| 网笔号： | 绍天绎道刚明恪俭揆文奋武敦仁懋孝烈皇帝 | |||||||||
| 庙号： | 思宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 思陵 | |||||||||
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1.生平简介
熹宗朱由校驾崩无子，临终遗诏，以其五弟朱由检即皇位。朱由检在18岁即位后，面对著危机四伏的政治局面，殷切地寻求治国良方，勤于政务，事必躬亲。与前两朝相比较，朝政有了明显改观。天启七年（1628年）十一月，崇祯皇帝在铲除魏忠贤的羽翼崔呈秀（？—1627年）之后，再将其贬至凤阳，途至直隶阜城，魏忠贤得知大势已去，遂与一名太监自缢而亡。此后又杀客氏，崔呈秀自尽，其阉党260余人或处死、或发配、或终身禁锢。与此同时，平反冤狱，重新启用天启年间被罢黜的官员。起用袁崇焕为兵部尚书，赐予尚方宝剑，托付他收复全辽的重任。为剿流寇，崇祯先用杨鹤主抚，后用洪承畴，再用曹文诏，再用陈奇瑜，复用洪承畴，再用卢象升，再用杨嗣昌，再用熊文灿，又用杨嗣昌，十三年中频繁更换围闯军的将领。这其中除熊文灿外，其他都表现出了出色的才干。然皆功亏一篑。「闯王」李自成数次大难不死，后往河南聚众发展。朱由检一生操劳，旰食宵衣，每天夜以继日的批阅奏章，节俭自律，不近女色，天天生活在操劳、恐惧、痛苦、烦躁与焦虑之中。崇祯十五年（1642年）七月初九，因「偶感微恙」而临时传免早朝，竟遭辅臣的批评，崇祯连忙自我检讨。自崇祯元年（1628年）起，中国北方发生可怕的旱灾，赤地千里，寸草不生，崇祯七年，家住河南的前兵部尚书吕维祺上书朝廷：「盖数年来，臣乡无岁不苦荒，无月不苦兵，无日不苦挽输。庚午（崇祯三年）旱；辛未旱；壬申大旱。野无青草，十室九空。……村无吠犬，尚敲催征之门；树有啼鹃，尽洒鞭扑之血。黄埃赤地，乡乡几断人烟；白骨青燐，夜夜似闻鬼哭。欲使穷民之不化为盗，不可得也」。旱灾又引起蝗灾，使得灾情更加扩大，河南于崇祯十年、十一年、十二年、十三年皆有蝗旱，「人相食，草木俱尽，土寇并起」，其饥民多从李自成。崇祯朝以来，陕西年年有大旱，崇祯二年五月正式议裁陕北驿站，百姓多流离失所，崇祯三年（1630年）陕西又大饥，陕西巡按马懋才在《备陈大饥疏》上说百姓争食山中的蓬草，蓬草吃完，剥树皮吃，树皮吃完，只能吃观音土，最后腹胀而死，六年，「全陕旱蝗，耀州、澄城县一带，百姓死亡过半」。这时华北各省又疫疾大起，朝发夕死。「至一夜之内，百姓惊逃，城为之空」，崇祯十四年七月，疫疾从河北地区传染至北京，崇祯十六年，北京人口死亡近四成。江南在崇祯十三年遭大水，十四年有旱蝗并灾，十五年持续发生旱灾和流行大疫。地方社会处在了十分脆弱的状态，盗匪与流民并起，各地民变不断爆发，北方皇太极又不断骚扰入侵，明廷苦于两线作战，每年的军费「三饷」开支高达两千万两以上，国家财政早已入不敷出，缺饷的情况普遍，常导致明军内部骚乱哗变。加上明思宗求治心切，生性多疑，刚愎自用，因此在朝政中屡铸大错：前期铲除专权宦官，后期又重用宦官；随着局势的日益严峻，朱由检的滥杀也日趋严重，总督中被诛者七人，巡抚被戮者十一人。明思宗亦知不能两面作战，私底下同意议和。但明朝士大夫鉴于南宋的教训，皆以为与满人和谈为耻。因此明崇祯对于和议之事，始终左右为难，他暗中同意杨嗣昌的议和主张，但一旁的卢象升立即告诉皇帝说：「陛下命臣督师，臣只知战斗而已！」，明思宗只能辨称根本就没有议和之事，卢象升最后战死沙场。明朝末年就在和战两难之间，走入灭亡之途。崇祯十五年（1642年），松山、锦州失守，洪承畴降清，崇祯又想和满清议和，兵部尚书陈新甲因泄漏议和之事被处死，与清兵最后议和的机会也破灭了。崇祯十七年（1644年）明王朝面临没顶之灾，崇祯帝召见阁臣时悲叹道：「吾非亡国之君，汝皆亡国之臣。吾待士亦不薄，今日至此，群臣何无一人相从？」在陈演、光时亨等反对之下未能下决心迁都南京。
2.国破自缢
景山的崇祯帝自缢处建有碑文崇祯十七年（1644年）三月一日，大同失陷，北京危急，初四日，崇祯任吴三桂为平西伯，飞檄三桂入卫京师，起用吴襄提督京营。六日，李自成陷宣府，太监杜勋投降，十五日，大学士李建泰投降，大顺军开始包围北京，太监曹化淳说：「忠贤若在，时事必不至此。」三月十六日，昌平失守，十七日，围攻北京城。三月十八日，大顺军以飞梯攻西直、平则、德胜诸门，守军或逃、或降。下午，曹化淳开彰仪门（一说是十九日王相尧开宣武门，另张缙彦守正阳门，朱纯臣守朝阳门，一时俱开，二臣迎门拜贼，贼登城，杀兵部侍郎王家彦于城楼，刑部侍郎孟兆祥死于城门下），农民军攻入北京。太监王廉急告皇帝，崇祯在宫中饮酒长叹：「苦我民尔！」太监张殷劝皇帝投降，被一剑刺死。崇祯帝命人分送太子、永王、定王到勋戚周奎、田弘遇家。