| 姓： | 錢 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 名： | 恩鑅 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 字： | 賓四 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 網筆號： | 公沙; 梁隱; 與忘; 孤雲 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 籍貫： | 江蘇無錫 | ||||||||||||||||||
閱讀錢穆 Qian Mu在历史大观的作品!!! 閱讀錢穆 Qian Mu在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||||||||||||||||||
錢穆（1895年7月30日－1990年8月30日），原名恩鑅，字賓四，江蘇無錫人，中華民國中央研究院院士，歷史學家，儒學學者，教育傢，香港新亞書院及新亞中學創校人。與呂思勉、陳垣、陳寅恪並稱為嚴耕望所評選的“現代四大史學家”。中國現代歷史學家。江蘇省無錫人。字賓四。筆名公沙、梁隱、與忘、孤雲。
錢穆九歲入私塾，熟習中國的傳統文獻典籍。十三歲入常州府中學堂學習，1912年因傢貧輟學，後自學。1913-1919年任小學教員。1923年後，曾在廈門、無錫、蘇州等地任中學教員。1930年以後，歷任燕京、北京、清華、四川、齊魯、西南聯大等大學教授，也曾任無易江南大學文學院院長。1949年遷居香港，創辦了新亞書院，任院長，從事教學和研究工作至1964年退休為止，期間曾獲得香港大學、美國耶魯大學名譽博士稱號。1966年，錢穆移居臺灣臺北市，在“中國文化書院（今中國文化大學)”任職，為“中央研究院”院士，“故宮博物院”特聘研究員。1990年8月在臺北逝世。
錢穆是完全靠自修苦讀而在學術界確立地位的一個學者。其治學頗受清儒章學誠“六經皆史”思想的影響。對中國歷史尤其是對中國歷代思想傢及其思想源流的研究和考辨，均自成一傢之言。提出，先秦時期，儒、墨二傢是後來諸子各派的發端，由此分源別派，旁通四達，互相中國古代文化的源流。他在儒學方面的研究成果也非常突出，如認為司馬遷的《史記·孔子世傢》真偽混雜，次序顛倒，後世傳說亦不可輕信，遂詳細考辨孔子的生平事跡，包括、生卒年月、父母、志學、初仕、設教、適齊、適衛、過匡、過宋、仕魯、至陳、至蔡、及晚年居魯等，以及孔子的政治活動和著述等，具有很高的學術價值。又如對晚清今文經學家如謬平、康有為等認定劉歆偽造古文經一呈，錢穆撰《劉嚮歆父子年譜》，以令人信服的證據否定了今文經學家的觀點，了結了晚清道鹹以來的經學今古文爭論的公案，在北方學術界一舉成名。。此外，錢穆對宋明理學尤其是朱熹之學、對清代學術尤其是乾嘉學派等，都有很深的研究。
在歷史研究中，重視中國歷史發展的特殊性和悠久的傳統，在通史、文化史、思想史、史學理論與方法等方面都有深入研究，聞名海內外。錢穆重視探求中華民族文化的內在精華，並給予其以高度評價，他認為“我民族國傢之前途，仍將於我先民文化所貽自身內部獲其生機”。晚年的錢穆比較偏重於文化哲學的研究，並就中西文化的問題作了很多深入的思想考，在其一生的最後一篇文章《中國文化對人類未來可有的貢獻》（載於劉夢溪主編的《中國文化》1991年第4期）中，他對中國傳統哲學的“天人合一”思想有了新的體認，並“深信中國文化對世界人類未來求生存之即在此。”
錢穆著述頗豐，專著多達80種以上。其代表作有《先秦諸於係年》、《中國近三百年學術史》、《國史大綱》、《中國文化史導論》、《文化學大義》、《中國歷代政治得失》、《中國歷史精神》、《中國思想史》、《宋明理學概述》、《中國學術通義》和《從中國歷史來民族性及中國文化》等。此外還有結集出版論文集多種，如《中國學術思想史論叢》、《中國文化叢談》等。
