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Emperor Wu of the New Deal include the following: all the money-making industry, monopolized by the government, even if there was such a monopoly since Deng Tong Liang Ji big fat corrupt officials, Bill Gates also appears more than strong civil society; Deng beams of wealth, up more than ten times, but Bill Gates a few. Outside the country beyond the average level of wealth, income property tax, that is considered cord. Different, the property tax since it is deprived of personal property to replenish the national treasury, that the ends would not necessarily fair. According to Wong-law (not the people's Constitution to ah!) Provides that the hidden suffering, the confiscation of all property, information can share half. Apparently, this was tantamount to cook up charges the job done, honest and dishonest reporting does not matter, as long as the person has no money and have enough official hands, they will run the temple monks stand it; maintain the guilt of reasoning, it can be the name of patriotism to all the property reverted to the "State" name. In any case, the operator without the slightest sense of guilt: the proliferation of state-owned assets to contribute to it! Today there are still illiterate as Emperor Wudi defense, saying that "No Tax and country people rich," they think that Fu is the tax, but I do not know it only refers to farm rents, 30 Han Fu Fu a, just a tax.
(152 BC - 80 BC) when the Minister Han. One element that was born three years after the emperor (formerly 141). Luoyang people. Merchant family background, his childhood with mental arithmetic skills, this 13-year-old Rushi palace. Since the Yuan Shou three years (before 120), the final Emperor of the world, successive large companies farm Zhong Cheng, large companies in agriculture, royal doctor and other important duties, and worried Renda Nong Cheng large salt business dongguo Xianyang, hole only duo won the favorite of Emperor Wu. Yuanshou years later, Emperor Wudi of the participation and sponsorship, has implemented a salt, iron and wine official business, all transportation, stabilization, operator cord, the Estimation of a unified coinage and other economic policies. In addition, 60 people organized Farming frontiers, Huns. These measures have varying degrees of success, temporary relief from the economic crisis, the history was "not benefit the people and the world endowed with a spare." Emperor Wudi this Awarding Zuoshu Chang. Years after Emperor Yuan (formerly 87), Emperor Wudi of any move by the royal doctor found Du Wei Su, and Huo Guang, Tian Qianqiu, Jin Midi, Shangguan Jie four auxiliary Sukeaki with God by Yi Zhao. Yuan began six years (before 81), Emperor Zhao convened around the Elite Literature to Chang'an, the meeting salt and other national issues. Elite Literature against the salt and all government-run output stabilization and competition for profits and other policies, advocated a fresh start, Emperor Wudi with debate. As the Emperor Wudi of the feudal state to uphold and financial needs, at that time except to abolish liquor sales tax, the salt business and other important government policy is still followed the same. The following year, Emperor Wudi see because of disagreement with the Huoguang Zheng, Yan Wang Dan, and Shangguan Jie was involved in his son's rebellion case, the result was executed.
Life
Emperor Wudi became famous banking family, to help deal with financial problems Han decades, and his family and hometown of a great relationship. Luoyang was the Zhou dynasty established a military and political center, after the Duke of Zhou conquest of people of Yin. Yin people to prisoners as "stubborn people" living in the Luoyang title placement, of course, these people keep their political activities, which the majority went to business. To the Warring States period, the business has become one of the important job of Luoyang. Some people get rich in business after he has participated in political activities. Like the famous Su, baigui, division history, Jia Yi and other politicians and businessmen, people on both Luoyang. Emperor Wudi of the family must be very rich merchant, of Luoyang, otherwise he is not possible to do a 13-year-old Han's sijung. Sijung is an official promotion, from large to Liehou, generals, Qing, doctor, down to the imperial doctor, doctor, can official promotion for the sijung. When the sijung, you can always cut in and out, access to the emperor, so it is for us as seriously as an important way promoted. But sijung, in addition to your children and family well-known scholars, the general difficult to obtain. Only 13-year-old Emperor Wudi, neither of your children at home, nor Famous Scholar, how can he do when the sijung? May be purchased with money. Western Han dynasty, to compare high-ranking officials, there are two ways: one is in the prefectures, Princes officials over such Erqian Dan regularly recommend to the Central Government, of course, they recommend their own children, Emperor Wudi not such opportunities; the other is to take money for government, that is, "Su added into the official" Emperor Wudi as a merchant's son, in the 13 years old, his family gave him money to buy a one sijung, He probably go this route.