又逼周后自杀，手刃袁妃、长平公主、昭仁公主。崇祯手执三眼枪与数十名太监骑马出东华门，被乱箭所阻，再跑到齐化门（朝阳门），成国公朱纯臣闭门不纳，后转向安定门，此地守军已经星散，大门深锁，太监以利斧亦无法劈开。三月十九日拂晓，大火四起，重返皇宫，城外已经是火光映天。此时天色将明，崇祯在前殿鸣钟召集百官，却无一人前来，崇祯说：「诸臣误朕也，国君死社稷，二百七十七年之天下，一旦弃之，皆为奸臣所误，以至于此。」最后在景山歪脖树上自缢身亡，死时光著左脚，右脚穿著一只红鞋。时年33岁。身边仅有提督太监王承恩陪同。上吊死前于蓝色袍服上大书「朕凉德藐躬，上干天咎，然皆诸臣误朕。朕死无面目见祖宗，自去冠冕，以发覆面。任贼分裂，勿伤百姓一人」。三月二十一日尸体被发现，大顺军将崇祯与周皇后的尸棺移出宫禁，在东华门示众，「诸臣哭拜者三十人，拜而不哭者六十人，余皆睥睨过之。」，梓宫暂厝在紫禁城北面的河边。四月四日，昌平州吏赵一桂等人将崇祯与皇后葬入昌平县田贵妃的墓穴之中，清朝以「帝体改葬，令臣民为服丧三日，谥曰庄烈愍皇帝，陵曰思陵」。当李自成离开北京的时候，发现「皇库扃钥如故，旧有镇库金，积年不用者，三千七百万锭，损其奇零，即可代两年加派。乃今日考成，明日搜括，海内骚然，而扃钥如故。岂先帝未睹遗籍耶？不胜追怅。」明思宗卒后，南明弘光年间谥绍天绎道刚明恪俭揆文奋武敦仁懋孝烈皇帝，庙号思宗，后改为毅宗。唐王谥为威宗。清廷改为庄烈愍皇帝，庙号怀宗。葬北京昌平思陵。
3.家庭
后妃
庄烈愍皇后周氏，1644年明亡之际依思宗命自尽而死。清顺治帝，谥周后曰庄烈愍皇后，与帝同葬田贵妃寝园，名曰思陵。
贵妃袁氏，1644年明朝亡国之际，依思宗命自谥却未死，清朝入关后因其为明思宗最後的遗孀，得到清廷之哀怜与尊重，并由清廷赡养其终身。
恭淑贵妃田秀英，1643年病死。谥恭淑端惠静怀皇贵妃，葬昌平天寿山，即思陵也。
顺妃王氏，原为选侍，生长平公主后病死，追封为顺妃。
兄弟
熹宗朱由校
简怀王朱由㰒
齐思王朱由楫
怀惠王朱由模
湘怀王朱由栩
惠昭王朱由橏
子女
子
献愍太子朱慈烺，母庄烈愍皇后周氏，1644年李自成封为宋王，李败退时不知所终。
怀隐王朱慈烜，母庄烈愍皇后周氏，早殇。
定哀王朱慈炯，母庄烈愍皇后周氏，1644年不知所终。
永悼王朱慈炤，母恭淑端惠静怀皇贵妃田氏，1644年不知所终。
悼灵王朱慈焕（1633年—1708年），母恭淑端惠静怀皇贵妃田氏，明思宗第五子，康熙四十七年被捕，后以「朱某虽无谋反之事，未尝无谋反之心」为罪名遭处死。
悼怀王，母恭淑端惠静怀皇贵妃田氏，二岁殇。
(无名)，母恭淑端惠静怀皇贵妃田氏，三岁殇。
女
坤仪公主（名不详），母庄烈愍皇后周氏，早夭。
长平公主朱徽娖（1629-1645），王顺妃所出，由周皇后抚养（《明史》称为周皇后所出，但同年周皇后生朱慈炯，盖误），驸马周显，1645年病逝。
昭仁公主（名不详）（1639-1644），1644年被思宗杀死。
馀三女皆早逝，无考。
4.大事年表
1610年，朱由检生，为明光宗朱常洛之第五子，母贤妃刘氏，早薨。
1622年，封信王。
1625年，出居信王府邸。
1627年（天启七年）8月，明熹宗朱由校病逝于乾清宫，年23岁。无子，遗诏命其五弟——信王朱由检即皇位。朱由检即位。追谥生母贤妃为孝纯皇后，册妃周氏为皇后。11月，在铲除魏忠贤的羽翼之后，再将其贬至凤阳，途至直隶的阜城，魏忠贤得知明思宗要逮捕他，遂与一名太监李朝钦自缢而亡。
1628年正月，改元崇祯。戮魏忠贤及其党崔呈秀尸。此后将阉党二百六十余人或处死、或发配、或终身禁锢。与此同时，平反冤狱，重新启用天启年间被罢黜的官员。7月，亲召袁崇焕于平台。起用袁崇焕为兵部尚书，赐予尚方宝剑，托付他收复全辽的重任。 8月，定制，每日在文华殿与辅臣共同处理朝政。10月，皇太极攻打林丹汗，开始征服漠南蒙古。西北大饥荒，李自成乱起。
1629年正月，定逆案，自崔呈秀以下凡六等。2月，长子朱慈烺生。3月，蓟州兵变。5月，议改历法。6月，袁崇焕杀毛文龙于双岛。久旱，朱由检斋居文华殿，敕群臣修省。11月，清兵入遵化。11月，京师戒严，清兵进攻德胜门。12月，逮捕袁崇焕于平台。总兵官祖大寿兵败，东出关。
1630年，立皇长子慈烺为皇太子。久旱，斋居文华殿，谕百官修省。5月，清兵败归。6月，米脂张献忠聚众起义。8月，袁崇焕因“咐托不效，专恃欺隐，以市米则资盗，以谋疑则斩帅”被磔刑（分裂肢体）处死。巡抚延绥副都御史洪承畴、总兵官杜文焕在清涧打败张献忠。
1631年，大雪，民饥，农民起义不断。
1632年8月，皇三子朱慈灿生，后封定王。
1633年6月，皇四子朱慈焕生，后封永王。7月，驻台荷兰侵略军侵犯厦门，福建巡抚邹维琏委郑芝龙为前锋，于9月在澎湖大屿、金门料罗击败荷军。
1634年正月，广鹿岛副将尚可喜降清。安南、暹罗、琉球入贡。
1635年，洪承畴出关。
