| Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin | |||||
| 約翰·剋裏斯蒂安·弗裏德裏希·荷爾德林 | |||||
| 出生地： | 德國 內卡河 勞芬 | ||||
| 去世地： | 德國圖賓根 | ||||
閱讀荷爾德林 Friedrich Hölderlin在诗海的作品!!! | |||||
荷尔德林在蒂賓根神學院學習期間開始創作詩歌，早期作品受剋洛普施托剋和席勒的影響，洋溢着革命熱情，多以古典頌歌體的形式謳歌自由、和諧、友誼和大自然。後來的詩歌中，把人道主義思想和對祖國的愛交織在一起，逐漸轉嚮古希臘的詩歌和自由韻律的形式，藝術上臻於完美。代表作有《自由頌》、《人類頌》、《為祖國而死》、《日落》、《梅農為狄奧提瑪而哀嘆》、《漫遊者》、《返回家乡》、《愛琴海群島》以及《給大地母親》、《萊茵河》、《懷念》等。他唯一的書信體小說《許佩裏昂》是他的成名作。主人公許佩裏昂是一位18世紀的希臘青年，他熱愛生活、渴望自由，參加了1770年反抗土耳其的鬥爭。在腐朽的社會現實中理想成了泡影，心愛的狄奧提瑪又不幸死去，於是感到悲觀和孤獨。小說具有強烈的抒情色彩，語言十分優美。寫於1796～1800年的悲劇《恩培多剋勒之死》（未完成）寫公元前5世紀古希臘哲學家恩培多剋勒跳進埃特納火山口的故事，喻示新事物的産生必須徹底毀掉舊事物。
荷爾德林還翻譯了索福剋勒斯的兩部悲劇《奧狄浦斯王》和《安提戈涅》，譯本受到很高的評價。
荷爾德林的作品表達了自己使祖國擺脫專製主義的理想，他對古希臘的不倦的追求是對德國現狀的批評。他主張對一代新人進行教育，使他們的個性得到全面而和諧的發展。他的作品多帶有烏托邦色彩的古典主義的內涵，同時又註重主觀感情的抒發，流露出憂鬱、孤獨的情緒，反映出理想和現實之間的不可調和，具有浪漫主義的特色。荷爾德林用他的作品在古典主義和浪漫主義之間架設了一座溝通的橋梁。詩人在他生前以及19世紀未被重視，到20世紀初被重新發現，他作品的價值重新被認識。
荷爾德林，德國著名抒情詩人，死後乎被遺忘了近一百年，直到20世紀中葉，纔在德國被重新發現，並在歐洲建立了聲譽。
生於斯瓦比亞的小城勞芬父親早故，母親是牧師之女。曾先後在登肯爾多夫和毛爾布竜隱修院學校學，1788-1793年在圖賓根大學神學院獲碩士學位，有資格擔任神職。但他後來並擔任牧師職務，因為他接受的基督教教條同他潛心研究的希臘神話並不相容。他把希臘諸神看成是真實存在的力量。對他來說，詩人 的職責就是在神和人之間起到中介作用。
1793年結識席勒，他的些詩歌如《許涪裏翁》都發表在席勒的刊物《新塔莉亞》上，這些詩受法國命精神的鼓舞，歌頌自由、人類、和諧、友誼和大自然。
1798年後因身心交瘁處於神分裂狀態，仍完成了《許涪裏翁》第二捲、《恩沛多剋勒斯之死》、《梅農哀嘆狄奧提馬》、《面和葡萄酒》等名作，翻譯了索福剋勒斯的《安提戈涅》和《俄底浦斯》。
1843年在圖賓根去世，36年是在精神失常下度過的。
Hölderlin was born in Lauffen am Neckar in the Duchy of Württemberg. He studied Theology at the Tübinger Stift (seminary of the Protestant Church in Württemberg), where he was friends and roommates with the future philosophers Georg Hegel and Friedrich Schelling.
In 1807, having become largely insane, he was brought into the home of Ernst Zimmer, a Tübingen carpenter with literary leanings, who was an admirer of his Hyperion. For the next 36 years, Hölderlin would live in Zimmer's house, in a tower room overlooking the beautiful Neckar valley, being cared for by the Zimmer family until his death in 1843.
Work
The poetry of Hölderlin, widely recognized today as one of the highest points of German literature, slipped into obscurity shortly after his death; his illness and reclusion made him fade from his contemporaries' consciousness – and, even though selections of his work were being published by his friends already during his lifetime.
In fact, Hölderlin was a man of his time, an early supporter of the French Revolution – in his youth at the Seminary of Tübingen, he and some colleagues from a "republican club" planted a "Tree of Freedom" in the market square, prompting the Grand-Duke himself to admonish the students at the seminary. He was at first carried away by Napoleon, whom he honors in one of his couplets (it should be noted that his exact contemporary Beethoven also initially dedicated his Eroica to the Corsican general).
Like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Schiller, his older contemporaries, Hölderlin was a fervent admirer of ancient Greek culture, but had a very personal understanding of it. In the great poems of his maturity, Hölderlin would generally adopt a large-scale, expansive and unrhymed style. Together with these long hymns and elegies – which included Der Archipelagus ("The Archipelago"), Brot und Wein ("Bread and Wine") and Patmos – he also cultivated a crisper, more concise manner in epigrams and couplets, and in short poems like the famous Hälfte des Lebens ("The Middle of Life"). In his years of madness, he would occasionally pen ingenuous rhymed quatrains, sometimes of a childlike beauty, which he would sign with fantastic names (such as "Scardanelli").
Influence
Hölderlin was a poet-thinker who wrote, fragmentarily, on poetic theory and philosophical matters. His theoretical works, such as the essays Das Werden im Vergehen ("Becoming in Dissolution") and Urteil und Sein ("Judgement and Being") are insightful and important if somewhat tortuous and difficult to parse. They raise many of the key problems also addressed by his Tübingen roommates Hegel and Schelling.
Music
Hölderlin's poetry has inspired many composers, perhaps the most famous example being the Schicksalslied by Brahms, a setting of Hyperions Schicksalslied. Other composers to have made settings of his poems include Peter Cornelius, Hans Pfitzner, Richard Strauss (Drei Hymnen), Max Reger (An die Hoffnung), Richard Wetz (Hyperion), Josef Matthias Hauer, Stefan Wolpe, Paul Hindemith (whose First Piano Sonata is inspired by Hölderlin's poem 'Der Main'), Benjamin Britten, Hans Werner Henze (whose Seventh Symphony is also partly inspired by Hölderlin), Bruno Maderna (Hyperion, Stele an Diotima), Heinz Holliger (the Scardanelli-Zyklus), Hans Zender (Hölderlin lesen I-IV), György Kurtág (who planned an opera on Hölderlin), György Ligeti (Hölderlin-Phantasien), Hanns Eisler (Hollywood Liederbuch), Viktor Ullmann (who wrote settings in Terezin concentration camp), Hans Zender, Wolfgang von Schweinitz, Walter Zimmermann (Hyperion, an epistolary opera) and Wolfgang Rihm. Robert Schumann's late piano suite Gesänge der Fruhe was inspired by Hölderlin, as was Luigi Nono's string quartet Stille, an Diotima and in Prometeo
Cinema
A 2004 film, The Ister, is based on Martin Heidegger's 1942 lecture course (published as Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister"). The film features Jean-Luc Nancy, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Bernard Stiegler, and Hans-Jürgen Syberberg.
A 1981-82 television drama, "Untertänigst Scardanelli" (The Loyal Scardanelli), directed by Jonatan Briel in Berlin.