閱讀雅科布·格林 Jacob Grimm在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
雅科布·格林(1785-1863)，德國著名語言學家，《兒童與家庭童話集》的編纂者，和弟弟威廉·格林曾同浪漫主義者交往，思想卻傾嚮於資産階級自由派。他們註意民間文學，搜集民間童話，親自記錄，加以整理。其中有許多幻想豐富的神奇故事表達出人民的願望和是非感：貪婪的富有者得不到好下場；被壓迫、被歧視的勞動者和兒童經過重重災難，最後得到勝利；農民和手工業者在受人輕視或凌辱時顯示出驚人的智慧，而暴君、地主自以為有權有勢，實際上卻愚蠢無知，在人前丟醜；忠誠老實、被“聰明人”嘲笑的“傻瓜”總是得到同情和贊揚。但這些童話的藍本大都是封建社會的産物，更加以編纂者的唯心主義世界觀的局限，其中不少是帶有濃厚的宗教情緒，宣揚封建道德，鼓勵安分守己的處世態度的。
雅科布·格林，德國民間文學研究者，語言學家，民俗學家。雅科布·格林於1785年1月4生於美因河畔哈瑙的一個律師家庭，於1863年9月20日卒於柏林。雅科布·格林於1802年入馬爾堡大學學法律。1808年雅科布在卡塞爾任拿破侖的弟弟威斯特法倫國王熱羅默的私人圖書館管理員。1813年拿破侖兵敗之後，威斯特法倫王國被廢除，建立了黑森公國，雅科布任公使館參贊，參加了維也納會議。弟弟威廉從1814年起任卡塞爾圖書館秘書。1816年雅科布辭去外交職務，擔任卡塞爾圖書館第二館員。1819年雅科布·格林獲馬爾堡大學名譽博士學位。1829年兄弟倆應漢諾威國王的邀請到格廷根 ，雅科布除任大學教授外，還和弟弟一起任哥廷根大學圖書館館員 ，稍後威廉也擔任了大學教授。1837 年格林兄弟和另 外5位教授因寫信抗議漢諾威國王破壞憲法而被 免去教授職務 ，這7位教授被稱為格廷根七君子。雅科布·格林被逐，後回到卡塞爾。1840年底格林兄弟應普魯士國王威廉四世之邀去柏林，任皇傢科學院院士，並在大學執教。1848年雅科布被選為法蘭剋福國民議會代表。兄弟倆去世後都葬於柏林馬太教堂墓地 。
從1806年開始，雅科布·格林就致力於民間童話和傳說的搜集、整理和研究工作，出版了《兒童和家庭童話集》（兩捲集）和《德國傳說集》（兩捲）。雅科布還出版了《德國神話》，1806～1826年間雅科布同時還研究語言學 ，編寫 4捲巨著《德語語法》，是一部歷史語法，後人稱為日耳曼格語言的基本教程。在《德語語法》1822年的修訂版中，他提出了印歐諸語言語音演變的規則，後人稱之為格林定律。他指出 ，在印歐語係中日耳曼語族歷史上，輔音分組演變，在英語和低地德語中變了一次，後來在高地德語中又再變一次。事實上，格林定律衹是大體上正確，後來由K.A.維爾納加以補充。1838年底格林兄弟開始編寫《德語詞典》，1854～1862 年共出版第一至三捲。這項浩大的工程兄弟倆生前未能完成 ，後來德國語言學家繼續這項工作，至1961年纔全部完成。
雅科布·格林對民間文學發生興趣在一定程度上受浪漫派作傢布侖坦諾和阿爾尼姆的影響。他收集民間童話有一套科學的方法，善於鑒別真偽，他的童話一方面保持了民間文學原有的特色和風格，同時又進行了提煉和潤色，賦予它們以簡樸、明快、風趣的形式。這些童話表達了德國人民的心願、幻想和信仰，反映了德國古老的文化傳統和審美觀念 。《格林童話集》於1857年格林兄弟生前出了最後一版，共收童話216篇，為世界文學寶 庫增添了瑰寶 。格林兄弟在語言學研究方面成果豐碩，他們是日耳曼語言學的奠基人。
雅科布·格林-主要作品
雅科布·格林和弟弟威廉都是德國民間文學搜集整編者。出身官員家庭，均曾在馬爾堡大學學法律，又同在卡塞爾圖書館工作和任格延根大學教授，1841年同時成為格林科學院院士。他倆共同編成《兒童與家庭童話集》（1857年出最後一版，共216篇故事）。其中 的《灰姑娘》 、《白雪公主》、 《小紅帽》 、《勇敢的小裁縫》……等名篇，已成為世界各國兒童喜愛的傑作。此外，格林兄弟從1808年起，開始搜集德國民間傳說，出版《德國傳說》兩捲，共585篇。他們還編寫了《德語語法》（1819～1837）、 《德國語言史》（1848）及《德語大辭典》（1852）前4捲等學術著作，為日爾曼語言學的發展做出了貢獻。 生活在19世紀德國的格林兄弟，他們是語言學家和古文化研究者。兩人在上大學期間結識了海德堡浪漫派詩人布倫塔諾和阿爾尼姆，他們搜集整理的德國民歌集《男童的神奇號角》給了兄弟二人啓發。後來，這哥倆在黑森、美茵河等地訪問善於講童話的人，收集他們口中的故事，幾年下來竟有百餘篇。