1637年正月，南京地震。2月，朝鲜降清。4月，后金军队攻克皮岛。敕群臣洁己爱民，以回天意。6月，两畿、山西大旱。7月，山东、河南遭遇蝗灾，民大饥。安南、琉球入贡。
1638年，两畿、山东、河南大旱，并有蝗灾。9月，陕西、山西旱饥。清兵入墙子岭，京师戒严。土鲁番、琉球入贡。
1639年正月，后金军队入济南。6月，畿内、山东、河南、山西旱蝗。琉球入贡。
1640年，两畿、山东、河南、山、陕大旱加蝗灾，造成人吃人惨况。
1641年六月，两畿、山东、河南、浙江、湖广大旱加蝗灾，山东百姓为盗，四窜。8月，左良玉大败张献忠于信阳。
1642年2月，清兵攻克松山，洪承畴降。3月，祖大寿以锦州降清。11月，下诏罪己，求直言，起用废将。
1643年，凤阳屡次地震。暹罗，琉球、哈密入贡。
1644年正月初一，李自成在西安称王，国号“大顺”。3月，李自成农民军攻陷北京城。 18日，逼周后自杀，手刃袁妃、长女长平公主、幼女昭仁公主，后在景山歪脖树上自缢身亡，太监王承恩自缢跟随。死前于蓝色袍服上大书“朕凉德藐躬，上干天咎，然皆诸臣误朕。朕死无面目见祖宗，自去冠冕，以发覆面。任贼分裂，勿伤百姓一人”。 时年35岁，明亡。帝后梓宫葬昌平陵区，名思陵。
5.历史评价
崇祯即位，正直国家内忧外患之际，内有黄土高原上百万农民造反大军，外有满洲铁骑，虎视耽耽，山河冷落，风烟四起。他决事果断，雷厉风行，如处理庵党一案， 也有心细多疑，优柔寡断之一面，如关于是先攘外抑或先安内，一直那不定，遂误国家 ；既有刻薄寡恩 翻脸无情之一面，也有多情柔肠之一面，对周后互敬互爱；他自制极严，不耽犬马，不好女色，生活简朴；他也经常征求左右的意见，但刚愎自用，不能做到虚怀纳谏；他知人善任，如袁崇焕 杨嗣昌，洪承畴，具一代文武全才，任用他们时，言听计从，优遇有加，一旦翻脸，严酷无情，果于杀戮，导致用人不专，出现崇祯朝五十相局面；他悯恤黎民疾苦，常下诏罪己，但搜刮民膏，加派无度，趣百姓于水火；他励精图治，经常平台招对，咨问政之得失，与臣下论讨兴亡之道，为政察察，事必躬亲，欲为中兴之主主，但求治心切，责臣太骤，以致人心恐慌，言路断绝常谓所任非人，终成孤家寡人，至于煤山殉国，从死者唯一太监耳[1]
明思宗是一个被普遍同情的皇帝，李自成《登极诏》也说「君非甚暗（崇祯皇帝不算太糟），孤立而炀灶恒多（即便他被孤立，却颇能为人民国家做出许多打击贪官污吏好事）；臣尽行私，比党而公忠绝少。」思宗的性格相当复杂，在除魏忠贤时，崇祯表现得极为机智，但在处理袁崇焕一事，却又表现得相当愚蠢。如学者所言「在思宗身上，机智和愚蠢，胆略与刚愎，高招与昏招，兼而有之」，《明史》说他：「且性多疑而任察，好刚而尚气。任察则苛刻寡恩，尚气则急遽失措。」由于较之前任的神宗、熹宗，甚至明朝中后期的多数皇帝，思宗治国救国的责任感与雄心强上许多，故史家对于思宗普遍抱有同情，以为崇祯帝的一生实是「不是亡国之君的亡国悲剧」。《明史》评价思宗说：「帝承神、熹之后，慨然有为。即位之初，沈机独断，刈除奸逆，天下想望治平。惜乎大势已倾，积习难挽。在廷则门户纠纷。疆埸则将骄卒惰。兵荒四告，流寇蔓延。遂至溃烂而莫可救，可谓不幸也已。然在位十有七年，不迩声色，忧劝惕励，殚心治理。临朝浩叹，慨然思得非常之材，而用匪其人，益以偾事。乃复信任宦官，布列要地，举措失当，制置乖方。祚讫运移，身罹祸变，岂非气数使然哉。迨至大命有归，妖氛尽扫，而帝得加谥建陵，典礼优厚。是则圣朝盛德，度越千古，亦可以知帝之蒙难而不辱其身，为亡国之义烈矣。」历史学家孟森说：「思宗而在万历以前，非亡国之君；在天启之后，则必亡而已矣！」。思宗虽有心为治，却无治国良方，以致酿成亡国悲剧，未必无过。孟森也说思宗「苛察自用，无知人之明」 、「不知恤民」。思宗用人不彰、疑心过重、驭下太严，史称「崇祯五十相」（在位十七年，更换五十位内阁大学士、首辅），却加速了明王朝的覆亡。思宗的性格相当复杂，在除魏忠贤时，崇祯表现的超乎机智，但在袁崇焕一事上却又表现的相当愚蠢，袁崇焕跟崇祯说五年之内收复辽东，简直就像个疯子。崇祯也疯，他真就相信了。直到三年后，袁崇焕终于为自己的大话付出了沉重的代价。如学者所言“在思宗身上，机智和愚蠢，胆略与刚愎，高招与昏招，兼而有之”。史家对于思宗普遍抱有同情，以为崇祯帝的一生实是“不是亡国之君的亡国悲剧”。
为剿流寇，明思宗先用杨鹤主抚，后用洪承畴，再用曹文诏，再用陈奇瑜，复用洪承畴，再用卢象升，再用杨嗣昌，再用熊文灿，又用杨嗣昌，十三年中频繁更换围剿农民军的负责人。这其中除熊文灿外，其他都表现出了出色的才干。但是他不断地加税，民间称呼他为“重征”以代替“崇祯”，这也使得明末农民起义是“野火烧不尽，春风吹又生”。
