| First Name： | 墨翟 | ||||
| Township： | 山东枣庄市木石镇 | ||||
Read works of Mo Zi at 百家争鸣 | |||||
(About 479 BC ~ 381 BC). He once proposed a "universal love", "non-offensive" and other ideas, the creation of Mohist theory and the "Mo," a book handed down. Mohism great influence at the time, and the Confucian saying "significant learning." Born in Shandong Tengzhou, a small number of academics believe that Mo was born in Henan Lushan.
Birth and Death of Dynasty】 【Mo
Birth Mo, Qian had not known since the only attached to the "Biographies of Mencius", saying: "It is Said and Confucius, or say in the later." Second, that compared to the latter is. "Han Dynasty" goes: "Mo, after Confucius," "post-Han Zhang Heng Chuan" Note says: "Public transport as and when Mo Di and when Zisi, the Zhong Ni, the" all is too. I ended Chu Mo Gong Song Dynasty in the Chu King Hui of 40 four years later, 50 years ago. Mo Eve when I next catch ten weeks KING, Mo died in the time when, more than 80 years of life cover. (Ge Hong "Supernatural Biography": "In eight Shiyou Er Mo, Di Hill School Road into the week." A Summary of "Leisure Gu," he is less than that of virtual birthday. However, Mo will be more than 80 years of life, I Wei or Mo Shou 82, then later stating that his school Road into the mountains also. However, both birth and death may not be their year, then the issue of no less deep.) pushed Mo Lifetime, Zhou Jing Wang as early as the late, or and Confucius are still not Dead. (Kong Zicu to ten years of Bashiqinian of King.) Neighbor Liang, "Mo's test," quite sophisticated, however that Wang Mo Chou was born in the early years (between the first year to ten years.) After about ten years when Kong Zicu, died in the middle of King Zhou, (between twelve to twenty years.) about ten years ago when Mengzi Sheng, is still a slight mistake. I test the students Mo, Yuan Wang no later than the world, ten years after no Kongzi Cu. When the Death of King decade or so, not Mengzi Sheng previous decade. Than the beam "test," Xu shift in the top ten. Chu Gong Song by only regarding the main focus, it seems too crude in the world of the real Mo. Liang, "examination" also said that the Mo of Death, the first can not be earlier than Zheng Xu public three years after the killing. KING week because that is twelve years, nor is. Zheng Xu was killing the public, in the six years of King, so that the yellow-type three-Lu Cheng Yang Wenjun to attack in this years also. To one year of disposable dollars, and Zheng Xu was three years after the killing, has only nine weeks of An Wang. Wang Liang years starting with security, build temporary error.
"Huainan Chamber", said: "Mo Confucian school of business, subject to the art of Confucius, said that the ceremony rather than annoyance, this practice was extravagant wealth and the poor, health and harm injury Jiufu something so thoughtful and back with the summer political. "Mo cover the early years, when the positive Confucian Sheng, so to hear his teaching on, under its operation industry, non-pro by the industry in that Mo Confucius. "Mo farming pillar articles": "Ye Gongzi High asked the government to Zhong Ni, Zhong Ni said, and so on, Mozi heard of it, saying: Lord Ye without the Q, Zhong Ni failed to get it right." This by: Mo childhood, just as Confucius later years, or Jing Bu, and with Confucius and the world. Confucius Tour Cai, met Lord Ye, Zi are not yet. This cloud heard the questions and answers, may also the rumor, stating that his time Mo has been non-health, knowledge, energy and so on also. "Farming column articles" also contains the only question Zi Xia Dou in Mozi. A Summary of "Mozi Jian Gu busy," said: "" Historical Records Solitude "quoted" Do not record "Cloud: Press" Mo letter "a paper son, Wen Zi Zi Xia of the disciples, asked in Mo, so the Mo in 70 After the child. "also goes wrong. "The Analects" Zi Xia pay at the door asked son Zhang, Qi De Zhang Zi Xia said that after the child? That Mo may be too old and later in the Zi Xia, that Mo is No, not at the Seventy.
Life】 【
According to legend, people originally Sung Mo Di, was born in the town of Zaozhuang City, Shandong wood and stone. After a long stay in the Lu. Confucianism has been learning, because they are dissatisfied "Etiquette" cumbersome and Consciousness, poly only lectures, as the main opposition the Confucian. It is said the king had planned Gong Song, Mo to persuade the king, and with public input as the simulated attack and defense in the victory, the king had to retreat. Mo Zi's thinking and ideas, see Mohist.
Sima Qian Han in "Mencius, Xun Qing Historical Biography" at the end said: "Cover Song Mo Di doctor, good at Defense, for prudence. Or say, and Confucius, or say in the later." Therefore, the general view that he later is the Song.
The early 5th century BC, Mo may be born in the Song as a means of livelihood woodworking craftsmen family. At that time the society is a "Department official working on" society, that craftsmen in the strict official control, membership and services in official, social status is very low. At that time, the craftsmen are hereditary, inherited from an early age so Mo carpentry production technology, and because of his clever ingenuity, make him a clever woodworking machinery manufacturing craftsmen and outstanding home for his social activities later laid a good foundation.
He is proficient in manual skills, can be compared with the Lu Ban was the craftsman. He claimed, "I", was known as the "Commoner people in" and "slut." Wang Han's even said that the ancestors of Confucius and Mo are indecent people. Dr. Song Mo has done, boasted that "on no monarch on the matter, the difficulty of farmers under the non-farming" is a sympathetic, "farmers and workers in traditional" and the literati. Mo has been studied under the Confucian learning the art of Confucius, praised Yao Shun Dayu, studying the "poems", "book", "Spring" and other Confucian classics. But later, after the tedious ritual of the Confucian tired and eventually give it up the Confucianism, and form their own Mohist school.
