字: | 少川 | ||||||
籍貫: | 江蘇嘉定 | ||||||
|
顧維鈞,漢族。字少川。英文名“Vi Kyuin "Wellington" Koo”,1888年1月29日(清光緒十三年十二月十七)生。江蘇嘉定(今屬上海嘉定區)人。初入舊式私塾,後於1899年考入上海英華書院,1901年考入聖約翰書院。1904年入美國哥倫比亞大學,專攻國際法及外交,獲博士學位。1912年回國後,任總統秘書、內閣秘書、外務部顧問和憲法起草委員等職。1915年起歷任北洋政府駐墨西哥、美國、古巴、英國公使。1919和1921年作為中國代表團成員出席巴黎和會和華盛頓會議。在巴黎和會上,就山東的主權問題據理力爭,以出色的辯論才能闡述中國對山東有不容爭辯的主權,為維護中華民族的權益作出了貢獻。1922~1926年先後任北洋政府的外交總長、財政總長、代理國務總理等職,其間,於1924年5 月曾代表中國政府與蘇聯簽訂《中俄解决懸案大綱協定》。1931年九·一八事變後,以中國代表身份參加了國際聯盟李頓調查團,調查日本帝國主義在中國東北的侵略罪行。1932年起先後任駐法、英、美大使和駐國際聯盟代表等職。1945年6月,出席舊金山會議,參加《聯合國憲章》起草工作並代表中國在《聯合國憲章》上簽字。其後任國民黨政府駐聯合國代表。1956~1967年,歷任海牙國際法庭法官、國際法院副院長、臺灣國民黨總統府資政等職。退休後定居美國,以十七年時間完成口述回憶錄,記述了五十多年從事外交工作的經歷。1985年11月14日在美國紐約逝世。
大事年表
1888年 1月29日,生於嘉定縣(今上海市嘉定區)。
1892年 進私塾讀書。
1899年 進基督教會所辦中西書院讀書。
1901年 考入基督教會所辦的上海聖約翰書院讀書。
1904年 自費隨施肇基率領的湖北官費生赴美留學。入紐約州庫剋學院讀英語。
1905年 考入哥倫比亞大學,主修國際法和外交。
1909年 同時獲學士、碩士學位。秋,在哥倫比亞大學與孫中山相見。
1912年 3月,以《外人在華地位》通過博士論文答辯。4月,回國抵北京,任總統袁世凱英文秘書兼國務總理唐紹儀秘書。8月,兼任外交部秘書。
1913年 6月,與唐紹儀之女唐寶玥在上海結婚。參與中英關於西藏問題的談判。
1914年 升任外交部參事。
1915年 春,參與中日二十一條交涉。7月,被任命為駐墨西哥公使。10月,調任駐美國公使。
1916年 4月,簽署中美《六釐金幣庫券合同》。11月,簽署中美《芝加哥銀行藉款合同》。
1917年 4月,建議北京政府追隨美國參戰。11月,就《藍辛石井協定》嚮美國遞交照會。
1918年 10月,夫人唐寶玥病故,遺一子德昌,一女菊珍。12月,奉派參加巴黎和會抵達巴黎。
1919年 1月28日,代表中國就山東問題在巴黎和會上發言,駁斥日本要求。6月28日,拒簽對德和約。
1920年 10月,調任駐英國公使。11月,與華僑富商之女黃蕙蘭結婚。12月,兼任國際聯盟中國代表。
1921年 11月,任中國代表出席華盛頓會議。12月,會外與日本交涉山東問題。
1922年 2月,簽署《解决山東懸案條約》和《九國公約》。8月,任王寵惠內閣外交總長,11月辭職。
1923年 7月,任高凌蔚內閣外交總長。
1924年 1月,任孫寶琦內閣外交總長。5月,簽訂《中蘇協定》。9月任顔惠慶內閣外交總長。10月,“北京政變”後棄職離京。
1925年 寓居上海。
1926年 5月,任顔惠慶內閣財政總長。7月,杜錫組閣,留任財政總長。10月,代理國務總理兼外交總長。11月,發表終止中國與比利時條約宣言。
1927年 1月,署理國務總理兼外交總長。6月,張作霖組織軍政府,顧內閣總辭職。
1928年 7月,被南京國民政府通緝,離國赴歐洲旅居。
1929年 應張學良之邀,返國抵瀋陽。
1930年 往來於瀋陽、北京之間,為張學良提供外交咨詢。
1931年 九·一八事變發生,任“國民黨特種外交委員會”委員。11月,任國民政府外交部長。12月,辭外交部長職。
1932年 3月,任國聯李頓調查團中國顧問。4月,陪調查團赴東北調查。8月,被委任為駐法國公使。10月,任國聯中國代表。
1933年 5月,任日內瓦裁軍會議中國代表。9月,出席國聯第14屆大會。
1934年 6月,請假返國。
1935年 暫居國內。
1936年 2月,中法外交關係升格,任駐法大使。
1937年 9月,在國聯呼籲製裁日本侵略。10月,奉派為中國出席布魯塞爾會議代表。
1938年 年初,與法國交涉中國軍火從越南過境事。7月,與美國財長摩根索接洽援華事宜。
1939年 3月,接國民政府電令,與法國探討中、法、英合作事。11月,召集中國駐歐使節商討外交方針,建議國民政府加強對美外交。
1940年 6月,巴黎被德國占領,隨法國政府遷至維希。
1941年 5月,調任駐英大使。7月,抵達倫敦。
1942年 春,交涉英國對華5000萬英鎊貸款。12月,參與中英新約談判,對條約簽訂起了重要作用。是年,加入國民黨。
1943年 3月,返英途中抵美,力促宋美齡訪英,未果。7月,宋子文訪英,安排並參加與英國政府會談等事宜。
1944年 8月,任中國首席代表,赴美國參加敦巴頓橡樹園會議,商討第二次世界大戰戰後事務和籌建聯合國。
1945年 4-6月,任中國出席舊金山聯合國製憲大會代表,並代理代表團長,代表中國第一個在聯合國憲章上簽字。12月,任中國出席聯合國第一屆大會代表。
1946年 6月,調任駐美大使。7月,抵達華盛頓就任。
1947年 5月,嚮美國政府提出10億美元貸款要求。
1948年 11月,嚮杜魯門總統提出援華要求。12月被中國共産黨宣佈為戰犯。
1949年 5月,與鬍適等人嚮蔣介石建議推行改革,任用新人,隨後,勸說鬍適出山組織由留美學生組成的新內閣。
1950年 6月,朝鮮戰爭爆發,就杜魯門聲明嚮臺灣提出應對建議。
1951年 6月,嚮美國國務卿杜勒斯聲明臺灣有關對日和約的立場。
1952年 10月,嚮葉公超提出辭職要求,被勸阻。
1953年 3月,嚮美國提出締結美臺“共同防禦條約”的要求。
1954年 11月,和葉公超一起與美國談判“共同防禦條約”。12月2日,條約簽字。
1955年 1-2月,與美國政府交涉國民黨軍從大陳島撤退和美國協防金門、馬祖事宜。
1956年 2月,遞交辭呈。4月,被免“大使”職務,同時被聘為“總政府”資政。
1957年 1月,經聯合國大會和安理會多次投票,當選國際法院法官。
1959年 與黃蕙蘭離婚。與嚴幼韻結婚。
1960年 開始口述回憶錄的工作。
1964年 當選為國際法院副院長。
1966年 10月,退出國際法院法官競選。
1967年 定居紐約,開始退休生活。
1972年 9月,章含之受毛澤東委托前來拜訪。
1976年 口述回憶錄完成,捐贈母校哥倫比亞大學。
1985年 11月14日,於紐約寓所無疾而終。享年98歲。
傢人
顧維鈞有過四段婚姻:
張潤娥,張雲驤之女,1908年結婚後共同返美,後離婚;
唐寶玥,唐紹儀之女,1914年結婚,生子顧德昌、女顧菊珍,1918年病逝;
黃蕙蘭,“亞洲糖業大王”黃仲涵之女,1920年結婚,生子顧裕昌、顧福昌,1956年離婚;
嚴幼韻,1959年結婚。
