德国 德意志邦联  (February 22, 1788 AD～September 21, 1860 AD)

阿图尔·叔本华
亚瑟·叔本华
Township：	波兰但泽
 philosophy apprehend： 《叔本华悲观论集卷》 书读太多，反而不好 在一切幸福中，人的健康胜过任何其他幸福 大多是人都过度重视别人的想法 不必“谦虚”，只管骄傲 要么庸俗，要么孤独 人生幸福的关键是内心拥有什么 佛系哲学家：叔本华 Read works of Arthur Schopenhauer at 百家争鸣

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher known for his atheistic pessimism and philosophical clarity. At age 25, he published his doctoral dissertation, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, which examined the fundamental question of whether reason alone can unlock answers about the world.

Schopenhauer's most influential work, The World as Will and Representation, emphasized the role of man's basic motivation, which Schopenhauer called will. His analysis of will led him to the conclusion that emotional, physical, and sexual desires can never be fulfilled. Consequently, he favored a lifestyle of negating human desires, similar to the teachings of ancient Greek Stoic philosophers, Buddhism, and Vedanta.

Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of will, his views on human motivation and desire, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many well-known thinkers including Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Wagner, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Otto Rank, Carl Gustav Jung, Leo Tolstoy, and Jorge Luis Borges.