生平年表
1894 清光緒廿一年,生於江蘇省無錫縣
1900 七歲 入私塾讀書
1903 十歲 進果育小學就讀
1905 十二歲 父逝
1906 十三歲 入常州中學堂
1910 十七歲轉入南京私立鐘英中學，適逢武昌起義，學校停辦，遂輟學
1911 十八歲任教無錫三兼小學，為教學生涯之始
1918 廿四歲任教鴻模學校，即原果育小學，出版《論語文解》
1919 廿五歲任後宅泰伯市初小校長
1922 廿八歲赴廈門任教集美學校為任職中學教師之始
1923 廿九歲任教江蘇省無錫第三師範學校
1927 卅三歲轉任教蘇州中學
1928 卅四歲妻歿、兒殤、兄亡連遭三喪
1930 卅六歲發表《劉嚮、歆父子年譜》，後任教北京燕京大學為任教大學之始
1931 卅七歲任教北京大學歷史係，並兼課清華、燕京、北師大
1935 四一歲出版《先秦諸子係年》
1937 四三歲隨政局南遷，任西南聯合大學教授
1939 四五歲《國史大綱》脫稿，回蘇州侍母一載
1941 四七歲往成都任教齊魯大學國學研究所及武漢大學
1943 四九歲先後任教於華西大學、四川大學
1944 五十歲撰文《中國歷史上青年從軍先例》號召知識分子投筆從戎
1946 五二歲赴昆明任教五華學院、兼任雲南大學
1948 五四歲任無錫江南大學文學院院長課餘撰《湖上閑思錄》
1949 五五歲赴港任亞洲文商學院院長
1950 五六歲成立新亞書院、應邀赴臺講演
1951 五七歲為籌辦新亞書院臺灣分校滯臺數月，未果。
1952 五八歲 4月，在淡江文理學院驚聲堂講演，屋頂泥塊墜落擊中頭部暈厥送醫。
1955 六一歲新亞研究所成立，訪日，“教育部”頒贈學術奬章香港大學授予名譽博士學位
1956 六二歲新亞書院農圃道校捨暑期落成，為自有校捨之始與鬍美琦女士九竜締婚
1957 六三歲新亞書院增設藝術專修科
1960 六六歲赴耶魯大學講學，課餘撰《論語新解》耶大頒贈名譽博士學位後赴歐訪問
1961 六七歲新亞書院理學院成立
1963 六九歲香港中文大學成立，曾辭新亞書院院長職
1965 七一歲正式卸任新亞書院院長，離港赴吉隆坡馬來亞大學講學
1967 七三歲 十月遷居臺北
1968 七四歲遷入素書樓，膺選“中央研究院”院士
1969 七五歲任“中國文化學院歷史研究所”教授、“故宮博物院”聘為研究員
1974 八十歲撰《八十憶雙親》
1976 八二歲是年鼕，胃病劇作，幾不治
1978 八四歲該年常病，目不能視，抱病赴港任新亞書院"錢賓四先生學術文化講座"主講人。
1979 八五歲赴港出席新亞三十年紀念會
1980 八六歲與三子、幼女會於香港，卅二載未見，得七日相聚
1981 八七歲與長女、長侄晤聚香港，五子女兩年內分別見面
1984 九十歲獲頒行政院文化奬章
1986 九二歲為文化大學歷史研究所學生上最後一課
1988 九四歲在傢中授課至是年方休
1989 九五歲赴港參加新亞四十年紀念會
1990 九六歲 六月一日遷出素書樓八月卅日逝於杭州南路寓所
1992 歸葬蘇州太湖之濱
Ch'ien Mu or Qian Mu (Chinese: 錢穆; 30 July 1895 – 30 August 1990) was a Chinese historian, philosopher and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China. Ch'ien, together with Lü Simian, Chen Yinke and Chen Yuan, was known as the "Four Greatest Historians" of Modern China (現代四大史學家).