Mozi, "eager to learn and Bo" ("Zhuangzi"), and is responsible for the world, veering from the big country and the people determined to good people. Mencius on this "Chi Shi Tao" is a very commendable spirit: "Mo universal love, Mount heel top up benefits the world, to succeed" ("Mencius dedication to"); Zhuangzi also sincere praise: " Mo really good thing in the world also will be desired to have, though withered dismay as well, only persons are husband! "(" Zhuangzi ").
Zi Hui is the insight into human weakness, his book, "Heaven," "Ming Ghost" something to promote Respect ghosts to frighten the power was not about the emperor system, the monarch, thus forming Mohist religion, and thus distorted by later generations and criticism. Han philosopher Wang Chong wrote "On balance" of a book, severely criticized the religious views of Mozi. In any case, Mexico learning the history of thought in ancient China is undoubtedly a very important position Zhan Zhao, Mo I am also a very outstanding talents.
Mo's life activities are focused in two areas, one wide collection disciples, actively promote their own doctrine; second, spare no effort in the war against the annexation.
His "non-life", the "Fraternity" of theory, and Confucian "Destiny," "Love has arithmetic" in opposition. That the "official impermanence expensive, people will not end cheap." Request "the hungry to eat, feeling cold enough clothes, workers who have interest." Many of which have simple materialistic thinking. According to legend, many collection of books, there are books up to three vehicles. "Mo" that "persons under today, gentlemen of the book, can not win set." Liang private collections in the origin of the time: "Su-fat books, dozens of Chen trunk; Mo the South, many free books. See books have been popular, private possession of storage, rather it and when."
Emerging class interests on behalf of the landlord before the rise of Legalism, Qin and Confucianism Mohism is the biggest opposition to a school tie "significant learning."
Mohist the same time is also a country with tight organization and the tough discipline a ceiling of 领袖 known as "giant", Mohist's members as "ink 者" to obey giant's 领导 and following commands, you can "Fu Tang Tao-edge, Death Immediately after that, "meaning that after the death does not turn back heel.
Mozi's thought a total of 10 ideas: universal love, non-offensive, Wisdom is still different, Save, section buried, non-music, of Heaven, Ming ghosts, non-life, which the universal love at the core, frugality, yet Yin as the basic point.
To promote its ideas, Mo extensive collection of his disciples, in general as many as hundreds of trusted disciples to form a massive Mohist school. The track is very wide Mo, the East in place, west to Zheng Wei, south to Chu, the more. He was also debate and public input tray, successfully stopped the war of aggression Chu on Song.
Mo also argued that a sense of achievement were as Bian Thoughts in the Warring States period one of the sources. Mo's story, in the "Xunzi", "Han Fei Zi," "Zhuang Zi", "Lu", "Huai Nan Zi" and reflected in the book, his thoughts were mainly stored in Mohist prepared his disciples, "Mo" book.
Mo was very intelligent, he reportedly shaved with a wooden axle, can withstand the weight of six pounds of objects; see the wild mountain shell immersed in water after the flow of well fluid, the fabric of France invented the pit hole mountain guide dyed fabric. Mo pit themselves be announced on technology sentiment rose to a high degree of philosophy, which he later wrote the famous article is "pollution." Thus, the Mo or an inventor, scientist
He is also good defenders technology, its disciples to sum up his experience as "Kimori" 21. Military System in the military know that in order to soldiers to fight the system wars, system of operation to operation, the system device to device. To this end, he wrote a "non-offensive" to a "gate" and a series of military Famous.
Mo During the study, often to learn the knowledge and practice in contrast, wrote the "non-Confucianism," "non-music", "Saving the Funeral," "prudence" and other Famous. Many Zhimingzhishi have defected to the Mo Ha, Mohist school began to take shape. Mo granted their disciples not only to the ideological and theoretical, more attention in learning, critical moments can come forward, to send troops to fight. Mo only the historic story of Chu Gong Song is sufficient proof of this.
In Mozi's writings, as well as part of the doctrine of the natural sciences, such as mechanics, optics, acoustics and so on. Pinhole imaging principle was first discovered Mo. His Principles of differential, is earlier than the West. Therefore, he was known as the Western scientific community, the East of Democritus.
Mozi advocated as selecting from the working people, ordinary people are welcome, so Mo is called civilians saint.
Mo old hermit in the back of Lushan County, Township, Black Bear and pawn buried in the hidden temple, there are a land swap ditch, black Hidden Temple, Hang cloth cliff, Mo City, and other sites for people to pay their last respects.
Name of test】 【Mo
Historians still are not sure Mo's real name, have the following statement:
Mo Xingmomingdi
The most traditional and most commonly accepted view is that ink name Zhai Mo surname. "Lu", "Huai", "Historical Records. Mencius, Xun Qing Biography" in the case have said. "Element and the name Compilation," said Mo is the solitary Zhujun clear after the birth of the Mexican people, to Mexico's. The "New Tang Yi Wen," it follows that.
Name surname Wu Zhai Mo
Southern Qi Kong Zhi Gui book "Culture Shift Kitayama," claimed that Mo Di as "Di Zi", Yuan Yi Shi Zhen book "Lang ring in mind" also agreed to this, and that the name of Wu Zhai Mo surname. Qing Zhou Liang work book "Solid Shadow Tree House book," put forward more specific: "to Mexico for the Road, to name this name." Zhai think his surname, and name change became famous; the "ink" is a school of thought. Qiong Jiang Qing scholar, wrote, "Reading sub Zhiyan" inherited Zhou-workers say, and further shows that the ancient indeed, "Zhai" This name, but no "ink" colors, and the Warring States thinkers in Confucianism, Taoism, name, method, yin and yang, aspect, complex, agriculture, novels, neither to name a school name, school, therefore should be the name of Mexico.
