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阿庇安(Appianus,95年-165年),古羅馬歷史學家。代表作為《羅馬史》,該書原24捲,約有一半的文字存世。他的風格簡潔生動,是後世研究羅馬史的主要依據,比如其中有古代歷史著作僅有的對斯巴達剋個人的詳細記述。
生平
阿庇安曾寫過自傳,但已佚失,研究者衹能從他自己的作品和他與友人馬庫斯·考尼利烏斯·弗竜托的通信中瞭解其生平。阿庇安約於公元95年生於亞歷山大港。近年所發現他的作品的一個片斷說到在埃及,他曾冒險參加了一次對猶太人的戰爭。這可能就是公元116年圖拉真皇帝在埃及鎮壓猶太人起義所進行的那次戰爭。約120年時,他離開埃及,前往羅馬。他曾當過律師。約147年他在弗竜托的推薦下,被任命為總督。由於總督這個職位衹能由騎士階層的人擔任,這讓我們知道了阿庇安的家庭背景。
阿庇安在序言的第十四節中所說,他在自己的二十四捲《羅馬史》中采用的不是年代順序,而是按種族順序,依照羅馬人跟其他民族以及他們自己內部所進行的戰爭,分散在各部分敘述的。今日《羅馬史》中的十一捲完整地、或者幾乎完整地留傳至今,即在西班牙的戰爭(第6捲)、漢尼拔戰爭史(第7捲)、布匿戰爭史(第8捲)、伊利裏亞戰爭(第10捲)、敘利亞戰爭(第11捲)、米特拉達梯戰爭史(第12捲)和內戰史(第13到17捲),除此外還有一些其它捲的片斷存留。現代研究者認為阿庇安的著作風格簡潔,不采用優美的詞藻,但卻生動有力,缺點是在事件細節的描述上不夠準確,但這在當時的史學家中是很常見的情況。
參考文獻
- 阿庇安. 《羅馬史》. 謝德風譯. 北京: 商務印書館. 1997. ISBN 7100017939 (中文).
- 中國大百科全書(第二版). 北京: 中國大百科全書出版社. 2009: 第1册第7頁.
Appian of Alexandria (/ˈæpiən/; Greek: Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς Appianòs Alexandreús; Latin: Appianus Alexandrinus; c. 95 – c. AD 165) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who flourished during the reigns of Emperors of Rome Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.
He was born c. 95 in Alexandria. After holding the chief offices in the province of Aegyptus (Egypt), he went to Rome c. 120, where he practised as an advocate, pleading cases before the emperors (probably as advocatus fisci, an important official of the imperial treasury). It was in 147 at the earliest that he was appointed to the office of procurator, probably in Egypt, on the recommendation of his friend Marcus Cornelius Fronto, a well-known litterateur. Because the position of procurator was open only to members of the equestrian order (the "knightly" class), his possession of this office tells us about Appian's family background.
His principal surviving work (Ρωμαϊκά Romaiká, known in Latin as Historia Romana and in English as Roman History) was written in Greek in 24 books, before 165. This work more closely resembles a series of monographs than a connected history. It gives an account of various peoples and countries from the earliest times down to their incorporation into the Roman Empire, and survives in complete books and considerable fragments. The work is very valuable, especially for the period of the civil wars.
The Civil Wars, books 13–17 of the Roman History, concern mainly the end of the Roman Republic and take a conflict-based view and approach to history. Despite the lack of cited sources for his works, these books of the Roman History are the only extant comprehensive description of these momentous decades of Roman history. The other extant work of Appian is his;”The Foreign Wars”, which includes an ethnographic style history recounting the various military conflicts against a foreign enemy in Roman history, until the time of Appian.