xìng néng“ zhuān qín nán mǔ， yǐ zhòng běn wù”。 jīng guò jǐ nián de nǔ lì， nóng yè yòu liǎo jiào dà fā zhǎn， liáng shí jī běn shàng néng gòu zìjǐ， shè huì máo dùn dé dào huǎn hé。
lǚ bài cháo xiān， sì miàn jié méng
huáng tài jí zài guó nèi dà lì shí xíng gǎi gé shí， bìng méi yòu fàng qì nǔ 'ěr hā chì duì wài jìn xíng qīn lüè kuò zhāng de zhèng cè。 tā rèn wéi yào zhàn shèng míng cháo， shǒu xiān yào zhēng fú měnggǔ hé cháo xiān， zhè jì kě yǐ jiě chú hòu gù zhī yōu， yòu kě yǐ lì yòng tā men de lì liàng， gòng tóng duì fù míng cháo。 tiān cōng yuán nián yī yuè， huáng tài jí bù xuān 'ér zhàn， mìng 'ā mǐn、 jì 'ěr hā lǎng、 ā jì gé děng rén， shuài sān wàn dà jūn rù qīn cháo xiān， pò shǐ cháo xiān qiān dìng《 jiāng dū hé yuē》。 1636 nián， huáng tài jí yòu yǐ cháo xiān“ lǚ bài méng shì”，“ zhù míng hài wǒ” wéi yóu， qīn shuài shí wàn dà jūn rù qīn cháo xiān， bāo wéi nán hàn shān chéng。 guó wáng lǐ zōng bèi pò tóu jiàng， chēng chén nà gòng， yǔn nuò yǔ míng cháo duàn jué wǎng lái， bìng jiāng wáng zǐ sòng shěn yáng wéi rén zhì。 duì měnggǔ， huáng tài jí cǎi qǔ“ shè zhī yǐ bīng， huái zhī yǐ dé” de zhèng cè。 shǒu xiān zhēng qǔ yǔ chá hā 'ěr lín dān hàn bù hé de kē 'ěr qìn、 kā lá qìn děng bù de guī fù。 tiān cōng 'èr nián， dá chéng gòng tóng zhēng tǎo lín dān hàn de xié yì。 jīng guò jǐ cì zhēng zhàn， lín dān hàn shì lì dà shuāi。 bā nián， lín dān hàn zài qīng hǎi dà cǎo tān chū dòu bìng sǐ。 jiǔ nián chū， huáng tài jí mìng duō 'ěr ɡǔn děng shuài yī wàn rén dù huáng hé xī jìn， zhì tuō lǐ tú， fú huò liǎo lín dān hàn zǐ 'é zhé jí qí bù zhòng yī qiān yú hù， tǒng yī liǎo mò nán měnggǔ。 wèile lǒngluò měnggǔ fēng jiàn shàng céng fènzǐ， huáng tài jí yòng lián yīn、 shǎng cì、 fēng wáng fēng jué、 dìng wài fān gōng chén xí zhí lì、 chóng fèng lá má jiào、 yǔ xīzàng sēng sú tóu lǐng jiàn lì lián xì děng shǒu duàn， qǔ dé liǎo měnggǔ zhū bù de zhī chí hé xiào zhōng。
tǒng yī mò nán
wèile mí bǔ nǚ zhēn ; mǎn zhōu rén shù tài shǎo de gēn běn ruò diǎn， wèile qīng chú běi fāng、 dōng běi fāng xiàng lái de wēi xié， wèile zhǎn duàn míng guó yòu bì， huáng tài jí jiā jǐn jìn xíng tǒng yī mò nán měnggǔ gè bù de zhēng fǔ gōng zuò。 yī fāng miàn lǚ pài shǐ zhě， zhāo yòu bā lín děng bù guī fù， lìng yī fāng miàn， jí zhōng bīng lì duì fù chá hā 'ěr bù lín dān hàn。 tiān cōng liù nián ( míng chóng zhēn wǔ nián， 1632) sì yuè chū yī， huáng tài jí shuài jūn lí shěn yáng， xī zhēng lín dān hàn， shì zhí liáo hé shuǐ zhǎng， rén mǎ fú shuǐ 'ér guò， liǎng zhòu yè shǐ dù wán。 yán tú měnggǔ gè bù bèi lè fēn fēn zūn fèng shuài bīng cóng zhēng yù zhǐ qián lái xiāng huì， dào shí 'èr bǐ lái huì zhě yòu kā lá qìn、 tǔ mò tè、 kā lá chē lǐ kè、 yī sū tè、 zhā lǔ tè、 áo hàn、 nài màn、 ā lù、 bā lín、 kē 'ěr qìn děng bù jí běi biān měnggǔ zhū bù 'ào bā děng shù shí wèi bèi lè， jūn xiàn jiǔ xiàn mǎ， hàn shè dà yàn xiāng dài。