1812年，這些故事結集成《兒童和家庭童話集》的第一捲，於聖誕節前夕在柏林問世，大受歡迎。此後直到1857年，格林兄弟不斷補充故事，並一再修訂，共推出七個版次。第七版後來成為在各國流傳的原著版本，至今已譯成數十種語言，許多故事都廣為流傳。
《格林童話》 《格林童話》是18世紀初兩位德國歷史學家兼語言學家搜集整理的民間傳說、童話故事集，他們是一對彼此極友愛的兄弟——雅各布·格林和威廉·格林，後人習慣稱呼他們格林兄弟。格林童話裏的故事不但徵服了德國的孩子們，也讓全世界的孩子們這麽長久地為之着迷。不是格林童話選擇了孩子，而是孩子選擇了格林童話。 需要特別強調，格林童話不是創作的童話。格林兄弟是做學問的人，他們致力於收集整理民間的童話、神話、傳記，很忠實地把收集到的東西整理成為文字，然後還很嚴謹地考證這些童話的出處。
《小紅帽》 從前有個人見人愛的小姑娘，喜歡戴着祖母送給她的一頂紅色天鵝絨的帽子，於是大傢就叫她小紅帽。有一天，母親叫她給祖母送食物，並囑咐她不要離開大路，走得太遠。小紅帽在森林中遇見了狼，她從未見過狼，也不知道狼性殘忍，於是把來森林中的目的告訴了狼。狼知道後誘騙小紅帽去采野花，自己跑到林中小屋去把小紅帽的祖母吃了。並裝成祖母，等小紅帽來找祖母時，狼一口把她吃掉了。後來一個獵人把小紅帽和祖母從狼肚裏救了出來。
雅科布·格林-作品風格
雅科布·格林和弟弟編輯的主要作品《格林童話》是世界文學名著普及本。經典篇目，完整版本，一流譯文。 在當今這個世界上，可以說，有孩子的地方就有“格林童話”；年輕的爸爸媽媽、幼兒園的老師給孩子們講的第一個故事是“格林童話”；世界上流傳最廣的文學作品是“格林童話”。這是為什麽呢？因為“格林童話”是世界文學名著，是一代代兒童心愛的讀物，它們以其豐富的想象、美麗的憧憬和高尚的情操啓迪了孩子們的心扉。“格林童話”自1815年問世以來，在近兩百年的時間裏，已被譯成世界上一百四十餘種文字，其中《青蛙王子》、《灰姑娘》、《白雪公主》、《不來梅城的樂師》、 《睡美人》等……
融進幼兒心理特點的藝術幻想
童話之中比較淺近、適合於幼兒聽賞的作品就是幼兒童話，它是幼兒最喜愛的一種文學樣式。幼兒童話具有一般童話的共性，由於幼兒的年齡心理特徵，它也有自己的一些個性。
童話中的小熊、鬆鼠、梅花雀自然都是好奇好動的小孩子，他們沉浸在美妙的幻想情境裏，活潑地遊玩，那快樂的心情讓小朋友感同身受。
經過選擇、加工、提煉，表達出幼兒純真美好的感情，作品富於美感，讓幼兒在思想上得到啓迪，情操上受到陶冶。
雅科布·格林-人物評價
雅科布·格林電影劇照雅科布·格林（1785-1863）曾在馬爾堡大學學法律，在卡塞爾圖書館工作和任格延根大學教授，1841年成為格林科學院院士。是德國的博學多識的學者——民間文學研究傢、語言學家、歷史學家。但他最卓越的成就，卻是作為世界著名的童話故事搜集傢，以幾十年時間（1812-1857）完成的《兒童和家庭童話集》，即現在俗稱的“格林童話”，它包括200多篇童話和600多篇故事。其中的代表作如《青蛙王子》 、《灰姑娘》、《白雪公主》、《小紅帽》等均膾炙人口。由於這些童話源自民間故事，作為學者的格林兄弟又力圖保持它們的原貌，因此其中篇章大多顯得比較粗糙，更適合低幼兒童閱讀。
雅科布·格林生於萊茵河畔的哈瑙，父親是一名小官吏。他的青年時代是在拿破侖占領德國時期度過的。當時，德國遭受異族侵略和強大的封建勢力的雙重壓迫。他大學畢業後，埋頭研究歷史，在德國浪漫派作傢阿爾尼姆和布倉塔諾合編的民歌集《兒童的奇異號角》的啓發下，於1806年開始搜集，整理民間童話和古老傳說，並於1814、1815、1822年陸續出版了3捲本的《德國兒童與家庭童話集》。
