Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov | |||
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫 | |||
米哈伊爾·亞歷山大羅維奇·肖洛霍夫 | |||
閱讀肖洛霍夫 M.A. Sholokhov在小说之家的作品!!! |
米哈伊爾·亞歷山大羅維奇·肖洛霍夫(俄語:Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович Шо́лохов,1905年5月24日-1984年2月21日),出生於維約申斯剋區頓河流域,蘇聯作傢。連任多屆蘇共中央委員,當過蘇聯作傢協會書記,並兩次獲得社會主義勞動英雄勳章。
1922年,前往莫斯科,加入“青年近衛軍”,隔年與一位哥薩剋的女教師瑪麗姬·格羅斯拉伕斯卡婭結婚。並發表第一部短篇小說《胎記》。1924年他回到頓河開始創作,1928年《靜靜的頓河》第一部在蘇聯《十月》雜志上發表就聲譽鵲起,立刻受到國內外的矚目,在德國銷售量甚至超過雷馬剋的《西綫無戰事》,年輕的肖洛霍夫躍昇世界級作傢。1937年至1938年之間多次緻信斯大林,幾乎遭受迫害。[來源請求]1956年除夕和1957年元旦,在《真理報》連載《一個人的遭遇》。1965年以《靜靜的頓河》一書榮獲諾貝爾文學奬。另一部長篇《新墾地》是《靜靜的頓河》的續作。
1999年,《靜靜的頓河》手稿被發現存於肖洛霍夫密友庫達紹夫的遠親傢中。當時的俄羅斯總統普京下令財政部籌款,以50萬美元購得,俄羅斯文獻鑒定專傢委員會鑒定手稿確為肖洛霍夫手跡,目前珍藏於“高爾基世界文學研究所”。聯合國教科文組織决定,2005年命名為“肖洛霍夫年”。
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫-生平經歷
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫(Sholokhov,MikhailAleksandrovich)1905年5月24日出生在頓河維申斯剋鎮附近的剋魯日林村,他的一生中絶大部分時間在那裏度過。父親當過店員和磨坊經理,業餘好讀書,訂閱多種文藝報刊和書籍,培養了他自幼對文學的愛好。他僅受過4年教育,靠自學成纔,是頓河哥薩剋地區多姿多彩的生活給予了後來成為作傢的肖洛霍夫取之不盡的創作素材。上中學時因1918年爆發的國內戰爭蔓延到學校所在的縣城而休學。國內革命戰爭時期,頓河地區的鬥爭十分激烈和殘酷。少年時代的肖洛霍夫不僅是這場鬥爭的目擊者,而且直接參與了紅色政權組建時的一些工作,1920年頓河地區建立蘇维埃政權後,他熱情投身新生活的建設,先後當過鎮革命委員會辦事員、掃盲教師、業餘劇團的編劇兼演員、武裝徵糧隊員等。1922年秋到莫斯科謀生。1923年發表第一篇習作小品文,從此以寫作為生,不斷在各級報刊發表小品文、特寫和小說。1924年12月加入俄羅斯無産階級作傢聯合會(即拉普)。
1914年肖洛霍夫先是被送往莫斯科,後來又回到哥薩剋村裏上學。十三歲時,正值第一次世界大戰,德軍對烏剋蘭的入侵中斷了他的學業。1919年至1922年這段時間裏,年輕的肖洛霍夫為紅軍做過各種工作,其中一項是在頓河地區徵集軍糧,大部分哥薩剋人卻竭力抵製布爾什維剋的“橫徵暴斂”。
1922年,肖洛霍夫去莫斯科,加入了“青年近衛軍”,成為年輕的無産階級作傢組織的一員。
1922年,肖洛霍夫來到莫斯科,開始從事文學活動,並參加了文學團體“青年近衛軍”。1923年,肖洛霍夫與一位哥薩剋的女教師瑪麗姬·格羅斯拉夫斯卡婭結婚。1923—1924年間在《青年真理報》上登載了他的三篇雜文《考驗》、《三》、《欽差》和他的第一部短篇小說《胎記》 。
1925年他們回到了頓河地區定居。《靜靜的頓河》第一部的巨大成功使肖洛霍夫聲名鵲起,經過14年的時間終於全部聞名於世1926年,他出版小說集《頓河故事》和《淺藍的原野》(後合為一集),受到文壇的關註。在集子的20多篇小說中,作傢把嚴峻而復雜的社會鬥爭濃縮到家庭中間和個人關係之間展開,在哥薩剋內部尖銳的階級衝突的背景中展示了觸目驚心的悲劇情景和衆多的悲劇人物。早期作品特色鮮明,但藝術上還欠成熟。1940年,長篇小說《靜靜的頓河》完成。小說引起了極大的反響。
1930年肖洛霍夫見到了斯大林,1932年肖洛霍夫成為一名正式的蘇共黨員。根據後來發表的文件,肖洛霍夫曾兩次在斯大林的親自過問下,於30年代救助過遭受饑荒和政治清洗的頓河人民。1938年肖洛霍夫本人受到人民內務委員會的迫害,但由於斯大林的幫助而幸免於難。在30年代,肖洛霍夫的國際聲譽逐漸上升,他在文學界為黨所做的政治工作使他得以崛起。