人物逸事
天資聰穎,不滿婚約
顧維鈞的父親顧晴川是晚清第一任交通銀行總裁。早年於光緒末年,由家乡江蘇嘉定來到上海,當了上海道尹袁觀瀾的師爺。顧晴川本是青衣一衿,傢境清寒,為生活計,衹得到上海來作小吏。顧維鈞從小聰穎過人,4歲時入私塾讀書。12歲跟了父親來上海讀書。不久,便考入南市育纔中學。
當時同在袁觀瀾幕府的,還有一人,叫張衡山。此人的文字修養不及顧晴川,但他有一種罕見的本領,就是能看相。道尹衙門中的大小官員,不少人他都看過,據說十分靈驗。那時袁觀瀾之子袁履登和顧維鈞同在育纔讀書,兩人很要好,課後常一起在衙門裏玩。張衡山說,這兩個孩子都非等閑之輩,惟履登不正,將來恐難有善終(後淪為漢姦);維鈞將來則一帆風順,富貴雙全。張衡山就常常買些點心給他們吃,但內心真正喜愛的衹有顧維鈞,對於袁道尹的兒子,不過敷衍而已。
張衡山膝下有一嬌女,與顧維鈞年齡相當,張很想得東床快婿,就托人做媒。從當時兩傢的景況看,張較顧好得多,況且張衡山又是袁道尹的姨表兄,晴川覺得這門親事有點高攀了,豈有不樂意之理,維鈞那時年齡還小,自然沒什麽意見,就由雙方傢長訂了婚。
顧維鈞在育纔中學畢業後無力升學,晴川打算讓兒子學習商業,並且已經嚮一傢錢莊講妥了。張衡山知道此事後,大加反對。他認定維鈞必可造就,乃資助維鈞入上海聖約翰大學。這是一所貴族學校,耗資甚巨,張衡山仍不惜工本。維鈞在聖約翰畢業後,張又賣掉一部分祖産,供給他赴美留學。顧為人聰明,在校成績名列前茅。回國時適逢民國初建,留美生在國內甚為吃香。維鈞一到上海即去拜見嶽丈大人,衡山大喜,設宴招待。
席間,維鈞竟嚮衡山提出要見見未婚妻。那時風氣初開,大傢閨秀不能拋頭露面。雖然父親已經應允,女兒卻羞答答地躲在房內,死也不肯出來。顧維鈞大為失望,他覺得他的未婚妻太不大方,將來不能在交際場中顯身手,配不上他這位留美博士,頓時興趣索然,悶悶地喝了兩杯酒,就告辭了。據說,顧所以亟亟一見未婚妻的原因,是因為他聽說未婚妻的裙下,是一對三寸金蓮,有點不時髦了。
1905年,16歲的顧維鈞赴美國留學,入紐約州庫剋學院學英語,第二年便考入哥倫比亞大學,主攻政治和文學,4年間獲文學學士和政治學碩士兩個學位,繼而獲法學博士學位。在留美期間,先後擔任了《哥倫比亞月刊》經理和紐約中國留學生會會長。
立志報國,求學海外
顧維鈞生在鴉片戰爭後,此時的中國正一步步陷入列強的侵略包圍之中,而上海又是一個中外交往非常集中的地方,顧維鈞從小就看到了很多中外不平等的狀況,也因此從小就有着通過自己的努力來改變中國積弱狀況的理想。一次,少年顧維鈞經過外白渡橋,看見一個英國人坐着黃包車,急着要去看跑馬。拉車上橋本來就纍得很,他還用鞭子抽打車夫。顧維鈞很憤怒,於是斥責這個英國人說:“Are you a gentleman?”(你還算是個紳士嗎?)後來,顧維鈞在回憶錄中提到這段往事,並說“我從小就受到這些影響,感到一定要收回租界,取消不平等條約。”
1904年,16歲的顧維鈞剪辮易服,遠渡重洋,留學美國。他選擇了在哥倫比亞大學主修國際法和外交。顧維鈞的老師約翰穆爾曾擔任美國助理國務卿,有豐富的外交實踐經驗,他以一個外交官的標準來要求、培養顧維鈞。顧維鈞在學校成績非常優秀,曾擔任了哥倫比亞大學校刊《瞭望者》的主編,這對於一名留學生是非常難得的。在校的學習,為顧維鈞日後成為一名優秀的外交官打下了堅實的基礎。
接到邀請,回國效力
顧維鈞在美留學期間,有一次,後來成為他嶽父的唐紹儀作為清朝政府的特使訪問美國,在大使館裏接見了40位中國留學生,顧維鈞作為學生代表緻辭。唐紹儀馬上就非常欣賞這個年輕的留學生,認為他是一個可造之材。於是,當袁世凱執政,他出任袁世凱的內閣總理時,他立刻想袁世凱舉薦了顧維鈞。那時,顧維鈞正在準備博士學位的答辯,他的論文還衹寫了一個序章,邀請他回國擔任總統府英文秘書的信件就寄到了紐約。
學業尚未完成,令顧維鈞感到為難,他準備拒絶來自北京的邀請。當他把這一情況告訴導師約翰穆爾,約翰穆爾卻不同意他的選擇。約翰穆爾對顧維鈞說:你學習外交就是為了為國報效,現在有這麽好的機會,你應該抓住。於是他讓顧維鈞把《序章》拿給他看。看過之後,他告訴顧維鈞:單獨的《序章》寫得就很好,就可以作為博士論文來答辯。在導師的理解和支持下,顧維鈞順利拿到了博士學位,於1912年啓程回國赴任。多年後,顧維鈞回憶起導師時說:約翰穆爾是對我一生影響最大的人。
8年前,顧維鈞赴美留學時,還是一個年僅16歲的少年,而8年後他回到中國時,已是一位風度翩翩的英俊青年。
同名幸事,攜女殿堂
1912年,顧維鈞在哥倫比亞獲法學博士學位後歸國,顧維鈞回國不久,就由他的嶽父張衡山介紹,北上去見唐紹儀。唐紹儀時任外交總長,顧維鈞以留美博士的資格,在唐手下當了一個外交部三等秘書。他少年翩翩,公餘出入於達官貴人的娛樂場所北京飯店舞場。一個偶然的機會,他邂逅了唐紹儀的女兒唐寶。唐寶沒有出過洋,對外洋嚮往已久,所以她平時非留學生不交。顧維鈞的美貌,更打動了她的芳心。自此以後,二人形影不離。有了這層關係,顧維鈞開始步步高升,簡直像乘直升飛機一樣。每提出一項要求,唐寶就死纏着唐紹儀,不怕她老子不答應。顧在北京兩年,官已至外交部情報司長了。遠在上海的張衡山高興得很,以為得此乘竜快婿,證明他的看相功夫已到了傢。於是函電顧維鈞回上海舉行婚禮。顧置之不復,後來張衡山終於得知他和唐小姐的一段情史,把老臉都氣黃了,並寫了一封信給唐紹儀痛責顧維鈞,請唐將顧送回上海。唐紹儀閱信後,勃然大怒,當即把顧叫來訓斥了一頓,令他立即返滬。顧雖然不願離開北京,但受不住良心的責備和親友的勸導,衹得收拾行李,預備南下。事情馬上被唐女知道了,哭哭啼啼地跑在父親面前道:“孩兒若不能和維鈞結合,一定削發為尼!”一定要父親出面幹預此事。其時,唐紹儀已晉升為國務總理,總覺得不該憑着自己的權勢,去強奪人傢的女婿,沒有答應。唐小姐仍不罷休,為了示威與恐嚇,跑到了北京郊外的白雲庵,並叫人通知她父親說:已擇期落發,唐紹儀仍未理睬。女公子見此計不成,再生一計,她又回到城裏,使人通知她父親,說再不答應她的要求,她衹好到八大鬍同(舊時北京娼妓集中區)去做生意,並且挂上現任國務總理小姐玫瑰的金字招牌。這一記悶棍,果然把唐紹儀打昏了。他立刻請回了自己的女兒,宣佈“無條件投降”。
以總理的權勢,幹預這樣一件區區小事,何須費力?他打了一個電報,給淞滬護軍使(警備總司令)何豐林,叫他負責顧維鈞退婚一事。何豐林原是一個老粗,奉到國務總理的命令如何敢怠慢?於是親自帶了百名士兵,跑進張公館,找到張衡山,逼他立刻寫退婚書。衡山嚮來不畏強暴,憤然地對何豐林說:“顧維鈞不是東西,我當然不要他做女婿,退婚可以,但我不能受你的威逼,你帶了大兵包圍我的住宅,太侮辱我了。”何豐林拍桌子大聲地直嚷:“你不退婚,我公事上怎麽交代?我官做不成,和你拼命!”此時,衡山的女兒,顧維鈞的未婚妻,突然勇敢起來,跑出來對父親說:“爸爸退了婚,我們認錯了吧。”何豐林興高采烈地把退婚書拿走了。衡山長嘆一聲:“我衹會看相,不會看心。”不久便抑鬱而死。張潤娥萬念俱灰長齋念佛,在陸傢觀音堂落了發。張某落了發,唐某自然可以不當尼姑了。在何豐林把退婚書專人送到北京後,不到一個月,於1913年顧維鈞與唐寶便在北京飯店舉行規模宏大的婚禮。郎貌女勢羨煞了多少青年男女!從此,顧維鈞在北洋政府中的政治地位,又更穩了一層。不久便被派往倫敦,充任中國駐英公使去了。1933年,顧維鈞再度出任國民政府外交部長,在上海知悉張潤娥生活清苦,特地寫了一封懺悔信,附送一筆5萬元的款子,派人送到陸傢觀音堂。張某把款子和信原封退還,她修行20多年,已到了不動凡心的地步。此是後話。