虽然明思宗期盼着明朝能在他手中迎来“中兴”，无奈前几朝的积重难返，当时天下饥馑，疫疾大起，各地民变不断爆发，北方皇太极又不断骚扰入侵，加上明思宗求治心切，生性多疑，刚愎自用，因此在朝政中屡铸大错：前期铲除专权宦官，后期又重用宦官；在众大臣的吹捧下，崇祯高估了袁崇焕，误信了袁崇焕“五年复辽”的大话，以倾国之力打造了一条宁锦防线，结果满清从蒙古绕了过来，明王朝面临没顶之灾。
乾隆大帝亲自修订的《明史•流贼传》中说：“庄烈之继统也，臣僚之党局已成，草野之物力已耗，国家之法令已坏，边疆之抢攘已甚。庄烈虽锐意更始，治核名实，而人才之贤否，议论之是非，政事之得失，军机之成败，未能灼见于中，不摇于外也。且性多疑而任察，好刚而尚气。任察则苛刻寡恩，尚气则急遽失措。当夫群盗满山，四方鼎沸，而委政柄者非庸即佞，剿抚两端，茫无成算。内外大臣救过不给，人怀规利自全之心。言语戆直，切中事弊者，率皆摧折以去。其所任为阃帅者，事权中制，功过莫偿。败一方即戮一将，隳一城即杀一吏，赏罚太明而至于不能罚，制驭过严而至于不能制。加以天灾流行，饥馑洊臻，政繁赋重，外讧内叛。譬一人之身，元气羸然，疽毒并发，厥症固已甚危，而医则良否错进，剂则寒热互投，病入膏肓，而无可救，不亡何待哉？是故明之亡，亡于流贼，而其致亡之本，不在于流贼也。呜呼！庄烈非亡国之君，而当亡国之运，又乏救亡之术，徒见其焦劳瞀乱，孑立于上十有七年。而帷幄不闻良、平之谋，行间未睹李、郭之将，卒致宗社颠覆，徒以身殉，悲夫！”
清朝编纂的《明史》依旧承认他兢兢业业，勤勉勤俭。崇祯的一生可以说充满了悲剧色彩，他拥有极强的政治手腕，心思缜密，果断干练，并且精力充沛，几乎拥有历史上所有明君的特征：崇祯的是非功过充满争议，是中国历史上最具悲剧色彩的皇帝之一，“无力回天”这四个字，可以概括崇祯的一生。
2. The country has hanged himself
Jingshan the Chong Zhen Emperor inscription Chongzhen hanging Department built 17 years (1644) March 1, Tatung fall, Beijing critical fourth day on, any Chongzhen Ping Wu Sangui as Hebrew, Wei Fei Xi Sankei into the capital, only use Wu-hsiang Admiral Beijing camp. On the 6th, Li Zicheng depression Vision House, the eunuch Du Xun surrender, on the 15th, scholar Li Jiantai surrender, troops began to surround Dashun Beijing, of the eunuch Cao Chun said: "If Tadakata, current affairs will not to this." March 16 , Changping fall, on the 17th, laid siege to Beijing. March 18, Dashun army to attack the West straight flight staircase, ping, Zhu Desheng Gate, defenders or run away or down. PM, CAO of Chun open Chang-door (1 is the 19th Xiang-Yao opened Xuanwumen, another Zhang Jin Yan Shou Zhengyangmen, Zhuchun Chen Shou-sun door, a moment all open, 2 Chen Ying Mynbai thief, thief Teng City, killing Hyobu assistant minister Wang Jiayan in tower, vice-minister Meng Zhaoxiang died under the gate), farmers army invaded Beijing. Eunuch Wang Lian urgent notice the emperor in the palace drinking Chongzhen sigh: "My people suffer Seoul!" Eunuch Zhang Yin persuaded the emperor to surrender, stabbed to death by sword. Chong Zhen Emperor ordered sent to Prince Edward, John King, King of the Xun Qi Zhoukui, Tien