在創作《靜靜的頓河》期間,肖洛霍夫又完成了反映農業集體化運動的長篇小說《被開墾的處女地》 (又譯《新墾地》)第一部(1932,第二部於1960年完成)。小說以頓河格列米雅其村集體農莊的建立、發展和鞏固為背景,寫出了鬥爭的復雜和尖銳。儘管對這一運動本身和作傢的評價態度有不同見解,但是小說中達維多夫、拉古爾洛夫和梅譚尼可夫等形象鮮明生動,戲劇性的情節緊張感人。小說前後兩部的風格有明顯差異。
衛國戰爭時期,肖洛霍夫上過前綫,寫了許多通訊、特寫和短篇小說。1943年開始發表反映衛國戰爭的長篇小說《他們為祖國而戰》 (未完成,1943—1944年,以連載形式發表,這部小說早就構思好了,但卻不得不一次又一次地推遲脫稿)。1957年發表的短篇小說《一個人的遭遇》 (又譯《人的命運》)産生了很大的影響,被稱為當代蘇聯軍事文學新浪潮的開篇之作。作傢通過主人公索科洛夫在戰爭中的不幸遭遇和所表現出的堅韌品格,深刻地反映了法西斯的侵略戰爭給千百萬蘇聯人民帶來的深重災難,以及蘇聯人民強烈的愛國主義精神、博大的胸懷和不可推摧的意志。作傢沒有拔高人物的行為和塗抹理想主義的色彩,真實地描寫了主人公的家庭悲劇、精神痛苦和心靈創傷,作品散發着強烈的人道主義氣息。英雄主義品格凡人化是這部作品的一個重要特徵。小說采用的是故事套故事的形式,主人公的自述與作者的旁白相交融,作品的感情色彩和抒情氛圍得以強化。小說發表後很受歡迎,而且像其他幾部作品一樣,成功地搬上了銀幕。
斯大林死後,肖洛霍夫逐漸成為蘇聯文學界的元老,他接受過各種奬勵,給文學社團和學校團體作過報告,嚮年輕人提出種種建議,但與此後涌現出的作傢的接觸卻越來越少。肖洛霍夫為戰後文學史上日丹諾夫的高壓政策辯護,並對在國外發表作品的蘇聯作傢進行攻擊,結果招致了許多蘇聯嚴肅作傢的憎惡。他還成為反美宣傳的代言人。然而,他在群衆中的威望仍然很高,他的描寫頓河哥薩剋人的小說也一直被列為學校的教科書。1937年,收有肖洛霍夫的演講、應時散文和對青年人的講話和建議的一部選集譯成英語,題為《心靈的召喚:散文、札記、演講和論文集》。1956年到1960年,肖洛霍夫的八捲本全集在蘇聯出版,此後的各捲也陸續發行。1984年肖洛霍夫全集的英譯新版本問世。
肖洛霍夫的筆始終與頓河哥薩剋的命運相連。他的作品反映了處於歷史轉折時期的哥薩剋人民的生活變遷,塑造了許多個性鮮明的哥薩剋形象,並開創了獨特的悲劇史詩的藝術風格。1965年,肖洛霍夫因其“在描寫俄國人民生活各歷史階段的頓河史詩中所表現出來的藝術力量和正直品格”而獲得諾貝爾文學奬。
第二次世界大戰期間,肖洛霍夫兩次被授予“社會主義勞動英雄”的稱號,1939年他獲得列寧勳章,1941年獲得斯大林奬金,1960年獲得列寧文學奬金,並獲其他多種榮譽。他支持第二次世界大戰結束至斯大林死後解凍時期的蘇聯文學界的高壓政策,因而聲譽下降,但在人民中間仍受崇敬。1984年肖洛霍夫在他的出生地剋魯齊林諾村去世。
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫-小說特色 ①《靜靜的頓河》篇幅宏大,人物衆多,無論從反映生活的深度或廣度來說,都稱得上一部史詩性作品。小說全面概括從第一次世界大戰到國內戰爭的整個時代風雲變幻,既描寫重大的政治歷史事件,也描寫硝煙彌漫的戰場廝殺,同時還描寫具有濃厚鄉土氣息的哥薩剋人的勞動、愛情和日常生活。
②小說中的人物上至將軍統帥,下至一般群衆,都塑造得很有個性,其中幾個主要人物的形象尤為鮮明生動。沉着幹練的施托剋曼,對革命忠心耿耿的彭楚剋,勇敢樂觀而又魯莽偏激的珂曬沃依,令人掩捲難忘。彼得羅的頑固粗野,米琪喀的下流殘暴,李斯特尼茨基的陰險狡滑,也都鞭闢入裏。妲麗亞骯髒無恥,阿剋西尼亞熱情放蕩,娜塔莉亞善良莊重,杜妮亞希珈天真活潑,這幾個哥薩剋婦女則描寫得各具特色。
③小說對頓河草原的壯麗景色的描繪,對哥薩剋人幽默風趣的語言運用,非常出色。所有這些都顯示了作傢深厚的生活積纍和堅實的藝術功力。
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫-流派背景