據說嶽丈唐紹儀字少川,顧維鈞也是字少川,翁婿同名,因此也曾在民國時期傳為佳話。顧維鈞和唐寶婚後感情篤深。1915年,顧維鈞出任美國公使,夫人唐寶一同前往,同年他們的長子顧德昌在美國降生。
投身外交,嶄露頭角
顧維鈞回國後,先是擔任袁世凱的英文秘書,後來進入外交部任職,1914年晉升為外交部參事。他的才華在工作中日漸顯現。
1914年,第一次世界大戰爆發。英德法俄相繼投入歐洲戰場,無暇東顧,也使日本獲得了擴大在華勢力的天時地利。8月下旬,日本迫不及待地對德宣戰,11月,日軍占領青島,接管了德國在山東的權益。對德戰事結束後,日本並沒有如先前所說的從中國撤軍,反而在1915年1月18日,嚮袁世凱提出了臭名昭著的《二十一條》。顧維鈞也正是在這時,第一次正式接觸了有關山東問題的對外交涉。
因為害怕其他國傢幹預,日本在提出《二十一條》時有一個附加條件:不許把中日交涉的有關內容泄露出去。然而,顧維鈞感到此時的中國需要外來的支持。於是,他沒有徵求袁世凱的同意,悄悄把消息透露給了英美。於是,其它國傢作出了一定程度的反映,對日本構成了壓力。在這種情況下,袁世凱看到對外界作一定透露有助於中國,開始有意地讓顧維鈞繼續透露消息。這一做法最終證明是有一定效果的。由於顧維鈞有着留學美國的背景,瞭解美國歷史、政治和文化,又在這次外交中表現出了不凡的勇氣和才能,其後不久,袁世凱任命顧維鈞為駐美公使。
那一年,顧維鈞纔27歲,那時的他還有着京城三大美男子之一的美稱。這位年輕英俊的外交官成為了當時中國最年輕的駐外使節,也是華盛頓有史以來最年輕的外國使節。
家庭不幸,愛妻去世
1918年,第一次世界大戰結束,巴黎和會即將召開。當人們陶醉在勝利的喜悅之中時,顧維鈞卻正在為愛妻的去世深深悲痛。
顧維鈞的妻子唐寶是唐紹儀之女,二人感情甚篤。然而,在1918年有一場疫病席捲全球,今天被稱作西班牙流感。唐寶不幸染病去世,留下了一兒一女。此時,顧維鈞接到了擔任全權代表之一的任命。北京政府任命的代表共5人,分別是外交總長陸徵祥、南方政府代表王正廷、駐英公使施肇基、駐比公使魏宸組、駐美公使顧維鈞。顧維鈞因為傢事,一度想謝絶任命,但最終,他還是决定為國出使。起程前,顧維鈞專程拜訪了美國總統威爾遜,威爾遜許諾願意支持和幫助中國,這讓顧維鈞對即將開幕的和會多了一份信心和期望。
內憂外患,矛盾重重
1918年深鼕,顧維鈞抵達巴黎。這一年,他31歲。剛到巴黎,代表團就遭遇到了第一個打擊--和會席位問題。各個國傢被劃分為三等,一等的五個大國英美法意日可以有5席,其它一些國傢3席,一些新成立、新獨立的國傢2席,中國被劃為最末一等,衹能有兩個席位,列強仍然把中國看得很低。雖衹有兩個席位,但五位代表可輪流出席。在代表團排名問題上,波瀾又起。按陸徵祥報送北京的名單,順序依次為:陸徵祥、王正廷、施肇基、顧維鈞、魏宸組。然而北京政府的正式命令下達時排名卻被換成了:陸徵祥、顧維鈞、王正廷、施肇基、魏宸組,這就引起了王正廷和施肇基的強烈不滿,在代表團中埋下了不和的種子。隨着和會的進行,代表團內部的矛盾也在不斷升級。
中國準備嚮和會提出收回山東權利問題,但還沒來得及,日本先發製人,率先在五個大國的“十人會”上提出德國在山東的權益應直接由日本繼承。大會通知中國代表到下午的會上作陳述。代表團接到通知時已是中午。這對於中國代表團又是一個晴天霹靂。
雄辯巴黎,聲名遠揚
經過一番周折,確定由顧維鈞代替王正廷出席。下午的會議作出决定,有關山東問題,由中國代表次日進行陳述,1919年1月28日,顧維鈞受命於危難,就山東問題作了一次縝密細緻、暢快淋漓的精彩發言,從歷史、經濟、文化各方面說明了山東是中國不可分割的一部分,有力地批駁了日本的無理要求。在他的雄辯面前,日本代表完全處於劣勢。各國首腦紛紛嚮他表示祝賀,顧維鈞在國內外一舉成名。 這次雄辯在中國外交史上地位非凡,這是中國代表第一次在國際講壇上為自己國傢的主權作了一次成功的演說。形勢對中國本來十分有利,然而,到了4月,變化陡生。因分贓不均。意大利在爭吵中退出了和會。日本藉機要挾:如果山東問題得不到滿足,就將效法意大利。為了自己的利益,幾個大國最終决定犧牲中國的合法權益,先後嚮日本妥協,並強迫中國無條件接受。這一事件點燃了“五四運動”的火種。
妙語應答,立場堅定
顧維鈞巴黎聲明 1919年1月28日,美、英、法、日、中國在巴黎討論中國山東問題。 戰敗西德國將退出山東,日本代表牧野先生卻要求無條件地繼承德國在山東的利益。 中國代表顧維鈞聽了,站起身面對其他四周代表問道:“西方出了聖人,他叫耶穌,基督教相信耶穌被釘死在耶路撒冷,使耶路撒冷成為世界聞名的古城。而在東方也出了一個聖人,他叫孔子,連日本人也奉他為東方的聖人。 牧野先生你說對嗎?” 牧野不得不承認:“是的。” 顧維鈞微笑道:“既然牧野先生也承認孔子是東方的聖人,那麽東方的孔子就如同西方的耶穌,孔子的出生地山東也就如耶路撒冷是東方的聖地。 因此,中國不能放棄山東正如西方不能失去耶路撤冷一樣!(China can not miss shandong as same as the west world can not miss Jerusalem)”美國總統威爾遜、英國首相勞合。喬治和法國總理剋裏孟梭--巴黎和會的三巨頭聽完顧維鈞擲地有聲的聲明,一齊走上前握住他的手,稱他為中國的“青年外交傢”。
斷然拒簽,名留史册
面對如此現實,代表團心灰意冷,名存實亡,有的代表離開了巴黎,團長陸徵祥住進了醫院。和會最後一段時間裏,顧維鈞獨自擔當起了為中國作最後努力的職責,一直堅持到和約簽訂前的最後一刻。然而,不管顧維鈞如何努力,都沒有結果,中國的正當要求一再被拒絶。保留簽字不允,附在約後不允,約外聲明又不允,衹能無條件接受。如此情況下,顧維鈞感到:退無可退,衹有拒簽,表明中國的立場。他把這一想法匯報給陸徵祥,陸徵祥同意了他的意見。於是,1919年6月28日,當簽約儀式在凡爾賽宮舉行時,人們驚奇地發現:為中國全權代表準備的兩個座位上一直空無一人。中國用這種方式表達了自己的憤怒。簽約儀式的同時,顧維鈞乘坐着汽車經過巴黎的街頭。他在回憶錄中說:“汽車緩緩行駛在黎明的晨曦中,我覺得一切都是那樣黯淡--那天色,那樹影,那沉寂的街道。我想,這一天必將被視為一個悲慘的日子,留存於中國歷史上。同時,我案子想象着和會閉幕典禮的盛況,想象着當出席和會的代表們看到為中國全權代表留着的兩把座椅上一直空蕩無人時,將會怎樣地驚異、激動。這對我、對代表團全體、對中國都是一個難忘的日子。中國的缺席必將使和會,使法國外交界,甚至使整個世界為之愕然,即使不是為之震動的話。”
這次拒簽在中國外交的歷史中間,具有里程碑式的意義。中國第一次堅决地對列強說“不”,終於打破了“始爭終讓”的外交局面,最後沒有退讓。這也是中國外交勝利的起點。以後,中國一步步奪回了喪失的主權。
