| 網筆號： | 東王 | ||||||
| 籍貫： | 廣東嘉應州 | ||||||
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在其曾祖父之前，遷居到廣西桂平市紫荊山平隘新村（今東王衝），世代以種山、燒炭為業。父母早亡，年少而孤。後來他接受了馮雲山傳播的革命思想，逐漸成為太平軍有謀略、有膽識的最高軍事統帥，是太平軍著名的軍事傢。
1848年，馮雲山被捕下獄，洪秀全回廣東設法營救，拜上帝會群竜無首，會衆成員中有人退縮，有人動搖，拜上帝會面臨分裂和瓦解的危險，為了扭轉這一嚴重局面，楊秀清“忽生啞病，兩月不能言語，會衆均覺奇異以為是不祥之兆”。他以此作藉口，假托天父下凡，自己代天父傳言，把自己敏銳的洞察力和宗教迷信巧妙地結合起來，從而做了許多思想工作，澄清了拜上帝會中的許多混亂思想，避免了拜上帝會的瓦解，鞏固了革命隊伍的團结，成為太平天國準備起義階段的一次關鍵性轉折。金田起義前，楊秀清兩個多月裝成耳聾口啞，金田起義後，他忽然開口，自稱天父降托，耳聰目明，組織群衆，策動起義，指揮軍事行動，一切井然有序。當洪秀全、馮雲山在平南縣花州山村被清軍圍困時，楊秀清迅速派蒙得恩部救援，殺敗清軍，救出洪、馮兩人。此後楊秀清用代天父傳言為謀略輯刻成書，即發太平軍各級屬員學習，從而對太平軍的發展壯大起到了良好的催化作用。
太平天國起義初期，楊秀清作為太平軍的實際統帥，基本上采取保存力量和就地打轉的消極作戰指導方針。1851年9月下旬，太平軍攻占了廣西永安州城（今蒙山縣）。在討論下一步行動方向時，洪秀全提出了奪取南京的戰略目標。楊秀清對此表示完全贊同，並開始了有明確目標的戰略進軍。1852年4月，楊秀清指揮太平軍巧妙地從永安突圍，北攻桂林城。由於桂林城倚山傍水，城高且堅，太平軍雖英勇作戰一個月，卻未能攻剋。楊秀清及時改變戰役計劃，下令撤回，揮戈北上，於6月3日攻占全州，12日占領湖南道州。由於楊秀清采取了避實擊虛的戰略指導方針，擺脫了內綫作戰的被動處境，開始有意識地打到敵人力量薄弱的外去，因此，他提出太平軍今後的進軍方向是：“今日上策，......循江而東，略城堡，捨要害，專意金陵，據為根本......”。據此，楊秀清不計較一城一地的得失，1852年7月下旬攻長沙不下就主動撤離，而攻占益陽，越過洞庭湖，占領嶽陽。12月攻占漢口、漢陽。1853年1月12日，又剋武昌。此時太平軍迅速發展到50餘萬人。2月9日，楊秀清下令撤離武昌，水陸並進，順江東下，於18日剋九江，24日剋安慶。3月8日兵臨金陵城下，經12天的攻打，於3月20日戰領金陵。太平軍進軍如此順利迅速，重要原因之一是得益於楊秀清的高超指揮謀略。當時清軍頭領評價說：“審勢度力，如攻桂林不下，則陷全州，攻長沙屢敗則下竄湖北；......夫攻堅則力倍而多損，攻瑕則力省而效速”。正因為太平軍避免了在久不下的堅城之前浪費時間與消耗兵力，從而導致這場農民革命戰爭節節勝利。
資料
姓名：楊秀清
別名：楊嗣竜
生辰：1821年(清道光元年)
民族：漢族
忌日：1856年9月2日(太平天國丙辰六年七月二十七日)
籍貫：桂平
地區：廣西
職業：左輔正軍師東王
生平介紹
1823年(道光三年)，楊秀清出身在一個貧苦的農民家庭，5歲喪父，9歲喪母，由伯父楊慶善撫養成人。從小種山燒灰，未曾上學，識字不多。但好交遊，廣結識，富智謀，在平隘山區頗有“人緣”和影響。
19世紀40年代中期，洪秀全、馮雲山到廣西宣傳拜上帝會教義。1846年，楊秀清結識了馮雲山，參加了拜上帝會，並很快接受了密謀造反的思想，他積極聯絡和組織群衆，使紫荊山區拜上帝會衆迅速發展到2000多人，他也就成為這一帶拜上帝會的首領。
1847年鼕，洪秀全、馮雲山在桂平帶領會衆搗毀廟宇，引起了地主豪紳的不滿，並以“聚衆謀反”的罪名將馮雲山扭送縣衙。洪秀全為了營救馮雲山也返回廣東。拜上帝會群竜無首，失去領導。這時，足智多謀的楊秀清挺身而出，並開始以“神靈附體"的方式，偽稱天父下凡囑托傳言，從而鞏固了拜上帝會，並使會衆激增到萬餘人。從此，楊秀清在拜上帝會內部，取得了代上帝傳言的特殊地位。
不久，馮雲山獲釋，洪秀全返回廣西，拜上帝會形成了以洪秀全、馮雲山、楊秀清、蕭朝貴、韋昌輝、石達開等6人組成的領導核心。他們在廣西各地風起雲涌的反清起義的鼓舞下，也積極準備發動起義。1850年夏，洪秀全下達“團營”命令，通知各地拜上帝會衆到桂平金田村集中。金田村的韋昌輝傢成了起義的大本營。12月，自平南前來會合的拜上帝會衆受到清軍和地主武裝的阻攔，楊秀清自金田派人救援，在思旺斃敵50餘人，取得了首次作戰的勝利。
1851年(鹹豐元年)1月初，各地拜上帝會衆齊集金田村，並於11日(當日是農歷庚戌年十二月初十，為洪秀全的生日)慶祝團營起義成功。月23日，洪秀全在武宣東鄉登極稱天王，正式宣佈建立太平天國。同時建立五軍主將制度，以楊秀清為中軍主將，蕭朝貴為前軍主將，馮雲山為後軍主將，石達開為左軍主將，韋昌輝為右軍主將。在金田起義之後的半年內，楊秀清肩負著編組和指揮太平軍的重任，與前來鎮壓的清軍轉戰在桂平、武宣、象州、平南等地。由於清軍越聚越多，圍困越來越緊，便决定突出重圍以擺脫清軍。9月15日，太平軍於平南官村對前來鎮壓的提督嚮榮部清軍組織了一次成功的伏擊，殺得清軍大敗，軍械鍋帳丟失殆盡，嚮榮也退避平南縣城。楊秀清抓住有利時機，指揮太平軍突圍北上，並於25日占領了永安州(蒙山縣)城。在這裏，天王洪秀全詔令褒封楊秀清為東王，蕭朝貴為西王，馮雲山為南王，韋昌輝為北王，石達開為翼王，並明確宣佈，所封各王，俱受東王節制。從此，楊秀清成了太平軍的統帥。