Mo Di was "speechless Di" or "Man Di" Voice switch, non-name
Some studies of modern scholars Huhuai Chen Mo, in its written by "Mo Di Indians identified as" one proposed in this paper, ink neither name, nor the name Zhai, nor name, but "silent Di" or "Man Di" in sound change is called an unknown name to foreigners.
Mexico is one of the ancient Legal Advisor
Modern scholar Qian Mu's "Mo biography" from the Mexican criminal point of view, one of the ancient Legal Advisors to conduct research that the ancients have committed light punishment, the penalty for a slave laborer, named Mexico as punishment only, in fact, slavery, and Mohist meager living, The Road to Zi Ku is very. Mo and his disciples were all "hand-foot-corpus callosum, features Leahey, labor body to make, not want to ask," Everybody can "fire dance club to go to edge, died with family heel." This was known as the ink was. The history of the Western Han Huainan Wang English cloth was called after dark criminal tattoo cloth, is also a card. And Zhai is indeed the name for "Mo" and "Spring and Autumn Annals" written on Maths, often referred to as "Di."
Examination】 【Mozi
Mozi was born where there is no clear existing books, records, history has a different view, had said Song, Chu said, Lu said, the Indians said so. Song that has always been to Mexico where most people recognized scholars.
Song said,
"Mencius, Xun Qing Historical Biography," "covered Mo Di, Song of the doctor, good at Defense, for prudence. Or say, and Confucius, or say in later." Accordingly, scholars called for the Song dynasties. This has been popular to say that the Qing Dynasty.
Chu said
Qing Bi Yuan Note "Mo", it was "Spring and Autumn Annals," the GAO note, and with reference to the many and Lu Yang Wenjun Mo dialogue, presumed to Lu Yang, that Chu.
Lu said
A Summary of the Qing Dynasty as "Jian Gu" in the sidebar "Mo biography" Mo was first raised in the State of Lu. The main basis for the:
"Mo your righteousness," "Mo is from Lu Qi" (Mo traveled very widely, this does not mean that Mo is the Lu people)
"Zi Lu asked," "to meet Mo at Lu" (Mozi lived in Lu, it can not explain is the State of Lu Mo)
"Spring and Autumn Love Class" "public transport like the ladder, trying to use Gong Song, Mo heard of it, from Lu to."
The proposal said Tengzhou
Mexican Studies scholar Zhang Han know in the "Mo originally Tengzhou" and "Lived in the new exploration" and other papers for further research, Zhu Mo was born to be the ancient state of "excessive eup" (now Tengzhou, Shandong Province), Lu was attributable to abuse of Yap. The main basis are:
Yi Mo is the Song Guogui family head, the history contained there for Yi Ting Tengzhou Southeast
Mo Zhu theory Lou inherited cultural tradition, and Zhu Lou is known as "the hometown entertainment industry for decades," while Mo lifestyle and technological achievements are closely related to this.
Other theorie
Indians Huhuai Chen Piece "Mo Di identified as Indians," "Mo Esteem" and so on were, first proposed for the Indians Mo. He believes that Mexico is not a family name, not surname Zhai, nor name, but "silent Di" or "Man Di" Voice of transfer; and Mo look black, advocate universal love, non-offensive show should be Brahmin Mo. Kim Zutong, Chensheng Liang Zi may be Mohammed says former Muslims, Zi Wei Juxian research should be Indians or Arabs.
But the Muslims of the assertion is clearly inconsistent with the facts, because the Prophet Mohammed was born in about AD 570 (AD 571 to the other said), but the rise of Islam in the 7th century in the Arabian Peninsula, in the 7th century (Tang ) introduced into China from the Arab. Difference in time, Millennium and Mo activity. Muslims from Islam, but Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad first-hand. Therefore, in Islam it is called before Mohammed is wrong, may lead to religious controversy.
Thought】 【
According to "Mo" known, Mozi thought that 10 five programs, namely, "Zi Lu asked," says: "Where the entry, must choose services and engage in Yan. National dizzy, the language of the Wisdom is still the same; national poverty, the language of prudence, section buried; national Xi Zhan sound drunk, then the language of the non-music, non-life; national prostitution secluded rude, the language of the respect-day, do ghosts; service wins national humiliation, that the Language universal love, non-attack. "universal love and non-attack of which is the core of Mohism.
Mozi's doctrine of ideas include the following:
① universal love of non-attack. The so-called universal love, equality and fraternity that contains the meaning. Mo asked monarch and his subjects, his son, brothers have each other on the basis of equality and friendliness, "to love if love their body," and believed that there the weak and strong, rich insult the poor, humble your pride phenomenon, because the world do not due to fall in love.
② days Zhiming ghost. Promote the spirits of Heaven is a major feature of Mohism. That the days of those who wish Mo - universal love the world of people. For "Young people, regardless of long or low, all days are only the minister," "days, loving the thick" against the monarchy if it would be days of God's punishment, otherwise, it will be days of tours. Mo has not only convinced of their spirits, and in particular that they are for human monarchy or aristocracy would reward good and punish violence. Mo in the natural rights philosophy of religion and restrict the sovereign thought, is the philosophy of Mozi a highlight.
