閱讀米沃什 Czesław Miłosz在诗海的作品!!! | |||||
米沃什米沃什在大學裏學習法律，並於1936年發表了第一本詩集《冰封的日子》。從詩人早期作品的主題已經可以看出他後來寫作風格的端倪：通常是從結合了詩人現實經歷的歷史視角出發，而以田園詩兼啓示錄式的手法表現出簡潔意象。
他經歷過“二戰”的納粹時期。戰後他曾擔任波蘭外交官，在波蘭駐美國與法國的使館裏，負責文化事務。與政府决裂後曾去法國，並於1960年離開法國來到美國。在那裏，他擔任伯剋萊大學的斯拉夫語言和文學教授達20多年之久。
1989年後，詩人結束了接近30年的流亡生活，回到波蘭以後，就一直住在剋拉科夫。
■作品簡介：
他在國外發表了20多部詩集和小說，主要的有《白晝之光》（1953）、《詩的論文》（1957）、《波別爾王和其它的詩》（1962）、《中了魔的古喬》（1964）、《沒有名字的城市》（1969）、《太陽從何方升起，在何處下沉》（1974）、《詩歌集》（1977）及長篇小說《權力的攫取》（1955）和《伊斯塞𠔌》（1955）等。
■米沃什語錄 ：
●關於生命米沃什90歲高齡時，曾自言當時仍然堅持寫作到夜晚：“根本不可能活膩的，我還是感到不夠”，他說，“到了這種年紀，我仍然在尋求一種方式、一種語言來形容這個世界。”
●關於詩歌“詩歌，即使其題材與敘述口吻與周圍現實完全分離，要是一樣能夠頑強存在，那是令我激賞的詩歌。有力度的詩，或是一首抒情詩，其自身的完美就有足夠的力量去承受一種現實。”
Europe
Czesław Miłosz was born on June 30, 1911 in Šeteniai (in Lithuania, which was then part of the Russian Empire as a result of the 18th-century partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). He was a son of Aleksander Miłosz, a civil engineer, and Weronika, née Kunat. His brother, Andrzej Miłosz (1917–2002), a Polish journalist, translator of literature and of film subtitles into Polish, was a documentary-film producer who created some Polish documentaries about his famous brother.
Miłosz emphasized his identity with the multi-ethnic Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a stance that led to ongoing controversies; he refused to categorically identify himself as either a Pole or a Lithuanian. He once said of himself: "I am a Lithuanian to whom it was not given to be a Lithuanian." Milosz was fluent in Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, English and French.
Czesław Miłosz (right) with brother Andrzej Miłosz at PEN Club World Congress, Warsaw, May 1999Miłosz memorialized his Lithuanian childhood in a 1981 novel, The Issa Valley, and in the 1959 memoir Native Realm. After graduating from Sigismund Augustus Gymnasium in Vilnius, he studied law at Stefan Batory University, then a Polish-language institution, Vilnius having been incorporated into the Second Polish Republic after "Żeligowski's Mutiny" (1920). In 1931 he traveled to Paris, where he was influenced by his distant cousin Oscar Milosz, a patriotic Lithuanian poet and Swedenborgian. His first volume of poetry was published in 1934. After receiving his law degree that year, he again spent a year in Paris on a fellowship. Upon returning, he worked as a commentator at Radio Wilno, but was dismissed for his leftist views. Miłosz wrote all his poetry, fiction and essays in Polish and translated the Old Testament Psalms into Polish.
Miłosz spent World War II in Warsaw, under Nazi Germany's "General Government," where, among other things, he attended underground lectures by Polish philosopher and historian of philosophy and aesthetics, Władysław Tatarkiewicz. He did not participate in the Warsaw Uprising due to residing outside Warsaw proper.
After World War II, Miłosz served as cultural attaché of the communist People's Republic of Poland in Paris. In 1951 he defected and obtained political asylum in France. In 1953 he received the Prix Littéraire Européen (European Literary Prize).
United State
In 1960 Miłosz emigrated to the United States, and in 1970 he became a U.S. citizen. In 1961 he began a professorship in Polish literature in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1978 he received the Neustadt International Prize for Literature. He retired that same year, but continued teaching at Berkeley.
In 1980 Miłosz received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Since his works had been banned in Poland by the communist government, this was the first time that many Poles became aware of him.
When the Iron Curtain fell, Miłosz was able to return to Poland, at first to visit and later to live there part-time in a Kraków house that he had received as a gift from the Polish people. He divided his time between his home in Berkeley and his home in Kraków.
In 1989 Miłosz received the U.S. National Medal of Arts and an honorary doctorate from Harvard University.
Through the Cold War, Miłosz's name was often invoked in the United States, particularly by conservative commentators such as William F. Buckley, Jr., usually in the context of Miłosz's 1953 book The Captive Mind. During that period, his name was largely passed over in silence in government-censored media and publications in Poland.
The Captive Mind has been described as one of the finest studies of the behavior of intellectuals under a repressive regime. Miłosz observed that those who became dissidents were not necessarily those with the strongest minds, but rather those with the weakest stomachs; the mind can rationalize anything, he said, but the stomach can take only so much.