巴黎和會懸而未决的山東問題,最終在1921年華盛頓會議上得到瞭解决。經過36次談判,中日簽署了《解决山東懸案條約》及附件,日本無可奈何地一步步交出了強占的山東權益。在這次會議上負責山東問題並最終虎口奪食的,是33歲的顧維鈞。
三度婚事,難逃悲劇
1920年,經歷了巴黎和會的顧維鈞在外交界的聲譽與日俱增。此時,顧維鈞正任國聯(聯合國的原名)理事。經人介紹,在紐約與慕名前來的號稱“亞洲糖業大王”的華僑黃仲涵的女兒黃蕙蘭相識,很快就到了形影不離的地步。黃某為英倫華僑第一巨富,死時積財500萬鎊。他衹有一個女兒,長得並不漂亮,可是華美的衣着、貴重的首飾,把她打扮得使任何男人都要動心。她嫁過人,前夫是英國的一位爵士,結婚不久便死了。高貴的門第,關不住春色,她仍舊出入於豪華的交際場所。早在唐寶未死之前,她對顧維鈞已是種下了相思,據說日夜祈禱着唐某早亡。乃知天從人願,她便狂熱地追起顧維鈞來。那時顧還年輕,雖羨慕她的豪富,但不滿於她的容貌,那黃小姐卻不耐再等,生怕顧維鈞為旁人奪去。有一天晚上,她老練而坦白地對顧說:“我的金錢力量,可以保證你事業的成功,我們來開始合作吧。”
顧維鈞對這個女人,仍舊有點猶豫,當時雖未拒絶,亦未慨然應允。翌日,他找了一位英倫有名的星卜家,出了一個金鎊的酬勞,為他卦占這門婚姻的後果。卦占結果,認為佳偶天成,大吉大利。顧意始决,二人在倫敦結婚,時人稱為“一鎊緣”。兩人於同年10月11日在倫敦結婚。婚禮後的次日,國聯行政會議在日內瓦召開,顧維鈞作為國聯理事必須參加,因此,他們的新婚之夜是在去日內瓦的火車上度過的。顧維鈞付出一鎊算命錢,卻收進了500萬鎊隨嫁錢。依賴金錢的力量,回國之後,很快地升任外交總長。北京政局此起彼落,而顧則各方面都有拉扯。一時失敗者,顧予以接濟,來個“燒冷竈”,如失敗者重新上臺,顧當然可以更紅起來了。不數年顧要組閣,事前有人問章士釗說:“顧少川(顧維鈞字)要組閣,你看可能成為事實嗎?”章士釗很痛快地答:“以顧夫人的多金,少川要當總統也不難,豈僅一個國務總理!”未幾,顧少川果然組閣,金錢萬能,章士釗算是看透了。
北洋政府垮臺以後,顧維鈞遭到國民政府的通緝。他逃到國外,寄居了好久,本可以從此過隱居生活了。但他官癮未過足,就叫他夫人回國活動。起初,宋子文夫婦不睬她。據說,後來顧夫人乃以重禮敲門,功夫不負有心人,終於獲得宋氏夫婦的歡心。不久,顧維鈞回國,從部長到大使,又一次成為中國政界的紅人。
黃蕙蘭女士精通幾國語言,婚後跟隨丈夫顧維鈞活躍於國際政壇上,處處都能為丈夫助一臂之力。在我國駐外使節的夫人中,黃蕙蘭女士是最出色的了。黃蕙蘭生有二子顧裕昌和顧福昌。
顧維鈞和黃蕙蘭女士在一起生活了30餘年,直到他1956年從駐美大使銜上卸任退休。大概是由於夫妻之間性格上的差異,而勞燕分飛。對於他們夫妻之間的這段姻緣,在黃蕙蘭女士著的《沒有不散的宴席》一書中有較詳細的記述。顧維鈞與黃蕙蘭女士分手後,住在紐約。
堅守底綫,捍衛臺海
1954年12月2日,臺灣當局與美國經過一個月的談判後簽署《共同防禦條約》。臺美之間圍繞《共同防禦條約》的交涉由此進入遞交各自立法機構批準的最後階段。此時人民解放軍對在臺灣當局控製下的大陳諸島發起進攻,沿海島嶼遂成為臺美批準條約過程中的一個焦點。圍繞如何處置大陳及金門、馬祖等島嶼問題,臺美之間展開了新一輪交涉。顧維鈞作為臺灣當局的“駐美大使”以及談判《共同防禦條約》的兩個全權代表之一(另一名為臺灣“外交部長”葉公超),自始至終參與了臺灣與美國間關於條約交涉的整個過程。在整個臺美交涉中,他主要是作為葉公超的副手出現的。但由於其資深的經歷、豐富的經驗和對美國的瞭解,其作用非一般副手可比。從與美方會談過程看,葉公超較為強硬,常正面表達臺灣方面的立場,而顧維鈞則相對靈活,多對臺灣的立場進行解釋說明。在會談陷入僵持時,總是由顧維鈞出面轉圜或另提辦法,如1月31日會談中對金門、馬祖在聲明中的具體表達方式。雖然由於長期職業外交官經歷形成的靈活應對尋求妥協的習慣,在臺灣發表聲明的措詞這樣的問題上與蔣介石十分強硬的立場並不完全一致,但在防範由沿海島嶼問題導致“兩個中國”這一點上,無論是顧維鈞還是葉公超,都與蔣介石一樣十分警覺,這就為臺美之間最後達成關於沿海島嶼的協議設定了一個底綫。
嚴氏理傢,顧氏最愛
顧先生的最後一位夫人是嚴幼韻女士。嚴女士是一位出身上海富商家庭的大傢閨秀,早年為復旦大學的“校花”,也是上海交際場中的名流。她的第一任丈夫楊光泩是普林斯頓大學國際法博士,留美時,也曾任《中國留學生月刊》的主編,衹不過比顧維鈞先生晚10年。回國後曾擔任過清華大學的教授,不久進入外交界。那時的楊光泩與任外交總長的顧維鈞接觸較多,彼此交誼頗深。因此,夫人嚴幼韻也早在20世紀30年代就認識顧維鈞先生。第二次世界大戰期間,楊光泩出任駐菲律賓總領事。不久,日軍占領了馬尼拉,楊光泩先生以身殉職。嚴幼韻女士與楊結婚後生有三個女孩。嚴幼韻女士小顧維鈞20歲。婚後,嚴夫人對顧先生關愛有加。在顧先生看來,在他的四位夫人中,他最喜歡的是嚴幼韻女士。嚴幼韻與楊光泩的三個孩子後來自然也成了顧維鈞先生的三個繼女,他們早年喪父,顧維鈞視他們為己出,三個女兒對顧先生如同親生的父親一般。長女楊蕾孟,資深編輯,曾任美國著名的雙日出版社的總編,並親自編輯出版了不少有影響的書,美國前國務卿基辛格的回憶記錄就出自她之手。次女楊雪蘭是有成就的企業傢,現任美國通用公司的副總裁。通用公司在上海投資生産的別剋轎車項目就是由她促成的。三女楊葸恩,在房産開發中成績卓越。
嚴幼韻是位善於理傢、精於治傢和好客的女主人。顧、嚴作為繼父、繼母,對雙方各自子女來探拜,一律歡迎,不分彼此,一視同仁;對故舊親朋的造訪,殷勤款待,禮數周緻。婚後的嚴幼韻把主要精力傾註在照顧丈夫的生活瑣屑上。為他備大量的中英文報紙;同他聊天,讓他身心愉悅;陪他散步,讓他恬靜怡然;為他安排牌局,供他消遣取樂。牌局的定率出入甚微,顧維鈞視它為“統戰”。他打牌從不算牌,不扣牌,十必九輸。有人表示禮貌,讓他當贏傢,他絶不接受,總把錢塞在輸傢的手中。
嚴幼韻熟知丈夫有晚眠晏起的習慣,考慮到晚餐到次日早餐有十多小時不吃東西,怕影響他的健康,每日凌晨3時必起,煮好牛奶放在保溫杯中,還附上一張“不要忘記喝牛奶”的紙條放在床邊,溫馨地督促,呵護有加,百分百地充當了“好管傢、好護士、好秘書”的角色。顧維鈞在九十六歲高齡時,還完成一萬一千頁的口述回憶錄,歷時十七年,是與嚴幼韻的精心照護息息相關的。晚年過着“不忮不求,不怨不尤,和顔悅色,心滿意足”的生活。大兒子顧德昌感動地說:“如果不是她(指嚴幼韻),父親的壽命恐怕要縮短二十年。”顧維鈞晚年在談到長壽秘訣時,總結了三條:“散步,少吃零食,太太的照顧。”
退而不休,永著青史
顧維鈞退休後先打算做三件事:療養度假,以消除長期緊張工作 帶來的疲勞;寫作和研究;開設事務所,提供法律咨詢,解决生計問題。
他尚未着手做這三件事,臺北便通知他,希望他競選一個新的職位:聯合國國際法院法官。顧維鈞早年學習國際法,對此頗有興趣,精力和履歷都足以胜任。經過一番競選,獲得任命,於是走馬上任到了荷蘭,一幹又是10年,1964年當選為副院長。直至1966年,他纔正式告退。越到晚年,他越思念故國傢園。他每天的晚餐必吃中餐,特別想吃家乡上海嘉定的塌棵菜和羅漢菜。衹要有上海來客,他都要問去過嘉定否。1983年,他的女兒顧菊珍回國觀光,顧維鈞再三囑咐女兒一