③ still with tse. Still asking the same people and the emperor were the same in Heaven, one mind, the implementation of justice administration. Tse include Sage for the election officials, election Sage for the emperor emperor. Mo believes that the monarch must elect Sage States, but people should be in the public administration of the monarch to obey. Mo asked the higher authorities about the above, because the only way to reward good and punish violence. Mo asked monarch could worthy and enabled, the appointment of Sage and the abolition of suppression unscrupulous persons. Mo to tse very seriously, thought it was political affairs of this. He particularly opposed to the monarchy with the flesh, for the Sage is informal origin, that "your government is uncertain, people will not end cheap" ideas.
④ Save Day funeral. Section with a strong emphasis on a point of view Mohist, they attacked monarchy, aristocratic extravagance and waste, especially against the Confucian value of the long funeral burial customs. That the monarchy, the nobility of ancient Yu should be the same as living a clean and frugal life. Mo Mo requests were also practicing in this area.
Philosophy and Political Thought
The main contribution to the philosophy of Mozi in epistemology. His "eyes and ears of the really" feel the direct experience of the only source of knowledge, he believes that things are and not judging, not my personal imagination, but should we have seen and heard as the basis. Mo from the experience of the naive materialism, was proposed standards for testing the authenticity of understanding, that the three forms: "The purpose of this is to the ancient sage who matter," the "eyes and ears of the original observation of real people", "Waste (fat) that government and observing the people in which countries benefit the people. " Mo the "thing", "solid", "profit" together, with indirect experience, direct experience and social effects as the criterion, to exclude personal subjective prejudices. In name and reality, he proposed "non-their names are, their access is also" the proposition to name the real, true. Mo stressed the authenticity of the epistemological sense experience also has great limitations, he gave was "to try things, see spirits, hear otherworldly voice" as the reason, come to "Ghosts of" conclusions. But Mo did not ignore the role of rational knowledge, Mohist school founded China's first logical system of thought.
Logical Thought
】 【Book "Mo"
"Mo" in two parts: a part of Mo is recorded in words and deeds, set Mohism, mainly reflecting the thinking of pre-tse; another part of the "Scripture", "after the next," "After that last," "After said Next, "" Great take, "" Little take "and 6, commonly known as Mo Zi or Mojing, focusing on the epistemological and logical thinking Mohist, also contains many elements of natural science, reflecting the ideas in aspect.
The works of Mo and Mo Zi school assembly, in the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang organized into 71, but then gradually lost the Six, now pass the "Taoist" the total of 53, originally was Mo Di was, but Mozi also the writings of his disciples, and in aspect of the information, which is now the main historical records of Mohist school. By content, "Mo," a book can be divided into five groups: from the "pro-Shi" and "Three debates," 7 as the early work of Mozi, of which the first three doping with the Confucian theory, should be early Mozi "Xi Confucians of the industry, the art by Confucius, "the traces; after four mostly Wisdom is still the same, Heaven, Save, and other non-music theory. From the "Respecting the Wise on" to "non-Confucianism under the" 24 for a group, the system reflects the Mozi, "Universal Love", "non-offensive", "Respecting the Wise", "still the same," "prudence" "Saving the Funeral", "non-music", "Heaven", "Ming Ghost", "non-life" Ten propositions is "Mo," the main part of the book, "by" the upper and lower, "by saying" upper and lower and the "big check", "small take" six, specifically that were argued and physical, optical and other content, said its predecessors "by" as Mo Di from the real work is in aspect of this Mohist logical thought and study the scientific and technical achievements of valuable information. "Farming column" to "public input" 5 is the recorded words and deeds of Mozi, Style and "The Analects", similar to Mo Compilation of his disciples, is to study first-hand information on Mo deeds. To a "gate" to the end of the following 20 (including the already Yi 9), special skills and city defense system, defenders say, the system and Qin, similar to those made by the Mexican state of Qin during the Warring States, which is to study the military academic Mohist important information.
Warring States period, after the school Mohist compiled the works of the school, "Mo," a book, "Mo," a book that words and deeds of the faithful portrayal of Mo, also known as "Mo Jing" or "Mexican defense."
"Mo" extensive content, including political, military, philosophy, ethics, logic, science and technology and so on, is to examine the importance of Mo and its post-historical study. Western Jin Lusheng, Music One is for "Mo," a book made a comment, unfortunately has been lost. Tongxing Ben now has a Summary of the "Mo Gu leisure" and "thinkers integration" by your version.
Existing "Mo" 53, from the Mo and the generation of disciples formed gradually added, is to study the doctrine of Mo Zi Mo and basic materials. The "Scripture", "after the next," "After that last", "by referring to the next," "big check", "small take" and 6, commonly known as "Mo Jing" or "ink Debate", focuses on the epistemology and logic, history of logic known as the Mexican defense in aspect of logic or logic (logical system of the ancient world one of the three, the other two for the ancient Greek logic system and the result of Ming Buddhist Studies); which also contains Many elements of natural science, especially astronomy, geometric optics and statics.
"Mo," a book, neither one made, nor a moment of its fall. Generally considered "Mo" is the account of Mo Zi and his disciples from the remarks of the book chapter written by a set of words.
Classification according to Liang, "Mo," a book could be divided into five categories.
The first: "pro-Shi", "Slim," "pollution", "rites", "seven suffering," "speech," or "three debates" of seven.
This type of hybrid are famous words, mixed with a hybrid of the home said. Such as "pro-disabilities" in the Book? "Who must first setback, the wrong must first extravagant", "Gan Well first stops, move the first cutting of wood," "Too hard to defend," and so on, all from Tao of Language. "Slim," the term for the words of Confucius. "Pollution" in the "dye is Cang Cang, dyed yellow is yellow" out of a famous master of the suspect said. "Rites" is suspected to be legalists words, net out the Wei Tuo, then 4 is a summary of Mohism Mohist mind, there may be ink outline science focused on the vital lead.