Cheng operator cord as the Estimation of Agricultural
Emperor Wudi from the 13-year-old for sijung until the 30-year-old out of Renda Nong Cheng, when the 20 years of sijung. This period, as Hun Han military forces on a large scale, national treasuries over money have been exhausted, the financial difficulties occurred. Yuanshou three years (120 BC), mainly responsible for large farmers make financial Zheng At the time, to make up for financial shortfalls, recommended to the Han Dynasty Great Salt dongguo Xianyang Shandong and Henan Nanyang hole just large metal fabrication business as Cheng large farmers, using their business experience and technology, responsible for managing the salt, the passing of salt put under the government-run, to increase state revenue. Emperor Wudi period of time has been 30-year-old, he was as good at calculating economic problems, so he helped dongguo Han Xianyang and Estimation of salt hole only government-run plan. After a year of drafting this plan was completed, the main is less government control of the salt originally classified as large farmers that control by the state monopoly of salt production, allowed private operators. Han quickly approved the plan, and sent to the hole only, and dongguo Xianyang salt production areas across the country, the establishment of salt government-run institutions, the appointment of the original salt and iron production operation of the business throughout the world of government-run salt competent official. It appears that Han Iron Policy changes on business and the hole only, Dong Guo Xianyang and Emperor Wudi of the implementation of this new policy, the economy is made effective. So three years later, promoted to major agricultural holes only in respect that, Emperor Wudi also promoted to major agricultural Cheng. Large-scale farmers so that the feudal government's top official in charge of finances, large agricultural Cheng was his main assistant, from this point onwards, Emperor Wudi in the financial management shows him on the outstanding talent, more and more Han reuse.
The so-called operator cord, is where businessmen, must accurately report their assets to the government number, the second cord out one count of tax (a string of coins for the 1000 money, counted as 200 for a penny); small business can halve taxed. Where the carriage ride (except the officials and soldiers), a tax on a ride operator, cargo carriage pumping two operators, ship Wuzhang pumping more than one operator. The Estimation of the so-called, is the property of the people who do not accurately reported, are encouraged to denounce, those that are verified by the investigation, in addition to being accused of the property confiscated by the border areas and one year, the informant who get half the reward of confiscated property.
The currency reform is the first time in history to mint the right to completely reverted to a central government initiative, it will eventually stabilize the currency of the Han Dynasty to the Han dynasty, five baht coin money as the quality and stability, has been in circulation to the Sui Dynasty 700 years of the passage is not waste. This Emperor Wudi of economic thought are inseparable.