1814年拿破侖戰敗後，歐洲各國反動勢力重新擡頭，德國分裂狀況仍然十分嚴重。這使雅科布·格林産生政治必須改革的信心。1837年，雅科布·格林等7名著名的大學教授，為抗議漢諾威公爵違背製憲諾言而失去教授職位。在這個時期，雅科布·格林努力把研究歷史遺産與人民對自由、民主、統一的要求結合起來。雅科布·格林研究德國語言，編寫了《德語語法》和《德國語言史》，還有未完成的《德語詞典》這些研究工作，開創了研究日爾曼語言學的先河，也為德意志民族是個統一的民族提供了論證。1863年雅各布·格林逝世。
Grimm was born in Hanau, in Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). His father, who was a lawyer, died while he was a child, and his mother was left with very small means; but her sister, who was lady of the chamber to the Landgravine of Hesse, helped to support and educate her numerous family. Jakob, with his younger brother Wilhelm (born on 24 February 1786), was sent in 1798 to the public school at Kassel.
In 1802 he proceeded to the University of Marburg, where he studied law, a profession for which he had been destined by his father. His brother joined him at Marburg a year later, having just recovered from a long and severe illness, and likewise began the study of law.
Up to this time Jakob Grimm had been actuated only by a general thirst for knowledge and his energies had not found any aim beyond the practical one of making himself a position in life. The first definite impulse came from the lectures of Friedrich Karl von Savigny, the celebrated investigator of Roman law, who, as Wilhelm Grimm himself says in the preface to the Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar), first taught him to realize what it meant to study any science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in him a love for historical and antiquarian investigation, which forms the basis of all his work. The two men became personally acquainted, and it was in Savigny's well-stocked library that Grimm first turned over the leaves of Bodmer's edition of the Old German minnesingers and other early texts, and felt an eager desire to penetrate further into the obscurities and half-revealed mysteries of their language.