Hung-home opportunities. Weeks after they forced suicide, Shou Ren Fei Yuan, Chang Ping Princess, Zhaoren Gong master. Chongzhen armed with three guns and several dozen eunuchs riding out the Donghua Gate, was hindered by arrows, run of the door had gotten together (sun gate), into the country behind closed doors without public Zhuchun Chen satisfied, then turned to Andingmen, here observe Army has been scattered, and the door locked, the eunuch to ax can not split. March 19 at dawn, fire everywhere, return to the palace, outside the city is already a fire Ying days. At this point the weather will be clear, ringing call Baiguan Chongzhen in the front hall, but no one came, Chongzhen said: "Zhu Chen error I have, the emperor died Sajik, 270 years of the world, once discarded, are as a traitor by the error, so this. "hanged themselves last in the Jingshan Wai Bo tree, dead time with his left foot, right foot wearing a red shoes. Age 33. Side only, accompanied by Admiral eunuch Wang Chengen. Died in the blue robes hanging on the big book, "I despise cool bow Germany, on dry days, blame, however wrong I are Zhu Chen. I see the face of death without ancestors, since to the crown, to issue cladding. Any thief split, do not One person injured people. " March 21 bodies were found weeks Dashun Army Chongzhen Queen's corpse and coffin out of the Gong Jin, Donghuamen said in public, "Zhuchenkubai were 30 people, 60 people who worship and cry, I it had been all form the most. ", Zigong temporarily house north of the river in the Forbidden City. April 4, Changping, Zhao Yigui State Officials and the Queen, who will be buried into the Chongzhen Tian, Changping County, among the Royal tomb, the Qing Dynasty to "imperial body Gaizang, so that subjects for the three-day mourning, posthumous fierce pity the Emperor said, Zhuang, Ling said, thinking Ling. " When Li Zicheng leave Beijing, I found "Imperial Library shut key as before, the old town library gold, Jinian not those 37 million, loss of its singular zero, can be