古阿拉伯大區 倭馬亞王朝時期
(
606年～
680年五月6日)
穆阿威葉·本·阿比·蘇富揚即穆阿威葉一世（阿拉伯文：معاوية بن أبي سفيان，約606年—680年5月6日）伊斯蘭教的哈裏發（661年—680年在位）。他是統治被稱為“阿拉伯帝國”（歐洲文獻中稱之為薩拉森帝國）的廣大穆斯林國傢的倭馬亞王朝的創建者。
穆阿維葉一世出生於麥加古來氏族中的倭馬亞傢族，是阿布·蘇富揚的次子。阿布·蘇富揚以反對先知穆罕默德傳布伊斯蘭教著稱；穆阿維葉亦隨父參加了多次反對穆斯林的戰役。但在629年麥加被穆罕默德占領後，穆阿維葉與父親一同皈依了伊斯蘭教。
穆阿維葉於633年參加伊斯蘭軍隊對敘利亞的徵服之戰，戰後成為大馬士革總督。在其堂兄奧斯曼·伊本·阿凡任哈裏發時期，穆阿維葉被任命為敘利亞總督（640年）。655年，他在“船桅之戰”中率阿拉伯艦隊戰勝了東羅馬帝國的海軍。
656年，奧斯曼被來自伊拉剋和埃及的反對者刺殺之後，穆阿維葉堅决反對先知的侄子阿裏·伊本·艾比·塔裏卜繼任哈裏發。他公開展示奧斯曼和其妻子的血衣，暗示奧斯曼為阿裏所害。雙方矛盾尖銳，終於在657年爆發了綏芬之戰。在這次戰鬥中，穆阿維葉命令士兵把許多本古蘭經挑在槍尖上，要求阿裏接受安拉的裁决。阿裏無奈地接受了這一要求，而裁决結果是“雙方均放棄哈裏發職位”。當然，穆阿維葉可能在其中了手腳；阿裏的追隨者因之發生分裂。661年，分裂出的一派哈瓦利吉派刺殺了阿裏。穆阿維葉沒有了競爭對手，他在哈瓦利吉派的支持下被推舉為哈裏發。
穆阿維葉一世定都大馬士革。在去世前，穆阿維葉設法使宗教領袖們接受他的兒子葉齊德為其繼承人。這樣就破壞了哈裏發的選舉制度，正式建立了倭馬亞王朝。穆阿維葉一世是倭馬亞王朝的第一位、也是最有政治才能的哈裏發。他是那個時代最強有力的人物之一，還是一位大外交傢。他的政策庇護了阿拉伯部落貴族的權益。
穆阿維葉一世的直係後代衹傳了3代，到他的孫子穆阿維葉二世時就絶嗣了。這一傢族被稱為蘇富揚支。從馬爾萬一世開始的歷代倭馬亞王朝哈裏發是穆阿維葉一世的叔叔的後代。
Muawiyah I (Arabic: معاوية بن أبي سفيان; Transliteration: Muˁāwīya ibn ˁAbī Sufyān); (602-680) is the first Caliph in the Ummayad Dynasy. In Sunni Islam he is perceived as having two main parts to his life which are of major historical note. The first part was as one of the staunchest enemies of Mohammad and of Islam, indeed Muawiya was after the Battle of Badr the heir-apparent to the pagan throne of Mecca which was occupied in effect by his father Abu Sofyan and mother Hinda. After the defeat of his family following the fall of Mecca in 8AH Muawiya said that he was then a Muslim and hence is regarded within Sunni Islam as a Sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. also he was Katib Al-waḥi (Inspiration writter) - he later became a member of the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus. Shia Muslims refuse to recognise the sincerity of his conversion, and cite as evidence his allegedly being cursed by Mohammad (see section on physical appearances below) and Muawiya's waging of continual civil war against the caliphate led by Ali, al-Hassan and many of the early companions. He engaged in a major civil war against the fourth and fifth (final) Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliphs), Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib) (Muhammad's son-in-law) and Muhammad's eldest grandson Al-Hassan, and Mu'awiya met with considerable military success, including the seizure of Egypt. He assumed the caliphate after Ali's assassination and forcing the abdication of al-Hassan by threatening further bloodshed in 661 and led until 680.
Because of his involvement in the Battle of Siffin against Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe was Muhammad's true successor (see Succession to Muhammad), the belief that he broke the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali by appointing his son Yazid as ruler and the belief that he was responsible for the deaths of various companions, Mu'awiyah has been hated and reviled by generations of Shi'a and is not regarded as a rightly guided caliph by some Sunni Muslims.