In the beginning of 1805 he received an invitation from Savigny, who had moved to Paris, to help him in his literary work. Grimm passed a very happy time in Paris, strengthening his taste for the literatures of the Middle Ages by his studies in the Paris libraries. Towards the close of the year he returned to Kassel, where his mother and Wilhelm had settled, the latter having finished his studies. The next year he obtained a position in the war office with the very small salary of 100 thalers. One of his grievances was that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff uniform and pigtail. But he had full leisure for the prosecution of his studies.
In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the private library of Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, into which Hesse-Kassel had been incorporated by Napoleon. Jerome appointed him an auditor to the state council, while he retained his other post. His salary was increased in a short interval from 2000 to 4000 francs, and his official duties were hardly more than nominal. After the expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an elector, Grimm was appointed in 1813 secretary of legation, to accompany the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army. In 1814 he was sent to Paris to demand restitution of the books carried off by the French, and in 1814–1815 he attended the congress of Vienna as secretary of legation. On his return he was again sent to Paris on the same errand as before.
Meanwhile Wilhelm had received an appointment in the Kassel library, and in 1816 Jakob was made second librarian under Volkel. Upon the death of Volkel in 1828, the brothers expected to be advanced to the first and second librarianships respectively, and were dissatisfied when the first place was given to Rommel, the keeper of the archives. Consequently, they moved next year to Göttingen where Jakob received the appointment of professor and librarian, and Wilhelm that of under-librarian. Jakob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar, literary history, and diplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on the Germania of Tacitus.
At this period he is described as small and lively in figure, with a harsh voice, speaking a broad Hessian dialect. His powerful memory enabled him to dispense with the manuscript on which most German professors relied, and he spoke extemporaneously, referring only occasionally to a few names and dates written on a slip of paper. He regretted that he had begun the work of teaching so late in life, but as a lecturer he was not successful: he had no aptitude for digesting facts and suiting them to the level of comprehension of his students. Even the brilliant, terse, and eloquent passages in his writings lost much of their effect when jerked out in the midst of a long array of dry facts.
In 1837, having been one of the seven professors who signed a protest against the King of Hanover's abrogation of the constitution established some years before, he was dismissed from his professorship and banished from the kingdom of Hanover. He returned to Kassel together with his brother, who had also signed the protest, and remained there until 1840, when they accepted an invitation from the King of Prussia to move to Berlin, where they both received professorships, and were elected members of the Academy of Sciences. Not being under any obligation to lecture, Jakob seldom did so, but together with his brother worked at their great dictionary. During their time in Kassel Jakob regularly attended the meetings of the academy, where he read papers on the most varied subjects. The best known of these are those on Lachmann, Schiller, and his brother Wilhelm (who died in 1859), on old age, and on the origin of language. He also described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his works.
Grimm died in Berlin at the age of 78, in Berlin, working even at the end.
He was never seriously ill, and worked all day without haste and without pause. He was not at all impatient of interruption, but seemed rather to be refreshed by it, returning to his work without effort. He wrote for the press with great rapidity, and hardly ever made corrections. He never revised what he had written, remarking with a certain wonder on his brother, Wilhelm, who read his own manuscripts over again before sending them to press. His temperament was uniformly cheerful, and he was easily amused. Outside his own special work he had a marked taste for botany. The spirit that animated his work is best described by himself at the end of his autobiography:
"Nearly all my labors have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to the investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments."