sì yuè shí liù rì， jīn hàn zhào jí gè bèi lè， jiā jiǎng yǒng yuè zūn mìng zhī bèi lè， xùn chì dài huǎn zhī rén。 huáng tài jí yù：“ zhèn yǐ chá hā 'ěr bù dào， zhěng lǚ wǎng zhēng， xiān qī yù lìng 'ěr děng shuài běn bù bīng lái huì。 jīn 'ěr děng suǒ lǐng zhī bīng， duō guǎ bù qí， chí sù yì yì， wéi kē 'ěr qìn bù tǔ xiè tú 'é fù 'ào bā shuài lái jūn shì shèn duō， yòu bù xī suǒ xù mǎ pǐ， sàn gěi bù zhòng， jí chí lái huì”，“ zú jiàn lì xīn chéng yì， yōu lè xiāng tóng， zhèn shèn jiā zhī”。 zhì yú jiù jiù wú kè shàn de xíng dòng， zé shǐ“ zhèn xīn bù shèn huān lè”。 zhā lǔ tè bù zhū bèi lè，“ shàng shǔ shí xīn xiào lì”， áo hàn、 nài màn zhū bèi lè， yì“ jiào yōu， rán yě wèi wéi jìn shàn”。 bā lín zhū bèi lè sì shàng wèi jù chá hā 'ěr， qiě“ lìn xī mǎ pǐ， dài huǎn bù qián”， ā lù zhū bèi lè“ shēn shòu lín dān hàn zhī qī líng， nǎi cǐ cì bìng bù sī zhàng zhèn zhī lì yǐ fù chóu， ér bù duō fā bīng mǎ”，“ jǐn yǐ yī lǚ zhī shī miǎnqiǎng yìng mìng”，“ yìng sì bān shī rì yì zuì”。 gè bèi lè jiē kòu shǒu shòu mìng。 zhè cì xùn yù， duì jī lì hé biān cè měnggǔ yǒng yuè cóng zhēng， qǐ liǎo hěn dà zuò yòng。
huáng tài jí xià lìng， rì yè jiān chéng， zhí qǔ lín dān hàn zhù dì， yī jǔ dàng píng chá hā 'ěr。 sì yuè 'èr shí 'èr rì， dà jūn guò xīng 'ān lǐng， xíng jūn yǐ dá yī qiān sān bǎi duō lǐ ( cóng shěn yáng suàn qǐ )。 dàn shì， lián yī gè chá hā 'ěr rén yě wèi kàn dào， yuán lái xiāng huáng qí gù shān 'é zhēn dá 'ěr hā jiā de liǎng míng jiù měnggǔ rén， yú shí bā rì yè jiān qián dào liáng mǎ liù pǐ， fēi bēn chá hā 'ěr， tōng zhī jīn bīng dà jǔ lái gōng。“ lín dān hàn wén zhī dà jù， biàn yù bù zhòng， qì běn tǔ 'ér bēn， qiǎn rù fù guī huà chéng ( jīn nián méng hū hé hào tè )， qū fù mín jí shēng chù jìn dù huáng hé。 chá hā 'ěr guó rén cāng zú táo dùn， yī qiē zī zhòng， jiē wěi zhī 'ér qù。” huáng tài jí zhī xī cǐ qíng， yù lǐng bīng zhū bèi lè dà chén：“ chá hā 'ěr zhī wǒ zhěng lǚ 'ér lái， bì bù gǎn jiāo fēng， zhuī yù jí， zé bǐ dùn yù yuǎn， wǒ jūn mǎ pí liáng jié， bù rú qiě fù guī huà chéng zàn zhù”。 yú shì dà jūn xiàng guī huà chéng qián jìn。 wǔ yuè 'èr shí sān rì， zhì mù lǔ hā lá kè qìn， fēn bīng liǎng yì， zuǒ yì yǐ bèi lè 'ā jì gé wéi shuài， shuài kē 'ěr qìn tǔ xiè tú 'é fù 'ào bā jí bā lín、 zhā lǔ tè、 kā lá qìn、 tǔ mò tè、 ā lù děng bù bīng yī wàn， wǎng lüè dà tóng、 xuān fǔ biān wài yī dài chá hā 'ěr bù mín； yòu yì mìng jì 'ěr hā lǎng、 yuè tuō、 dé gé lèi、 sà hā lián、 duō 'ěr ɡǔn、 duō duó、 háo gé děng bèi lè lǐng bīng 'èr wàn， wǎng lüè guī huà chéng huáng hé yī dài bù mín； hàn yǔ dà bèi lè dài shàn、 bèi lè mǎng gǔ 'ěr tài tǒng dà jūn jì jìn。 èr shí qī rì huò xī， lín dān hàn wén jīn bīng rù jìng， jīng huāng shī cuò，“ jìn xié bù mín、 shēng chù、 cái wù， dù huáng hé yǐ dùn， suǒ yí zhǐ qióng mín 'ěr”。 zhè yī tiān， dà jūn xíng chí qī bǎi lǐ， xī zhì huáng hé mù nà hàn shān， dōng zhì xuān fǔ， zì guī huà chéng nán jí míng guó biān jìng，“ suǒ zài jū mín táo nì zhě， xī fú zhī， guī fù zhě， biān wéi hù kǒu”。
yī xiē měnggǔ rén táo rù míng jìng shā hé bǎo， huáng tài jí zhì shū bǎo zhōng míng jiāng， suǒ qǔ táo rén， chēng：“ wǒ běi zhēng chá hā 'ěr， qióng zhuī sì shí yī rì， qín qí shào zú xùn zhī， yún yǐ xīng yè táo qù”，“ wǒ yù shōu qí bù mín， yīn hái bīng kè guī huà chéng”，“ jìn wén chá hā 'ěr suǒ yí rén chù cái wù， wéi 'ěr děng shōu liú， dāng yī yī guī hái yú wǒ。 fǒu zé， zì qǔ huò huàn。” míng jiāng dà jīng， lì jí sòng hái táo rù měnggǔ jí yù shǎng yǔ lín dān hàn zhī cái wù， jì yòu nán fù sān bǎi 'èr shí míng、 shēng chù yī qiān yú jí suǒ shǎng nà duàn bù bó liù qiān yú pǐ。 xuān fǔ shǒu jiāng yì jiāng kào shǎng chá hā 'ěr hàn suǒ cái wù cún zài zhāng jiā kǒu zhě， quán bù xiàn chū， jì duàn bù jí hǔ bào hú tǎ děng pí gòng yī wàn 'èr qiān wǔ bǎi pǐ ( zhāng )。 míng xuān fǔ xún fǔ、 zǒng bīng yòu zūn jīn hàn yù zhǐ， yì hé tōng shì， zèng xiàn huáng jīn、 bái yín、 mǎng duàn、 bù pǐ、 chá yè shù qiān ( pǐ、 liǎng、 bāo )。 liù yuè 'èr shí sì rì， dà jūn zhā yíng yú zhāng jiā kǒu wài kā lá bǎ 'ěr gá sūn，“ liè sān shí yíng， lián luò sì shí lǐ”。 fēn lüè gè lù dà bīng，“ suǒ zhì cūn bǎo， xī fén qí lú shè， qì qí liáng qiǔ， gè jí suǒ fú huò， yǐ wén yú shàng， gòng jì rén kǒu shēng chù shí wàn yòu yú”。