Memorial to fallen Gdańsk shipyard workers, featuring a poem by MiłoszMiłosz is honored at Israel's Yad Vashem memorial to the Holocaust, as one of the "Righteous among the Nations."
A poem by Miłosz appears on a Gdańsk memorial to protesting shipyard workers who had been killed by government security forces in 1970.
Miłosz's books and poems have been translated into English by many hands, including Jane Zielonko (The Captive Mind), Miłosz himself, his Berkeley students (in translation seminars conducted by him), and his friends and Berkeley colleagues, Peter Dale Scott, Robert Pinsky and Robert Hass.
Death
Miłosz died in 2004 at his Kraków home, aged 93. His first wife, Janina, had predeceased him in 1986; and his second wife, Carol Thigpen, a U.S.-born historian, in 2002. He is survived by two sons, Anthony and John Peter.
Miłosz is entombed at Kraków's historic Skałka Church, as one of the last persons who will be laid to rest there.
Work
Lubicz coat-of-arms.Kompozycja (1930)
Podróż (1930)
Poemat o czasie zastygłym (1933)
Trzy zimy / Three Winters (1936)
Obrachunki
Wiersze / Verses (1940)
Pieśń niepodległa (1942)
Ocalenie / Rescue (1945)
Traktat moralny / A Moral Treatise (1947)
Zniewolony umysł / The Captive Mind (1953)
Zdobycie władzy / The Seizure of Power (1953)
Światło dzienne / The Light of Day (1953)
Dolina Issy / The Issa Valley (1955)
Traktat poetycki / A Poetical Treatise (1957)
Rodzinna Europa / Native Realm (1958)
Kontynenty (1958)
Człowiek wśród skorpionów (1961)
Król Popiel i inne wiersze / King Popiel and Other Poems (1961)
Gucio zaczarowany / Gucio Enchanted (1965)
Widzenia nad Zatoką San Francisco / Visions of San Francisco Bay (1969)
Miasto bez imienia / City Without a Name (1969)
The History of Polish Literature (1969)
Prywatne obowiązki / Private Obligations (1972)
Gdzie słońce wschodzi i kiedy zapada / Where the Sun Rises and Where It Sets (1974)
Ziemia Ulro / The Land of Ulro (1977)
Ogród nauk / The Garden of Learning (1979)
Hymn o perle / The Poem of the Pearl (1982)
The Witness of Poetry (1983)
Nieobjęta ziemio / The Unencompassed Earth (1984)
Kroniki / Chronicles (1987)
Dalsze okolice / Farther Surroundings (1991)
Zaczynając od moich ulic / Starting from My Streets (1985)
Metafizyczna pauza / The Metaphysical Pause (1989)
Poszukiwanie ojczyzny (1991)
Rok myśliwego (1991)
Na brzegu rzeki / Facing the River (1994)
Szukanie ojczyzny / In Search of a Homeland (1992)
Legendy nowoczesności / Modern Legends (1996)
Życie na wyspach / Life on Islands (1997)
Piesek przydrożny / Roadside Dog (1997)
Abecadlo Miłosza / Milosz's Alphabet (1997)
Inne Abecadło / A Further Alphabet (1998)
Wyprawa w dwudziestolecie / An Excursion through the Twenties and Thirties (1999)
To / It (2000)
Orfeusz i Eurydyka (2003)
O podróżach w czasie / On Time Travel (2004)
Wiersze ostatnie / The Last Poems (2006)
Note
^ In Memoriam. University of California. Retrieved on 2008-03-17. “Miłosz would always place emphasis upon his identity as one of the last citizens of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a place of competing and overlapping identities. This stance—not Polish enough for some, certainly not Lithuanian to others—would give rise to controversies about him that have not ceased with his death in either country.”
^ a b (Lithuanian) Išėjus Česlovui Milošui, Lietuva neteko dalelės savęs. Mokslo Lietuva (Scientific Lithuania). Retrieved on October 16, 2007.
^ Czeslaw Milosz, Poet and Nobelist Who Wrote of Modern Cruelties, Dies at 93. Retrieved on March 17, 2008.
^ CZESLAW MILOSZ 1911-2004. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on March 20, 2008.
Reference
Striving Towards Being: The Letters of Thomas Merton and Czesław Miłosz, edited by Robert Faggen (Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1996)
Obituarie
IN MEMORIAM Czesław Miłosz (UC Berkeley)
Nobel poet Czesław Miłosz of Poland and Berkeley, one of the icons of the Solidarity movement, dies (UC Berkeley Press Release)
Czeslaw Milosz, 1911-2004 (New York Times)
Czesław Miłosz, Poet and Nobelist Who Wrote of Modern Cruelties, Dies at 93 (New York Times)
Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz dies (CBC News)
Nobel laureate poet Miłosz dies (BBC News)
Czesław Miłosz Obituary (The Economist)
Czesław Miłosz memorial (San Francisco Chronicle)
Polish Poet Czeslaw Milosz, 93, Dies (Washington Post)
The “Memory” of Czeslaw Milosz, 1911–2004 (New Criterion)