太平軍占領永安之後，又馬上遭到清軍的圍困。在此緊要關頭，發生了周錫能叛變投敵案件。周錫能原任軍帥，在象州時，批準他回博白縣去“團集兄弟姊妹”，但是當他招得人馬後，就投降了清軍，受賞六品頂戴，潛回永安，為敵內應，企圖行刺太平天國的領袖。這一陰謀被楊秀清偵知，他就假托天父下凡，鎖拿周錫，能揭發他的陰謀詭計。周錫能在鐵的事實面前衹好如實招認，從而粉碎了清軍裏應外合的陰謀。楊秀清對周錫能案件的處理，充分反映了他的機智，也有力地宣揚了“天父無所不在，無所不知，無所不能”的宗教信念，大大提高了他在太平天國內部的權威。
1852年4月5日，太平軍在楊秀清的組織指揮下，從永安勝利突圍，並在竜寮嶺大峒山𠔌地，對尾追的清軍組織了一次成功的伏擊，殲滅了四個總兵和二三千清軍。接著北攻省城桂林，傷斃圍追太平軍的副都統烏蘭泰。後因桂林久攻不下，即解圍北上攻占全州，準備進軍湖南，馮雲山中炮受傷。途中在簑衣渡又遭到永州知州江忠源所帶楚勇的伏擊，太平軍受到重大損失，馮雲山也因傷勢惡化而犧牲。楊秀清被迫改變北上路綫，襲取道州(今湖南道縣)，並相機占領了附近的江華、永明等城鎮。太平軍在這裏駐留了兩月，從容整頓隊伍，增修戰具，製備軍火，並擴軍二三萬人。
由於打出廣西，進入湖南，太平軍內部産生了懷戀鄉土、不願遠走他鄉的思想情緒。在領導集團內部，對下一步的戰略行動，也産生了各種想法：有的主張進軍廣東，有的主張先行入川，有的主張回師廣西。這時，楊秀清分析了形勢，高瞻遠矚，力排衆議，主張進軍兩湖，專意金陵。他說：“已騎虎背，豈容復有顧戀了今日上策，莫如捨粵不顧，直前衝擊，循江而東，略城堡，捨要害，專意金陵，據為根本，然後遣將四出，分擾南北，即不成事，黃河以南，我可有已。”(張德堅《賊情匯纂》捲十一)楊秀清的這個意見，得到了領導集團內部大多數人的贊同和天王洪秀全的肯定，遂成為統一全軍意志、進軍江南的戰略方針。這一方針的貫徹執行，把囿於廣西一省的太平天國起義，推嚮了全國範圍，標幟著太平天國領導集團政治鬥爭水平的提高。
與嚮江南進軍的軍事行動相配合，楊秀清與西王蕭朝貴會銜發佈了《奉天誅妖救世安民諭》、《奉天討鬍檄布四方諭》和《救一切天生天養諭》。這三篇宣言，實際上是聲討清王朝的檄文。它歷數清王朝的罪惡，號召各界英雄豪傑、名儒學士，高舉義旗，同心戮力，打倒清王朝，並把鬥爭的矛頭直接指嚮了鹹豐皇帝。
太平軍領導集團明確了鬥爭目標和進軍方向之後，於1852年8月10日離道州東嚮，占領郴州，又在這一帶擴軍二三萬人，並將其中數千挖煤工人集中編組為“土營”(相當於工兵部隊，這在我國軍製史上是一個創舉)，專司掘壕築壘、挖地道、埋地雷，炸城堡等任務，在以後的作戰中發揮了重要作用。這時，太平軍得悉湖南省城長沙“城卑防疏”，便確定由西王蕭朝貴率兵2000人奔襲長沙。不幸，蕭朝貴在攻城之初中炮犧牲，洪秀全、楊秀清遂率大隊人馬趕往長沙。這時，清軍各路援軍齊集長沙，兵力已大大加強，經過兩個多月圍攻，終未攻下。太平軍乃於11月30日撤圍北上，占領嶽州(今湖南嶽陽)。在這一帶，太平軍獲取了上萬條船衹，為進軍長江流域創造了重要條件。12月17日，楊秀清帶領太平軍撤離嶽州，分水陸兩路進軍武昌。這時的太平軍已經壯大，“千舡健將，兩岸雄兵，鞭敲金凳響，沿路凱歌聲”(李汝昭《鏡山野史》，《太平天國》(三)第5頁)，好一派勝利進軍的景象。
1853年1月12日，太平軍攻占華中重鎮武昌，楊秀清傳令：“官兵不留，百姓不傷。”並將船戶水手，組建成“水營”。太平軍占領武昌之後，又面臨著新的戰略决擇，即下一個打擊方向應該指嚮何方?這在太平天國領導集團中又産生了各種議論：有的主張以武昌為都城，遣兵北伐；有的主張進據中原，“以河南為業”，有的仍堅持進軍金陵，據為根本。幾種主張一時統一不起來，最後楊秀清“托天父降凡，今其直犯江南。”(汪堃：《盾鼻隨聞錄》捲二，《太平天國》 (四)第367頁)用這種辦法統一了認識。1853年2月9日，太平軍放棄武昌，以號稱50萬之衆，沿江東下，水陸並進，帆幔蔽江，銜尾數十裏，一路滔滔，勢如破竹。3月4日進抵南京城下，經連日圍攻，於19日攻剋。
在短短兩年多的時間內，太平軍從金田打到南京，取得了重大的勝利，這首先是全軍將士英勇奮戰的結果，同時也表明，太平軍統帥楊秀清的戰略决策和作戰指導是正確的。
太平軍攻占南京後，迅速肅清了城內的殘敵，建立起新的社會秩序。1853年3月28日，楊秀清進入南京城。次日，天王洪秀全入城。他們商定改南京為天京，定為都城，從而正式建立起與清王朝相對峙的太平天國農民革命政權，標幟著太平天國革命進入了一個新的階段。
太平軍攻占南京後，立即派出兩支部隊，攻占了鎮江、揚州，以拱衛天京的安全。差不多與此同時，清軍也在天京和揚州外圍，建立起各擁有萬餘兵力的江南、江北大營，嚴密監視太平軍的動嚮，並伺機攻復金陵。在此形勢下，太平天國領導集團决定：置南京外圍的江南、江北大營於不顧，同時派出兩支部隊，北伐京師，西徵長江上遊。
這個戰略决策是如何作出的，現已無法考究了。但大多數史學工作者認為，這個戰略决策，基本上體現了楊秀清的意志(史料記載此事時都說：“楊秀清其言”、“東王想見老水手之言”，或“洪楊皆其言”，表明楊秀清是主要决策者。)。這與當時他在太平天國領導集團中的地位是相適應的。
