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【"Marco Polo"】
Marco Polo was a child, his father and uncle to the East on business, came to Dadu and North Korea met in Beijing today, the Mongol Empire of Kublai Khan, Khan has also brought back a letter to the Pope. They go home, a small Oriental Marco Polo travel every day pestering them about the story. These stories caused a small interest in Marco Polo, made him determined to keep up his father and uncle to China. 1271, Marco Polo 17 years old, his father and uncle took the Pope's letter of reply, and gifts, led a dozen fellow traveler Marco Polo, together with the rolls of the Orient. They entered the Mediterranean from Venice, and then across the Black Sea, through the ancient city of Mesopotamia to the Middle East, Baghdad, from here to the mouth of the Persian Gulf Hormuz can boat go straight to her. However, when the accident happened. When they go out and buy something in a town when they were robbers eye on, the gang robbers by night when they caught them, and they were in prison. Middle of the night, Marco Polo and his father escaped. When they get reinforcement, the robbers had left, apart from his uncle, the other companions have disappeared. Marco Polo and his father, uncle, hereby operation to Hall, has been waiting for two months and did not come across to the Chinese ship, had changed by land. This is a road full of hardships and dangers, is to make the most ambitious travelers also discouraged the road. They Hormuz east, across the desolate horror of the Iranian desert, across the rugged Pamir cold, all the way hell and high water to overcome the disease, hunger plagued escape the robbers, wild beasts of the invasion, has finally come Xinjiang, China. One here, Marco Polo's eyes will be attracted. Beautiful downtown Kashgar, Hotan jade rich, floral scent of the orchard are everywhere, Mark them to continue east, through the Taklimakan Desert, to the ancient city of Dunhuang, visited the world-famous Buddhist sculptures and murals. Then they saw the Great Wall through Jade Gate. Finally through the Hexi Corridor, and finally both reached - the northern capital of the Yuan Dynasty. This time is the summer of 1275 from the homeland they left four summers and winters have been a! Marco Polo's father and uncle goes to the Pope to Kublai Khan's letters and gifts presented to the sweat of Marco Polo. Sweat very appreciative of bright young Marco Polo, specifically ask them about the palace of knowledge along the way and bring them back most of the same, then an official in the Yuan Dynasty also left their office. Marco Polo smart quickly learned Mongolian and Chinese. He took instructions from the order of sweat all over the opportunity to visit, I went to the mountains and rivers of China, China's vast and rich him stunned. He has been to Xinjiang, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Beijing, and also ambassador to Vietnam, Burma, Sumatra. He Wherever he went, always examine in detail the local customs, geography, human. Most of the back after he detailed report to the Kublai Khan was. In the "Marco Polo", he praised China's prosperity Sheng Changming; developed business, the bustling bazaar, China and the United States of cheap silk brocade, pet Wei spectacular capital, improve the post roads to facilitate traffic, the general circulation notes and so on. The contents of the book, so that each person reading this book infinitely fascinating. 17 years passed quickly, more and more homesick Marco Polo. The spring of 1292, Marco Polo and his father, uncle, commissioned by Kublai Khan, escorting a Mongol princess to Persia to marry. They took the opportunity to return to the sweat made the request. Khan promised to them after the completion of the mission, you can turn way back. The end of 1295, three of them finally returned after an absence of 24 set in with relatives. They came back from China the news quickly spread throughout the whole of Venice, their knowledge has aroused great interest. They brought back many treasures from the Orient, Venice overnight so that they become wealthy. 1298, Venice and Genoa, Marco Polo took part in the war, unfortunately, captured on Sept. 7. In prison he met the writer Ruth ladder Him, and as a result of the Marco Polo oral, Ruth ladder modest record of "Travels of Marco Polo."
Early in the Marco Polo was alive, because the book is full of unknown people different things unheard, "Journey" was one of doubt and irony. Concerned about his friend even before his death, advised him to depart from the facts described in the book to delete. Later, as the geographical discovery, the Europeans more and more abundant knowledge of the Orient, "" Travels in talking about many things has been proved, is no longer present for the ridiculous myth. But also on the "Travels", casting doubt on the authenticity.