The second category: "Respecting the Wise" on the next, "still the same" on the next, "Universal Love" on the next, "non-offensive" on the next, "burial section," next "Heaven "on the next," Ming-gui, "next," non-music "Part," non-life "on the next," non-Confucianism, "next, a total of 25.
This class represents the main political and ideological Mohist. In addition to "non-attack" on the article, "non-Confucian," next, the various articles Jieyou "Mozi said," four words, that is the younger brother of the door Mozi Mozi remember the words.
The third category: "After" on the next, "by saying" the next "big check", "small take" articles, a total of six.
This class is known as the Mexican government Mexican who argue, also known as Mojing. The six hard through difficult translation, ancient words are more profound debate grounds, together with a simple mixed theories of materialism and idealism, optical mechanics and mathematics of scientific theories, social science, ethics, logic, etc. are really difficult to understand. The category is "Mo" the best parts. Mo Di Liang think that six is from the. And a Summary of the view that the post-Mexican scholar. A Summary of the reasons, according to one of: Gong and Mo different times, and Gong in the Mozi, the result of the theory there can be no firm Whitehead.
The fourth category: "Farming column," "expensive," and "public Meng", "Lu asked," "public transport" of five.
This 5 is the recorded Mo Mo disciples act of speech. Also be recorded on the life of Mo, genre close to "The Analects of Confucius."
Category V: defenders of each chapter. They are to a "gate" to a "high-Pro," "prepared ladder" to a "water" to a "sudden" to a "point" to a "moth Fu", "meet the enemy Temple", "banner" "Order," "miscellaneous defense" of 11.
This class can be said Mohist art of war. Mozi advocated non-offensive to at Defense-based, 11 tailor the theme of the garrison of the law. Mohism art of war is made Mohist disciples lapping. The 11 old words many, many words of ancient art of war battle formation, very little interpreter.
】 【Contribute to and influence
Mozi's philosophy reflects the liberation from patriarchal slavery out of the duality groups of small producers, his thought was a reasonable factor of materialist thinkers continuation and development of the dross of his mysticism, for after the Qin and Han theological purpose of commentators absorption and utilization. Pre Mohist Mo as the founder of the history of Chinese philosophy had an important impact.
Also Mo in science and technology achievements and contributions in many aspects, the main persons are:
1. Cosmological aspect
Mo believes that the universe is a continuum, the individual or local unified by the overall points out, are an integral part of this unity. In other words, that is, contains the whole individual, the whole turn, composed of individuals, between the whole and the individual has a natural organic links. Starting from this continuous universe, Mo and then established the theory of space-time. He time of a "long time", the space named "Yu", and gives the "long" and "Yu" is defined, namely, "long" to include all past and present Danmu time, "Yu" to include things in the north and south of all the space, time and space is uninterrupted. In the definition given time and space, the Mo is further discussed the issue of space-time finite or infinite. He believes that space is finite, and it is endless. For the whole space-time is infinite, and for some, the space-time is a poor. He also pointed out that the continuous space is formed by the space-time element. He temporal element defined as "before" and "end", "start" is the time not the smallest unit subdivision, "end" is the space no longer the smallest unit of division. This form of the infinite space-time is continuous, it is again a continuous infinity of space-time constituted the smallest unit, in the infinite includes the finite, in the middle row contains the theory of discrete space-time.
Based on the theory in space and time, Mo set up their own campaign on. He has time, space and movement of objects unite together. He believes that the unity of the universe in a row, the object of sport performance for the sequence of differences in time and location of migration in the space. Distance has no time and location changes, just do not care movement, the simple movement from space does not exist.
The origin and properties of material problems, Mo is also brilliant exposition. The philosophers, the I first proposed the primitive material is "something from nothing" ("I" in Chapter 1), "the world all things are born, from nothing" ("I" Chapter 40). Mo was the first to rise against this idea I put forward all began, "have" ideas. He pointed out that "no," there are two, one is in the past had now gone, such as an extinct bird, this can not be denied no longer exists because it worked "yes"; one is in the past have never never had the things, such as day collapse of matter, which is never existed "no." Never existed "no" will not students "have", there was originally no more than "a" born "no." Thus, "there" is an objective reality. Then, Mo and then expounded on the physical properties of the problem. He believes that if there is no stone, will not know the hardness of rock and color, not days and fire, will not know hot. In other words, the property does not exist from physical objects, properties of material objects reflect the objective. Who was able to sense material properties, is due to the objective existence of material objects.
2. Mathematic
Zi is the height of the first historical treatment of mathematical problems from a rational scientist, he gives a series of mathematical concepts and definitions, propositions, these propositions and definitions have a high degree of abstraction and rigor.
Mo mathematical concepts given in the main are:
On the "fold" is defined. Mo Tzu said: "The times, as the two are." ("Ink Scripture") that is the original number plus one, or two times the original number called "times." If two feet to one foot of the "times." On "equal" definition. Mo Tzu said: "The level is also the same high." ("Ink Scripture") is the same height as "flat." This theorem of Euclidean geometry "between the public and vertical parallel lines are equal," the same meaning.
On "with the long" definition. Mo Tzu said: "with long, to positively do have." ("Ink Scripture") that is comparing the length of two objects, exactly correspond to, completely equal, known as "the same length."
On "China" definition. Mo Tzu said: "with are long." ("Ink Scripture"), where "China" means a center of symmetry of objects, that is the center of the object surface distances with equal points.
On "won" is defined. Mo Tzu said: "The won, one also with the long." ("Ink Scripture") where "won" shall be round, Mo pointed out that the compass can draw circles, can also be used to test compass. Prior to Compass in Mo have been widely applied, but to give a precise definition of a round, it is the contribution of Mozi. Mo on the definition of a circle round the definition of Euclidean geometry in exactly the same.