楊秀清這一戰略决策的正確性如何，歷史早已作了結論。歷來的論者儘管在應否建郎和如何北伐等問題上存在著較大的意見分歧，但大傢從各自的角度也都認為；這個戰略决策是不正確的，不可取的。
1853年5月8日，一支由天官副丞相林鳳祥、地官正丞相李開芳率領由2萬多精銳部隊組成的北伐軍自浦口出發，肩負著「疾取燕都”的使命，衝破清軍的層層阻截，剋服重重睏難，經過半年多的戰鬥和行軍，於10月底到達天津附近的靜海；獨流地區，被迫駐止下來，從而陷入越來越多清軍的包圍之中。這支部隊由於遠離天京，無法得到後方的增援，軍火糧草日益睏難，被迫節節後撤，但一次次突出重圍後又很快被清軍包圍，處境十分艱難。在此期間，楊秀清等曾派出過一支由曾立昌等人率領的援軍，從安慶出發，前進到山東臨清州，因遭到清軍的阻擊而潰散。1855年，林鳳祥、李開芳所率北伐軍先後在直隸連鎮和山東馮官屯被清軍全部消滅。北伐軍是太平軍的精銳，它的覆滅，是太平軍自金田起義以來所遭受到的最慘重的挫敗。北伐軍所以失敗，戰略决策的錯誤是主要原因，而作為太平軍的軍事統帥楊秀清是要負首要責任的。所以李秀成後來總結太平天國失敗的教訓時說：“誤國之首，東王令李開芳、林鳳祥掃北敗亡之大誤。”(《李秀成自述》，《太平天國文書匯編》第543頁)這是並不過分的。
楊秀清這個農民出身的太平軍統帥，從金田起義到占領南京期間的軍事决策中，確實表現出了非凡的軍事天才，因而取得了輝煌的勝利，這就連他的敵人也不得不承認；太平軍“於行陣機宜，山川形勢，頗能諳習。雖不讀書，罔知兵法，然皆譎詐機警，逞其毒焰，竟能成燎原之勢”。(張德堅：《賊情匯纂》，見《太平天國》(三)第117頁)然而，自從攻占南京之後，在解决著眼全國戰場如何對清軍作戰這樣一個最高的軍事戰略决策問題時，太平天國領導集團就表現出缺乏駕馭戰爭全局的能力。這與楊秀清從小未曾讀書，不熟悉全國的情況，以及缺乏必要的軍事戰略知識是密切相關的。
在北伐軍出發之後，1853年6月3日，由春官正丞相鬍以晃、夏官副丞相賴漢英等率領的西徵軍也從天京出發，迅速攻占了安慶、廬州(今安徽合肥)、九江、武漢、嶽州等重鎮，前鋒曾經抵達湖北荊州和湖南湘潭。後由於遇到了曾國藩湘軍的阻擊，一敗於湘潭，二敗於嶽州，三敗於武漢，幾乎不可遏止。但西徵的情況較北伐要好些，由於距天京較近，水路交通便捷，整個戰局可以說是在楊秀清直接指導下進行的。當武漢失守後，楊秀清於1854年10月15日命令燕王秦日綱等堅守田傢鎮防綫，要求西徵太平軍在該處“築起堅固營盤，並造木牌水城，在江心輓泊堵禦。”(《太平天國文書匯編》第180頁)為了增強田傢鎮的防禦力量，楊秀清還派專人從天京押解一座能逆水而行的大木箄(木箄是太平軍的一大創造，它外有木城，中搭板屋、望樓，密架槍炮，實際上是—座水上活動堡壘。)赴田傢鎮，供前綫仿造、使用。後田傢鎮防綫又被湘軍突破，太平軍水師船衹損失慘重，被迫退守九江、湖口一綫。在此嚴重時刻，楊秀清命令翼王石達開由安慶率兵前往增援。石達開坐鎮湖口，在羅大綱、林啓容等配合下，取得了湖口大捷，從而挫敗了湘軍的攻勢，扭轉了西徵戰局，轉入反攻，重新占領了武漢，並進而攻占了湖北、江西的廣大地區。
太平軍的西徵是有收穫的，它在安徽、湖北、江西控製了大片地域，沉重地打擊了湘軍，從而保障了天京上遊的安全和糧食供給。西徵的結局較北伐要好，但也付出了重大的代價，尤其是水營的基本喪失，給爾後的戰局帶來了嚴重影響。
當太平軍主力投入北伐、西徵戰場的時候，盤踞天京外圍的清軍江南，江北大營，則逐漸擴充兵力，對天京、揚州和鎮江的太平軍不斷發動進攻。1853年底，太平軍被迫放棄揚州，1854年夏，清朝從廣東所調的50艘“紅單船”(紅單船原係廣東航行外洋的大商船，由海關發給紅單牌照，故名紅單船。此類船後被改裝成兵船，安炮二三十位，左右舷和船頭均可施放，其戰鬥性能優於太平軍水師船衹)開抵天京附近江面，天京與外界的交通受到嚴重威脅，糧食供應日趨睏難，城內軍民吃粥度日，大批居民外逃。鎮江也被圍日久，處境十分危險。為了擺脫天京外圍的不利戰局，楊秀清决心從湖北、江西、安徽戰場抽調部隊，摧毀江南、江北大營，改善天京的處境。
1856年2月，燕王秦日綱率軍自天京東進，救援鎮江，經連月激戰，終於衝破清軍的攔阻，進入鎮江，與吳如孝部太平軍勝利會師。秦日綱進入鎮江不久，便調集船衹，渡江北進，對江北大營的清軍發起猛攻。清軍毫無戒備，望風而潰，兩天之內破敵營120餘座，乘勝占領揚州。太平軍徵集糧食，運回鎮江。秦日綱部太平軍在江北稍事休整後，即撤回鎮江，又大敗圍城清軍，擊斃江蘇巡撫吉爾杭阿。6月中旬，秦日綱率太平軍勝利返抵天京東北郊的燕子磯、觀音門。這時，從江西回援的石達開部也已抵達天京外圍。清軍江南大營已陷於太平軍的嚴重威脅之下。
秦日綱部太平軍東援鎮江，北破江北大營，連月徵戰，部隊十分疲勞，本想入城休整，但東王楊秀清見江南大營“兵疲勢孤”，嚴令各軍繼續進攻，等到攻破江南大營後方準入城。陳玉成、李秀成等進京當面嚮楊秀清申述：江南大營久紮營堅，不能速攻。楊秀清厲聲說“不聽命令者斬！”陳玉成、李秀成不敢再求，衹好回部作進攻的準備。
6月18日，城外各路太平軍奉命嚮江南大營發起進攻，天京城內的太平軍也出城助戰。經過四天的戰鬥，便攻破了江南大營。欽差大臣嚮榮等率殘部逃往丹陽。威脅天京達三年之久的江南大營終被摧毀。
由於楊秀清善於審時度勢，决心堅定，太平軍先後攻破江北、江南大營，打破了清軍對鎮江的圍困，大大改善了天京的處境。這時太平軍的軍威士氣空前高漲，形勢十分有利。