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫肖洛霍夫作品肖洛霍夫是社會主義現實主義的代表作傢,這個術語及其定義是在1932至1934年蘇聯文藝界關於創作方法問題討論過程中,由作傢和理論傢提出、經斯大林同意後確定下來的。關於社會主義現實主義的定義,在1934年全蘇第一次作傢代表大會通過的蘇聯作傢協會章程裏作了如下的表述:“社會主義現實主義,作為蘇聯文學與蘇聯文學批評的基本方法,要求藝術傢從現實的革命發展中真實地、歷史具體地去描寫現實;同時,藝術描寫的真實性和歷史具體性必須與用社會主義精神從思想上改造和教育勞動人民的任務結合起來。社會主義現實主義保證藝術創作有特殊的可能性去發揮創造的主動性,去選擇各種各樣的形式、風格和體裁。”
與社會主義現實主義文學直接相關的是無産階級文學。自從無産階級成為獨立的政治力量登上世界歷史舞臺起,無産階級文學運動就開始了。英國憲章派詩歌、德國無産階級詩歌及法國巴黎公社文學就是無産階級文學的開端。而社會主義現實主義文學一般認為形成於20世紀初,即俄國1905年革命之後,是從高爾基的《母親》和《敵人》的創作開始的。19世紀無産階級詩歌,包括鮑狄埃等的巴黎公社文學,衹是無産階級文學的萌芽,不能看作是社會主義現實主義文學。雖然科學社會主義在19世紀中期已經形成,它能夠從理論上科學地論證社會主義必然要獲得勝利的歷史規律性,但是,這個時期的工人運動還剛剛開始。那些與工人運動有聯繫的作傢、藝術傢由於工人運動本身尚不成熟,他們還不能描繪出與工人運動有聯繫的整個時代和社會生活的廣阔的現實主義圖畫。要做到這一點,衹有在無産階級領導下,為社會主義思想團结一致的千百萬人民群衆行動起來之後。換句話說,社會主義現實主義是同無産階級革命的成熟階段相聯繫的。衹有到了第一次俄國革命時期,纔具有這種革命的形勢和特點。
50至60年代,蘇聯文藝界圍繞社會主義現實主義問題又展開過一場廣泛而持久的爭論。一部分人繼續堅持社會主義現實主義是蘇聯文學和文學批評的基本原則,另一部分人則攻擊社會主義現實主義已成了“公式”、“教條”、“僵死的規則”等,並把問題同斯大林“個人崇拜”聯繫起來,要求重新審議這一原則。從這個時期起,蘇聯文藝界出現了創作方法多元論局面。有的提倡批判現實主義,有的贊成自然主義,也有的要求在社會主義現實主義之外增加一個“社會主義文學”的概念,認為社會主義現實主義的範圍太狹小,概括不了全部蘇聯作傢的創作實質。
經過長期的反復的爭論後,一種新的觀點(對社會主義現實主義的新解釋)逐漸形成,這就是文藝理論傢德·馬爾科夫提出的把社會主義現實主義看作是“真實地描寫生活的歷史地開放的體係”的觀點。他指出,過去(30至50年代)蘇聯文藝理論界對現實主義,包括社會主義現實主義,有一種庸俗化的教條主義的解釋,即把它當作假設的總和、標準和法則的法典。後來這種觀點逐漸被擯棄。許多作傢、理論傢都指出了這種解釋的狹隘性質,認為應該賦予社會主義現實主義以更大的思想容量,更廣阔的美學天地,但又産生了另一個極端,即有人企圖“取消社會主義藝術的思想基礎”。“開放體係”理論就是在否定對社會主義現實主義的兩種極端的觀點後提出的。他認為,社會主義現實主義不能衹局限於一種表現生活的形式,即以生活本身的形式表現生活,而應當以“廣泛的真實性”為準則,除了以生活本身的形式表現生活外,還應容許以浪漫主義的形式,假設幻想的形式,甚至怪誕的形式來表現生活;社會主義現實主義不僅可以從古典藝術遺産裏吸收養料,也可以從現代一切藝術流派中得到有用的東西。當然,這要經過改造,使之能“與新體係的要求相適應”。社會主義現實主義應當是“開放的美學體係”,“它對客觀地認識不斷發展的現實生活來說是沒有止境的,題材的選擇是沒有限製的”。不過社會主義現實主義的“開放性”也不是無邊的,它的邊界就是“廣泛真實性的標準”。馬爾科夫的“開放體係”理論,現在已為蘇聯多數作傢、批評傢所接受。
社會主義現實主義首先是在蘇聯確立的,後來得到其他國傢許多作傢的贊成和擁護,已成了國際的文學現象。巴比塞、阿拉貢、貝希爾、安娜·西格斯、布萊希特、布雷德爾、伏契剋、尼剋索以及聶魯達等都被認為是社會主義現實主義的作傢。
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫-美學追求 蘇聯20年代以國內戰爭與革命為題材的作品,層出不窮,但大多是以無産階級英雄人物為主人公,歌頌他們高尚的品質、為革命獻身的英雄主義精神和艱苦奮鬥的英雄事跡。這樣一批文學,多有“應命”文學的痕跡,塑造人物上有“高、大、全”式的弊病,雖然自稱“革命現實主義”,但都具有粉飾和拔高的不“現實”的通病。而肖洛霍夫的《靜靜的頓河》卻是一個例外,這是“一部使世界為之驚異的書”,其最大的特點,就在於肖洛霍夫從另外一個美學視角展現了戰爭與革命,偉大之處在於--如他自己所言,他是寫“白軍對紅軍的鬥爭,而不是紅軍對白軍的鬥爭”,也就是說,是從“人”的角度來審視革命,而不是從革命的角度來批評“人”。在這裏,他的現實主義與人道主義完美地結合在一起。