The definition of a square. Mo said that all four corners as right angles, four sides of equal length, namely quadrilateral square, square, rectangular colt can "moment" to paint and testing.
This is the definition of Euclidean geometry in the square is the same.
On the line definition. Mo said the three were line shall be straight. Three of the definition of straight lines, in the later measurement of height and distance of objects are widely used. Mathematician Liu Hui Jin monograph in the Survey, "Sea Island Mathematical", the application is to measure the high point of line and measuring distances. After the Nu Ji Han's sight, "Lookout Mountain" is accordingly the invention.
Mo the point, line, surface and volume are called "side", "foot", "Area", "body" and give their own definition. He also pointed out that "client" does not occupy space, is the object no longer points the smallest unit, and is similar to ancient Greek atomism.
Lu Chu by leading the way, wearing burlap clothes a middle-aged man, was rushed to hurry. I saw he was covered in dust, sweat water injection, but did not slow down their pace.
Way above the sparsely populated, barren tracts roadside fields, wasteland sometimes you can see the bodies lying on the dense residual bone and white.
He is who? What makes him such a rush it?
About 450 years BC, a time when our country in the history of the early Warring States Period. Nobility was their separatist party, lord. Attack the princes of each other, bullying the weak, bullying, merger wars occur frequently.
Brought endless war to the people of the scourge, to the national trauma caused irreparable. A large number of people died in the war, their homes destroyed, national peril. People living in misery.
Now, Chu said to the famous family of public transport machinery as are day and night, as Chu create new siege equipment, ready to attack Song. This is undoubtedly in the endless war, then sprinkled a handful of salt.
The bad news, aroused the anger of those who rushed hurry, he is the name prominent politicians, thinkers and scientists who Mo Di Lu, people respectfully called him Mo. Now he was about to rush to Chu, ready to stop the king launched an unjust war.
After a half month long journey, Mo came to the capital of Chu Ying, is very tired, sleepy, but he can not attend to rest, he went to see the king and the general public lose.
He used his eloquence and wit, the king and the public lose interest as stated, shows such as launching this unjust war, both countries will benefit.
Although the king and public transport as lack of arguments in front of Mo, but still believe they have advanced siege equipment, such as the Song defeat extract capsule. So, this battle is the fight is inevitable, any persuasion are useless.
Mo Seeing this, he said: "You say you have advanced siege equipment, then you really can beat Song you?"
Said, and Mo will swing-up physical map on the table and let the public transport as his manufacturing equipment to attack. Public transport as many shows siege of equipment and technology, have been Mo 11 repulse, public transportation as failed.
Public transport as failed, but he did not give up, he wanted the killing plot Zi to win the war.
Mo one can see through the public transport like the plot, then said firmly:
"You mean to kill me first, go attack the Song, but you are wrong, my students and other birds determined slip more than 300 people, my defenders are holding instruments, according to my defenders deployment are waiting for you to attack it.
"So, even if you kill me, do not attack Song is also down. On the contrary, it was off a world ridiculed the infamy!"
Song has already seen the capture hopeless situation, the king had to give up this unjust war. This story can be seen Mo's courage and intelligence, how to excel and one-upmanship.
Mo is the founder of Mohist school, are said to Sung people, then long-lived in Lu, he is my contribution to the natural scientists of ancient Zhuo.
Mo Zhou Jing Wang was born in about 40 years (480 BC), also died in King Weilie Week 6 years (before 420) about the general civilian population was born in the family, I have been a manufacturing apparatus of the craftsmen.
In epistemology, the Mo attention to the production of knowledge, recognition of the objectivity of the external material world, emphasizing intuition is the source of knowledge and under. This 2000 years ago, is indeed commendable.
No doubt, this is Mo and his school, can make a significant contribution in the natural sciences an important reason. However, Mo exaggerated the role of sensibility, but also into the narrow experience of error.
Mohist School Center "Mo" of the original total of 71, the existing 53, in which "the Scripture", "after the next," "After that last", "by referring to the next" and four co-exist together, said "Mojing".
This is four, with the "big check", "small take" two, known as "Mo Zi." Some people even put six together referred to as "Mo Jing."
This is a rich, well-structured scientific publications. The book is not only related to broad areas of social science content, but also includes time and space, physical structure, mechanical, optical and geometric elements such as natural sciences.
In this book, which explained a lot of problems closely, thorough reasoning, argument and accurate, is of great scientific value. Can say, "Mojing" in the classical works of philosophy and natural science, is a rare treasure.
First of all, "Mojing" in the account of a wealth of mechanical knowledge. Mechanics, is to study the mechanical movement of science. "Mojing" in the mechanical movement on the definition: "move, the city resettlement also."
Above, what this means is that the location of mobile objects is mechanical motion. This mechanical movement with the modern definition is entirely consistent. The book further elaborated translation, rotation and rolling and so on several different forms of mechanical motion.
"Mojing" on the edge of the definition of the concept is derived from the physical person out. Write the book: "force, shape the reason Fen." This phrase means that the force is to make the movement is transferred and change.
At that time, our people have recognized the principle of buoyancy, and production has been widely used. Book wrote: "form large objects sink in water, some light, because the buoyancy of the water weight of the object are balanced reason.
This illustrates not only the qualitative recognition of Mo with the gravity of the balance between buoyancy, and with quantitative concepts. This was founded by the Greek scholar Archimedes buoyancy principle is the same, only statements were incomplete.