huáng tài jí rèn wéi cǐ zhàn mùdì jī běn dá dào， suì tǒng jūn dōng fǎn， yú qī yuè 'èr shí sì rì huí dào shěn yáng。 cǐ xíng wǎng fǎn wàn yú lǐ， lì shí sān gè yuè líng 'èr shí liù tiān， suī wèi shēng qín lín dān hàn， dàn yǐ gěi qí yǐ zhì mìng dǎ jī， bī qí diū qì běn tǔ yuǎn táo， chá hā 'ěr bù fēn bēng wǎ jiě。 lín dān hàn shuài cán bù xīng yè táo wǎng xīzàng，“ chén mín sù kǔ qí bào nüè， kàng wéi bù xíng”， yuán yòu sān shí yú wàn bù zhòng， tú zhōng táo sàn zhě shí zhī qī bā。 dào tiān cōng bā nián， wú chù 'ān shēn dōng táo xī dùn de lín dān hàn， bìng sǐ yú qīng hǎi dà cǎo tān， yú bù fēn fēn huí guī， tóu shùn yú jīn hàn。 tiān cōng jiǔ nián 'èr yuè， duō 'ěr zhōng děng bèi lè fèng yù tǒng bīng yī wàn， wǎng xún lín dān hàn zhī zǐ 'é zhé， yú sì yuè jiàng 'é zhé jí qí mǔ sū tài tài hòu， bìng huò yuán cháo lì dài chuán guó yù xǐ。 lín dān hàn zhī qī náng náng tài hòu， dòu tǔ mén fú jìn， yǐ jí qí tā bèi lè、 zhài sāng， fēn shuài suǒ bù lái guī。 mò nán měnggǔ gè bù xī lì jīn hàn zhī xià。
huáng tài jí shēn zhī， zhǐ kào yī 'èr cì zhēng jiǎo hé suí cóng xiào lì， bìng bù néng shǐ gè bù měnggǔ cháng qī guī shùn yú jǐ， yě bù néng jǐn jǐn yǐ kào méng shì， ér xū yǐ wǔ lì zuò hòu dùn， yòng zhì dù、 fǎ lìng lái yuē shù gè bù， shǐ tā men tīng cóng jīn hàn tǒng xiá hé zhǐ huī。 tiān cōng sān nián zhēngyuè， tā bān chì yù yú kē 'ěr qìn、 áo hàn、 nài màn、 kā 'ěr kā， kā lá qìn，“ lìng xī zūn wǒ cháo zhì dù”。 sān yuè， tā yòu qiǎn shǐ chén jī chì，“ yù guī shùn gè bù měnggǔ zhū bèi lè， shēn dìng jūn lìng”， guī dìng fán yù chū shī zhī shí， yí yǒng yuè zhēng fù， xié lì tóng xīn， bù dé chí qī。 ruò zhēng chá hā 'ěr， fán guǎn qí zhī zhū bèi lè， nián qī shí yǐ xià shí sān yǐ shàng， jù xū cóng zhēng， wéi zhě， fá mǎ yī bǎi pǐ tuó shí tóu。 chí sān rì bù zhì yuē huì zhī dì， fá mǎ shí pǐ。 ruò zhēng míng guó， měi qí dà bèi lè yī yuán、 tái jí 'èr yuán， shuài jīng bīng bǎi rén cóng zhēng， wéi zhě， fá mǎ yī qiān pǐ、 tuó bǎi tóu。 yú xiāng yuē huì jí zhī dì lǔ lüè zhě， fá mǎ bǎi pǐ、 tuó shí tóu。
tiān cōng bā nián zhēngyuè， huáng tài jí jiè wài fān měnggǔ kē 'ěr qìn、 áo hàn、 ā lù、 kā lá qìn、 nài màn、 sì zǐ bù luò děng bù bèi lè lái cháo de jī huì， jù tǐ dìng qí fǎ lì。 tā yù gào zhū bèi lè：“ ěr měnggǔ zhū bù luò， xiàng yīn fǎ zhì wèi bèi， lòu xí bù chú”， jīn yǔ zhū bèi lè yuē dìng： fán bèi lè duó yòu fū zhī fù pèi yǔ tā rén zhě， fá mǎ wǔ shí pǐ、 tuó wǔ zhǐ， qí nà fù zhī rén， fá qī jiǔ zhī shù， jǐyǔ yuán fū。 jiān yòu fū zhī fù， guǎi tóu bié bèi lè zhě， nán fù jù lùn sǐ， qǔ qí qī zǐ shēng chù， jìn gěi yuán fū， rú bèi lè bù zhí sòng， fá bèi lè mǎ wǔ shí pǐ、 tuó wǔ zhǐ。 kuī jiá、 mián jiá、 mǎ zōng wěi wú pái yìn， yǐ jí kuī yīng、 dào yīng、 dào fú bù zūn jīn guó zhì dù zhě， jù zuì zhī。