太平軍是一支具有嚴密組織和嚴格紀律的農民起義軍。早在金田起義前夕，天王洪秀全頒布了五條紀律(《太平軍目》參照《周禮》，規定了軍隊編製，以軍為基本單位。軍設軍帥，下轄5個師帥，師帥下轄5個旅帥，旅帥下轄5個卒長；卒長下轄4個 兩司馬，兩司馬下轄5個伍長，伍長下轄4個聖兵。總計一軍共編13156人。)，南王馮雲山製定了《太平軍目》(太平軍的五條紀律是：一、遵條命；二、別男行女行；三、秋毫莫犯；四、公心和儺，各遵頭目約束；五、同心合力，不得臨陣退縮。)，使太平軍具有極為嚴格的組織性。楊秀清主持軍務後，也始終堅持從嚴治軍的精神。他說：“令嚴方可以肅兵威，命重始足以整綱紀。”(《太平天國》(三)第199頁)在廣西期間，他就對五條紀律進行補充和發展，頒布了《太平軍條規》，包括“定營規條十要”和“行營規矩”各十條，其中規定要恪遵天令，各遵有司約束，別男營女營，諳熟日夜點兵號令，要各整軍裝槍炮，以備急用，聽到號角喧傳，急速趕往禁地聽令殺妖，不得躲避偷安，不得吸煙、飲灑，藏匿金銀器飾；不得僭分幹名坐轎、騎馬及亂拿外小，不得入鄉造飯取食、毀壞民房、擄掠則物，不許亂拉挑夫，不許在途中鋪戶堆火睏睡等等。
楊秀清的治軍思想，隨著形勢的發展而不斷充實。太平軍攻剋金陵後，紀律更嚴，曾發佈一係列禁令，禁吸鴉片，禁娼妓，並禁飲灑、吸黃煙等，違者論斬，對太平軍將士要求尤為嚴峻，申明無論“何官何民，無令敢入民房者斬不赦，左腳踏入民傢門口，即斬左腳，右腳踏入民傢門口者，斬右腳。”(《李秀成自述》)1854年，楊秀清即組織人員總結近年的經驗教訓，製訂並頒發了《行軍號令》，供部隊遵循。燕王秦日綱在一份稟報中寫道：“蒙我東王頒發‘行軍號令’書一本，卑爵跪讀之卞，感激靡涯。足見我東王刻刻勞心，籌謀軍機國務，無微不至。”(《太平天圖文書匯編》第220頁)這裏所說的《行軍號令》，就是1855年鎸刻的《行軍總要》。《行軍總要》序言中說：刊刻頒行的目的，就是使軍中將士循誦習傳，知所取法，以做到紀律嚴明、練習嫻熟，既整且暇，以達到萬戰萬勝而無敵於天下。這是一部囊括戰鬥條令、紀律條令和內務條令等內容的重要文獻，是在《太平條規》基礎上，吸取多年戰爭經驗教訓而寫成的。它對水陸部隊的行軍紮營、警戒巡邏、指揮集合、點名查夜等，都作了具體規定和要求。還強調接敵時如何防敵破壞，進擊時如何利用地形，過橋過河時如何掩護斷後。此外還重申各種紀律，如私賣火藥、私自外出不回者，都要斬首示衆。特別強調官將要愛惜士兵，如遇有因傷病、老幼不能行走者，無論何人的所有馬匹，俱牽與騎坐；規定給傷號“按名給肉，以資調養”；對巡更守卡的兵士，若遇天寒雨雪之夜，尤當加以體恤，若衣被不敷，應予增添，如無儲備，“即令各官夜間將皮袍裳與把卡士兵穿著。”所有這些規定，體現了楊秀清剛柔相輔、恩威並濟的治軍思想，也在相當程度上反映出太平軍確實是一支勞苦大衆隊伍的階級本色。
太平軍的勝利進軍，即使地主階級、清王朝喪魂落魄，也使太平天國領導集團的頭腦更深地陷入迷信和愚昧。攻占金陵之後，楊秀清等人極大地誇大已經取得的勝利，低估了清方的力量，這除了表現在軍事上作出錯誤的戰略决策之外，在政治思想上也陷入了空前的盲目之中。他們一進駐南京(雖然當時的南京仍然是清軍包圍中的一個孤島)，就儼然以已取得天下的帝王自居，著手大興土木，營造宮廷府第，擺起封建帝壬的排場，過起腐化奢靡的生活。據史料記載，楊秀清外出，要出動“賊衆千餘人，大鑼數十對，竜風虎鶴旗數十對，絨采鳥獸數十對，繼以洋縐五色竜，長約數十丈，行不見人，高丈餘，鼓樂從其後，渭之‘東竜’。樂已，大輿至。與夫五十六名，輿內左右立二童子，排蠅捧茶，謂之僕射；輿後偽相及衆賊官等百人從焉。又繼以竜如前狀焉，行乃畢。”(謝介鶴《金陵癸甲紀事略》，《太平天國》(四)第668頁)這類排場，與封建帝王外出毫無兩樣。這時的楊秀清，集教權、政權、軍權於一身，“一朝之大，是首一人”，實際上成了太平天國的最高統治者。權力是一把雙刃刀。一方面，楊秀清運用手中的權力，有效地驅動著太平天國這架龐大機器，創造出不少偉大的業績，另一方面，當它發展到不受任何製約的時候，也幹了許多錯事、蠢事和壞事。據新近在英國發現的《天父聖旨》(捲三)(《天父天兄聖旨》，王慶成編註，遼寧人民出版社1986年版)透露：從1854年初迄1855年7月的兩年半時間內，楊秀清偽托“天父下凡”共達21次之多。每次下凡，不論白天黑夜，從他身邊的工作人員開始，直至天王洪秀全都在被傳召之列，都要到場跪聽“天父”聖旨。這些聖旨，充斥著宗教的鬍言亂語，有關政務、軍務的內容很少，絶大部分是有關天京內部的矛盾。“天父”對這些矛盾的處置十分嚴酷，動輒“斬首示衆”。其中比較重要的事例有：鼕官又正丞相陳宗揚等，因夫妻同宿、吸食洋煙而被斬首示衆，有天官又正丞相曾水源等因“怠慢東王”、“欺禾(秀清)不稟”而斬首示衆，有燕王秦日綱等因戰場失利而押解“東牢”；就連北王韋昌輝，因“天父下凡”時“未出令傳齊子女”也遭到杖責40大板。
以前從清方的史料記載中得知，楊秀清偏襢親屬、僚屬，欺壓他人。如某甲因見楊秀清叔父而未起立這樣一件區區小事，最後竟引起“東賊大怒，鎖發北賊，仗日綱一百，承鎔二百，玉昆三百，某甲五馬分屍”(《金陵癸甲紀事略·黃玉昆》，《太平天國》(四)第671頁)，又如某人因與東屢尚書侯錦芳口角，最後競被楊秀清處决。這些清方的記載，看來也不完全是無中生有的。
