| 網筆號： | 紹天繹道剛明恪儉揆文奮武敦仁懋孝烈皇帝 | |||||||||
| 廟號： | 思宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 思陵 | |||||||||
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1.生平簡介
熹宗朱由校駕崩無子，臨終遺詔，以其五弟朱由檢即皇位。朱由檢在18歲即位後，面對著危機四伏的政治局面，殷切地尋求治國良方，勤於政務，事必躬親。與前兩朝相比較，朝政有了明顯改觀。天啓七年（1628年）十一月，崇禎皇帝在鏟除魏忠賢的羽翼崔呈秀（？—1627年）之後，再將其貶至鳳陽，途至直隸阜城，魏忠賢得知大勢已去，遂與一名太監自縊而亡。此後又殺客氏，崔呈秀自盡，其閹黨260餘人或處死、或發配、或終身禁錮。與此同時，平反冤獄，重新啓用天啓年間被罷黜的官員。起用袁崇煥為兵部尚書，賜予尚方寶劍，托付他收復全遼的重任。為剿流寇，崇禎先用楊鶴主撫，後用洪承疇，再用曹文詔，再用陳奇瑜，復用洪承疇，再用盧象升，再用楊嗣昌，再用熊文燦，又用楊嗣昌，十三年中頻繁更換圍闖軍的將領。這其中除熊文燦外，其他都表現出了出色的才幹。然皆功虧一簣。「闖王」李自成數次大難不死，後往河南聚衆發展。朱由檢一生操勞，旰食宵衣，每天夜以繼日的批閱奏章，節儉自律，不近女色，天天生活在操勞、恐懼、痛苦、煩躁與焦慮之中。崇禎十五年（1642年）七月初九，因「偶感微恙」而臨時傳免早朝，竟遭輔臣的批評，崇禎連忙自我檢討。自崇禎元年（1628年）起，中國北方發生可怕的旱災，赤地千裏，寸草不生，崇禎七年，傢住河南的前兵部尚書呂維祺上書朝廷：「蓋數年來，臣鄉無歲不苦荒，無月不苦兵，無日不苦輓輸。庚午（崇禎三年）旱；辛未旱；壬申大旱。野無青草，十室九空。……村無吠犬，尚敲催徵之門；樹有啼鵑，盡灑鞭撲之血。黃埃赤地，鄉鄉幾斷人煙；白骨青燐，夜夜似聞鬼哭。欲使窮民之不化為盜，不可得也」。旱災又引起蝗災，使得災情更加擴大，河南於崇禎十年、十一年、十二年、十三年皆有蝗旱，「人相食，草木俱盡，土寇並起」，其饑民多從李自成。崇禎朝以來，陝西年年有大旱，崇禎二年五月正式議裁陝北驛站，百姓多流離失所，崇禎三年（1630年）陝西又大饑，陝西巡按馬懋纔在《備陳大饑疏》上說百姓爭食山中的蓬草，蓬草吃完，剝樹皮吃，樹皮吃完，衹能吃觀音土，最後腹脹而死，六年，「全陝旱蝗，耀州、澄城縣一帶，百姓死亡過半」。這時華北各省又疫疾大起，朝發夕死。「至一夜之內，百姓驚逃，城為之空」，崇禎十四年七月，疫疾從河北地區傳染至北京，崇禎十六年，北京人口死亡近四成。江南在崇禎十三年遭大水，十四年有旱蝗並災，十五年持續發生旱災和流行大疫。地方社會處在了十分脆弱的狀態，盜匪與流民並起，各地民變不斷爆發，北方皇太極又不斷騷擾入侵，明廷苦於兩綫作戰，每年的軍費「三餉」開支高達兩千萬兩以上，國傢財政早已入不敷出，缺餉的情況普遍，常導致明軍內部騷亂嘩變。加上明思宗求治心切，生性多疑，剛愎自用，因此在朝政中屢鑄大錯：前期鏟除專權宦官，後期又重用宦官；隨着局勢的日益嚴峻，朱由檢的濫殺也日趨嚴重，總督中被誅者七人，巡撫被戮者十一人。