tóng nián shí yuè， qiǎn shǐ zhě 'ā shí dá 'ěr hàn qián wǎng měnggǔ， zài shuò wēng kē 'ěr dà huì 'áo hàn、 nài màn、 bā lín、 zhā lǔ tè、 wēng niú tè、 sì zǐ、 wú lá tè、 kā lá qìn、 tǔ mò tè、 tǎ lài gè bù guǎn shì dà xiǎo zhū bèi lè， fèndìng gè bù dì jiè， yán jìn gè bù hù xiāng qīn yuè， dì 'èr nián tiān cōng jiǔ nián 'èr yuè， yòu biān shěn nèi wài kā lá qìn měnggǔ zhuàng dīng， chú máng rén jí shǒu zú cán fèi zhě wài， nián liù shí suì yǐ xià、 shí bā suì yǐ shàng， jù zhào lì biān shěn， gòng biān zhuàng dīng yī wàn liù qiān jiǔ bǎi wǔ shí sān míng， qí zhōng kā lá qìn zuǒ yì qí、 kā lá qìn yòu yì qí、 tǔ mò tè sān qí zhuàng dīng gòng jiǔ qiān yī bǎi 'èr shí sān míng， réng lì yú mǎn zhōu bā qí zhī nèi， lìng wài qī qiān bā bǎi sān shí dīng， jiā shàng jiù měnggǔ， zhèng shì biān lì měnggǔ bā qí， fēn yóu 'ā dài、 dá lài、 ēn gé tú、 bù yàn dài、 yī bài、 sū nà、 wú lài、 hù shí bù děng bā rén wéi tóng shān 'é zhēn， gè qí jūn shè méi lè zhāng jīng、 jiá lá zhāng jīng gè 'èr yuán。
mò nán měnggǔ gè bù de tǒng yī jí měnggǔ bā qí de biān lì， wéi jīn guó kuò dà liǎo bīng yuán， zēng jiā liǎo bīng mǎ， jiā qiáng liǎo mǎn méng lián méng， xiāo chú liǎo lái zì běi fāng de wēi xié， duì jīn guó de gǒng gù hé qiáng dà， yǐ jí duì míng guó de zhēng tǎo， jūn qǐ liǎo zhòng dà zuò yòng， cóng cǐ yǐ hòu， jīn guó hàn biàn kě quán lì gōng míng liǎo。
kāi kē qǔ shì， zhāo mù rén cái
huáng tài jí shēn zhī mǎn zú yào xiǎng rù zhù zhōng yuán， bì xū qǔ dé hàn zú dì zhù jiē jí de zhī chí。 yīn cǐ， tā shí fēn zhòng shì hàn zú dì zhù zhī shí fènzǐ hé míng cháo jiàng guān jiàng jiāng de zuò yòng， duì tā men cǎi qǔ zhāo jiàng shōu mǎi zhèng cè。 tiān cōng sān nián， shǒu cì kǎo shì rú shēng， wǎng luó liǎo liǎng bǎi míng hàn zú wén rén。 cǐ hòu yòu duō cì jǔ xíng kǎo shì， fēn bié yōu liè， liàng cái lù yòng。 wǔ nián， dà líng hé zhàn yì hòu， duì dà pī jiàng jiāng cì yǐ zhuāng tián、 nú pú、 mǎ pǐ， bìng wěi yǐ guān zhí。 tiān cōng qī、 bā nián jiān， kǒng yòu dé、 gěng zhòng míng、 shàng kě xǐ、 chén zhì xiáng děng míng cháo jiànglǐng fēn fēn zì yuàn lái tóu， huáng tài jí duì tā men fēng wáng fēng hóu， chǒng róng bèi zhì。 suí zhe měnggǔ de chén fú， míng cháo jiànglǐng de jiàng shùn， huáng tài jí zhú bù jiàn lì měnggǔ bā qí hé hàn jūn bā qí， dà dà zēng qiáng liǎo jūn shì lì liàng。
shěn yáng chēng dì， míng jiāng tóu jiàng
tiān cōng shí nián sì yuè， huáng tài jí zài shěn yáng chēng dì， cóng cǐ quán lì yǐ fù dì duì míng zhāofā dòng qīn lüè。 shì nián qiū， tā mìng 'ā jì gé tǒng bīng nán qīn， lüè duó rén chù shí bā wàn。 chóng dé sān nián， yòu mìng duō 'ěr ɡǔn、 yuè tuō shuài jūn nán qīn。 gōng pò chéng chí wǔ shí duō chù， lǔ huò rén kǒu sì shí liù wàn， jīn yín bǎi yú wàn liǎng。 wèile cóng zhèng miàn dǎ kāi shān hǎi guān， zì wǔ nián sān yuè qǐ， fā dòng liǎo jǐn zhōu zhàn yì。 míng tíng pài jì liáo zǒng dū hóng chéng chóu shuài shí sān wàn dà jūn wǎng yuán jǐn zhōu zǔ dà shòu。 huáng tài jí zhǐ huī zuò zhàn， hòu míng jūn yīn tǎ shān liáng cǎo bèi duó 'ér jué dìng fēn chéng liǎng lù tū wéi。 chéng chóu děng rén tū wéi wèi chéng， kùn shǒu sōng shān chéng， sōng shān fù jiāng xià chéng dé mì yuē jiàng qīng， yǐ wéi nèi yìng。 1642 nián 'èr yuè shí bā rì sōng shān chéng xiàn， hóng chéng chóu bèi fú， zǔ dà shòu zài jǐn zhōu tóu jiàng。 zhì cǐ， míngzhāozài guān wài jǐn shèng níng yuǎn yī gū chéng。
cù rán cháng shì， shēn hòu shì hào