Until the early 19th century, academics began to criticize someone standing on the perspective of scholars this book, and questioned Marco Polo. German scholar Xu and Man is the earliest and Marco - Polo never visited China, demonstrated that the so-called his 17-year history of the Yuan Dynasty is completely absurd fabrication, travel notes and arranged for the legendary bad the church is to missionaries and business interests, in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of probation for the Mongols to China trade and creation. And said that far, but to reach the Baltic, a large Buhaliya (Bucharia) territory, the situation on the Mongol Empire from businessmen who visited the place to listen to the mouth; on India, Persia, Arabia and Ethiopia, is described borrowed from the Arabic writings. In 1965, the Han historian Herbert Franke in Germany are listed a number of doubt, such as Yangzhou official, Yangyang-gun doubt offered to prove. In 1979, the American scholar JWHaeger (Hagel) rake "Marco Polo" text, Zhuancheng "Marco Polo to China and do - see the issue from the internal evidence," the article questioned. In 1982, the British "Times" published a British scholar C. Clunas (克雷格克鲁 Salinas) "explorers footprint" of a text, put forward four questions on the Baltic have been to China a challenge, said. At the same time, China scholars are skeptical of Marco Polo. But all write essays or other papers included in the reference. In 1995, the British scholar Frances Wood (Wufang Si) After years of research, Dr., to all the questions written in a book "Marco Polo visited China? ", Thus becoming the" skeptics "and representatives.
China "positive commentators" to Mr. Yang Zhijiu represented. 40 years he kept at home and abroad since the "skeptics" to debate. Many foreign scholars also believe that Marco Polo visited China or recognized and the "Marco Polo" authenticity. The representative character of Fu Haibo, Germany, Britain and France Henry Yu Seoul Pelliot. 90 years in the 19th century, Marco Polo British expert Henry Yu Hill in his "Travels of Marco Polo - Introduction" to enumerate the "Marco Polo" in the defects and errors. He said, "Marco Polo" on China's record has many defects, such as no record of any of the Great Wall, tea, women's bound feet, with egrets fishing, artificial incubation, printing books, Chinese characters and other odd tips surgery and strange customs, etc., there are many areas of uncertainty, such as China Multi Tatar names or Persian, written matter and descendants of Genghis Khan died descent relations mistakes, and so the capture of the city of Xiangyang. But he never doubted the fact that Marco Polo visited China. Germany's Marco Fu Haibo expert once said, "In any case, do not give conclusive evidence in the book of Marco Polo is a world of Geography, including chapters on China are taken from other , perhaps the Persian data (he used a number of Persian words)
Previously, we had to be interpreted in good faith, assuming that (assume that) he went to China. "The French scientist Paul Pelliot and although the East to spend a lot of time for" Marco Polo "made a lot of comments, but Marco Polo's omission is the book that understanding, the basic recognition of Marco Polo been to China.
A, claiming to be deeply sweat trust, also served as official. However, no historical records have even one on the East Marco Polo records.
Skeptics: "But the history books with Ming Yuan figures clearly prove difficult to convince people, even more important is: This and other historical records in the same no mention of Marco - Polo's name, only shows that matter and consistent with his story, but he tells the story of well-known (such as Japan and the expedition was to assassinate the king) fills but can not prove that Marco - Polo have any connection with this matter, nor can he have been to China as the direct evidence. " (Note: Beijing Youth Daily, 2004-08-13)
Certain commentators: Marco - Polo the time management of salt may be only a small official, because he wrote about in Travels in the salt production Mayor Lu, Haimen and real state, on a small salt is not recorded in official historical records.
Skeptics: just "live" Yangzhou why "Feng sweat life", he "lived" in Yangzhou for three years to do? His impression of Yangzhou for three years on the downtown in addition to producing only the outer trappings, "nothing worth mentioning."
Skeptics: these things in the same period of Persian merchants in the travel and the 1792 visit to the UK after returning to Malaysia Karma Tierney travels are documented.
Certain commentators: no mention of the Mongols do not like tea because the tea, so Marco - Polo which also can not remember.
Skeptic: But when he wrote the book, particularly in Europe in the era of handwritten books, bound to think of the mysterious character of Chinese calligraphy and advanced printing, and more than 30 years of his early French missionaries in Mongolia Lu Lu begging not begging, "Journey to the East" has documented the Chinese calligraphy and printing.
Certain commentators: "Marco - Polo Travels" may have been recorded, but it is a book copying, after the countless people, and perhaps errors in copying, or original loss.
Certain commentators: will also Sima is due to Marco Polo?