Life
Early Life: Jiangsu, Beijing
Ch'ien Mu was from the prestigious Qian (Ch'ien) family in Wuxi. His ancestor was said to be Qian Liu (852–932), founder of the Wuyue Kingdom (907–978) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He was born in Qifang Qiao Village (七房橋; "Seven Mansions Bridge Village"), in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. His biographer Jerry Dennerlien described his childhood world as the "small peasant cosmos" of rituals, festivals, and beliefs held the family system together. He received little formal education, but gained his knowledge on Chinese history and culture through traditional family school education and continuous self-study.
He started his teaching career as a primary school teacher in his hometown when he was eighteen.
Recommended and invited by another famous historian Gu Jiegang, Ch'ien Mu was hired as a lecturer in Yenching University in 1930. He began his teaching career at several other universities like Tsinghua University and Peking University until 1937, when Peking was occupied by the Japanese army.
Hong Kong
Amidst communist victory in the civil war, Ch'ien arrived in Hong Kong at Chang Chi-yun's suggestion in 1949. With help from the Yale-China Association, along with Tang Chun-i, Tchang Pi-kai and other scholars, he cofounded New Asia College. He served as the president of New Asia College from 1949 until 1965. This college has graduated many great scholars and outstanding members of various communities. After New Asia College became a member college of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and moved to Ma Liu Shui, Sha Tin, he resigned. Publicly he said that he wanted to devote more time to his scholarship, but in private he revealed that he felt that the college lost its freedom and might eventually disappear. He then founded New Asia Middle School as a non-profit-making Chinese secondary school at the former campus of the college. He later received honorary doctorates from both Yale University and the University of Hong Kong.
He taught at the University of Malaya before returning to Hong Kong.
Taiwan
Ch'ien relocated to Taiwan in October 1967 after accepting an invitation from the President Chiang Kai-shek in response to the Hong Kong 1967 leftist riots. In 1968, he was selected as a member of the Academia Sinica, which remedied a little his lifelong regret for not being able to be elected as a member of this Institute in the first election in 1948.
He was given land in Waishuangxi in the Shilin District to build his home Sushulou (素書樓) while continuing as a freelance academic researching and giving lectures at universities in Taiwan.
Ch'ien retired from teaching in 1984. After becoming one of the three constituent colleges of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, in 1978 New Asia College inaugurated the Ch'ien Mu Lectures in his honor.
On June 1, 1990, two Democratic Progressive Party politicians, Chen Shui-bian and Chou Po-lun, accused Ch'ien of occupying public land as the nature of gifting the land for Sushulou by Chiang Kai-shek to a private citizen was deemed to be illegal. Ch'ien and his wife moved out of Sushulou and relocated to a high-rise apartment in downtown Taipei City.
Ch'ien died on August 30, 1990, a little less than three months after being forced to move out of Sushulou. Many of Ch'ien's supporters condemned the practice Chen and Chou of using Ch'ien for scoring political points against the Kuomintang. Both Chen and Chou have since apologized for the damages of their accusations towards Ch'ien, and Sushulou is now the location of the Ch'ien Mu Memorial.
Works
Ch'ien wrote extensively on Chinese classics, history and Confucian thought. Unlike many 20th-century Chinese intellectuals influenced by the New Culture Movement of the 1910s who were fundamentally skeptical of traditional Chinese thought and Confucianism, he insisted on the importance of traditional values of Chinese culture. By the time of his death in 1990, his objections to the rejection of tradition of Confucianism had gained wider credence, partly through the influence of his student at New Asia College, Yu Ying-shih.
Ch'ien Mu was an extremely industrious and prolific scholar who had about 76 works published during his life, which exceeded 17 000 000 words in total. After his death, his complete works were collected and edited into 54 volumes, published in 1994 by Linking Publishing Company in Taipei. In 2011, a revised edition of his complete works was published in Beijing by Jiuzhou Publishing Company in traditional Chinese characters.