gōng yuán 1643 nián bā yuè chū jiǔ， huáng tài jí zài qīng níng gōng zhōng cù rán bìng sǐ（“ duān zuò wú jí 'ér zhōng”， yīngshì xīn jī gěng sài huò nǎo yì xuè zhī lèi de jí bìng）， zàng shěn yáng zhāo líng（ tōng chēng shěn yáng běi líng）。 miào hào tài zōng， shì hào“ yìng tiān xīng guó hóng dé zhāng wǔ kuān wēn rén shèng ruì xiào jìng mǐn zhāo dìng lóng dào xiǎn gōng wén huáng dì”。
yī hòu sì fēi， chū zì měnggǔ， jūn wéi měnggǔ zuì gāo xìng shì bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì xiào duān wén huáng hòu， bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì，（ bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì shì měnggǔ huáng jīn jiā zú de xìng shì， huáng hòu、 chén fēi hé zhuāng fēi dōushì měnggǔ kē 'ěr qìn bù rén） míng zhé zhé。 zhèng gōng huáng hòu。 shēng sān nǚ， xià jià 'é zhé、 qí tǎ tè、 bā yǎ sī hù lǎng。
xiào zhuāng wén huáng hòu， bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì， míng bù mù bù tài， yǒng fú gōng zhuāng fēi， xiào duān wén huáng hòu zhí nǚ， hǎi lán zhū zhī mèi。 shēng yī zǐ， shùn zhì dì。 sān nǚ， xià jià bì 'ěr tǎ hā 'ěr、 sè bù téng、 kēng jí 'ěr gé。
mǐn huì gōng hé yuán fēi， bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì， míng hǎi lán zhū。 guān huī gōng chén fēi， xiào duān wén huáng hòu zhí nǚ。 shēng yī zǐ， bù mǎn yī suì 'ér shāng。 tā yě shì huáng tài jí zuì chǒng 'ài de fēi zǐ。
yì jìng dà guì fēi， bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì , míng nà mù zhōng。 lín zhǐ gōng guì fēi。 shēng yī zǐ， bó mù bó guǒ 'ěr。 yī nǚ， xià jià gá 'ěr mǎ suǒ nuò mù。
kāng huì shū fēi， bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì， míng bā tè mǎ。 yǎn qìng gōng shū fēi。
yuán fēi， niǔ hù lù shì。 hóng yì gōng 'é yì dū de nǚ 'ér。 shēng yī zǐ， luò bó huì。
jì fēi， wū lā nà lā shì。 shēng 'èr zǐ， háo gé、 luò gé。 yī nǚ， xià jià wàng dì。
cè fēi， yè hè nà lā shì。 shēng yī zǐ， shuò sài。
cè fēi， zhā lǔ tè bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì。 shēng liǎng nǚ， xià jià kuā zhā、 hā shàng。
shù fēi， nà lā shì。 shēng yī zǐ， gāo sài。 èr nǚ， xià jià huī sài、 lā hā。
shù fēi， qí lěi shì。 chá hā 'ěr bù rén。 shēng yī nǚ， xià jià wú yìng xióng。
shù fēi， yán zhā shì。 shēng yī zǐ， yè bù shū。
shù fēi， yī 'ěr gēn jué luó shì。 shēng yī zǐ， cháng shū。
shù fēi， shēng yī zǐ， tāo sài。
shù fēi， shēng yī nǚ， xià jià bān dì。
zǐ nǚ shēn shì yǔ fēng hào
huáng tài jí shēng yòu 11 zǐ 14 nǚ。
zǐ
ài xīn jué luó háo gé， zhǎngzǐ， sù wǔ qīn wáng。
ài xīn jué luó luò gé， zǎo shāng
ài xīn jué luó luò bó huì， zǎo shāng。
ài xīn jué luó yè bù shū， sì zǐ， fǔ guó gōng。
ài xīn jué luó shuò sài， wǔ zǐ， chéng zé yù qīn wáng。
ài xīn jué luó gāo sài， liù zǐ， zhèn guó què hòu gōng。
ài xīn jué luó cháng shū， qī zǐ， fǔ guó gōng pǐn jí。
dì bā zǐ， zǎo shāng。
ài xīn jué luó fú lín， jiǔ zǐ， qīng shì zǔ， shùn zhì dì。
ài xīn jué luó tāo sài， shí zǐ， fǔ guó gōng。
ài xīn jué luó bó mù bó guǒ 'ěr， shí yī zǐ， xiāng zhāo qīn wáng。
nǚ
cháng nǚ： áo hàn gù lún gōng zhù， mǔ jì fēi wū lá nà lā shì， jià měnggǔ 'áo hàn bù jùn wáng bān dì。
cì nǚ： gù lún wēn zhuāng cháng gōng zhù， míng mǎ kā tǎ， mǔ xiào duān wén huáng hòu， xiān jià měnggǔ chá hā 'ěr bù lín dān hàn zhī zǐ 'é zhé， zài jià 'é zhé dì 'ā bù nài。
sān nǚ： gù lún duān jìng cháng gōng zhù， mǔ xiào duān wén huáng hòu， jià měnggǔ kē 'ěr qìn bù qí tǎ tè。
