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德尼·狄德罗生平
狄德羅出生於法國朗格勒，父親是一個刀匠。從小接受基督教教育，但沒有接受舅父的神甫職務，1729年進入巴黎大學學習，並於1732年獲得文學學士學位。在此期間，他半工半讀學習，給牧師寫講道詞賺錢維生。:46-47
1745年，法國出版商布雷頓準備邀請34歲的狄德羅和數學兼物理學家達朗貝爾將英國百科全書譯成法文。他們接受下來後，卻在翻譯過程中，發現英國的這套百科全書內容支離破碎，觀點陳舊，充滿了令人窒息的宗教思想，於是狄德羅提出由他組織人，編寫一套更好的百科全書。出版商接受了這個建議。狄德羅的計劃得到了伏爾泰、盧梭、霍爾巴赫、愛爾維修等20 多位著名學者的支持。在他們的幫助下，狄德羅把法國最優秀的100 餘位思想傢、哲學家、科學家、政治傢，以及工程師、航海傢、軍事專傢和醫生組織起來，共同從事這項偉大的事業。由狄德羅任主編，達朗貝爾任副主編。在編輯百科全書的過程中，形成了一個代表第三等級利益，以反對封建專製、天主教會和經院哲學為己任的“百科全書派”。1749年盧梭曾參與為狄德羅《百科全書》音樂和經濟學方面寫稿。1772年出版28捲。
哲學上，狄德羅早期受到斯賓諾莎的泛神論影響，是一個自然神論者:47。1746年寫的《哲學思想錄》中認為感覺是一切知識的源泉，感覺是外部世界作用於感官的結果，觀念和思維能力都是由感覺發展而來的，這是感覺主義心理學思想。並把認識歸結為：從感覺回到思考，又從思考回到感覺。狄德羅一生提倡科學，曾被教會關押三個月，但他毫不畏懼，臨終時說“我死後，隨便人們把我葬在哪裏都行，但是我要宣佈我既不相信聖父，也不相信聖靈，也不相信聖族的其他任何人！”
1749年，他在《盲人書簡》中開始擺脫自然神論的影響，認為上帝的存在是虛妄的。也因此在同年被關進監獄:47。
他繼承並發展了笛卡爾、洛剋和拉·美特利的唯物主義，反對貝剋萊和休謨的唯心主義與不可知論。他認為沒有超物質或離開肉體的精神和心理，他把人比喻為一架具有感覺和記憶能力的鋼琴，嘲笑貝剋萊“以為自己是世界上存在的唯一的鋼琴，宇宙的全部和諧都發生在它身上”，這真是一架“發瘋的鋼琴”。
他把個體心理的發展和心理的過程都看作物質因素相互作用所致。他說：“這些物質因素逐步産生的結果，便是一個遲鈍的生物，一個有感覺的生物，一個有思想的生物。”
他除了主編《百科全書》，其他主要著作有《對自然的解釋》（1754年）、《關於物質和運動的哲學原理》、《達蘭貝爾和狄德羅的談話》和《生理學基礎》，以及一些小說、劇本、評論論文集以及寫給很多朋友和同事的才華橫溢的書信。
著作目錄
由於審查的關係，狄德羅很多作品在身後纔得以發表。
翻譯
- 《論美德與德性》，英國沙夫茨伯裏，Essai sur le mérite et la vertu, by Shaftesbury (1745)
- 《醫學通用詞典》，英國Robert James（1746-1748）
- 《百科全書；或藝術與科學通用字典》，英國伊弗雷姆·錢伯斯（1750）
論文
- 《哲學瀋思》 Pensées philosophiques, essay (1746)
- 《懷疑者漫步》La Promenade du sceptique (1747)
- 《論盲人書信集》Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient (1749)
- 《論聾啞者書信集》Lettre sur les sourds et muets (1751)
- 《對解釋自然的思考》Pensées sur l'interprétation de la nature, (1751)
- 《關於<私生子>一劇的談話》 Entretiens sur le Fils naturel (1757)
小說
- 《八卦珠寶》Les bijoux indiscrets, novel (1748)
- 《修女》la religieuse
- 《宿命論雅剋和他的主人》Jacques le fataliste
戲劇
- 私生子 Le Fils naturel (1757)
- 《一傢之主》 Le père de famille (1758)
編纂
- 《百科全書》L'Encyclopédie, (1750–1765)
參看
 | 維基語錄上的相關摘錄： 德尼·狄德羅 |
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 金常政. 百科全書的故事. 北京: 北京圖書館出版社. 2005-03. ISBN 7501326231.
延伸閱讀
- Anderson, Wilda C. Diderot's Dream. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.
- App, Urs (2010). The Birth of Orientalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-4261-4, pp. 133–87 on Diderot's role in the European discovery of Hinduism and Buddhism.
- Azurmendi, Joxe (1984). Entretien d'un philosophe: Diderot (1713-1784), Jakin, 32: 111-121.
- Ballstadt, Kurt P. A. Diderot: Natural Philosopher. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2008.