楊秀清濫用“天父下凡”的特權，同僚不斷受到摧殘的情況下，天京籠罩在一片恐怖氣氛之中。搞得人人自危，不知哪一天災禍臨頭。進入天京以來，楊秀清錯殺了一些人，得罪的人就更多，日積月纍，漸漸使他成了廣大同僚的對立面。太平天國內部的矛盾已發展到了極度緊張尖銳的程度。但由於當時天京被圍，大敵當前，內部矛盾被暫時地壓抑著。1856年夏，太平軍取得了攻破江北、江南大營的勝利，楊秀清更加居功自傲，他又偽托“天父下凡”，逼天王洪秀全封他為“萬歲”(原為“九千歲”)。當場，洪秀全滿口應諾，但心懷憤懣。洪、楊之間的矛盾也達於極點。這些錯綜復雜的矛盾的發展，最終導致了1856年9月2日“天京內訌”的爆發。在這場鬥爭中，“威風張揚，不知自忌”的楊秀清遭到了殺身之禍，而他的傢屬和僚屬，也幾乎全部罹難。
評價
洪秀全、楊秀清，都生活在19世紀中葉的中國，他們雖然從西方搬來了基督教的一些教義，結合中國的情況，創立了拜上帝會，但西方的科學、民主思潮的信息，幾乎一絲一毫也沒有影響到他們，這就决定了這場轟轟烈烈的規模空前的農民革命，衹能在舊式農民戰爭的範圍內徘徊。楊秀清作為一個出身於山鄉農傢的農民起義領袖，他的思想也衹能是西方宗教教義，小生産者的傢長製和中國封建專製主義的混合物。
偉大的農民革命運動把楊秀清錘煉成了太平天國內部唯一能夠集軍政大權於一身的人物。然而他的鬍作非為，在太平天國內部又引起了極大的怨恨。他被殺後，一度在天京城內引起一片歡呼聲(麥高文：《太平天國東王北王內訌詳記》)。但當事件過後，人們的感情逐漸冷卻下來，開始對楊秀清這位怪傑，從正反兩個方面進行全面衡量，並漸漸感覺到，自他離開太平天國後所騰出的巨大空缺，一時無人填補，在翼王石達開出走之後尤其如此。於是，人們開始懷念他、紀念他。李秀成說，東王在世時，軍令嚴整，賞罰分明，民心佩服。洪仁殲說，過去東王在世時，拓土開疆，猶有日闢百裏之勢，而今進寸退尺，戰勝攻取，大遜於曩時！洪秀全也於1859年頒發詔令，宣佈把楊秀清被殺的那一天，定為“東王升天節”，“七月念七東升節，天國代代莫些忘”。看來，在太平天國將士的感情上，由於楊秀清的被殺，已經寬宥了他所犯的錯誤。洪秀全及太平天國廣大將士，對楊秀清這樣一位傑出人物，曾經為太平天國革命所建樹的功績，給予了肯定的評價。
In 1848, Feng was arrested imprisoned, managed to rescue Hong in Guangdong, worship God without leadership, the congregation members was back, it was shaken, and worship of God will face the danger of division and disintegration, in order to reverse this serious situation, Yang "suddenly Health dumb disease, two months unable to speak, the congregation have felt strange thought it was ominous. " He use this as an excuse, under the guise of Father down to earth, his Heavenly Father on behalf of the rumors, to their keen insight and skilful combination of religious superstition, so did a lot of ideological work, to clarify the worship of God will be much confusion in thinking, to avoid the worship of God will collapse, consolidate the unity of the revolutionary ranks as the Taiping uprising phase of preparing a critical turning point. Kaneda intifada, Yang two months pretending deaf mute mouth, Jintian uprising, he suddenly opening, claiming to be asked Father down, paying attention, organizing the masses, instigated the uprising, commanding military operations, all organized. When Hong, Feng Ping County in the state to spend village siege by the Qing, Yang Meng Deen Department quickly send rescue defeated the Qing, rescued Hung, Feng two. Yang then talk with the strategy on behalf of Father carved series of books, namely, the Taiping army staff at all levels to learn, to grow the Taiping Army played a good catalyst.