定要到家乡看看,並將他珍藏多年的明代“嘉定四先生”和民族義士侯峒曾、黃淳耀的墨跡帶回,獻給國傢。
女兒回到美國後,把家乡的所見所聞告訴了父親。顧維鈞激動不已,把畫册翻了又翻,看了又看,後來每逢思鄉心切,便要翻看畫册。他還給家乡寫了一封信,感謝家乡對他的關心厚愛,盛贊故土發生的巨變。
晚年的顧維鈞身居海外多年,可他一直沒有入美國籍,這是由於他一直心係大陸。女兒顧菊珍對父親的這一份不絶如縷的故土深情看在眼裏。為瞭瞭卻父親的這份心願,顧菊珍每次回大陸時,都要代替父親回到嘉定故園去看看家乡的親人,轉達父親對家乡父老的深切問候,然後,再把家乡而今的深刻變化一五一十地告訴父親,以寬緩父親對故鄉的思念。
顧維鈞的退休生活過得非常有規律。他上午9時許起床,早餐時間約一小時,一面飲食,一面閱讀。每天看的英文報紙是《紐約時報》,中文報紙是臺灣出版的《中央日報》和美國出版的《世界日報》。
每天下午,顧維鈞都要拄着拐杖,外出散步。這是他的健身之道。他雖住在紐約這個大都市的中心,但公園大道離著名的中央公園衹有一箭之遙,那裏森林繁茂,緑草如茵,是鬧中取靜放鬆身心的絶佳去處。衹是六七十年代紐約的治安狀況太差,他在散步時曾被搶劫三次。即使在這種情況下,他也不失固有的幽默感,每次散步總要帶些錢,說是不能讓搶劫者空手而歸。不過,被搶劫幾次後,出於安全的考慮,就衹能到大街上散步了。除了散步外,他還喜歡遊泳。90多歲時,他還能遊泳,並站在跳板上跳水。
顧維鈞晚年最經常的消遣是打麻將。嚴幼韻操心最多的也是為他作好安排。顧維鈞打麻將,思路敏捷,出牌極快。有人問他牌運如何,他答曰:“十九必輸。這不是我的技術不如人,實因這是一種‘統戰’,花樣繁多,有時我的精力不能顧到全局,因此牌運對我不甚客氣。”對於輸贏,他認為,“這原來是消遣,定率低而出入微,輸贏可不在乎。
晚年的另一消遣是畫畫。60年代末,顧維鈞專程赴香港拜師學習作國畫,並認真研讀畫譜。他的畫題材固定,大都是梅、蘭、竹、菊,頗得傳統文人畫的神韻,也是他處世立身之道的一種寫照。他也畫過工筆牡丹,那是贈送給夫人嚴幼韻的。
97歲那年,他興致勃勃地畫了一張嘉定縣城的地圖,圖中央是家乡高聳的古塔,下面寫“孔廟”兩字,又畫東西大街,西端寫“西門”兩字,那就是他美麗的家乡,一個典型的江南古鎮。他說着,畫着,思緒如潮,不能自已。現在嘉定博物館中,保存着顧維鈞於1984年親筆書贈的杜甫詩句:“露從今夜白,月是故鄉明。”他退休後,應母校哥倫比亞大學之邀參加“中國口述歷史計劃” 而完成的長達600萬字的《顧維鈞回憶錄》已成為歷史學家的案頭必備。
顧維鈞晚年的另一樂事,是看到兒女孫輩歡聚一堂。顧維鈞共有三子一女。
養生之道,長壽秘訣
■睡
顧維鈞曾說:“有人把睡與醒截然分開,認為‘醒’纔是人生,睡着了渾渾噩噩南柯一夢,屬於非人生。這實在是非常不確切的,‘睡’也是一種重要的人生。我這一生就非常註意睡。我認為,要保證醒時的理性和工作效率,‘睡’,可以算得上是人生第一要務。”
顧維鈞長年思慮,很註意睡眠。夫人嚴幼韻在照顧他的日常起居生活時,就很註意安排他的臥室和寢具。
嚴幼韻為顧維鈞選擇的床鋪高度以他上床時不費力、下床時伸腿可夠着鞋為度。長度超過顧維鈞身長30釐米左右。顧維鈞睡的是木板床,上面鋪6至9釐米厚的墊子。這樣人體各部位自然下垂,並且可以和床面接觸吻合。臥榻鋪上厚的棉墊能適應睡眠者的身體表面麯綫的需要,保持脊柱的正直和正常的生理弧度,對睡眠、健康都有好處。
在對枕頭的選擇上,嚴幼韻也是頗費了一番苦心。
首先,不讓他睡高枕頭。因為側臥時枕頭過高,猶如站立時的低頭位,因頸部過於屈麯而壓迫動脈,妨礙血液循環;側臥時枕頭過高,可使同側肌肉、韌帶疲勞、鬆弛而造成肢體麻木、疼痛及運動障礙。高血壓、頸椎病、動脈硬化者尤其不宜睡高枕頭。顧維鈞枕的是菊花枕。菊花枕具有醒腦明目、祛風清熱的作用,所以陸遊有“頭風使菊枕”的詩句。菊花“收之曬幹做枕”的習慣從宋代就有了,可以治療內熱偏頭痛、頭昏、血壓偏高等病癥。具體方法是:在菊花盛開時摘下菊花曬幹,取1500剋左右,去除雜質及花梗,裝入布袋,再套上枕套即可用。菊花枕質地柔軟輕鬆,氣味芳香,衹是菊花容易受潮黴變或蟲蛀,要常常翻曬。
■吃
顧維鈞晚年的生活被夫人照顧得很好。他習慣晚上11點睡覺,第二天早上10點起床。夫人嚴幼韻惟恐他從晚餐後到第二天早餐之間的十多個小時內不吃東西,對健康不利,因此規定他每天清晨5點醒來後,要喝一杯牛奶,吃一點點心,再繼續睡覺。夫人每天凌晨3點必先起床,把熱好的牛奶放在保溫瓶裏,然後連同一張“不要忘了喝牛奶”的字條一起擱在顧維鈞的床頭。等翌日起床,再去房間看他是否把牛奶喝了。嚴幼韻通常會給顧維鈞準備一些點心,讓他配着牛奶吃。這是因為牛奶含有豐富的蛋白質,衹能在攝入足量的澱粉食物後才能不被作為熱量消耗掉。如果空腹時飲牛奶,便衹有代替澱粉作為熱量消耗掉,這樣就太浪費了。
顧維鈞的家乡盛産枇杷,他從小便極愛吃枇杷,一直到老。這對他的養生也起了相當的作用。吃了多年的枇杷,顧維鈞總結出,枇杷還可以當藥用。其實,枇杷的藥療作用在古書中早有記載,《滇南本草》載:“治肺痿癆傷吐血、咳嗽吐痰、哮喘,又治小兒驚風發熱”;李時珍的《本草綱目》中說:“枇杷葉氣薄味厚,陽中之陰,治肺胃之病,為下氣之食品。”
顧維鈞對果蔬的喜好一直都受着家乡的影響。顧維鈞的家乡除了盛産枇杷外,還盛産桑葚,他一直也很喜歡桑葚這種水果。桑葚味甜微酸,以熟透發紫或發黑者為最佳,紅色次之,而青紅相間者說明還未成熟,不可吃。《隨息居飲食譜》介紹它的吃法是:“可生啖(宜微????拌食),可飲汁,或熬以成膏,或日落幹為末。設逢欠歲,可充糧桑葚,以布濾取汁,瓷器熬成膏收之,每日白湯或醇酒調服一匙。老年服之長精神,健步履,息虛風,靜虛火,兼治水腫脹滿、瘰癘結核。”
顧維鈞最愛喝菊花茶。菊花泡茶自古以來很受欣賞,“九月山僧院,東籬菊也黃,俗人多泛酒,誰解助茶香。”“妍暖春風蕩物華,初回午夢頗思茶,難尋北苑浮香雪,且就東籬擷嫩芽。”詠嘆的詩句不少。
顧維鈞晚年念念不忘曾經喝過的菊米酒。菊米酒是用菊花釀的酒,清涼甜美,是健身益壽的佳品。早在西漢年間,宮廷中就有重陽節飲菊花澱粉酒的記載,以後逐漸在民間流傳。《西京雜記》中便有介紹菊花酒的釀製方法,大意是說:在菊花盛開時,采菊加黍米一並用來釀酒;《荊楚歲時記》中亦有“九月九日,佩茱萸食蓬耳,飲菊花酒,可令人長壽”的記載;陶淵明寫詩贊美過菊花酒:“往燕無遺影,來雁有餘聲,酒能祛百病,菊解製頽齡”;陸遊也曾題詩贊美菊花酒:“菊得霜乃榮,惟與凡草殊,我病得霜健,每卻童子扶,豈與菊同性,故能老不枯?今朝喚父老,采菊陳酒壺,舉袖舞翩躚,南缶歌婉轉,秋晚遇佳日,一醉詎可無。”可見菊花酒作為健身益壽之佳品,已有悠久的歷史。
■動
顧維鈞一生愛好體育運動,年歲逐漸高了,更偏愛散步。住在紐約時,他每天下午要去中央公園散步,因為曾遇到過幾次打劫,為此他出門時總要在口袋裏裝些零錢好打發搶劫者。然而即使這樣,他也堅持散步不懈,他自己戲言道:“我豈止是風雨無阻,簡直是‘盜匪無阻我漫步’呀!”