deployed on behalf of two years. Is today's test as, Tomorrow plunder, at home and show However, keys as before the shut. Qixian Di Before I saw the left nationality or not? numerous chase Chang. "Ming Si were Death, the Ming Hongguang Shao days between Posthumous Ke Jian Yi Road, just out Premier Wen Mao Xiao-Fen Wu Duiren strong emperor, posthumous names of thinking were later replaced by Yi cases. Tangwangshan posthumous title for Wei cases. Qing Zhuang intense pity to the emperor, the posthumous names were pregnant. Beijing Changping thinking burial tomb.
Empress
Christine Shu Concubine Tianxiu Ying, died 1643. Posthumous Kung Hui Ching Wai Wong Shu-side Concubine, Changping Tianshou funeral, which is also thought Ling.
Tianqi Emperor Zhu from the University
Huai King Hui of Chu from the mold
Child
Ci Wang Xuan Zhu Huai implicit, strongly sympathize Queen Mother Zhuang Zhou, early mourning.
Mourning king Ling Chu Chi-hwan (1633 -1,708), the mother of Christine Wai Wong Shu-side Concubine Tian Hui Jing, Ming Si were the fifth son of Emperor Kangxi was arrested 40 years after the "rebellion of Zhu Though lacking something, perhaps a No rebellion of the heart "as the charges were put to death.
Female
Zhaoren Gong master (name unknown) (1639-1644), were killed in 1644 were thinking.
1610, Zhu students by the prosecution for ordinary Luo Zhu Mingguang were the fifth son, mother Xian Fei Liu, early death of a prince.
1627 (apocalypse years) in August, Tianqi Emperor Zhu from the school died in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, in 23 years. No son, Yi Zhao ordered five brothers - believe that the throne by the prosecution of Wang Zhu. Zhu came to the throne by the prosecution. Mother Xianfei to pursue posthumous title Empress Xiao pure, Zhou Fei register for the Queen. In November, after the elimination of Wei Zhongxian wings, then its derogatory to Fengyang, way to Zhili Fucheng, Wei Zhongxian Ming Si that were about to arrest him, and then hanged himself to death with a eunuch Li Chaoqin.