The early Taiping Rebellion, the Taiping Yang as the actual commander in chief, to save power and the place is basically spin the negative operational guidelines. In late September 1851, the Taiping captured Guangxi Wing fuzhoucheng (now Mengshan County). When discussing the next course of action, Nanjing, Hong made the strategic objectives to win. Yang said he completely agreed, and began the march with clear strategic objectives. April 1852, the Taiping Yang skillfully command breakout from Wing, North attacked the city of Guilin. Because of Guilin City Yishanbangshui, the city high and strong, though heroic combat the Taiping month, but failed to capture. Yang timely change battle plans, ordered the withdrawal, Hui Ge north, captured on June 3 statewide, 12 Hunan Road, occupied the state. Since Yang took avoid the virtual strike strategic guidelines, out of the inside operations of the passive situation of the enemy began to consciously hit the outside to the weak, so he made into the future direction of the Taiping is: "Today the best policy, ...... along the East River, a little castle, house vital, specifically intended to Jinling, according to the fundamental ......"。 Accordingly, Yang did not care about the pros and cons of a city location, in late July 1852 on the initiative of attack Changsha no less than evacuate, while the capture of Yiyang, across the Dongting Lake, Yueyang occupation. December capture of Hankou and Hanyang. January 12, 1853, then g Wuchang. At this time the rapid development of Taiping to 50 million people. February 9, Yang ordered the evacuation of Wuchang, land and water in hand, along Jiangdong under 18 grams in Jiujiang, 24, Sok Ching. March 8 under the gates of the city of Nanking, after 12 days of the attack, on March 20 led war Jinling. Taiping quickly into such a smooth, one of the important reasons is due to Yang's superb command of strategy. Qing chieftains then commented: "the situation and degree of force, such as Guilin attack high, and was stuck across the state, is under attack Changsha fought on channeling the power of Hubei ;...... husband crucial times and more damage, then attack flaw Provincial and effective force speed. " Because of the Taiping avoid the long-suppressed before the fortified city under the waste of time and consumption of troops, which led to the peasant revolutionary war score one victory.
Synonyms: Yang Si-Long
Anniversary of the death: September 2, 1856 (six years on July 27 Taiping Bing-chen)
Occupation: army, division, left the East King Fu is
40 mid-19th century, Hong, Feng Guangxi publicity thanks to the teachings of God. 1846, Yang met Feng, attended worship God, and quickly accepted the idea plotting rebellion, he actively contact and organize the masses to worship God, the congregation Zijingshan area rapidly to more than 2,000 people, he also became worship around God's head.
1851 (first year of Emperor Xianfeng) early in January, thanks to God, the congregation gathered around the gold Tamura, and on the 11th (the day in December during the first ten years of the Lunar GengXu for Hong's birthday) celebrated the successful uprising regiments and battalions. 23, Hong Wu Xuandong township board in the King said very formally announced the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. At the same time the establishment of five military chief commander system to Yang as chief commander in the Army, Xiao Chaogui for the former army chief commander, the military chief commander for the post-Feng, Shi left the military for the Lord, Wei as Youjun Lord. In the six months after the uprising Kaneda, marshalling and directing Yang shoulder the heavy responsibility of Taiping, and come to suppress the Qing fought in Guiping, Takenobu, as the state level the South and other places. As the Qing increasing in many more tight siege, they decided to Win to get rid of the Qing. September 15, Taiping Village in level officials who came to suppress the south of Admiral Xiang Rong Qing Department organized a successful ambush, not killing the Qing defeat, loss of ordnance pot off and exhausted, Xiang Rong also retreat Ping South county. Yang seize the opportunity to break through the military command of north Pacific, and in 25 states occupied Wing (Mengshan County) City. Here, King Dahir praised Hong Feng Yang for the East King, Xiao Chaogui West King, Feng was Nanwang, Wei Wang for the North, Ground in the Yi Wang, and clearly announced that the king of the closure, all by the East King restraint. Since then, Yang has become the commander of the Taiping.
Taiping leadership group into clear objectives and direction of the struggle, the on August 10, 1852 State Road from the east to the occupation of Chenzhou, has expanded its 23 million people in this area, and in which thousands of workers dug focus formation is "Earth Camp" (the equivalent of Corps of Engineers, which the history of our military system is a pioneering work), specially dug trench fortification, digging tunnels, laying of mines, castles and other bombing missions, in the future play an important role in combat. At this time, the city of Changsha in Hunan Province Taiping noted that "city base anti-dredging", the king will be determined by the West, Cheung Sha Xiao Chaogui shuaibing 2,000 range raid. Unfortunately, Xiao Chaogui guns in the siege of the expense of junior high school, Hong, Yang then rate Brigade troops rushed to Changsha. At this time, the Qing gathered reinforcements from various quarters, Changsha, strength has been greatly enhanced through more than two months siege, and finally did not capture. Taiping is withdrawn on November 30 around the north, occupied Yuezhou (now Hunan Yueyang). In this zone, the Taiping for the last 10 000 vessels, in order to enter the Yangtze River has created important conditions. December 17, Yang led the Taiping exit Yuezhou, sub-surface two-way into the Wuchang. This time, the Taiping have grown, "1000 Chuan master, the two sides Xiong Bing, whip struck gold ring stool, singing along Kay" (Li Ruzhao "mirrors the history of the mountains," "Heavenly Kingdom" (c) p. 5), good faction victory march scene.
Taiping army occupied Nanjing, immediately sent two units, captured Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, to surround and protect the safety of Tianjing. Almost at the same time, the Qing Yangzhou also Tianjing and external, to establish the South have thousand troops, Jiang Bei Daying, close surveillance of the Taiping movement, and opportunistic attack complex of Nanking. In this situation, the Taiping leadership group decided: home of the southern periphery of Nanjing, Jiang Bei Daying expense, and sent two units, the Northern Expedition Capital, expedition Yangtze River.