sì nǚ： gù lún yōng mù cháng gōng zhù， míng yǎ tú， mǔ xiào zhuāng wén huáng hòu， jià měnggǔ kē 'ěr qìn bù bì 'ěr tǎ hā 'ěr。
wǔ nǚ： gù lún shū huì cháng gōng zhù， míng 'ā tú， mǔ xiào zhuāng wén huáng hòu， xiān jià zhèng huáng mǎn zhōu qí rén suǒ 'ěr hā， zài jià měnggǔ bā lín bù sè bù téng。
liù nǚ： gù lún gōng zhù， mǔ cè fēi bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì， jià mǎn zhōu qí qí rén kuā zhá。
qī nǚ： gù lún shū zhé gōng zhù， mǔ xiào zhuāng wén huáng hòu， jià xiāng huáng mǎn zhōu qí qí rén lá mǎ sī。
bā nǚ： gù lún yǒng 'ān cháng gōng zhù， mǔ xiào duān wén huáng hòu， jià měnggǔ kē 'ěr qìn bù bā yǎ sī hù lǎng。
jiǔ nǚ： mǔ cè fēi bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì， jià bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì hā shàng。
shí nǚ： xiàn jūn， mǔ shù fēi nà lá shì， jià mǎn zhōu qí rén guā 'ěr jiā shì huī sài。
shí yī nǚ： gù lún duān shùn cháng gōng zhù， mǔ yì jìng dà guì fēi， jià bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì gá 'ěr mǎ suǒ nuò mù。
shí 'èr nǚ： xiāng jūn pǐn jí， mǔ shì jué， jià bó 'ěr jì jí tè shì bān dì。
shí sān nǚ： mǔ shù fēi nà lá shì， jià mǎn zhōu qí rén guā 'ěr jiā shì hā lā。
shí sì nǚ： hé shuò kè chún cháng gōng zhù， mǔ shù fēi chá hā 'ěr qí lěi shì， jià wú sān guì zhī zǐ wú yìng xióng（ wéi píng dìng sān fān）
xiāng guān xiǎo shuō
《 dú bù tiān xià》
《 nà hǎi lán zhū》
《 xiào zhuāng huáng hòu》
《 jìng xī qǐ xiāng sī》
《 dà qīng dì yī wáng fēi》
Hong Taiji was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father, Nurhaci, had founded. He laid the groundwork for the conquering of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He was responsible for changing the name of his people from Jurchen to Manchu in 1635 as well as that of the dynasty from Later Jin to Qing in 1636.
Name and titlesHong Taiji is written as (Hung Taiji) in the Manchu language. In Chinese, Hong Taiji is also known as Hóng Tàijí (洪太極) or Huáng Táijí (皇太極). This name corresponded to well-known Mongolian title Khong Tayiji (Crown Prince) which was sinicized as Hong Taiji or Huang Taizi. There are different views about the name Abahai. According to one view, the name Abakhai is wrong: Hong Taiji never mentioned under this name in Manchu and Chinese sources; it was a mistake done by Russian Sinologist G.V. Gorsky According to another view, Abakhai was a real name derived from Mongolian Abakai – honorary name given to younger sons of monarchs.[dubious – discuss] Abahai may be also a part of his era name in Manchu language (Abkai sure, or Tienzong 天聰). According to another view, Hong Taiji was mistakenly, referred to as Abahai in Western scholarly literature, the result of a confusion with Nurhaci's favorite concubine. He was first Khan of the Later Jin and then Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, after he changed its name. His title as Great Khan was Bogd Khaan (Manchu: Gosin Onco Hūwaliyasun Enduringge Han). His reign names were Tiāncōng (Chinese: 天聰, Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠰᡠᡵᡝ Abka-i sure) 1627–1636; and Chóngdé (Chinese:崇德, Manchu: ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠᠩᡤᡝ Wesihun erdemungge, Mongolian: Degede Erdemtü) 1636–1643. His temple name was Tàizōng 太宗.