1630, Li Wong Chee Lang was the eldest son of Crown Prince. Long drought, vegetarian home Wenhua Dian, encyclical Baiguan repair province. In May, the Qing defeat return. June, Mizhi Zhang Xianzhong gathered to revolt. August, Yuanchonghuan for "commanded care not effective, experts rely bully hidden to the capital city of rice stolen in order to bring the suspect was cut handsome" is spine-punishment (split limbs) were killed. Deputy governor Yansui all censor Hong Chengchou, Famous Official Duwen Huan Zhang Xianzhong in Qingjian defeat.
June 1633, Wong Chu Ci Huansheng fourth son, after the closure Yong Wang. In July, in Taiwan and Netherlands invaders violated Xiamen, Fujian governor appointed Zou Wei Lian Zheng Zhi for the striker, on September Lantau in Penghu, Kinmen Romania beat the Dutch material.
1637 the first month, Nanjing earthquake. In February, North Korea surrendering. In April, after the gold military attack kepi Island. Jie imperial ministers have the people, and to return to God. In June, two around the capital, Shanxi drought. July, Shandong, Henan face locust plague, the great famine of the people. Annan, Ryukyu tributes.
1640, 2 ki, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi drought plus locust, resulting plight of people eating people.
1643, Fengyang repeated earthquakes. Siam, Okinawa, Hamilton tributes.
Chongzhen throne, integrity, internal and external state occasion, there are millions of peasant rebellion army of the Loess Plateau, outside the Manchurian cavalry, lining out in the cold mountains and rivers, Wind and Smoke everywhere. He decided something decisive, vigorous and resolute, for example in the case of Um party, but also cautious paranoid, indecisive, the side, as is the first stabbing outside on the inside or the first security has been that variable, then wrong country; both mean and cruel side of Guaen turn hostile , there are passionate Rouchang the side, on the week love each other; he made a very strict, no delay or excitement, bad sex, lives a simple life; he often sought advice about, but opinionated and can not do humbly accept ; he Use of Personnel, such as Yuanchonghuan Yang Sichang, Hong Chengchou, a generation Wenwuquancai, appointing them, to follow its advice, excellent case of Canada, once the angry, bitter ruthless, results in the killing, leading to post-employment non-emerged towards 50 with Chongzhen situation; his shirt Benjamin Lai Man suffering, often have even ordered the crime, but plundered the people paste, additional excessive, interesting people from untold miseries; he make every effort, often platform move right, the gains and losses in political consultation, and discuss the subjects as the rise and fall of the road, as political tsatsa, hands-on, prefer to give ZTE Lord Lord, but eager to seek treatment, responsible minister is too sudden, so that people panic, that are often made road cut off any non-human, and eventually became a loner, as Meishan martyred, the only eunuch from the dead ear [1]
Ming Si case is a generally sympathetic to the emperor, Li Zicheng "very Chao Teng," also said, "The emperor is very dark (not too bad Chongzhen Emperor), isolated lesions Yang Hang and more (even if he is isolated, we rather for the people of the State against corrupt officials have made many good); Chen utterly private, rarely more than the party and public loyalty. "thought were very complex character, in addition to Wei Zhongxian, the Chongzhen performed very witty, but in dealing with Yuanchonghuan concerned, but are rather stupid. As the scholar said, "who were in thought, wit and folly, courage and wayward, brilliant idea and Hunzhao, combination," "History of Ming Dynasty," said he: "and the police of any suspicious but good just the still air. Any Review the harsh Guaen, still air is sharp-stricken. "As the former than Shenzong, Tianqi Emperor, or even most of the late Ming Dynasty emperor, thinking the country to save the country were strong sense of responsibility and ambition of many, so historians have to think of these common sympathy, that Chong Zhen Emperor's life really is "not lost his country's subjugation tragedy." "Ming Dynasty" Best case evaluation, said: "Royal Order of God, and Hay, the generously promising. Ascended the throne at the beginning, Shen Machine arbitrary, cradled against eliminating traitors, the world desire Zhiping. Xihu trend has been dumping, habits finding a mate. While in the Mountain Portal dispute. Xinjiang will be proud Death lazy and drinking places. soldiers shortage four divisions, roving bandits spread. Suizhi fester and Mo cured must indeed have been unfortunate. However, there is the reign of 10 years, not by bringing sensual, worry about persuading toes, Satan heart governance. Powerbut hui died of septicemia, generously