顧維鈞的散步,從養生學來講,是一種通過增強腿力來延緩衰老的辦法。
顧維鈞在散步時,要加入一段倒步走。倒步行走,雖非顧維鈞所發明,但由於顧維鈞的知名度和他本人對“倒步走”的推廣,這種鍛煉方法被稱為“顧氏行走”。
顧維鈞晚年最經常的消遣是打麻將。他打麻將,思路敏捷,出牌極快。有人問他牌運如何,他回答說,十必九輸,“這原來是消遣,定率低而出入微,輸贏可不在乎。”
顧維鈞很擅長體育,90多歲還能遊泳,並還站在跳板上跳水。遊泳屬於陽剛類體育娛樂項目。水的導熱性要比空氣大20倍。人在攝氏12度的水中慢泳4分鐘,能消耗100千卡以上的熱量。人體熱量的大量消耗,加快了新陳代謝,以補償熱量的損失,維持正常體溫,從而使體溫調節係統得到鍛煉,也提高了人們的耐熱能力。遊泳時要剋服水的阻力,這能使心肌收縮增強。人在水裏呼吸,要剋服水對胸廓的壓力,這樣就鍛煉了呼吸肌。遊泳的肌肉要加強收縮,故能使肌肉纖維增粗,肌塊增大,骨骼堅實,使身體發育勻稱,體型更加健美。遊泳時身體還接觸陽光和新鮮空氣,這對身體吸收紫外綫和氧氣都有幫助。在一般的江河湖海中遊泳還能降低血壓。
關於顧維鈞的電影
《我的1919》 陳道明主演,以顧維鈞為原型,表現了顧維鈞在巴黎和會上不畏強權,為國傢爭取利益。
著作
《顧維鈞回憶錄》(十三捲)
故居
上海
“厚德堂”坐落嘉定西門,位於上海市嘉定鎮西大街9496號,由清末民初交通銀行總裁顧晴川所建。現今“厚德堂”已被上海市於2003年11月17日命為——嘉定區登記不可移動文物。“厚德堂”內有房30餘間,磚木結構,平房與樓房相間,街南一開間,二進深,街北五開間,三進深。此處現為一傢百貨店堆雜物的地方,雖然破敗,但屋檐下的雕花板、地面所鋪的青磚連環金錢花飾都依稀可見。 “厚德堂”內有水橋一座,水井一口,除臨街平房被改造為樓房外,其餘基本保持原狀。門前地上是用磚鋪出的清錢幣形狀,既象徵了主人的身份,又似乎寓有“外圓內方”的意思。
顧維鈞故居可說是一個真正的博物館,這裏不僅藏有關於顧維鈞的各種中外書籍,還有大量顧維鈞使用過的實物,譬如他的製服、禮帽、佩刀、文具,他獲得過的各種榮譽證書和批註的文件,他收藏的紀念品。最令我感興趣的,是顧維鈞的大量照片,從他叱咤風雲的年輕時代,一直到晚年的生活,在照片中都得到了展現。在這些照片中,可以看到顧維鈞的自信和儒雅,他的目光神態中,沒有一點自卑和怯懦。作為一個外交使者,他代表着一個有着五千年歷史的文明古國,是一個尚未蘇醒的巨人,我相信,在內心深處,他是為此自豪的,否則,他不可能有如此作為。顧維鈞紀念館的講解員說,這裏陳列的展品,都是顧維鈞在美國的傢人提供的。
現在有關顧維鈞的展品都移置到了位於嘉定城中心的法華塔院內的顧維鈞紀念館,內有顧維鈞生平照片,收藏的奬章、委任狀、禮服等,還有日記的原稿等。
天津
顧氏在津寓所坐落英租界威靈頓道(今和平區河北路267號),1921年以顧少川名義購於英租界工部局土地2.058市畝,建造成一所三層帶地下室西洋古典式樓房。建築面積1547平方米,占地面積1320平方米混合結構。木屋架起脊,建築立面為紅磚墻。窗子與拱券門相結合,門前一對巴洛剋式麻花形柱,端莊典雅。主樓三層,磚木結構。底層六間兩廳,從門廳進入大廳,內有大壁爐,靠窗有固定坐椅,旁有書房、餐廳、花廳等,廳外有大平臺。二、三層為臥室、衛生間。整所建築設備考究,共有樓房45間,平房2間, 現為國民黨革命委員會天津市委員會使用。
評價
20世紀30年代,一傢英國報紙的專欄作傢曾提到這個熠熠生輝的名字,認為“中國很少有比顧維鈞博士更堪作為典型的人了。平易近人,有修養,無比耐心和溫文爾雅,沒有哪一位西方世界的外交傢在沉着與和藹方面能夠超過他。”
從1912年到1967年,五六十年間,顧維鈞擔任過無數的外交職務,駐美大使、駐法大使、聯合國首席代表、外交總長、海牙國際法院法官等。到了晚年,他又以十七年心血完成了長達十三捲,600萬字的巨著《顧維鈞回憶錄》。
顧維鈞是位功不可沒的愛國外交官,他本身傳記,便是現代中國的一部外交史。他一生堅毅果敢地為中國人民服務。他對工作的獻身精神贏得了世界各國人民的尊敬。他是近代中國偉大的國務活動傢和外交傢之一,改變中國屈辱的對外關係、維護中國在國際舞臺上的尊嚴是他投身外交界時抱定的目標,為了維護國傢利益和民族尊嚴,這位愛國外交傢以自己的智慧、修養和愛國熱忱,在他的外交生涯中作出了歷史性的貢獻。,他的一生是中國人民服務的一人,他對工作的獻身精神贏得了全世界各國人民的尊敬。毛主席也十分佩服他的外交才華和為人。
1892 into the private school to study.
Sze, 1904, at their own expense with Hubei officials led by the United States to study health costs. Cook College, New York time into English.
In March 1912 to "the status of foreigners in China," by doctoral thesis. April, arrived back in Beijing, Chinese President Yuan Shikai Tang Shaoyi Secretary and Secretary of the Prime Minister. In August, also Foreign Secretary.
Spring 1915 to participate in negotiations and Japan 21. In July, was appointed minister in Mexico. In October, was transferred to the United States Minister.
October 1918, his wife Debate on the Mid Yue died, leaving a son and Johnson, a daughter Juzhen. In December, will be assigned to participate in the Paris and Paris.
November 1921, he served as representatives of the Washington Conference. December, negotiations with Japan outside the Shandong question.
January 1924, he was appointed chief of Sun Baoqi cabinet diplomacy. In May, signed a "Sino-Soviet agreement." September Ren Yan Huiqing cabinet diplomacy chief. In October, "Beijing coup" left Beijing after the abandonment of post.
January 1927, the Acting Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. June, Chang Tso-lin military government organizations, Gu Cabinet resign.
1930 contacts in Shenyang, Beijing, between providing diplomatic advice for the Zhang.
May 1933, he was the representative of China in Geneva Disarmament Conference. In September, attended the League of Nations 14th General Assembly.
February 1936, to upgrade diplomatic relations between China and France, he was ambassador to France.
March 1939, then the National Government power to make, and the French study, France, Britain and cooperation matters. In November, to convene to discuss China's foreign policy envoy in Europe, recommended that the National Government to strengthen U.S. diplomacy.
The spring of 1942, negotiated loans for the UK 50 million pounds in China. In December, to participate in the British New Testament talks on signing of the treaty has played an important role. That year, joined the KMT.
April-June 1945, he served at the United Nations in San Francisco on behalf of the Constituent Assembly, and deputy head of delegation, representing the first in the United Nations Charter was signed. In December, he was appointed to attend the first session of the General Assembly on behalf of the United Nations.
November 1948, President Truman made the requests aid to China. December by the Chinese Communist Party as a war criminal.
June 1951, to Taiwan, U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles declared the position of the Japanese Peace Treaty.
November 1954, and Yeh Kung-chao negotiations with the United States with the "Mutual Defense Treaty." December 2, the treaty signing.
January 1957, multiple voting by the General Assembly and the Security Council, was elected the International Court of Justice.
1964, elected as the Vice President.
September 1972, with the chapter commissioned by Mao Zedong came to visit.
Family
Debate on the Mid Yue, Tang Shaoyi daughter, 1914, married, had children Gude Chang, F Gu Juzhen, died 1918;
People anecdotes
Was the same in the Yuan Guanlan shogunate, the other one, called Zhang Hengshan. Cultivation is less than the person's written care Stereotype, but he has a rare ability that can be fortune teller. Taoyin Yamen in the size of the official, many people have seen him, is believed to be efficacious. At that time the son of Yuan Yuan Guanlan carry out registration and Wellington Koo Incubation with the study, two is better, after-school often playing together in the Yamen. Hengshan Zhang said the two children of non-Dengxianzhibei, but to fulfill board is not correct, the future of converting a good death (later reduced to a traitor); Weijun future is smooth, rich, wealth. Zhang Heng Shan was often buy snacks for them to eat, but real love is only heart Wellington Koo, the Yuandao Yin's son, but only perfunctory.
During the reception, Weijun actually asked to see his fiancee to the Hengshan. Time trend beginning, we feminist can not show their faces. Although his father has promised her daughter was shyly hiding in the room, refused to die out. Wellington Koo disappointment, he felt his fiancee too generous, will not show their skills in the communication field, good enough for his Ph.D. in America who, suddenly interested in dry, Men Men drink a glass of wine, on the left. It is said that urgent care so anxious fiancee saw the reason is because he heard that his fiancee's skirt, a pair of lotus feet, a bit of fashion.