May 8, 1853, an official deputy prime minister Lin Fengxiang by the day, the prime minister Li Kaifang local officials are more than 20,000 elite troops, led by the Northern Expeditionary Army composed of Pukou starting from the shoulder, "take Yandu illness," the mission, break through the Qing layers of block, overcome difficulties, after more than six months of fighting and marching, arrived at the end of October near Tianjin Jinghai; single drainage area, was forced down in only to fall into more and more surrounded by the Qing. Force away from Tianjing, can not be reinforced rear arms forage increasingly difficult, forced to retreat steadily, but soon after a meeting to Win Qing surrounded by a very difficult situation. During this time, Yang has dispatched a team of other Lichang, who had led the reinforcements, starting from Anqing, Shandong Linqing advance to the state, as was the Qing's check and collapsing. In 1855, Lin Fengxiang, Li Kaifang the rate of the Northern Expeditionary Army has in Zhili and Shandong with the town of Qing Ping Guantun been wiped. Taiping Northern Expeditionary Army is the elite, and its destruction, is the Taiping uprising Kaneda since suffered from the most disastrous defeat. So failure of the Northern Expeditionary Army, the strategic decision-making error is the main reason, and as the military commander of the Taiping Yang is to bear primary responsibility. So Li Xiucheng Taiping failures later concluded, said: "harm the country first in the East Wang Ling Li Kaifang, Lin Fengxiang great sweep north of destruction error." ("Li Xiucheng readme", "Taiping Texts," No. 543) This is also But points.
After starting in the Northern Expedition, June 3, 1853, by the spring is the prime minister official Hu Huang, summer and other officials, led by deputy prime minister Lai Hanying military expedition from Tianjing, rapidly captured the Anqing, Luzhou (Anhui Hefei today), Jiujiang, Wuhan, Yuezhou other city, striker had arrived in Jingzhou, Hubei province and Hunan Xiangtan. Zeng Hunan as encountered after the check, a defeated Xiangtan, two defeated Yuezhou, three defeated Wuhan, almost unstoppable. But the expedition's situation is better than the Northern Expedition, due to close from Tianjing, water transportation is convenient, the whole war situation can be said is carried out under the direct guidance of Yang. When, after the fall of Wuhan, Yang in October 15, 1854 Order Yan Wang Qin Gang Tian Town, such as stick defense, asked expedition Taiping where "build strong Ying Pun, and build wooden plaque Watertown, rolled in the middle of the river Royal Park block. "(" Heavenly Kingdom Texts, "p. 180) in order to enhance the town's defense force Tian, Yang also sent people to reverse water from Tianjing while escorting a line of wooden Pai (Pai Mu is a great creation of the Taiping It wood outside the city, in slab houses, watchtowers, dense rack guns, in fact - Block Sports fortress.) went tianjiazhen for front-line copy, use. Tian defense was again after the town of Hunan breakthrough losses Taiping naval vessels and forced to retreat Jiujiang, Hukou line. In this serious moment, Yang Yi Wang Ground in order to reinforce the Anqing shuaibing. Ground in sits Hukou, in Luo Dagang, Lin Qirong and other cooperation with the achieved Hukou victory, to defeat the Hunan Army's offensive, reversing the expedition war situation, to counterattack, re-occupation of Wuhan, and thus captured the Hubei and Jiangxi vast areas.
Taiping army expedition is rewarding, it Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi control of large areas, a heavy blow to the Hunan Army, which guarantees the security of Tianjing and food supply upstream. Expedition's outcome better than the Expedition, but paid a heavy price, especially water, camp and almost lost to the war situation thereafter a serious impact.
Ministry Qin Gang Taiping aid Zhenjiang East, North River Beida Ying break even on campaign, the unit is very tired, wanted to break into the city, but east of Jiangnan Wang Yang, see "The situation is very tired soldiers," and ordered the army continue to attack, wait until break the rear access to the city of Jiangnan. Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng representations such as Yang went to Beijing to face to face: long camp Jiangnan Camp Kennedy, not speed attack. Yang said sternly, "do not listen to orders by cutting off!" Yu-Cheng Chen, Li Xiucheng did not dare to seek, only Mikurube for attack preparations.
Taiping is a tight organization and strict discipline with the peasant rebel army. Jintian uprising early in the eve of the promulgation of the five disciplinary Hong King ("Taiping project" reference "Zhou", provides the military establishment, the Israeli army as the basic unit. Army set Junshuai has jurisdiction over five division commander, division commander under jurisdiction five brigade commander, brigade commander under the jurisdiction of five Death of; Death of jurisdiction over four two-Sima, Sima under the jurisdiction of the two 5 Wu long, Wu long under the jurisdiction of four holy men. totaled a military made up 13 156 people. ), Nanwang Feng formulated the "Taiping eye" (Taiping five discipline are: 1, comply Mania; Second, do male and female lines lines; 3, taking anything away from Mo guilty; 4, public spirit, and Nuo, the chief constraint compliance ; 5, work together, not chicken out.), which has extremely strict Taiping organization. Yang presided over military affairs, he, too, always strictly and spirit. He said: "The serious side to make Su-Bing Wei, life enough to re-start the whole discipline." ("Heavenly Kingdom" (3), p. 199) in Guangxi, he complemented the on the five disciplines and development, issued the "Taiping regulations, "including" the rules of 10 to be doing, "and the" business rules "the 10, which provides day to abide by that, the follow Yuji constraints, do men and women doing business, familiar with the soldiers on the night of orders, to the entire uniform gun gun to prepare for emergencies, to hear horn noise transmission, forbidden reflexively defer to the rapid rush to kill the demon, not to avoid live secure, no smoking, drinking, hiding gold and silver ornaments; not arrogate to itself the sub-dry name Zuojiao, horseback riding and chaos to take Minor shall not be fed into the cooking village, destroying houses, looting the property, not allowed to Luanla porters, and not to heap the fire in the way the sleep shop operators and so on.