His posthumous name evolved to become longer and longer:
1643: Yingtian-xingguo-hongde-zhangwu-kuanwen-rensheng-ruixiao Wen Emperor (應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝文皇帝)
1662: Yingtian-xingguo-hongde-zhangwu-kuanwen-rensheng-ruixiao-longdao-xiangong Wen Emperor (應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝隆道顯功文皇帝)
"Prosperous Way and Manifestation of Might" was added
1723: Yingtian-xingguo-hongde-zhangwu-kuanwen-rensheng-ruixiao-jingming-longdao-xiangong Wen Emperor (應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏隆道顯功文皇帝)
"Reverence and Diligent" was added
1735: Yingtian-xingguo-hongde-zhangwu-kuanwen-rensheng-ruixiao-jingming-zhaoding-longdao-xiangong Wen Emperor (應天興國弘德彰武寬溫仁聖睿孝敬敏昭定隆道顯功文皇帝)
"Illustrious stability" was added
Consolidation of powerHong Taiji was the eighth son of Nurhaci, whom he succeeded as the second ruler of the Later Jin dynasty in 1626. Although it was always thought of as gossip, he was said to be involved in the suicide of Prince Dorgon's mother, Lady Abahai in order to block the succession of his younger brother. This is speculated because at the time of Nurhaci's death, there were 4 Lords/Beile with Hong Taiji as the lowest rank, but also the most fit one. Originally, at the end of Nurhaci's reign, Hong Taiji got hold of the two White Banners, but after Lady Abahai's death, he switched his two banners with Dorgon and Dodo's two Yellow banners (Nurhaci gave his two Yellow Banners to the two). In the end, Hong Taiji had control over the 2 strongest/highest class banners- the Plain/Bordered Yellow Banner and the most influence. From there, he slowly got rid of his competitor's powers. Later, he would also receive the Plain Blue Banner from one of Šurhaci's sons, which was the 3rd strongest banner as it was controlled by Nurhaci's brother. Those 3 banners would officially become the Upper Three Banners during the early part of the Qing Dynasty.
His reignDuring his reign, he started using officials of the Han ethnicity. Originally during Nurhaci's reign, Han people were heavily discriminated as Nurhaci despised them. Hong Taiji started incorporating Han people into the country and government. He realized that they would still be the majority and the Manchus would still be the minority, which means to control the Han people, they would need to live together or else the Qing Dynasty would be a repeat of the Yuan Dynasty.
ExpansionHe continued the expansion of the state in the region later known as Manchuria, pushing deeper into Mongolia and raiding Korea and Ming China. His personal military abilities were widely praised and he effectively developed the military-civil administration known as the Eight Banners or Banner system. This system was well-suited to accept the different peoples, primarily Chinese and Mongols, who joined the Manchu state either following negotiated agreements or military defeat.
In 1636, Hong Taiji invaded the Joseon Dynasty (see the Second Manchu invasion of Korea), as the latter did not accept that Hong Taiji had become emperor. With the Joseon Dynasty surrendered in 1637, Hong Taiji succeeded in making them cut off relations with the Ming Dynasty and force them to submit as protectorate of the Qing Empire. Also during this period, Hung Taji took over Inner Mongolia in three major wars, each of them victorious. In 1640 he completed the conquest of the Evenks, when he defeated and captured their leader Bombogor.
At the same time, Hong Taji upgraded the weapons of the Empire. He realized the advantage of the Red Cannons and later also bought the Red Cannons into the army. Though the Ming Dynasty still had more Cannons, Hong Taji now possessed the cannons of equal might and Asia's strongest cavalry.
Huang Taji's plan at first was to make a deal with the Ming Dynasty. If the Ming Dynasty was willing to give support and money that would be beneficial to the Qing's economy, the Qing Dynasty in exchange would not only be willing to not attack the borders, but also admit itself as a country one level lower than the Ming Dynasty; however, since all the Ming Court were reminded of the Jin Empire during the Song Dynasty, the court heavily refused the exchange. This ultimately forced Huang Taji to take the offensive.
The Change from Jin to QingIn 1635, Hong Taiji changed the name of his people from Jurchen (Manchu: Jušen) to Manchu, or Manju in the Manchu language. The original meaning of Manju is not known and so the reasons for its adoption remain opaque. There are many theories as to the reason for the choice of name but two of the most commonly cited are its sounding similar to the Manchu word for "brave" and a possible connection with the Bodhisattva Manjusri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom, of whom Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation.
The dynastic name Later Jin was a direct reference to the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchen people, who ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. As such, the name was likely to be viewed as closely tied to the Jurchens and would perhaps evoke hostility from Chinese who viewed the Song dynasty, rival state to the Jin, as the legitimate rulers of China at that time. Hong Taiji's ambition was to conquer China proper and overthrow the Ming dynasty, and to do that required not only a powerful military force but also an effective bureaucratic administration. For this, he used the obvious model, that of the Ming government, and recruited Ming officials to his cause. If the name of Later Jin would prove an impediment to his goal among many Chinese, then it was not too much to change it. Whatever the precise motivation, Hong Taiji proclaimed the establishment of the Qing dynasty in 1636. The reasons for the choice of Qing as the new name are likewise unclear, although it has been speculated that the sound – Jin and Qing are pronounced similarly in Manchu – or wuxing theory – traditional ideas held that fire, associated with the character for Ming, was overcome by water, associated with the character for Qing – may have influenced the choice. Another possible reason may be that Hong Taiji changed the name of the dynasty from (Later)Jin to Qing in 1636 because of internecine fraternal struggle and skirmish between brothers and half brothers for the throne. According to Taoist philosophy, the name Jin has the meaning of metal and fire in its constituent, thereby igniting the tempers of the brothers of the Manchu Royal household into open conflicts and wars. Huangtaiji therefore adopted the new name of Qing 清, the Chinese character of which has the water symbol [3 strokes] on its left hand side. The name, which means clear and transparent, with its water symbol was hoped to put out the feud among the brothers of the Manchu Royal household.