Wellington Koo studying in the United States during the once, and later became his father's Tong as the Qing government's special envoy to visit U.S. in the embassy met with 40 Chinese students studying in Wellington Koo as a student speech. Tong immediately appreciate this young student, that he is a going astray. Thus, when the Yuan ruling, he was appointed Prime Minister Yuan Shikai, he immediately would like to recommend the Wellington Koo Yuan. At that time, Wellington Koo is preparing a doctorate reply, his paper also wrote a Prologue only invited him to return to the English Secretary of the Office of the President as a letter to send to New York.
Blessing same name, carrying female hall
In 1912, Wellington Koo received his JD at Columbia after returning, Wellington Koo returned soon after by his father introduced Hengshan Zhang, north to see Tong. Tong when he was foreign affairs chief, Wellington Koo, Dr. USA and the qualifications, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Tang men when a third secretary. His youth dancing, public access to high officials of entertainment over Beijing Hotel ballroom. By chance, he meets the daughter of Debate on the Mid Tong. Debate on the Mid not had any foreign, external foreign longing for a long time, so she usually does not pay non-students. Wellington Koo's beauty, but also touched her heart. Since then, the two inseparable. With this relationship, Wellington Koo began to rise higher and higher, just like the same helicopter. Each one request, Debate on the Mid Tang Shaoyi on desperately afraid of her I do not agree. Gu in Beijing for two years, intelligence officials have been to the Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Shanghai Hengshan Zhang far very pleased, thinking that was the Chenglongkuaixu, fortune teller that his effort has been to the home. Wellington Koo was correspondence back to Shanghai wedding. Gu ignored no longer, then finally learned that he and Zhang Hengshan Miss Tang's a romance, the old head all gas yellow, and wrote a letter to Tang Shaoyi pain responsibility Wellington Koo, please back to Shanghai Tang to Advisory Board. Tang Shaoyi read the letter, was furious and immediately called the Advisory Board reprimanded the meal, so he immediately Fan Hu. Gu Although reluctant to leave Beijing, but by my conscience blame and relatives of persuasion, only to pack up, preparatory south. Thing was immediately aware of the Tang women, crying to get in front of his father: "The baby can not Weijun if combined, certain shaved his head for Nepal!" This must be the father to intervene. That time, Mr. Tong has been promoted to prime minister, should not always feel that his or her own power, to usurp the people's son, did not agree. Miss Tang is still not give up, in order to protest and intimidation, went to the outskirts of Beijing Baiyun An, and Jiao Ren informed her father said: have elective hair, Tang Shaoyi not ignore. Nvgong Zi Seeing this account fail, regeneration of a design, she returned to town, people notice her father, that we do not agree to her request, she had to Bataihutong (old Beijing the sex district) to do business, and is currently hanging Prime Minister the flagship Miss Rose. That lose their really to stun the Tong. He immediately invited back to his own daughter, that "unconditional surrender."
Prime Minister's power to intervene in such a small stuff, why bother? He hit a telegraph to Songhu Hujun to (garrison commander) He Fenglin, Wellington Koo told him to break off an engagement for the issue. He Fenglin was originally a Lao Cu, into the house of the Prime Minister's order to dare to neglect? So personally brought 100 soldiers, ran into Zhang mansion, to find Zhang Hengshan, forced him to immediately break off an engagement to write the book. Hengshan has always been afraid of violence, rage to right He Fenglin, said: "Wellington Koo was not something I do not want him to do son, break off an engagement can be, but I can not be intimidate you, you bring the soldiers surrounded my house, too insult me." He Fenglin Zhirang loudly pounded his desk: "You do not break off an engagement, I explain how official business? I get to do it, and you desperately!" At this point, the daughter of Hengshan, Wellington Koo's fiancee, suddenly brave up and ran out to the father said: "My father dropped out of marriage, we have mistaken it." He Fenglin happily took the book to break off an engagement. Hengshan a long sigh: "I will only fortune teller and will not mind." Soon with grief. Zhang Rune discouraged long fasting Buddha, Guan Yin Tang in the land down the hair at home. Zhang off the hair, Tangmou naturally inappropriate nuns had. He Fenglin to break off an engagement letter in hand sent to Beijing in less than a month, in 1913, Wellington Koo and the Debate on the Mid will be held in Beijing Hotel large-scale wedding. Lang Maung how much women envy the situation of young men and women! Since then, Wellington Koo in the political status of the Northern government, but also a more stable layer. Soon be sent to London, acting as Minister to the Chinese ambassador to Britain. In 1933, Wellington Koo once again as the National Government Minister of Foreign Affairs, in Shanghai, noted Zhang Rune real hard lives, specifically wrote a letter Chan Huixin, accompanied by a sum of 50,000 yuan is exhausted, sent it to the Goddess of Mercy Church land home. Zhang returned to the exhausted and the letters intact, 20 years her practice has been to the point where the fixed Fanxin. This is something.
Few words are said Yue Zhang Tong River, Wellington Koo Chuan is also a small word, Wengxu the same name, so also in the Republic of China for the elephants. Debate on the Mid married Wellington Koo and deep affection. 1915, Wellington Koo as U.S. minister, his wife Debate on the Mid invited to attend the same year their eldest son Gude Chang was born in the United States.
In 1914, the First World War. Britain, Germany France and Russia have come on the battlefields of Europe, Gu Eastern time, also won the Japanese forces in China to expand the right place. In late August, the Japanese could not wait to declare war on Germany, in November, the Japanese occupation of Qingdao, took over the German rights in Shandong. After the end of the war against Germany, Japan, as previously mentioned not withdraw from China, but in January 18, 1915, presented to Yuan the notorious "21." Wellington Koo was also during this time, the first official contact with questions about the external representations of Shandong.
Family unfortunate death of his beloved wife
Internal and external contradictions
Eloquent Paris, notorious
After a series of setbacks, determined by the Wellington Koo instead of Zhengting attend. Make a decision at the meeting, the Shandong question, make a statement by the representative of China, the next day, January 28, 1919, Wellington Koo was ordered in distress, it had made a careful and meticulous in Shandong, Yuanmin wonderful speech from the historical, economic, explain various aspects of culture in Shandong is an integral part, effectively refuted Japan's unreasonable demands. In front of his eloquence, the representative of Japan completely at a disadvantage. Heads have to congratulate him, Wellington Koo in the domestic and international fame. The eloquent extraordinary position in China's diplomatic history, this is the first time representatives of international forums on behalf of their country's sovereignty, made a successful speech. China had a very favorable situation, however, to April, change Dousheng. Because Fenzangbujun. Italy and will be pulled out of the quarrel. Opportunity to threaten Japan: If the problem can not be met in Shandong, will follow Italy's example. For their own interests, the final decision of several major powers at the expense of China's legitimate rights and interests, has to compromise with Japan, and force China to accept unconditionally. This incident ignited a "Fourth Movement" of the fire.
Wellington Koo Paris Declaration on Jan. 28, 1919, the United States, Britain, France, Japan, China, Shandong, China in Paris to discuss the issue. Shandong defeated West Germany would withdraw from the representative of Japan, Mr. Makino has demanded the unconditional inherit the interest of Germany in Shandong. Hearing on behalf of Wellington Koo of China, stood around the face of other representatives asked: "the West out of saints, his name Jesus, Christianity believe that Jesus was crucified in Jerusalem, making Jerusalem a world-famous ancient city. And in the East has also produced a sage, Confucius, his name, even the Japanese are also instructions from his Oriental sage. Makino President, you say it? "Makino had to admit:" Yes. "Wellington Koo smiled:" Since Mr. Makino admitted sage Confucius of the East , then east as the West of Jesus, Confucius, Confucius's birthplace in Shandong also like the East Jerusalem holy sites. Therefore, China can not give up Jerusalem, Shandong, as the West can not lose the same! (China can not miss shandong as same as the west world can not miss Jerusalem) "U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, British Prime Minister Lloyd. George and French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau - Paris and will be heard three giant Wellington Koo's ringing statement, together came up holding his hand, called him China's "young diplomats."
Faced with this reality, the delegation disheartened name only, and some representatives from the Paris, Lu Cheng-hsiang, head of the hospital. And will last for some time, Wellington Koo of China alone to assume the duties of a final effort, has been insisting to the last moment before the signing of the treaty. However, no matter how hard Wellington Koo, no result, the legitimate demands of China has repeatedly denied. Keep signing refused, attached to the post about not allow, a statement about things they refused, only unconditional acceptance. Under such circumstances, Wellington Koo was: no retreat back only refused to sign, indicating that China's position. He reported the idea to Lu Cheng-hsiang, Lu Cheng-hsiang agreed with him. So, June 28, 1919, when the signing ceremony was held in Versailles, people were surprised to find that: plenipotentiary to China has been prepared for the two seats empty. In this way the Chinese express their anger. While the signing ceremony, Wellington Koo take the car through the streets of Paris. He said in his memoirs: "car driving slowly in the dawn of the morning, I think everything is so bleak - That color, that shade, that quiet street. I think it will be seen as a tragic day days, retained in the history of China. Also, I imagine the case and the closing ceremony of the grand, imagine when the representatives to attend and will see the Chinese plenipotentiaries keep the two empty seats has been no , it will be how to surprise and excitement. This, to me, all the delegation on China is a memorable day. China will make and will be absent, so that the French diplomatic community, and even the whole world has been stunned, words, if not shaken. "
The refusal in the middle of China's diplomatic history with milestone significance. China firmly on the powers the first to say "no", and finally broke the "fight until the end to" the diplomatic situation, and finally did not give way. This is also the starting point of China's diplomatic victory. , China step by step back a loss of sovereignty.