肖洛霍夫繼承並發展了托爾斯泰那種把道德意識與審美意識相結合的美學傳統,以一個藝術傢全部的良知,直面現實,懷着深厚的人道主義同情,譜寫了一麯悲劇主題的偉大史詩。為了實踐這種人道主義追求,在《靜靜的頓河》中,作者運用了一種不同於“革命現實主義”的真正的現實主義原則,即:不粉飾現實、不拔高人物、還原歷史的本來面目。這幾點說起來雖然簡單,但在當時萬馬齊喑的蘇聯文壇卻是非常勇敢和難能可貴的。
肖洛霍夫一貫堅持藝術真實要遵循生活真實的原則,他曾告誡年輕的作傢:“作傢在小事情上違背真實,便會引起讀者的懷疑,讀者會想,在大的問題上可能他也會撒謊。”敢於面對現實,敢於秉筆直書生活中的矛盾與衝突,這是肖洛霍夫藝術的良知,也是他在現實主義美學上的獨創性。
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫-個人作品
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫作品《靜靜的頓河》
《新墾地》(舊譯《被開墾的處女地》)
《一個人的遭遇》
《考驗》
《三》
《欽差》
《頓河故事》
《淺藍的原野》
《他們為祖國而戰》
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫-中國影響 米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫是二十世紀蘇聯文學的傑出代表,也是我國讀者十分熟悉且至今仍給予特殊關註的作傢。這不僅僅因為他給世界人民留下了《靜靜的頓河》、《新墾地》(舊譯《被開墾的處女地》)、《一個人的遭遇》等珍貴的文學遺産,還因為他一生的創作和文學活動與我國文化事業的發展始終存在着或直接或間接的聯繫,並産生了一定影響。
二十年代末,我國新文學奠基人魯迅首先註意到肖洛霍夫的作品。1928年《靜靜的頓河》第一部在《十月》雜志上發表,第二年魯迅先生便約請賀非翻譯,並親自校訂,還撰寫了後記。1931年《靜靜的頓河》中譯本作為魯迅編輯的“現代文藝叢書”之一,由上海神州國光社出版。從此,肖洛霍夫的作品幾乎每發表一部,都很快介紹到中國來。尤其是《一個人的遭遇》在《真理報》上剛一刊出,當月就譯成了中文,而且有兩個不同的譯本,先後在《解放軍文藝》和《譯文》上發表。這在中國翻譯史上是難尋之事。
肖洛霍夫對中國作傢影響頗深。具體而言,主要表現在四個方面:客觀真實的創作原則、關註普通人命運的創作立場、魅力無窮的人性刻畫以及魂牽夢縈的鄉土情結。中國作傢在吸收和藉鑒肖洛霍夫創作經驗的基礎上,還繼承了本國優秀的民族文化傳統,進而形成他們自己獨具特色的創作風格。
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫-後世影響
米哈依爾·肖洛霍夫作品圍繞着肖洛霍夫的作品,在俄羅斯,乃至在世界許多國傢,一直頗多爭議。儘管他曾因《靜靜的頓河》獲得了諾貝爾文學奬,但事前事後這些爭議始終沒有平息。關於肖洛霍夫本人作為一個歷史人物,也評價不一,特別是在蘇聯解體後,分歧更大:有人指責說,他實際上在各重要歷史階段,曾經為許多錯誤政策張目;有人則維護說,他先知先覺,大智大勇,從二、三十年代起就是反對錯誤路綫的英雄。
肖洛霍夫是二十世紀蘇聯文學的傑出代表。第二次世界大戰期間,肖洛霍夫兩次被授予“社會主義勞動英雄”的稱號,1939年他獲得列寧勳章,1941年獲得斯大林奬金,1960年獲得列寧文學奬金,1965年獲得諾貝爾文學奬,並獲其他多種榮譽。
肖洛霍夫認為小說是能使藝術傢“描繪出現實世界最廣阔的圖景,並能以此反映自己對現實世界及其重大問題的看法的文學形式”。然而這樣一來,現實主義就融進了現代特徵,於是肖洛霍夫稱其為社會主義現實主義,即“傳播革新生活,並為了人類利益去重建生活理想的現實主義”。
但是,肖洛霍夫的小說不同於早期現實主義作傢作品的突出之處,不在於他對社會主義的強調,而在於他的寫作風格。在他的作品中,這種風格體現為豐富新鮮而又有鄉土氣息的比喻,表現故事人物的敘事文體(反映出20年代特有的對故事的興趣)和對句法的改革實驗,以及小說內部各種文體的交替使用(如描寫自然的濃郁的抒情文體與人物的簡潔、極端口語化的對話文體相對照)。評論傢愛德華·J·布朗在評論肖洛霍夫將着意修飾的華麗文體用於史詩主題時,認為他創作了一種既有魅力又有獨創性的作品,僅憑這一點,肖洛霍夫獲得諾貝爾文學奬也是當之無愧的!