"Mojing" discussed the balance of leverage. There is a lever, a hanging weight, heavy weights hung from the other end. One side of the fulcrum is called standard (arm) and the other Bianjiao this (re-arm). If both sides of the balance, leverage must be a level.
"Mo Jing" is not only clearly describes the experimental results of the various levers, and more valuable is the right to do these experiments to explain.
For example, it explains the "standard" end of the experiment sagging phenomenon that is due to the combined effects of weight arm and re-arm and the weight is greater than the combined effects of the reason.
This interpretation not only take into account how much force or weight, but also considered the relationship between distance and balance, although there is no clear quantitative relationship obtained, but in fact put forward the concept of torque.
Can be said that Mo has found a balance lever principle.
In the "Mojing", it is also recorded a wealth of knowledge of geometrical optics.
Mo and his students made a small hole in the world's first imaging experiments, and made a brilliant explanation:
In a dark cabin wall to open a small hole sun, people stood outside facing the hole, the walls of the house relative to the figure appeared in a handstand.
Why does this strange phenomenon?
Mo explains: This is because the same light as archery, is a straight line marching. Lower body blocking the direct light coming through the hole, into the shadow on top; human upper block direct light coming through the hole, into the shadow below, it becomes inverted shadow.
Mozi also pointed out that the position of people from far and near walls from the dark room film also from small to big, upside down on the wall. This is the first time that light travels in straight lines scientific explanation.
The book also uses the principle of light travels in straight lines, explains the relationship between objects and projection.
Mo that was blocking the production of light projection, the projection of the object is not to follow objects moving together. If flying with the birds, it also flew with shadow as if, in fact, is not the case.
Mo pointed out that the birds cover the light straight ahead, the formation of a shadow. In an instant, and the birds moved here, where the original light exposure than the old film disappeared, and in a new place, a new shadow.
That is, birds in flight, it does not follow the moving shadow, but the old projection of constantly updated. In 2000 years ago, to this intensive study of the nature of light, make a correct interpretation, is indeed commendable.
Mo and his students on the mirror imaging principle of in-depth research, and made plane mirror, concave and convex imaging theory.
"Mojing" four-mirror imaging on account of lack of information objects between the concave mirror when the hot core and the focus of the imaging situation, obviously not comprehensive, rigorous, but the science is still in the embryonic period in the ancient, can not but say that this is a remarkable achievement.
Convex mirror into the image of only one: such is established and the narrowing of the virtual image, located on the back of the mirror; object from the mirror the past, like the big, the other hand, the small. Mo in the description of convex when it is realistic.
In the acoustics, the "Mo" also account when designing an underground source directional device. The methods are as follows: a certain distance along the wall every root dig a well, dug water table about two feet up the following, and then place a capacity of seven or eight 10 l Underground's earthenware pots, urns I cast leather, as a Underground resonance box.
Then, let the people fell on Tingjuelingmin urn I listened, in case of siege the enemy sap, it can determine the size of the earthenware pots to the sound of the direction of the enemy position to send troops to the enemy to defeat them.
Mohist on the "side" of the concept of discourse, but also the "atomic" means that the "end" is the smallest unit of the composition of the object.
If such understanding is correct, then can be said that as early as 2000 years ago, "Mojing," that appeared in the modern atomic theory budding idea whether the history of philosophy or the history of science occupy a certain position.
From the known, Mo and Mo Zi school science achievement of 2000 years ago in ancient times, should be quite outstanding. So they can get these achievements, and it is their attention to experiments, sensitive to observation and scientific way of thinking inseparable.
Above also shows another situation in which in ancient China, has not established rigorous scientific experiments and rigorous mathematical methods based on physical science, the physics of the formation of an independent discipline. However, in practice it has accumulated rich knowledge of physics.
3. Physic
Mo on physics research related to mechanics, optics, acoustics and other branches, give the definition of many concepts of physics, and a number of significant discoveries, summarizes some important physics theorems.
First, Mo gives the definition of force, said: "force, punishment (form) also the reason why Fen." ("Ink Scripture") that is, force is to make the movement of objects, even if the role of object motion called power. In this regard, He gave an example to explain that like to move weight from the bottom up, the role that can only be as strong. Meanwhile, the Mozi that object when the force, has also had a reaction. For example, the collision of two objects equivalent quality, the two objects will move in the opposite direction. If the quality of the two very different objects, the mass of objects after collision although not move, but the reaction still there.
Following this, another of the objects Mozi umbra and deputy shadow problems. He pointed out that the point light source if it is not, because the light emitted from the point of production to repeat exposure, the object will produce umbra and Vice shadow; If the light source is light source, there is only umbra.
Then, Mo has had holes imaging experiments. He clearly pointed out that just a straight line, the object through the hole formed by such reads. This is because the light through the object and then through the holes, because light travels in straight lines, the object image at the top, the object image at the bottom, so the percent of the statue reads. He also discussed the size of images and objects of the ramp is, the distance light the relationship between the oblique object or light source that is far from a long thin shadow, object or light source close to the film is short and thick, and if the reflected light, the image formation in materials and between the light source.
Mo has been the spread of sound research, discovery wells and vase have amplified sound effects and clever use of them. He has taught students that the defenders, in order to prevent the enemy attacking the city tunneling, digging a well at intervals of thirty feet, and placing a large vase on the wells, vase mouth stretched on thin leather, so that people with good hearing at the vase on V to listen, to monitor the enemy to know whether the tunneling, tunnels dug in where, and make preparations for defense against an enemy (read: make pottery for the vase, bucket capacity 40 or more,...... home wells, so clever ear by V vase and listen to it, the trial point lies knowledge, within the welcome of digging). While Mo was also not clear the mechanism of sound vibrations, but this method against the enemy but contains a wealth of scientific content.