In 1920, through Paris and will be the Wellington Koo growing reputation in diplomatic circles. At this point, Wellington Koo was appointed the League of Nations (formerly United Nations) members. Was introduced in New York and come to see called "Asian Sugar King" of the Chinese Oei Tiong Ham's daughter Huang Huilan acquaintance, soon inseparable to the point. Hwang was the first wealthy British Overseas Chinese, 500 pounds when he died, Save money. He has only one daughter, looks not beautiful, but beautiful clothes, expensive jewelry, her dress so that no man should be tempted. She married extraordinary, her ex-husband is a British jazz, died soon after marriage. Noble lineage, extra duty of Spring, she was still out of place in the luxury of communication. Debate on the Mid Acquainted early before she Wellington Koo is planted Acacia, praying day and night is said to Tangmou premature death. I realized that day's wish, she feverishly to recover from the Wellington Koo. Gu then still young, although she admired the rich and powerful, but less than in her looks, that Miss Wong was impatient to wait for fear of Adherents of other people away. One night, she experienced while on the Gu said frankly: "My money power, can guarantee the success of your business, we began to cooperate to it."
Wellington Koo on this woman, still a little hesitant, though not at that time refused, nor generously promised. The next day, he found a well-known stars BU British home, out of a gold pound reward for his diagram accounts for the consequences of the marriage. Diagram accounts for the results that Jiaoutiancheng season. Gu means never before, two married in London, when as "a pound margin." Two in the same year on Oct. 11 wedding in London. After the wedding the next day, the Executive Council, the League of Nations in Geneva, Wellington Koo as the League members to attend, so their wedding night in the train to Geneva spent. Wellington Koo of money to pay one pound fortune, has collected 500 million pounds into the marriage with money. Dependent on the power of money, return home, the soon promoted to chief foreign affairs. Political situation in Beijing one after another, and care is pulling in all aspects. 1:00 loser, Gu be provided assistance to a "cold burning stove," such as failure to re-power, of course, more red Gu up. Do not care to cabinet for several years in advance, said Zhang Shizhao was asked: "Gu Shaochuan (Wellington Koo words) to form a cabinet, you see might be true?" Zhang Shizhao very happy to answer: "to Ms. Gu's more money, less Chuan want to be president is not difficult, is not just a Prime Minister! "soon after, Gu Shaochuan really cabinet, money, Zhang Shizhao be seen through.
Miss Huang Huilan fluent in several languages, married her husband's Wellington Koo active in the international political arena, everywhere for her husband can help. Wife of diplomatic envoys in China, the Miss Huang Huilan is the best. Huang Huilan birth to two sons Guyu Chang and Gu Fuchang.
December 2, 1954, the Taiwan authorities and the U.S. After a month of negotiations to sign "mutual defense treaty." Between Taiwan and the United States around the "Mutual Defense Treaty," the negotiations will enter their respective legislative bodies to submit the final stages of approval. At this point in the People's Liberation Army under the control of the Taiwan authorities launched a large offensive Chen islands, coastal islands, Taiwan and the United States ratified the treaty became a focus of the course. Tai Chen on how to dispose of Kinmen, Matsu and other islands, Taiwan and the United States launched a new round of negotiations between. Wellington Koo as the Taiwan authorities, "Ambassador" and talks about "mutual defense treaty," one of the two plenipotentiaries (another called Taiwan's "foreign minister" Yeh Kung-chao) and participation throughout the United States between Taiwan and the whole process of negotiations on the treaty . Taiwan and the U.S. in the negotiations, he mainly as Yeh Kung-chao's deputy appeared. However, the senior experience, a wealth of experience and knowledge of the United States, the role of non-comparable general assistant. View from the course of the talks with the United States, Yeh Kung-chao to be tough, and often expressed a positive position on the Taiwan side, while the Wellington Koo is relatively flexible, multi-position on the Taiwan explanations. An impasse in the talks, always come forward to pull from the Wellington Koo to mention way or another, such as the January 31 meeting of Kinmen and Matsu in the statement of the specific expression. Although due to the formation of long-term career diplomat through the habit of responding flexibly to seek a compromise, the wording of a statement in Taiwan on issues such as a very strong position with Chiang Kai-shek was not exactly the same, but in the prevention of coastal islands caused by the "two Chinas "On this point, both the Wellington Koo or Yeh Kung-chao, as very alert with Chiang Kai-shek, which was the final between Taiwan and the United States reached agreement on coastal islands to set a bottom line.
Gary's last wife was Miss Yan Youyun. Ms. Yen is a wealthy Shanghai family all came ladylike, in his early days at Fudan University, "school beauty," is Shanghai's elite communication field. Her first husband Yang Guang rising of water Doctorate in International Law at Princeton University, in America, they served as "Chinese Students Monthly," the editor, but 10 years later than Mr. Gu Weijun. After returning home served as a professor at Tsinghua University, soon to enter the diplomatic community. At the time Yang Guang rising of water and the total length of any diplomatic contact with Wellington Koo more deep friendship with each other. Therefore, Mrs. Young Yan Yun as early as 30 years in the 20th century had known Mr. Gu Weijun. During World War II, Yang Guang rising of water in the Philippines as Consul General. Soon, the Japanese occupied Manila, Mr. Yang Guangsheng lost their lives. Miss Yan Youyun and Yang epigenetic married with three girls. Miss Yan Youyun small Wellington Koo 20. Marriage, Ms. Yan to the Ku care for me. In Ku view, his wife of four, his favorite is Miss Yan Youyun. Young Yun Yan Guang rising of water and three children later he became Mr. Gu Weijun three stepdaughters, their early death of his father, Wellington Koo as they have been out of the three daughters of the biological father, Gary, as a general. Daughter Yanglei Meng, senior editor, a former American editor of the Doubleday, and personally edited and published many influential books, former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's memories are recorded on from her hands. Second daughter YANG Xu-lan is accomplished entrepreneur, currently vice president of American General Corporation. Investment in Shanghai GM's Buick sedan production project was prompted by her. Yang En-three women feel insecure in the property development achievement.
Wellington Koo going to do after retirement, the first three things: Wellness vacation in order to eliminate fatigue caused by long-term intensive work; writing and research; open office, providing legal advice to address the problem of livelihood.
Daughter returned to the U.S., the home saw and heard to tell his father. Wellington Koo excited, the album turned it turned, looked and looked, then every homesick, they have to look at pictures. He wrote a letter back home, for home care of his love, praised the homeland took place leap of faith.
97 years old, he drew a great interest in Jiading county maps Central is home towering pagodas, the following write "Confucius" should also draw something on Main Street, West End was "Simon" word, that is, his beautiful home, a typical southern town. He said, worked on, waves of thoughts, not their own. Jiading is now a museum, preserved handwritten letter in 1984, Wellington Koo gift of Du Fu poem: "Lucy White from tonight, is the home next month." After his retirement, his alma mater, Columbia University should be invited to participate in "Chinese Oral History Project," which completed 600-million words, "Wellington Koo memoir" has become a historian's desk essential.
■ sleep
Young Yun Yan Gu Weijun choice for the bed height to bed without his effort, get out of bed to extend the leg may be enough shoes for the degree. Wellington Koo length longer than about 30 cm. Wellington Koo sleep is wooden bed, covered it 6-9 cm thick mat. That the human body naturally drooping, and contacts can fit the bed. Couch covered with a thick pad to sleep on the body to adapt to the needs of the surface curves, keeping the spine upright and normal physiological curvature, sleep, health is good.
■ ate
Wellington Koo of the fruit and vegetable preferences have been suffering from the impact of home. Wellington Koo's home in addition to rich loquat, but also rich mulberry, mulberry he has liked the fruit. Mulberry sweet and sour, with ripe purple or black are the best, followed by red, while blue and red shows those not yet mature, and can not eat. "With the interest rate spectrum of home eating," describes its way of eating is: "Health and taste can be (micro-salt mix should eat), can drink juice or boil to as paste, or sun dried to the end. Located less every age, rechargeable grain Mulberry, cloth filter juice, cream collection of porcelain revolve daily decoction or a spoonful of wine transfer service. head of the spirit of old age services, health walking, interest virtual wind, Jing Xu fire, to rid of edema and puffiness, scrofula Pandora TB . "
■ Activity
Wellington Koo at the walk, to take a step back to go. Down on foot, though not invented by Wellington Koo, but Wellington Koo's reputation and his own "back step" of promotion, this exercise is called "Gu walk."
Film on Wellington Koo
"Wellington Koo Memoirs" (13 volumes)
Tianjin
30 years of the 20th century, a British newspaper columnist, mentioned the name of this shiny, that "China's little more worthy than Dr. Gu Weijun as a typical person. Approachable, with cultivation, immense patience and gentle, no A Western diplomat in the world is able to calmly and kindly over him. "