Linguistic work
The purely scientific side of Grimm's character developed slowly. He seems to have felt the want of definite principles of etymology without being able to discover them, and indeed even in the first edition of his grammar (1819) he seemed to be often groping in the dark. As early as 1815 we find August Wilhelm von Schlegel reviewing the Altdeutsche Wälder (a periodical published by the two brothers) very severely, condemning the lawless etymological combinations it contained, and insisting on the necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation of the laws of language, especially in the correspondence of sounds. This criticism is said to have had a considerable influence on the direction of Grimm's studies.
Grimm's scientific character is notable for its combination of breadth and unity. He was as far removed from the narrowness of the specialist who has no ideas or sympathies beyond just one author or corner of science as he was from the shallow dabbler who feverishly attempts to master the details of a half-dozen unrelated pursuits. The same concentration exists within his own special studies. The very foundations of his nature were harmonious; his patriotism and love of historical investigation received their fullest satisfaction in the study of the language, traditions, mythology, laws and literature of his own countrymen and their kin. But from this centre, he pursued his investigations in every direction as far as his instinct allowed. He was equally fortunate in the harmony that existed between his intellectual and moral nature. He cheerfully made the heavy sacrifices that science demands from its disciples, without envy or bitterness; although he lived apart from his fellow men, he was full of human sympathies, and has had a profound influence on the destiny of mankind.
History of the German Language
Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching was his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (History of the German Language), in which the linguistic elements are emphasized. The subject of the work is the history hidden in the words of the German language (the oldest natural history of the Teutonic tribes determined by means of language). For this purpose he laboriously collected the scattered words and allusions found in classical writers, and endeavoured to determine the relationship between the German language and those of the Getae, Thracians, Scythians, and many other nations whose languages were at the time known only through doubtfully identified, often extremely corrupted remains preserved by Greek and Latin authors. Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider range of comparison and improved methods of investigation that now characterize linguistics, and many questions he raised will probably remain obscure, but his book's influence has been profound.
German Grammar
Grimm's famous Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar) was the outcome of his purely philological work. The labors of past generations from the humanists onwards resulted in an enormous collection of materials in the form of text-editions, dictionaries, and grammars, although most of it was uncritical and untrustworthy. Something had even been done in the way of the comparison and determination of general laws, and the concept of a comparative Germanic grammar had been clearly grasped by the illustrious Englishman George Hickes by the beginning of the 18th century in his Thesaurus. Ten Kate in Holland had afterwards made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of the Germanic languages. Even Grimm himself did not at first intend to include all the languages in his Grammar, but he soon found that Old High German postulated Gothic, and that the later stages of German could not be understood without the help of other West Germanic varieties including English, and that the rich literature of Scandinavia could not be ignored either. The first edition of the first part of the Grammar (which appeared in 1819), and is now extremely rare, treated of the inflections of all these languages, and included a general introduction, in which he vindicated the importance of an historical study of the German language against the a priori, quasi-philosophical methods then in vogue.
In 1822 this volume appeared in a second edition (really a new work, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, it cost him little reflection to mow down the first crop to the ground). The wide distance between the two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly shown by the fact that while the first edition gives only the inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600 pages, more than half of the whole volume. Grimm had, at last, awakened to the full conviction that all sound philology must be based on rigorous adhesion to the laws of sound change, and he never afterwards swerved from this principle, which gave to all his investigations, even in their boldest flights, that iron-bound consistency, and that force of conviction that distinguishes science from dilettanteism. Prior to Grimm's time, philology was nothing but a more or less laborious and conscientious dilettanteism, with occasional flashes of scientific inspiration.
His advances must be attributed mainly to the influence of his contemporary Rasmus Christian Rask. Rask was born two years later than Grimm, but his remarkable precocity gave him something of a head start. In Grimm's first editions, his Icelandic paradigms are based entirely on Rask's grammar, and in his second edition, he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask can be appreciated only by comparing his treatment of Old English in the two editions; the difference is very great. For example, in the first edition he declines disg, dceges, plural dcegas, without having observed the law of vowel-change pointed out by Rask. There can be little doubt that the appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was the primary impetus for Grimm to recast his work from the beginning. To Rask also belongs the merit of having first distinctly formulated the laws of sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the vowels (those more fleeting elements of speech previously ignored by etymologists).
The Grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally derivation, composition and syntax, the last of which was unfinished. Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary. The Grammar stands alone in the annals of science for its comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail. Every law, every letter, every syllable of inflection in the different languages was illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material, and it has served as a model for all succeeding investigators. Diez's grammar of the Romance languages is founded entirely on its methods, which have also exerted a profound influence on the wider study of the Indo-European languages in general.
Grimm's Law
Main article: Grimm's law
Grimm's Law, also known as 'Rask's-Grimm's Rule' is the first law in linguistics concerning a non-trivial sound change. It was a turning point in the development of linguistics, allowing the introduction of a rigorous methodology to historic linguistic research. It concerns the correspondence of consonants in the older Indo-European, and Low Saxon and High German languages, and was first fully stated by Grimm in the second edition of the first part of his grammar. The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors including Friedrich von Schlegel, Rasmus Christian Rask and Johan Ihre, the last having established a considerable number of literarum permutationes, such as b for f, with the examples bœra = ferre, befwer = fiber. Rask, in his essay on the origin of the Icelandic language, gave the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the very same examples in most cases. As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentioned this essay of Rask, there is every probability that it inspired his own investigations. But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations of his predecessors and his own comprehensive generalizations. The extension of the law to High German is entirely his own work, however.
The only fact that can be adduced in support of the assertion that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his claims to priority is that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition. But this is part of the plan of his work, to refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others. In his first edition he expressly calls attention to Rask's essay, and praises it most ungrudgingly. It is true that a certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, but this may have well been the fault of the latter, who, impatient of contradiction and irritable in controversy, refused to play with the value of Grimm's views when they involved modification of his own.
German Dictionary
Grimm's monumental German dictionary, (Deutsches Wörterbuch, or literally German Dictionary), remains a standard work of reference to the present day.
The dictionary was undertaken on so large a scale as to make it impossible for him and his brother to complete it themselves. The dictionary, as far as it was worked on by Grimm himself, has been described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value.
Literary work
The first work Jakob Grimm published, Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay Grimm showed that Minnesang and Meistersang were really one form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of development, and also announced his important discovery of the invariable division of the Lied into three strophic parts.
His text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction with his brother. In 1812 they published the two ancient fragments of the Hildebrandslied and the Weissenbrunner Gehet, Jakob having discovered what till then had never been suspected—namely the alliteration in these poems. However, Jakob had little taste for text editing, and, as he himself confessed, working on a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his brilliant critical genius, trained in the severe school of classical philology, to Old and Middle High German poetry and metre.
Both Brothers were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the form of epics, ballads or popular tales. They published In 1816–1818 a collection of legends culled from diverse sources and published the two-volume Deutsche Sagen (German Legends). At the same time they collected all the folktales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in 1812–1815 the first edition of those Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales), which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the western world. The closely related subject of the satirical beast epic of the Middle Ages also held great charm for Jakob Grimm, and he published an edition of the Rejnhart Fuchs in 1834. His first contribution to mythology was the first volume of an edition of the Eddaic songs, undertaken jointly with his brother, and published in 1815. However, this work was not followed by any others on the subject.
The first edition of his Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology) appeared in 1835. This great work covered the whole range of the subject, tracing the mythology and superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very dawn of direct evidence, and following their evolution to modern-day popular traditions, tales and expressions.