Colonial Secretary ambitious
Chao Han in Taiwan in the round of the past made their own grandiose self-examination, and changed the policy inside and outside, over the three years, two years after the Yuan (87 BC) died in the swim on the way fortunately. Emperor Wu's death, low birth rate established for the Zhao Mausoleum Emperor Frederick, when he was only eight years old, so as to Yi Zhao life Huo Guang Han, Emperor Wudi, Kim Satan, Shangguan Jie, Tian Qianqiu Gu Ming Emperor, supplemented Sukeaki Minister common control affairs of state. Emperor Wudi by Yi Zhao for the Colonial Secretary in the same time, promoted to royal doctor. The late General Huo Guang Huo hussar's half brother, he was a teenager out of Gong Jin has always been cautious, it has achieved the trust of Emperor Wu. Han Chao Taiwan after the release of round, felt old and can not be looking for a minister to implement his policies, he felt fit Huo Guang, who let the yellow gate painted painted a negative into a dynastic feudal Duke of graphs, give Huo Guang. Han ill, to the Duke of Zhou Huo Guang-line things to auxiliary Sukeaki Di, Huo Guang recommend Kim Satan, Satan because Hun Kim King Edward Hugh Tu, Huo fighting with the Huns, the king was killed off carcasses, Kim Satan and his mother and brother were captured, taken to the horse to the Emperor, be appreciated by Emperor Wu, was promoted to Fuma Du Wei. When the line of the Duke of Zhou Huo Guang recommend him as a matter of time, it is the Huns in their own human speech, that would like to make Huo Guang's assistant, it became Gu Ming Huo Guang minister in the key decision makers. Tian Qianqiu Although the prime minister, but the older, not much capacity, because a petition by the Emperor's approval, quickly sleep by a Han emperor temple dedicated to the high resting up for the prime minister Lang. He became prime minister when dealing with others are very cautious kind of Huo Guang everywhere to meet the adulation, he is a yes-man Huo Guang. Shangguan Jie was originally a royal horse to the young and the stable order, and once, after the Han sick to see horses, see the horses are thin, and very angry to hear the emperor he was sick, mood horse in the name of that loyalty of Emperor Wu. Han has not added his crime, but upgraded to sijung, Taipu, Emperor Wu was promoted to the left when he died, General. Emperor left this five Gu Ming Emperor Zhao Minister, Tian Qianqiu little old steward, Kim Chan second year passed away, and really just Huo Guang, Emperor Wudi, Shangguan Jie three. Huo Guang Sima is a great, great leader, General Book of matter and the Minister for the Gu Ming, Han was dying Shiyou clear line of the Duke of Zhou assisted him into the king, so the throne after Emperor Zhao, all powers are vested in the hands of Huo Guang. An Shangguan Shangguan Jie's son, married the daughter of Huo Guang. They had a child married. SHANGGUAN On a daughter, this time by Emperor Zhao's sister Princess E-eup, the relationship has been established as Queen's palace. E-eup, Princess has a love Fuding outsiders, Shangguan Jie E-eup, father and son to thank the Princess, he calls out Houshang Gong Huo Guang in accordance with established practice in the Lord, Ding Feng as Liehou outsiders. Ding outsiders but not the real princess husband, the Huo Guang did not agree. Shangguan Jie had at the time of Emperor Wu was appointed the Taipu, higher status than Huo Guang, this time because of palace for the Queen's granddaughter, father and son tied for the General Huo Guang's power on a dislike, Huo Guang not buy their face, do not They agreed to seal the small outsiders to Liehou request, so Shangguan Jie dissatisfaction on Huo Guang, a conflict between them began. Emperor Wudi also because of their qualifications and achievements of all of above Huo Guang, Huo Guang's grasp on power is not convinced, he. They want to make their own children to seek official also met Huo Guang's refusal, so more and more hostile to Huo Guang. In this way, but all three ambitious Gu Ming strength between the Minister to form the opposing factions, Emperor Wudi and Shangguan Jie unite against Huo Guang's all powerful.
Du sickness because flapping rule Emperor Wudi disciples active and was promoted to royal doctor Kun Du Zhou's son, he is a confidant of Huo Guang. Zhao Yuan Dynasty in the beginning of six years (81 BC), he proposed to Huo Guang: "Now not a good year, some farmers still living in exile, should be restored when Emperor Xiaowen of the Council, to promote thrift, to the next wide and, for the people of support. "Huo Guang agreed with him, let the Qin and Han people in elected Elite Literature 60 people, concentrated in the capital a meeting to discuss what non-governmental woes, the state should take measures.
This meeting can be said in two phases, the first stage is the formal discussion; meeting, the Elite Literature should return to the Qin and Han, they bid farewell to the chancellor and the royal doctor, because the intense discussion of the previous paragraph, the words gone too far to do, so farewell, when they were small then the debate, which can be regarded as informal discussions.