4. Machinery manufacturing
Mo is a master of all machinery, Chu Gong Song in only when carried out with public input as offensive and defensive drills, as has been demonstrated in this respect his talent and accomplishments. He has spent three years carefully developed a wooden birds can fly. He is a skilled manufacturer of vehicles, time of day in less than 30 stone in Zaochu load the car. He had made the car run fast and labor saving, and durable, as was appreciated by people.
It is worth noting that Mo was almost familiar with the various weapons, mechanical engineering, and construction of manufacturing technology, and many to create. In "Mo," a book of "prepared gate" to a "water" to a "point" to a "moth", "meet the enemy Temple", "Miscellaneous Code" and other articles, he introduced and explained in detail the gate hanging doors, gates and city facilities, the construction of various internal and external defense, crossbow, Jie Gao, and various offensive and defensive equipment of the manufacturing process, as well as waterways and authentic building techniques. He discussed the equipment and facilities, future generations have a great impact on military activities.
5. Philosophy
Mozi's philosophical achievements, epistemology and logic to the most prominent, its contribution is Pre unmatched by other thinkers.
Mo believes that sources of human knowledge can be divided into three areas, namely, heard about, that knowledge and acquaintance. He heard about the rumors and the pro-Wen divided into two, but whether it was hearsay or pro-news, appears in the Department of Mo should not be simply accepted, but must absorb and digest, making their own knowledge. Therefore, he emphasized "derives its meaning through the press", that is heard and bear the following to be thinking, visits to other people's knowledge as a basis, and then carry on and develop.
Mo said, "that know", contains inference, examine the meaning of that obtained by the inference of knowledge. In particular, he emphasized that "news do not know if it is known, the two know", from the known knowledge to infer knowledge of the unknown. If the fire is hot known, we can realize all of the fire is hot; circle can be drawn compass, we can realize all of the circular are available to measure compass. Thus, Mo had heard about and say that this is not simply to bear the negative, but rather implies a positive initiative.
In addition to that heard about and know, the Mo attaches great importance to the pro-knowledge, this is the other pre-Qin philosophers Mozi and a major difference. Mo said the pro-knowledge, but knowledge gained their own personal experiences. He knows the process of pro-divided into "consideration", "access", "that" three steps. "Consideration" is a human cognitive state of knowledge, that students read the beginning of the Heart to Heart interest environment, some quest. However, it may not be able to get just a mistake of knowledge, for example, with eyes askance, as foreign objects, foreign objects may not be able to recognize the truth. They would have to "accept" knowledge, so that eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body and other sensory organs to come into contact with foreign objects, to perceive the external nature of the foreign objects and shapes. And "then" get to know the knowledge is still far from complete, it received only superficial knowledge of things and some things, such as time, is not perceived by the senses. Therefore, the people of knowledge from the senses, or preliminary, incomplete, and also must have the knowledge to be integrated, collation, analysis and reasoning, so as to achieve "that" the realm of knowledge. In short, the Mo source of knowledge of the three aspects of the organically linked, unique in the field of epistemology.
In summary, we can see the depth of Mozi's scientific attainments, achievements of the great, distinguished scientists in ancient China called for the leader in the ranks of one. Unfortunately, Mo in the science and technology in the field of rational Emmanuel, with the subsequent decline of Mohist, almost extinguished. Most scientists later focus on practical, ignoring rational exploration, this is indeed a great loss in the history of Chinese science and technology.
【Mo (Lin JR)】
Formerly known as Lin JR. Lin had been the Department of pen, Lin Qinyue, room number eight wind together, half-open hall, from Tiger Tong. Born in 1971, Zhangzhou, Fujian Province 3. Nineties moved to Hong Kong, graduated from the Fashion Institute. Professional Designers Association of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Calligraphers Association, Hong Kong, Calligraphy and Painting Research Association, Fujian Calligraphers Association, the U.S. Association Member, North and South Indian club president.
Since the beginning of 1982, taught by Han Tianheng, Mr. Zheng Xi-water two stone painting appreciation. Since 1988, work has published in professional journals and more. Held in Guangxi has won the national first prize for the first modern stone carving art exhibition, the International Dragon painting and exhibition tournament first prize, the Huashan Cup exhibition tournament first prize in painting and abroad; works in the second and third seal cutting art exhibition, First International Exhibition seal, seal the new concept of development, the Third China Youth Development, the Sixth National Development, etc.; painting and works in Hong Kong were to participate in 94,96,98,2001 previous Biennial. Hong Kong's Asia Television, the international radio stations, television stations and other media in Fujian had done story.
Famous】 【Mo
Xing world of benefits, in addition to victims of the world.
Your answer Hing world interests, in addition to the world of the scourge.
Universal love.
Your answer, regardless of class, regardless of distance, regardless of intimacy to love all men.
Non-attack.
Your answer against the aggressive war, maintain peace of mankind.
Tse
Your answer all equal to the recommendation of the selection, use of both ability and integrity of the people.
Still the same.
Your answer decree, thoughts, words, actions and sage will be the same one.
Prudence.
Your answer oppose extravagance and waste, advocate thrift.
Festival burial.
Your answer against the funeral practice was for a long time, advocated a short funeral funerals.
Of Music.
Your answer against the extravagant musical activities, to promote conservation of human, financial strength.
Non-life.
Your answer against the fate that advocates strongly engaged.
Heaven.
Your answer is the will of the highest-day master of the will of the Hennessy-day pesticides.
Ming ghost.
Your answer identify the existence of ghosts, spirits can be both good and punishing evil.
And love, Mutual Benefit.
Your answer not only love their love others, with people to be mutually beneficial.
Translated by Google