- Blom, Philipp (2010). The Wicked Company. New York: Basic Books
- Blum, Carol (1974). Diderot: The Virtue of a Philosopher
- Brewer, Daniel. Using the Encyclopédie: Ways of Knowing, Ways of Reading. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2002.
- Clark, Andrew Herrick. Diderot's Part. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2008.
- Caplan, Jay. Framed Narratives: Diderot's Genealogy of the Beholder. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1986.
- Crocker, Lester G. (1974). Diderot's Chaotic Order: Approach to a Synthesis
- De la Carrera, Rosalina. Success in Circuit Lies: Diderot's Communicational Practice. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford UP, 1991.
- Fellows, Otis E. (1989). Diderot
- France, Peter (1983). Diderot
- Fontenay, Elisabeth de, and Jacques Proust. Interpréter Diderot Aujourd'hui. Paris: Le Sycomore, 1984.
- Furbank, P. N. (1992). Diderot: A Critical Biography. New York: A. A. Knopf,. ISBN 0-679-41421-5.
- Gregory Efrosini, Mary (2006). Diderot and the Metamorphosis of Species (Studies in Philosophy). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-95551-3.
- Havens, George R. (1955) The Age of Ideas. New York: Holt ISBN 0-89197-651-5.
- Hayes, Julia Candler. The Representation of the Self in the Theater of La Chaussée, Diderot, and Sade. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1982.
- Kavanagh, Thomas. "The Vacant Mirror: A Study of Mimesis through Diderot's Jacques le Fataliste," in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 104 (1973).
- Korolev, Serguei V. La Bibliothèque de Diderot: Vers une reconstitution. Ferney-Voltaire: Centre international d'etude du XVIIIe siecle, 2014. ISBN 978-2-84559-093-9
- Kuzincki, Jason. Diderot, Denis (1713–1784). (編) Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute: 124–5. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-23）.
- Mason, John H. (1982). The Irresistible Diderot
- Peretz, Eyal (2013). "Dramatic Experiments: Life according to Diderot" State University of New York Press
- Rex, Walter E. Diderot's Counterpoints: The Dynamics of Contrariety in His Major Works.Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1998.
- Saint-Amand, Pierre. Diderot. Saratoga, Calif.: Anma Libri, 1984.
- Simon, Julia (1995). Mass Enlightenment. Albany: State University of New York Press,. ISBN 0-7914-2638-6.
- Tunstall, Kate E. (2011). Blindness and Enlightenment. An Essay. With a new translation of Diderot's Letter on the Blind. Continuum
- Wilson, Arthur McCandless (1972). Diderot, the standard biography
- Vasco, Gerhard M. (1978). "Diderot and Goethe, A Study in Science and Humanism", Librairei Slatkine, Libraire Champion.
主要來源
- Diderot, Denis, ed. A Diderot Pictorial Encyclopedia of Trades and Industry, Vol. 1 (1993 reprint) excerpt and text search
- Diderot, Denis. Diderot: Political Writings ed. by John Hope Mason and Robert Wokler (1992) excerpt and text search, with introduction
- Main works of Diderot in English translation
- Hoyt, Nellie and Cassirer, Thomas. Encyclopedia, Selections: Diderot, D'Alembert, and a Society of Men of Letters. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1965. LCCN 65--26535. ISBN 0-672-60479-5.
Denis Diderot (French: [dəni did(ə)ʁo]; 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during the Age of Enlightenment.
Diderot initially studied philosophy at a Jesuit college, then considered working in the church clergy before briefly studying law. When he decided to become a writer in 1734, his father disowned him. He lived a bohemian existence for the next decade. In the 1740s he wrote many of his best-known works in both fiction and non-fiction, including the 1748 novel The Indiscreet Jewels.
In 1751, Diderot co-created the Encyclopédie with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors and the first to describe the mechanical arts. Its secular tone, which included articles skeptical about Biblical miracles, angered both religious and government authorities; in 1758 it was banned by the Catholic Church and in 1759 the French government banned it as well, although this ban was not strictly enforced. Many of the initial contributors to the Encyclopédie left the project as a result of its controversies and some were even jailed. d'Alembert left in 1759, making Diderot the sole editor. Diderot also became the main contributor, writing around 7,000 articles. He continued working on the project until 1765. He was increasingly despondent about the Encyclopédie by the end of his involvement in it and felt that the entire project may have been a waste. Nevertheless, the Encyclopédie is considered one of the forerunners of the French Revolution.
Diderot struggled financially throughout most of his career and received very little official recognition of his merit, including being passed over for membership in the Académie française. His fortunes improved significantly in 1766, when Empress Catherine the Great, who heard of his financial troubles, paid him 50,000 francs to serve as her librarian. He remained in this position for the rest of his life, and stayed a few months at her court in Saint Petersburg in 1773 and 1774.
Diderot's literary reputation during his life rested primarily on his plays and his contributions to the Encyclopédie; many of his most important works, including Jacques the Fatalist, Rameau's Nephew, Paradox of the Actor, and D'Alembert's Dream, were published only after his death.