Representative works:
- A General History of China (Guoshi dagang 國史大綱);
- Comments on the chin wen/ku wen (New Text/Old Text) Controversy in Han (Lianghan jingxue jin gu wen pingyi 兩漢經學今古文評議)
- A New Biography of Zhu Xi's Academic Life (Zhuzi xin xue'an 朱子新學案)
- A Scholastic History of China in Late 300 Years (Zhongguo jin sanbai nian xueshu shi 中國近三百年學術史)
- History of the Qin and Han Dynasty (Qin Han shi 秦漢史)
- Neo-Confucianism during Song and Ming Dynasty (Song Ming Lixue 宋明理學)
- Examining Chinese People and Culture Through Chinese History (Cong Zhongguo lishi lai kan Zhongguo minzu xing ji Zhongguo wenhua 從中國歷史來看中國民族性及中國文化)
Criticism
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Critics of Ch'ien's ideas, such as Li Ao, tend to focus on his superficial knowledge of non-Chinese currents of thoughts when he wrote his treatises on cultural studies, and his lack of objective, scientific method-based, defense of traditional Chinese culture. Wong Young-tsu condemns Ch'ien's own bias as "19th century traditionalist" in his "A Comment on Ch'ien Mu's Treatise on Chinese Scholarships During the Qing Dynasty" (錢穆論清學史述評) for being unable to view 19th century currents of thoughts with contemporary (20th century) perspectives. It could be argued, however, the opposition is based upon the critics' support of the New Culture Movement's legacies, which Ch'ien explicitly rejected.
Another recurring theme from Ch'ien's critics, from the 1930s onwards, concerns his defense of traditional Chinese political system, headed by a monarch but with the government filled by examinations-based mandarins, as a representative form of government, as a simplistic fantasy.
In his survey, Traditional Government in Imperial China: A Critical Analysis Ch'ien describes the basic constitutive elements of China's traditional government as it evolved. He concentrates upon those dynasties he considers China's most representative: the Han, Tang, Song, Ming and Qing; and critically analyzes and compares their governmental organization, civil service examination system, taxation and defence.
Ch'ien Mu was also criticized for having invested in too many different academic fields. For example, his research on Chinese Literature was considered as "unprofessional". His work on Daoism and Zhuangzi : Zhuangzi Zuan Jian 莊子纂箋 had also drawn him criticisms for long.
Memorial
- New Asia College Ch'ien Mu Library
- Former Residence of Ch'ien Mu in Hongshan 鴻山 of Wuxi (Jiangsu Province)
Notes
- ^ Pt I, Jerry Dennerline Qian Mu and the World of Seven Mansions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
- ^ "About New Asia: History". Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ Chou (2011), p. 182.
- ^ "創校簡史" (PDF). New Asia Middle School. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ "Traditional Government in Imperial China: A Critical Analysis". Archived from the original on 2009-05-07.
- ^ 發展事略：錢穆先生任「錢賓四先生學術文化講座」首屆講者
- ^ Hung-yuk Ip, Tze-ki Hon, Chiu-chun Lee, "The Plurality of Chinese Modernity: A Review of Recent Scholarship on the May Fourth Movement," Modern China 29.4 (2003): 490-509.
References and further reading
- Jerry Dennerline, Qian Mu and the World of Seven Mansions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
- Yu Yingshi, You ji feng chui shuishang lin--jing dao Qian Binsi shi 猶記風吹水上粼－敬悼錢賓四師, collected in Xiandai xueshu yu xueren 現代學術與學人 (Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2006).
- Yan Gengwang 嚴耕望, Qian Mu Binsi xiansheng yu wo 錢穆賓四先生與我, collected in Zhi shi san shu 治史三書 (Shanghai: People's Publishing House, 2011).
- Chou, Grace Ai-ling (2011). Confucianism, Colonialism, and the Cold War Chinese Cultural Education at Hong Kong's New Asia College, 1949-63. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004217348.