The banners statusBefore Hong Taiji was emperor, he controlled the 2 White banners. Upon Nurhaci's death, Hong Taiji immediately switched his 2 White Banners with Nurhaci's 2 Yellow Banners, which should have been passed on to Dorgun and his brothers. As the emperor, he is the holder of 3 banners out of 8. He controlled the Upper 3 Banners or the Elite banners of the time which at the time were the Plain/Bordered Yellow Banner and Plain Blue Banner. Later the Plain Blue Banner was switched by Dorgun to Plain White Banner as the 3rd Elite Banner. At the end of his reign, Huang Taji gave the 2 Yellow Banners to his eldest son-Haoge. Daisan, who was the 2nd son of Nurhaci, and his son controlled the 2 Red Banners. Dorgun and his 2 brothers controlled the 2 White Banners and Surachi's son-Chiurhala- controlled the remaining and Striped Blue Banner again.
DeathHong Taiji died on 21 September, possibly of stroke, just a few months before his army would seize control of Beijing. He actually issued an order for Xiao Zhuang Wen to follow him into the afterlife, however Dorgon forced him to change the decree. Since he was dying, he did not want to waste anymore time and changed his follower to Imperial Consort Chen. He therefore did not live to see his ambition of conquering Ming China come about, although his son, the Shunzhi Emperor, succeeded him and became the first of the Qing dynasty emperors to govern China. That the Qing state succeeded not only in conquering China but also in establishing a capable administration was due in large measure to the foresight and policies of Hong Taiji. His body was buried in Zhaoling, located in northern Shenyang.
LegacyAs the emperor, he is commonly recognized as having abilities similar to the best emperors such as Yongle, Tang Taizong because of his effective rule, effective use of talent, and effective warring skills. According to half historian and half writer Jin Yong, Huang Taji had the broad and wise views of Qin Shi Huang, Emperor Gaozu of Han, Emperor Guangwu of Han, Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizu of Song, Kublai Khan, the Hongwu Emperor, and the Yongle Emperor. His political abilities were paralleled only by Genghis Khan, Emperor Taizong of Tang, and Emperor Guangwu of Han
. In this sense, Huang Taji is considered by some historians as the true first emperor for the Qing Dynasty
. Some historians suspect Huang Taji was overall underrated and overlooked as a great emperor because he was a Manchu.
FamilyFather
Nurhaci
Mother
Empress Xiaocigao, daughter of Prince Yangginu of the Yehenara (葉赫部貝勒楊吉砮)
ConsortsEmpress Xiaoduanwen
Empress Dowager Xiao Zhuang, initially Consort Zhuang (莊妃)
Consort Chen of Guansui Palace (关睢宫宸妃), posthumously titled First Consort Min Hui Gong He (敏惠恭和元妃) (died 1641), personal name Borjigit Harjol (博爾濟吉特·海蘭珠)
Noble Consort of Linzhi Palace (麟趾宫贵妃), posthumously titled Great Noble Consort Yi Jing (懿靖大貴妃) (died 1674), personal name Borjigit Namuzhong (博爾濟吉特.娜木鍾)
Virtuous Consort of Yanqing Palace (衍庆宫淑妃), posthumously titled Virtuous Consort Kang Hui (康惠淑妃) (died 1667), personal name Borjigit Batemazhao (博爾濟吉特.巴特瑪璪)
First Consort (元妃; Yuan Fei), Hong Taiji's first wife, daughter of Prince Eidu of the Niuhuru
Successor Consort (继妃; Ji Fei), of the Ulanara clan
Side Chamber Consort Yehenara (葉赫那拉側妃)
Side Chamber Consort Zaruborjigit (扎魯特博爾濟吉特側妃)
Ordinary Consort Nara (納喇庶妃)
Ordinary Consort Hilei (奇壘庶妃)
Ordinary Consort Yanja (顏扎庶妃)
Ordinary Consort Irgen Gioro (伊爾根覺羅庶妃)
unnamed Ordinary Consort
unnamed Ordinary Consort
Sons1.Hooge (1609–1648).
2.Loge (1611–1621).
3.Gebohui (1611–1617).
4.Yebušu (1627–1690).
5.Šose (1628–1655).
6.Gaose (1637–1670).
7.Cangšu (1637–1699).
8.unnamed eighth son who died young (1637–1638).
9.Fulin (1638–1661).
10.Taose (1639–1695).
11.Bombogor (1642–1656).
Daughters1.State Princess Aukhan (敖漢固倫公主)(1621–1654) married in 1633 Bandi of the Mongolian Borjigit clan.
2.State Princess Wen Zhuang (固倫靖端長公主), personal name Makata (馬喀塔) (1625–1663), married Eje of the Chakhar Mongols in 1635. In 1661 Eje died and Makata married Eje's younger brother Abunai.
3.State Princess Jing Duan (固倫靖端長公主) (1628–1686) married Jitate of the Mongolian Borjigit clan in 1639.
4.State Princess Yong Mu (固倫雍穆長公主), personal name Yatu (雅圖) (1629–1678) married her cousin Birtakhar in 1641.
5.State Princess Shu Hui (固倫淑慧長公主), personal name Atu (阿圖) (1632–1700).
6.State Princess (1633–1649).
7.State Princess Shu Zhe (固倫淑哲長公主) (1633–1648).
8.State Princess Yong An (固倫永安長公主) (1634–1692).
9.Ninth daughter (1635–1652).
10.Tenth daughter (1635–1661).
11.State Princess Duan Shun (固倫端順長公主) (1636–1650).
12.Twelved daughter (1637–1678).
13.Thirteenth daughter (1638–1657).
14.Princess of the second rank Ke Chun (和碩恪純長公主) (1641–1704).
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