Yang's military thought, as the situation develops and enriching. Taiping army captured Nanking, the discipline is more strict, has released a series of bans, banned opium, prostitution ban, and ban drinking, smoking yellow smoke, etc., and offenders on the cut, especially on the Taiping army of the severe requirements, declare whether "any official What people into homes who dare not make cut is not amnesty, his left leg into the homes on the door, that is, cut left, right leg into the homes on the door who cut his right leg. "(" Li Xiucheng readme ") 1854, Yang In recent years, organizers concluded that the lessons learned, developed and issued the "Order march" for troops to follow. Yan Wang Qin Gang said in a report it wrote: "kept me East King presented 'marching orders' book 1, British Columbia Jazz kneeling Reading Bian, grateful extravagant career. Indicates the I East Wang Keke labor center, tackling these aircraft state, every possible way. "(" Peace Days Photo Book Series, "p. 220) Here" marching orders "is engraved 1855's" march always. " "March always," the preface said: inscribed enacted, the purpose is to study the military officers and soldiers pass through the chant, know what to quickly adapt to be disciplined, skillful practice, both whole and leisure, to achieve the million war Mansion House and invincible. This is a cover combat rules, disciplinary rules and regulations such as the contents of the House an important document, is "Peace piece" based on the experiences and lessons learned many years of war written. Its land and sea forces marching camp, security patrols, command set, named Cha Ye, have made specific provisions and requirements. Also stressed how to prevent the enemy then destroy the enemy, onslaught how to use terrain and cross the bridge across the river to cover up the rear. Reaffirming also the various disciplines, such as the illicit sale of gunpowder, back to those who do not go out without permission, have beheaded. With particular emphasis on official will have to cherish the soldiers, such as in cases where injury, young and old can not walk, no matter who's all horses, all pull and riding to sit; provided to the wounded "by name to the flesh, are provided for nursed back to health"; on patrol Shou-card soldier, In case of rain and snow profile for the night, especially when to be compassionate, if clothing is insufficient and should be added, without reserve, "to place it beyond the official overnight Pipao Couture and the soldiers wearing the card." All These provisions reflect complement Rigid Yang, economic incentives and the military thinking, but also to a certain extent reflects the Taiping ranks of the working class really a class character.
Taiping victory march, even if the landlord class, the Qing dynasty Sanghunlapo, also the Taiping leadership group deeper into the minds of superstition and ignorance. After the capture of Nanking, Yang and others have been greatly exaggerated victory, underestimate the power of the Qing side, which in addition to the performance of the military made a wrong strategic decision-making, also caught in the political ideology among the blind unprecedented. Once they entered the Nanjing (Nanking at the time though is still an island surrounded by the Qing), it has been made as if to itself as the world's emperor, start massive construction projects, and create a palace mansion, swing-up of feudal Emperor Wang's show and having to corruption extravagant life. According to historical records, Yang out, to carry out a "Zeizhong thousand people, a large gong dozens of pairs, Long Feng Tiger Crane flag dozens of pairs of animals and birds taken down dozens of pairs, followed by foreign crepe colored dragon, about tens of husband, OK but not people, high-Zhang Yu, drums from the later Wei of the 'East Dragon'. music has been, to a large public opinion. and the husband 56, public opinion to influence the legislature two young boys, flies Pengcha row, it means that Pushe; public opinion after the pseudo-phase and Zhongzei Rank 100 from Yan. Also as before, following the dragon-like Yan, line is complete. "(Xiejie He" Jinling Kuei-A Brief Chronicle "," Heavenly Kingdom "(d) Section 668) Such ostentation, and the feudal emperor to go out no different. At this time of Yang, the right set of education, political power, military power in one, a "once great, is the first one people", actually became the supreme ruler of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Power is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, Yang use their power, effectively driving the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the huge machines that stand to create a lot of great performance, on the other hand, when it is free from any constraints to the development of the time, also did many wrong things, stupid things and bad things. According to recently discovered in the UK, "Father edicts" (Volume III) ("Heavenly Father, Heavenly Brother edict," Philosopy Editors note, Liaoning People's Publishing House in 1986 edition) said: from early 1854 until July 1855 two and a half hours , the Yang Wei Tuo "Father descended to" a total of 21 times. Every time down to earth, regardless of day and night, staff from the start his side until the Hong King summoned all the list, all to be present kneel down to listen to "Father" imperial edict. These sacred, filled with religious nonsense, the government, military affairs, the contents of the very few, most of the internal contradictions of the Tianjing. "Heavenly Father" on the disposal of these contradictions is harsh, frequently "beheaded." One of the more important examples are: Winter officer was also in the prime minister Chen Zongyang so, because husband and wife with places, smoking foreign cigarettes to be beheaded, a day officials are also taking the prime minister has water, etc. because of "neglect the East King," "bullying Wo (Pansy) does not Intrinsic "and beheaded, with Yan Wang Qin Gang, etc. escorted by battlefield losses and the" East prison "; even North King Wei, for" Father down to earth "when" not a homogeneous mass so that the children "has been flogging 40 Great board.
Ago from the clear side of the historical records of that, Yang favor relatives, Liao Shu, bullying others. If person A, he saw his uncle Yang District without stand such a minor matter, finally, causing a "East thief furious, lock fat, North thief, battle Rigang 100, 200 Rong Cheng, Yu Kun 300, person A Wumafenshi "(" A Chronicle of Nanking Kuei Huang Yukun slightly, "" Heavenly Kingdom "(d) Section 671), and as a person because of quarrels with the East repeated Book of Houjin Fang, Yang was executed last race. The clean side of the record does not seem entirely unfounded.
Hong, Yang, live in the middle of the 19th century in China, although they moved from the West of Christian doctrine, combined with the situation in China, founded the worship God, but Western science, democracy and thought of the information, too little shred did not affect them, which determines the scale of this unprecedented vigorous peasant revolution, only in the context of the old peasant war lingered. Yang was born in the Township as a farmer in the peasant uprising leader, he's thinking only of Western religious teachings, small producers of the patriarchal system and a mixture of feudal despotism.
Great peasant revolutionary movement within the Taiping Yang temper became the only military and political power in one set of characters. Yet his abuses, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has caused great internal resentment. He was killed, once the capital in the days aroused cheers (McGowan: "Taiping East King North King infighting detailed record"). However, after the incident, people's feelings gradually cooled down to start the geek Yang, from the full measure of both positive and negative, and gradually feel that since he left the great Taiping vacated by the vacancies, 1:00 no to fill in the Yi Wang Shi Dakai, especially after the flight. As a result, people began to miss him, in his honor. Li Xiucheng said, the East King alive, military orders rigorous, and reward and punishment, the people admire. Hung Jen J said in the past East King alive, expand territories, Kai Jiang, worse than the provision of hundred miles on the situation, and now back into the inch ruler, over and took it worse than in former times when great! Hong also presented at the 1859 edict, announced that Yang killed that day, as the "East King Ascension", "read July 7 Dongsheng section, some forgotten kingdom from generation to generation Mok." It seems that men's feelings in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, as Yang's death, has forgiveness of his mistakes. Hong and general officers and men of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, such a prominent figure on the Yang had been done for the Taiping revolutionary achievements, to give a positive evaluation.