美國 現代美國  (1943年十一月7日)

 商界精英 the business circle elite： 《諾貝爾之路》 閱讀伯烈特·史賓斯 Michael Spence在百家争鸣的作品!!!

　　史賓斯（Michael Spence）經濟學家，世界銀行的增長與發展委員會主席，諾貝爾奬得主、美國斯坦福大學商學院前院長。
　　史賓斯著有《諾貝爾之路——十三歷經濟奬得主的故事》一書。本書包含十三位傑出人物的生平自述，他們之間有下列三項共同點：首先，都是經濟學家；其次，都曾榮獲諾貝爾經濟學奬；第三，都到過得剋薩斯州聖安東尼奧（SanAntonio）的三一大學（TrinityUniversity）親自講述個人的生平事跡。

　　Andrew Michael Spence (born November 7, 1943) is an American economist and recipient of the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, along with George A. Akerlof and Joseph E. Stiglitz, for their work on the dynamics of information flows and market development. He conducted this research while at Harvard University. In the current technological environment—with ever more abundant information flows about market development, prices, profit margins, investment instruments and rates of return—their work is more relevant than ever.
　　Michael Spence is probably most famous for his job-market signaling model, which essentially triggered the enormous volume of literature in this branch of contract theory. In this model, employees signal their respective skills to employers by acquiring a certain degree of education, which is costly to them. Employers will pay higher wages to more educated employees, because they know that the proportion of employees with high abilities is higher among the educated ones, as it is less costly for them to acquire education than it is for employees with low abilities. For the model to work, it is not even necessary for education to have any intrinsic value if it can convey information about the sender (employee) to the recipient (employer) and if the signal is costly.
　　Spence did his middle and high school education at the University of Toronto Schools of the University of Toronto. In 1966, he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford University upon graduation from Princeton University with a degree in Philosophy. He studied Mathematics at Oxford. Spence is a former Dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and is presently the Chairman of the Commission on Growth and Development.
　　Spence joined the faculty of New York University Stern School of Business on September 1, 2010.