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (Russian: Михаил Александрович Шолохов, IPA: [ˈʂoləxəf]; 24 May [O.S. 11 May] 1905 – 21 February 1984) was a Soviet-Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is known for writing about life and fate of Don Cossacks during the Russian Revolution, the civil war and the period of collectivization, primarily in his most famous novel, And Quiet Flows the Don.
Life and work
Sholokhov was born in Russia, in the "land of the Cossacks" – the Kruzhilin hamlet, part of stanitsa Vyoshenskaya, in the former Administrative Region of the Don Cossack Host. His father, Aleksander Mikhailovich Sholokhov (1865–1925), was a member of the lower middle class, at different times a farmer, a cattle trader, and a miller. Sholokhov's mother, Anastasia Danilovna Chernikova (1871–1942), the widow of a Cossack, came from Ukrainian peasant stock (her father was a peasant in the Chernihiv oblast). She did not become literate until a point in her life when she wanted to correspond with her son. His family were not Don Cossacks, but inogorodyne ("outlanders"), the rather disparaging term used by the Don Cossacks for outsiders who settled in the territory of the Don Cossack Host by the banks of the river Don. The inogorodyne tended to be much more poorer than the Don Cossacks and were excluded from voting for officials in the Host government (the Don Cossack Host were allowed to elect almost of its leaders except for the ataman who headed the Host who was always appointed by the Emperor).
Sholokhov attended schools in Karginskaya , Moscow, Boguchar, and Veshenskaya until 1918, when he joined the Bolshevik side in the Russian Civil War at the age of 13. He spent the next few years fighting. During the Russian Civil War, the inogorodyne tended to support the Reds while the Don Cossacks tended to support the Whites.