The meeting, to Emperor Wudi represented the government side, and represented by Elite Literature civil side, very heated debates with each other, it is actually implemented in Emperor of the policy evaluation and the estimated total . Emperor Wudi represents a comprehensive round of Taiwan Han Chao sure the policy before and want to continue to implement the policy views of one side: the Elite Literature represents a negative Han Lun Tai Chao previous policies that require them comprehensive assessment and modification of the side view. Huo Guang did not attend the meeting, but he is very serious about this meeting. He obviously does not agree with the views of Emperor Wudi, which came to power after the implementation of his policies to see, he is by Chao Han round of the spirit of Taiwan. This is what he and the Emperor Wudi in the political views on the dispute. But not entirely agree with Elite Literature Huo Guang negate the policy of the Emperor, he did not accept the Elite Literature demand for a full stop except salt, transport and other government-run enterprises were the recommendations, but rather to the Qin and Han strike the iron wine Yao and customs officials ; he did not advocate the adoption of Elite Literature Hun probation policy implementation, to give up defense and resistance, while still building to strengthen the border. However, Huo Guang, through this conference, using Elite Literature of the radical sentiment against his critics and political opponents. Therefore, the meeting politically speaking, is conducive to the detriment of Emperor Wudi of Huo Guang. After the meeting, to participate in the meeting of the Elite Literature doctor of the official post of a column, it shows Huo Guang them preferential treatment.
Academic major bone of contention is the following three questions:
Elite Literature against the government-run policy. They believe that the state should encourage farmers to engage in agricultural production, and should not be abandoned agricultural and industrial and commercial activities. State government-run salt, wine Yao, were lost, the cause of these profits into their own hands, a large concentration of human and material resources to engage in business, is a competition for profits, the destruction of social London Park atmosphere. And equalization, all input methods, resulting in farmers produce their own stuff or cheap, went heavily for what they do not produce turned over to the State, making a heavy burden on peasants, official then buy the goods at random, often caused by soaring prices, which conducive to business speculation, is not conducive to people's daily life; salt government-run, the production of farm tools, a large but not poor quality, high prices, farmers do not want to buy, wooden farming tools, hand to weed, and sometimes to buy salt Rail travel a long way, and officials also often forced to buy, causing much inconvenience to farmers. Emperor Wudi recognized cause of salt and other government-run, as some local officials do not act in accordance with methods prescribed by the State, it caused some abuse. But he refuted the Elite Literature denied their overall views. He believes that these government-run utilities to the country, are more benefits than costs, should be elected Liang Li addition to abuse continue. Because of the need to fight the Huns, consolidating frontier defense, relief to victims, we need a lot of expenses, if not engage in such government-run enterprises, increase government revenue, would increase the taxes of farmers, but will increase the burden on peasants. If countries do not operate, Hao Jia will be dominated by these strong business, they not only take the fish people, and will thus form a separatist separatist forces is not conducive to the strengthening of national reunification -.
Second, the war on the Huns and policy issues.
Third, on-line or line of German-legal problems.
And Elite Literature from Emperor Wudi controversial look at these three issues, Elite Literature Han completely negate a series of policies, which is obviously extreme and one-sided, even if Han Chao later years after the release of wheel sets in policies have been great changes, but not under the wheel sets the changed situation after Chao, Chao Taiwan to fully negate the previous round of measures. Therefore, they can not accept the views of not only Emperor Wudi, the Han Emperor Wu of that group of ranking officials, including Huo Guang, did not accept it. Emperor Wudi stand fully refuted Elite Literature to the views, fully endorsed the implementation of a series of policies Han correctness, which is completely understandable.
But should also note that, after all, from the grassroots level Xianliang literature, although they know farmers 的 suffering Bingbu, but Zhidao Some of the Han Min Jian grandiose's policies harm, so they reflect the views of some of the voice of the masses . These are also published Luntai Han Chao reasons. From Emperor Wudi, he has been around Han, Han implementation is a major financial policy makers, he of such policies the benefits to the feudal state has deep experience, but it caused to the people hazards, but few understand. So he published in the round of Taiwan Han Chao, can not understand the past policy of the contradictions in society aroused, and stubbornly adhere to the policy of Emperor Wu in the past. This is his thinking behind the performance of the situation. So the meeting in his salt, is often questioned Elite Literature are too dumb men can answer, silence could not surprising. Overall, Emperor Wudi in the salt meeting the performance, like a carrying a heavy burden, because not keep up with the advances of age hoarse cry of the old man, although his voice with a lot of truth, been the pace of progress drowned.