Jakob Grimm and politics
Jakob Grimm's work tied in strongly to his views on Germany and its culture. His work with fairy tales and his philological work dealt with German origins. He loved his people and wished for a united Germany. In the German revolution of 1848, he was given a chance to make these views known when he was elected to the Frankfurt National Parliament. The people of Germany had demanded a constitution, so the Parliament, formed of elected members from various German states, met to form one. Grimm was selected for the office in a large part because of his part in the University of Goettingen's refusal to swear to the king of Hanover expounded upon above. He then went to Frankfurt, where he did not play a very big part, but did make some speeches, which tended to stray into the realms of history and philology rather than whatever political question was at hand. Grimm was adamant on one subject, however; he wanted the duchy of Holstein of Denmark to be under German control. He talked passionately about this subject, which showed his fierce German nationalism.
Grimm was not made to be a politician, and also soon realized that the National Assembly was not getting anywhere (it was eventually dissolved without establishing a constitution), and so asked to be released from his duties and returned with relief to his former studies. His political career did not bloom into anything great, but it does illustrate his characteristics- his nationalism and his moralism. He believed that good would triumph in the Parliament, and pushed for human rights legislation just as he wished for a unified Germany.
Works
The following is a complete list of his separately published works. Those he published with his brother are marked with a star (*). For a list of his essays in periodicals, etc., see vol. V of his Kleinere Schriften, from which the present list is taken. His life is best studied in his own Selbstbiographie, in vol. I of the Kleinere Schriften. There is also a brief memoir by K Gdeke in Göttinger Professoren (Gotha (Perthes), 1872).
Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (Göttingen, 1811)
*Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Berlin, 1812–1815) (many editions)
*Das Lied von Hildebrand und des Weissenbrunner Gebet (Kassel, 1812)
Altdeutsche Wälder (Kassel, Frankfurt, 1813–1816, 3 vols.)
*Der arme Heinrich von Hartmann von der Aue (Berlin, 1815)
Irmenstrasse und Irmensäule (Vienna, 1815)
*Die Lieder der alten Edda (Berlin, 1815)
Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1815)
*Deutsche Sagen (Berlin, 1816–1818, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1865–1866)
Deutsche Grammatik (Göttingen, 1819, 2nd ed., Göttingen, 1822–1840) (reprinted 1870 by Wilhelm Scherer, Berlin)
Wuk Stephanowitsch' Kleine Serbische Grammatik, verdeutscht mit einer Vorrede (Leipzig and Berlin, 1824) Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic - Serbian Grammer
Zur Recension der deutschen Grammatik (Kassel, 1826)
*Irische Elfenmärchen, aus dem Englischen (Leipzig, 1826)
Deutsche Rechtsaltertumer (Göttingen, 1828, 2nd ed., 1854)
Hymnorum veteris ecclesiae XXVI. interpretatio theodisca (Göttingen, 1830)
Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1834)
Deutsche Mythologie (Göttingen, 1835, 3rd ed., 1854, 2 vols.)
Taciti Germania edidit (Göttingen, 1835)
Über meine Entlassung (Basel, 1838)
(together with Schmeller) Lateinische Gedichte des X. und XI. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1838)
Sendschreiben an Karl Lachmann über Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1840)
Weistümer, Th. i. (Göttingen, 1840) (continued, partly by others, in 5 parts, 1840–1869)
Andreas und Elene (Kassel, 1840)
Frau Aventure (Berlin, 1842)
Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (Leipzig, 1848, 3rd ed., 1868, 2 vols.)
Des Wort des Besitzes (Berlin, 1850)
*Deutsches Wörterbuch, Bd. i. (Leipzig, 1854)
Rede auf Wilhelm Grimm und Rede über das Alter (Berlin, 1868, 3rd ad., 1865)
Kleinere Schriften (F. Dümmler, Berlin, 1864–1884, 7 vols.).
vol. 1 : Reden und Abhandlungen (1864, 2nd ed. 1879)
vol. 2 : Abhandlungen zur Mythologie und Sittenkunde (1865)
vol. 3 : Abhandlungen zur Litteratur und Grammatik (1866)
vol. 4 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part I (1869)
vol. 5 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part II (1871)
vol. 6 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part III
vol. 7 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part IV (1884)