Sholokhov began writing at 17. He completed his first literary work, the short story "The Birthmark", at 19. In 1922 Sholokhov moved to Moscow to become a journalist, but he had to support himself through manual labour. He was a stevedore, a stonemason, and an accountant from 1922 to 1924, but he also intermittently participated in writers' "seminars". His first published work was a satirical article, The Test (19 October 1923). In 1924 Sholokhov returned to Veshenskaya and began devoting himself entirely to writing. In the same year he married Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaia (1901–1992), the daughter of Pyotr Gromoslavsky, the ataman of Bukanovskaya village. They had two daughters and two sons.
Sholohov's first book Tales from the Don, a volume of stories largely based on his personal experiences in his native region during World War I and the Russian Civil War, was published in 1926. The story "Nakhalyonok", partly based on his own childhood, was later made into a popular film.
In the same year, Sholokhov began writing And Quiet Flows the Don, which took him fourteen years to complete (1926–1940). It became the most-read work of Soviet fiction and was heralded as a powerful example of socialist realism, and it earned him both the 1941 State Stalin Prize and the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature. It deals with the experiences of the Cossacks before and during World War I and the Russian Civil War.
Another novel, Virgin Soil Upturned, which earned a Lenin Prize, took 28 years to complete. It is composed of two parts, Seeds of Tomorrow (1932) and Harvest on the Don (1960), and reflects life during collectivization in the Don area.
The short story "The Fate of a Man" (1957) was made into a popular Russian film.
During World War II Sholokhov wrote about the Soviet war effort for various journals. He also covered the devastation caused by Wehrmacht troops along the Don. His mother was killed when Veshenskaya was bombed in 1942.
Sholokhov's unfinished novel They Fought for Their Country is about World War II (known in the Soviet Union, and now in Russia, as the Great Patriotic War).
Sholokhov's collected works were published in eight volumes between 1956 and 1960.
Authorship of texts
First rumors of Sholokhov's supposed plagiarism appeared in 1928 following the success of the first two volumes of And Quiet Flows the Don: it was speculated that the author stole the manuscript from a dead White Army officer. Sholokhov asked the Pravda newspaper to prove his authorship, submitted his manuscripts of the first three volumes of And Quiet Flows the Don and the plan of the fourth one. In 1929 a special commission was formed that accepted Sholokhov's authorship. In the conclusion signed by four experts, the commission stated that there was no evidence of plagiarism on the one hand, and on the other hand the manuscripts' style was close to that of Sholokhov's previous book, Tales from the Don.
The allegations resurfaced in the 1960s with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn as a notable proponent, possibly in retaliation for Sholokhov's scathing opinion of Solzhenitsyn's novella One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. Several other writers have been proposed as the 'original' author, although Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and Anti-Bolshevik who had died in 1920 has emerged as the leading candidate.
In 1984 Norwegian Slavicist and mathematician Geir Kjetsaa, in a monograph written with three other colleagues, provided statistical analyses of sentence lengths showing that Mikhail Sholokhov was likely the true author of And Quiet Flows the Don,
The debate focused on the published book, because Sholokhov's archive was destroyed in a bomb raid during the Second World War and no manuscript material or drafts were known. 143 pages of the manuscript of the 3rd & 4th books were later found and returned to Sholokhov; since 1975, they have been held by the Pushkin House in St Petersburg. Then, in 1987, several hundred pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered, including chapters excluded from the final draft. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife, Maria, and sisters. Sholokhov had had his friend Vassily Kudashov look after it, and after he was killed at war his widow took possession of the manuscript, but she never disclosed it. The manuscript was finally obtained by the Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1999 with assistance from the Russian government.
In 1999 the Russian Academy of Science carried out an analysis of the manuscript and came to the conclusion that And Quiet Flows the Don had been written by Sholokhov himself. A lengthy analysis by Felix Kuznetsov of the creative process visible in the papers provides detailed support for Sholokhov's authorship.
Political and social activity
Sholokhov met Joseph Stalin in 1930 and must have made a good impression, because he was one of very few people who could give the dictator a truthful account of what was happening in the country without risk to himself. In the 1930s, he wrote several letters to Stalin from his home in Veshenskaya about the appalling conditions in the kolkhozes and sovkhozes along the Don, requesting assistance for the farmers. In January 1931, he warned: "Comrade Stalin, without exaggeration, conditions are catastrophic!" On 4 April 1933, he sent a long letter in which, among many other details, he named two OGPU officers whom he accused of torturing prisoners from his district. Stalin reacted by sending a senior official, Matvei Shkiryatov, to investigate. The two officers were arrested and sentenced to death; their sentences were later revoked, but they were banned from working in Sholokhov's home village. Stalin also arranged for extra food to be sent to Veshenskaya and the neighbouring district.