Salt the second year after the meeting, Chiu Tai Feng Yuan Dynasty (80 BC) in September, there were competing Emperor Zhao Yan Wang Dan and the throne of the struggle, history is called "Yan Wang of change", Emperor Wudi also been implicated to this incident, the results were Huo Guang Sang Hongyang one executed.
Emperor Zhao's sister, Princess E-eup, when he was tending in him, siblings have a very good, but the princess and his son Shangguan Jie collusion, seeking closure of her love for the Liehou Fuding outsider when he was rejected by Huo Guang, thus Huo Guang dissatisfaction. Thus, Yan Wang and Shangguan Jie father once collaborated on with the Princess, together with the children by seeking an official seal which was rejected by the Emperor Wudi Huo Guang, they set a trap for E-eup Princess personally entertained Huo Guang, by its not prepared to kill him, then spent Emperor Zhao, Ying Li Yan Wang Dan to God. I do not know how this plot was discovered by the princess of a Scheeren, he told his father Yan warehouse, warehouse is the largest division of agricultural Yan subordinate official agent paddy farming. Messenger, he immediately to his superiors large companies reported a dense open agricultural Yang Yang spacious feel a significant impact, not come forward to denounce, to name their own illness, the matter disclosed to Jianda Fu Du sickness, he immediately told to Huo Guang, so that their conspiracy was quickly crushed Huo Guang. Yan Wang Dan, E Yap princess was forced to commit suicide, Shangguan Jie Ding outsiders father and son and killed 70-year-old has been in his son Sang Sang Hongyang and move, was also killed Huo Guang. Elsie sickness because of the informers active, Cao was promoted to the right Taipu Decadence, labeled Jianping Hou.
Emperor Wudi of China made history a thinker does not depend on agriculture in rich countries. He said: "the rich non-a," "Why should the rich with the agricultural", "no end of what the industry is the industry?" Advocated by the government-run businesses to increase economic income. He believes that salt monopoly as a national unity government revenue, may be "full brigade of the fees, service accumulation to prepare lack away" without having to increase the tax burden on farmers; prevent the monopoly of high production and operation, manipulation of prices, blocking their "interest way "; to reduce rich-poor gap," with Qi Limin ", easing class conflict. In practice, his salt, iron and wine monopoly to implement the use of monopoly price, charge exorbitant profits; implement equalization method. The creation of all transportation law, regulate circulation of commodities, stabilize market prices. These measures effectively to combat the forces of rich merchants, to reduce the burden on the people, but also increase government revenue, to a certain extent, be a "do not benefit the people and the world endowed with a spare." Emperor after the death of Emperor Zhao Yuan six years before (BC 8l), the Han Dynasty held the famous salt meetings. At the meeting, Sang Hongyang refuted the "Elite", "Literature" attack on government fiscal policy, for the salt and all government-run stabilization policy inputs made a comprehensive defense. He said: "salt of interest, so junior people pressing, full brigade of the needs, services must accumulate in order to prepare lack, by a very public, good for the country, harmless to people"; stabilization are lost is done "level things and then people." In order to protect small-scale peasant and national sources, inhibit the despotic Emperor Wudi advocate annexation. Emphasis on "system for its shortcomings, lack of transfer of their", "parting all benefit," "forbidden overflow envy, Erleigh way" to prevent "of the people with harm the rich." He believes that the implementation of salt monopoly, are input equalization is to "absolutely and part of the road" so that "people can live in plenty"; "Shanze no sign, the monarch and his subjects the same benefits; knife coins no ban, then raped Chen parallel "," Chen Fu with luxury, while under the patent phase tilting. " Emperor Wudi of the financial ideas and policies to safeguard the highest interests of the ruling group itself, but in the feudal state was the financial crisis because of years of war situation, can do "people without Fu Rao for Country", the system The more than despotic, because the poor inadequate, and to some extent, alleviate the burden, this is a good thing after all, historical progressive.
- Wang
Translated by Google