thought was very material, and its people with the bandit, beneficial to ruin things. Naifu trust in eunuchs, cloth out to be, the measure improper system set good side. Zuo finished migration, suffering from bad change, it not fate Shiran zai. the cause of life at home is Tai, demon atmosphere are gone, and the emperor was added Posthumous Jianling ceremony generous. is the Sheng Zhao Sidley, the more eternal degree, they can not know God, confronted by danger and shame The body, strong carry on justice for the fallen state. "historian Sen said:" The thought of these before in Wanli, non-lost his country; after the apocalypse, the ruin themselves!. " Although the Civic Centre for the rule were hardly a country recipe that lead to the tragedy of national subjugation, not black. Sen also said that ideas were "strict observation for personal use, without Zhirenzhiming", "I do not know Xu Min." Thought were the employer failed, suspicion overweight, Yu-under too strict, known to history as "Chongzhen 50 with" (in office 17 years, the replacement of 50 内阁大学士, Grand Secretary), has accelerated the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Thought were very complex character, in addition to Wei Zhongxian, the Chongzhen performance than wit, but in Yuanchonghuan regarding the performance of very stupid, Yuanchonghuan with Chongzhen Liaodong that recovered within five years, just like a madman. Chongzhen also crazy, he really believed it was. Until three years later, Yuanchonghuan for his lying finally paid a heavy price. As the scholar said, "who were in thought, wit and folly, courage and wayward, brilliant idea and Hunzhao, combination." Historians generally have sympathy for the ideas were that the Chong Zhen Emperor's life really is "not lost his country's subjugation tragedy."
Although Ming Ming Si were looking forward to usher in his hands, "ZTE" unfortunately reversed the previous dynasty, when the world famine, epidemic large, the people change constantly throughout the outbreak of the continual harassment, invasion of the North Taiji, plus Ming Si and urgent requirements were, by nature skeptical, opinionated, so frequently cast in the affairs of state in a big mistake: the right to pre-eradication experts eunuch, eunuch latter part of the reuse; minister touted in public, the Chongzhen overestimated Yuanchonghuan to believe in the Yuanchonghuan the "five-year Fu Liao, "something is to tilt the power of the country has created a Ning Kam-defense, the result has come around from Mongolia Qing and Ming dynasty faces no disasters.
Emperor Qianlong personally revised "Ming Dynasty • Liuzei Biography" said: "Following the reunification of the village is also strong, civil and military officials of the party bureau has become, Kusano the material had been consumed, the state of the law has been broken, the rush border is already rather busy movement. Chuang Although strongly committed to Gengshi, treatment of nuclear proper name and the talents of the Yin-not, talk of right and wrong, government affairs of the gain and loss, success or failure of military aircraft, not penetrating view on, do not shake on the outside too. and the police of any suspicious but good just the still air. Guaen any police were harsh, still air is sharp-stricken. when the husband Qun Dao mountains, the Quartet with people, commissioned by the government handle those non-yung is eloquent, destroy ask both ends, bewildered and not into the calculation. inside and outside the minister is not saved to people from all pregnant heart regulatory interests. speech Gangzhi, hit the thing disadvantages who were twisted by the rack rate in order to go. they were appointed to the Kun handsome, powers in the system, merits and demerits Mo compensation. defeated a party that Slaughter will, destroy a city that killed an Officials, the carrot is too clear as for the not punishment, the system Yu too strict as for not manufacturing. to natural disasters, epidemic, famine Jian Zhen, G Fan Fu heavy outside Hong rebellion within. analogy one of the body, vitality lean However, gangrene poisoning complicated, Jue disease risk is already rather solid, but doctors were not wrong good progress, each agent is chill cast, ill, but not be cured, not killed any pending zai? Therefore in Ming death, death in Liuzei, and its cause death of this, is not Liuzei too. Alas! Chuang strong non-lost his country, and when the subjugation of transportation, they lack the art of salvation, only reflected in coke workers dim chaos, larvae seven years stand at 10. The deaf or defeat Liang, Ping of the plan, did not see between the lines Li, Guo is going, Death caused by cases of social subversion, Christians who sacrificed, Bei Fu! "
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