Sholokhov joined the CPSU in 1932, and in 1937 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. In August 1937, his best friend, the secretary of the Veshenskaya party committee, P.K. Lugovoi, was arrested. Sholokohov was due to take part in an international writers' conference, but he refused to leave the country while Lugovoi was being held. Stalin sent another official, Vladimir Stavsky, to investigate, and invited Sholokhov to visit him in the Kremlin. After their meeting, on 4 November 1937, Lugovoi and two other prisoners on whose behalf Sholokhov had interceded were released, but in a subsequent letter to Stalin, he complained that the people responsible for wrongfully arresting them had not been punished.
On a visit to Moscow in 1938, Sholokhov met Yevgenia Yezhova, wife of Nikolai Yezhov, the chief of police, and checked into a hotel room with her, unaware that the room was bugged. Yezhov heard the recording and attacked Yezhova. On 23 October 1938, Sholokhov met Stalin in the Kremlin to complain that he had been put under surveillance in Veshenskaya, but when Yezhov was summoned to explain, he claimed not to know why. They met again on 31 October: this time the officer who had been investigating Sholokhov was also summoned. He said his orders had come from Moscow, but Yezhov again denied giving the order. Sholokhov claimed that he completed the fourth and last volume of And Quiet Flows the Don and its sequel on 21 December 1939, the day when the USSR was celebrating what was supposedly Stalin's 60th birthday, and celebrated by opening a bottle of wine that Stalin had given him. He then wrote to Stalin to say how he had marked the special day.
In 1959 he accompanied Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev on a trip to Europe and the United States. He became a member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1961, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1939, and was a member of the USSR Supreme Soviet. He was twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and later became vice president of the Union of Soviet Writers.
He commented on the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial at the 23rd Congress by saying that the prison terms meted out to Sinyavsky and Daniel had been much too lenient compared to the "revolutionary understanding of what is right" during the 1920s, which turned part of the Soviet intelligentsia against him and resulted in two open letters by Lydia Chukovskaya and Yuri Galanskov addressed to Sholokhov.
Late years
Sholokhov almost stopped writing after 1969 and spent the late years at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa. He used his Order of Lenin money to build a local school and his Nobel Prize — to take the family on a road trip over Europe and Japan. In 1972 he became a vocal critic of Alexander Yakovlev, then a head of the Central Committee Propaganda Department, and his article "Against Antihistoricism" which attacked Russian nationalism; this resulted in a Politburo meeting and removal of Yakovlev from his position (he was then sent as an ambassador to Canada).
Mikhail Sholokhov died on 21 February 1984 from laryngeal cancer. He was buried on the territory of his house at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa along with his wife Maria Petrovna Sholokhova (nee Gromoslovskaya, 1902—1992).
Honours and Awards
- Soviet Union
- Foreign
Grand Master of the Order of Cyril and Methodius (Bulgaria) | |
Order of Georgi Dimitrov (Bulgaria) | |
Star of People's Friendship (East Germany) | |
Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia) |
Legacy
- An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.
- Sholokhov Moscow State University for Humanities bears his name.
- His house at the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa was turned into the National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve.
- There are a number of monuments in Moscow and Rostov-on-Don.
- Grigory and Aksinya and Grigory and Aksinya in a boat sculptures in the Vyoshenskaya stanitsa and Rostov-on-Don, respectfully.
- The Moscow National Guard Presidential Cadets School is named after him.
Selected publications
- Donskie Rasskazy, 1925 – Tales of the Don.
- Lazorevaja Step, 1926.
- Tikhii Don, 4 vol., 1928–1940 (The Quiet Don) – And Quiet Flows the Don (1934); The Don Flows Home to the Sea (1940); Quiet Flows the Don (1966). A three-part film version, directed by Sergei Gerasimov and starring P. Glebov, L. Khityaeva, Z. Kirienko and E. Bystrltskaya, was produced in 1957–1958.
- Podnyataya Tselina, 1932–1960 – Virgin Soil Upturned (1935); Harvest on the Don (1960).
- Oni Srazhalis Za Rodinu, 1942 – They Fought for Their Country.
- Nauka Nenavisti, 1942 – Hate / The Science of Hatred.
- Slovo O Rodine, 1951.