Skeptics: traces of the book hearsay abound, Li Songshou the chaos of the time pushed back a full decade; to Genghis Khan's illness said to be death by arrows knee; the legendary Prester John graft in Africa to become grandson Kublai Khan's grandfather Li Jisi wide, while the recorded Tuotuo be something that actually defeated the sea in his home after
Certain commentators: they are in Manichean, because the teaching is considered a cult, not public events, the record lively and informative, never been to China can not control such first-hand information. This is explained Marco - Polo visited China.
Skeptics: Marco - Polo claimed to understand the Mongolian and Chinese, French, Italy, written in the book, the book has chosen to use a lot of names in Persian, we note that, when the Persians from the business people to the majority, can Travels content that is heard.
1, the book rarely mentioned Marco - Polo's father and uncle, never mention their business, not mentioned in any capacity in China to meet their business activities, just shows they have not been to China So business is also out of the question.
4,1999 in the United States as a scientific expedition, again walking Marco - Polo traveled road, but with modern means of transport, but also very difficult journey. After concluding its investigation, 10 study and 22 to provide back-up team of experts agreed that Marco - Polo came to China through this route, "is simply unimaginable." Full webcast, 10000 pairs of Marco - Polo convinced after watching Internet users vote was held, 65% thought that he had not been to China.
Marco Polo and his story "Marco Polo" has long been known, including women and children had. At home and abroad, "certain critics" confirm or acknowledge the reason why Marco Polo visited China, mainly based on two reasons: First, people of Marco Polo and the "Travels of Marco Polo" in the good faith interpretation of . On the other hand because the "Marco Polo" recorded in some of the contents, if personal experience is impossible to know at such a detailed and specific. Many scholars believe that the "Marco Polo" of the content is in repeat some well-known stories, such as the Japanese expedition to the Yuan Dynasty, the king was rebellion, Yangyang gun back and forth, the Persian envoy to escort Princess really wide wide. However, the "Marco Polo" recorded in some of the content of Queshi scholars surprised. For example, the. "Marco Polo" on the record, said in Hangzhou, Hangzhou, said at the time line, is the world's most beautiful cities, business is booming, there are 12 kinds of industries, each industry 12000. The city has a lake (ie West Lake), surrounded by up to 30 miles, beautiful. These records in the "trunk temporary Zhi" and "Dreams of" ancient texts have been confirmed in. Other bridges, such as Suzhou, many, many people in Hangzhou, as well as the Marco Polo Bridge and so on. "Marco Polo" of the records are considerably more specific, these materials at the time of the historical background is not obtained from hearsay,
Meanwhile, in the "Travels of Marco Polo" In the past, more precisely, in the 13th century, Western political, economic and cultural exchanges are the bridge through Central Asia and indirectly linked. In this Western exchanges, China has always been positive, efforts to understand and understanding outside China, particularly Western civilization. King Mu of the earliest goes back to the West Tour. Jin Guan Zhou Mu inspection tour to the West story is full of absurd and mythological, but at least reflects the Chinese people have begun to understand and recognize the West, the Western Han Dynasty Emperor Wu period of Zhang Qian, the one arriving from China to Europe via Central Asia, "Silk Road "appeared in China with the Western world to further knowledge and understanding. Tang is the heyday of feudal society, economy, culture and so on an unprecedented prosperity, a large number of Western businessmen come to China, China is more in-depth understanding of the Western world has. But until the 13th century, Western Intercourse only stay in contact with trade-based economy, the lack of direct contact and understanding. European understanding of China in the 13th century, stuck in the hearsay indirect contact, their knowledge and understanding of China is very superficial. Eastern Europeans on the world so full of mystery and of curiosity. "Marco Polo" on the Eastern world were exaggerated or even mythical description of the East Europeans also aroused the curiosity of the world. Is this intentional or not, promoting direct contact between Chinese and Western. Since then, directly between Chinese and Western political, economic, and cultural exchanges of a new era began. Marco Polo is a symbol of an era.
"Marco Polo" to open Europe's geographical and spiritual vision, set off an oriental, Chinese flow, stimulate the Europeans after centuries of Oriental. Many people began to flock to the East, studying the East, which Europe has undergone radical changes. Valuable in many medieval maps, travel notes made reference to. Many of the great navigator, sail, explore the world, is encouraged and inspired by Marco Polo. In fact, the discovery of America was an accident, because a faithful reader of Columbus Travels was originally destined for wealthy Chinese. At that time Europeans believed that China is a vast ocean east, and across the ocean, is a European home.
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Translated by Google