- Sudba Cheloveka, 1956–1957 – Destiny of a Man. A film version directed by Sergei Bondarchuk and starring Sergei Bondarchuk, Pavlik Boriskin, Zinaida Kirienko, Pavel Volkov, Yuri Avelin, and K. Alekseev was produced in 1959.
- Sobranie Sochinenii, 1956–1958 – collected works (8 vols.)
- Oni Srazhalis Za Rodinu, 1959 – They Fought for their Country
- Sobranie Sochinenii, 1962 – collected works (8 vols.)
- Early Stories, 1966.
- One Man's Destiny, and Other Stories, Articles, and Sketches, 1923–1963, 1967
- Fierce and Gentle Warriors, 1967.
- Po Veleniju Duši, 1970 – At the Bidding of the Heart
- Sobranie Sochinenii, 1975 (8 vols.)
- Rossiya V Serdtse, 1975.
- SLOVO O RODINE, 1980.
- Collected Works, 1984 (8 vols.)
- Sobranie Sochinenii, 1985 (collected works) (8 vols.)
- Sholokhov I Stalin, 1994.
References
- ^ ab c d e f g h Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov. Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ "Sholokhov". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ Ryan, Bryan (1991). Major 20th-century writers: a selection of sketches from Contemporary authors. Farmington Hills: Gale Research. p. 2716. ISBN 0810379155.
- ^ Ermolaev, Herman (1982). Mikhail Sholokhov and His Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 9.ISBN 9780691629834
- ^ Struve, Gleb (1971). Russian Literature under Lenin and Stalin, 1917—1953. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 137 ISBN 978-0806109312
- ^ Письмо в редакцию // Правда. 1929. 29 марта. С. 4. (A Letter to the Editorial Office. Pravda, 1929, 29 March, p. 4.) (Russian)
- ^ ab c d Kuznetsov, F. (2003) Рукопись "Тихого дона" и проблема авторства, pp. 96–206 in Новое о Михаиле Шолохове: Исследования и материалы. Moscow: Gorky Institute of World Literature
- ^ Scammell, Michael (25 January 1998) BOOKEND; The Don Flows Again. New York Times
- ^ Chernyshova, Veronika (30 November 2006). "Ответ антишолоховедению". exlibris.ng.ru. Archived from the originalon 18 July 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
- ^ Kjetsaa, G., Gustavsson, S., Beckman, B., Gil, S. (1984) The Authorship of "The Quiet Don", Solum Forlag A.S., Oslo/Humanities Pres, NJ.
- ^ Hjort N. L. (2007), "And quiet does not flow the Don: statistical analysis of a quarrel between Nobel laureates Archived 2008-10-30 at the Wayback Machine", Consilience Archived 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (editor—Østreng W.) 134–140 (Oslo: Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters).
- ^ Karamysheva, Lyudmila (25 May 2000). РУКОПИСИ ВПРАВДУ НЕ ГОРЯТ!. Trud (Russian newspaper)
- ^ "Подлинность рукописи "Тихого Дона" установлена". lenta.ru. 25 October 1999. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ ФЭБ: Переписка – 1997 (описание)
- ^ McSmith, p. 207
- ^ McSmith, pp. 207–209
- ^ Lah (ed), Lars T. (1995). Stalin's Letters to Molotov. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 232. ISBN 0-300-06211-7.
- ^ Jensen, Marc (2002). Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 166159–160. ISBN 978-0-8179-2902-2.
- ^ McSmith, p. 221
- ^ Quoted in Morson, Gary Saul (8 February 2019) "Collaborator Laureate". Wall Street Journal
- ^ Sinyavsky–Daniel trial article at Kommersant №12, p. 22, 3 April 2015 (in Russian)
- ^ Aleksei Torgashev. Who and how spent his Nobel Prize article at Kommersant, from Ogoniok №41, p. 16, 16 October 2005 (in Russian)
- ^ Ligachyov, Yegor (2018). Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin: The Memoirs Of Yegor Ligachev. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8133-2887-4
- ^ ab Official website of the National Sholokhov Museum-Reserve
- ^ Monument to Mikhail Sholokhov at TripAdvisor
- ^ Monument to Sholokhov at TripAdvisor
- ^ Monument to Sholokhov at TripAdvisor
Cited sources
- McSmith, Andy (2015). Fear and the Muse Kept Watch. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-056-6.
Further reading
- Boeck, Brian J, Stalin's Scribe: Literature, Ambition, and Survival: The Life of Mikhail Sholokhov (2019) excerpt
- Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. "Sholokhov and the riddle of ‘The Quiet Don’". The Times Literary Supplement, 24 May 2016 (originally published 1974).