明思宗亦知不能兩面作戰，私底下同意議和。但明朝士大夫鑒於南宋的教訓，皆以為與滿人和談為恥。因此明崇禎對於和議之事，始終左右為難，他暗中同意楊嗣昌的議和主張，但一旁的盧象升立即告訴皇帝說：「陛下命臣督師，臣衹知戰鬥而已！」，明思宗衹能辨稱根本就沒有議和之事，盧象升最後戰死沙場。明朝末年就在和戰兩難之間，走入滅亡之途。崇禎十五年（1642年），鬆山、錦州失守，洪承疇降清，崇禎又想和滿清議和，兵部尚書陳新甲因泄漏議和之事被處死，與清兵最後議和的機會也破滅了。崇禎十七年（1644年）明王朝面臨沒頂之災，崇禎帝召見閣臣時悲嘆道：「吾非亡國之君，汝皆亡國之臣。吾待士亦不薄，今日至此，群臣何無一人相從？」在陳演、光時亨等反對之下未能下决心遷都南京。
2.國破自縊
景山的崇禎帝自縊處建有碑文崇禎十七年（1644年）三月一日，大同失陷，北京危急，初四日，崇禎任吳三桂為平西伯，飛檄三桂入衛京師，起用吳襄提督京營。六日，李自成陷宣府，太監杜勳投降，十五日，大學士李建泰投降，大順軍開始包圍北京，太監曹化淳說：「忠賢若在，時事必不至此。」三月十六日，昌平失守，十七日，圍攻北京城。三月十八日，大順軍以飛梯攻西直、平則、德勝諸門，守軍或逃、或降。下午，曹化淳開彰儀門（一說是十九日王相堯開宣武門，另張縉彥守正陽門，朱純臣守朝陽門，一時俱開，二臣迎門拜賊，賊登城，殺兵部侍郎王傢彥於城樓，刑部侍郎孟兆祥死於城門下），農民軍攻入北京。太監王廉急告皇帝，崇禎在宮中飲酒長嘆：「苦我民爾！」太監張殷勸皇帝投降，被一劍刺死。崇禎帝命人分送太子、永王、定王到勳戚周奎、田弘遇傢。又逼周後自殺，手刃袁妃、長平公主、昭仁公主。崇禎手執三眼槍與數十名太監騎馬出東華門，被亂箭所阻，再跑到齊化門（朝陽門），成國公朱純臣閉門不納，後轉嚮安定門，此地守軍已經星散，大門深鎖，太監以利斧亦無法劈開。三月十九日拂曉，大火四起，重返皇宮，城外已經是火光映天。此時天色將明，崇禎在前殿鳴鐘召集百官，卻無一人前來，崇禎說：「諸臣誤朕也，國君死社稷，二百七十七年之天下，一旦棄之，皆為姦臣所誤，以至於此。」最後在景山歪脖樹上自縊身亡，死時光著左腳，右腳穿著一隻紅鞋。時年33歲。身邊僅有提督太監王承恩陪同。上吊死前於藍色袍服上大書「朕涼德藐躬，上幹天咎，然皆諸臣誤朕。朕死無面目見祖宗，自去冠冕，以發覆面。任賊分裂，勿傷百姓一人」。三月二十一日屍體被發現，大順軍將崇禎與周皇后的屍棺移出宮禁，在東華門示衆，「諸臣哭拜者三十人，拜而不哭者六十人，餘皆睥睨過之。」，梓宮暫厝在紫禁城北面的河邊。四月四日，昌平州吏趙一桂等人將崇禎與皇后葬入昌平縣田貴妃的墓穴之中，清朝以「帝體改葬，令臣民為服喪三日，謚曰莊烈愍皇帝，陵曰思陵」。當李自成離開北京的時候，發現「皇庫扃鑰如故，舊有鎮庫金，積年不用者，三千七百萬錠，損其奇零，即可代兩年加派。乃今日考成，明日搜括，海內騷然，而扃鑰如故。豈先帝未睹遺籍耶？不勝追悵。」明思宗卒後，南明弘光年間謚紹天繹道剛明恪儉揆文奮武敦仁懋孝烈皇帝，廟號思宗，後改為毅宗。唐王謚為威宗。清廷改為莊烈愍皇帝，廟號懷宗。葬北京昌平思陵。
3.家庭
後妃
莊烈愍皇后周氏，1644年明亡之際依思宗命自盡而死。清順治帝，謚周後曰莊烈愍皇后，與帝同葬田貴妃寢園，名曰思陵。
貴妃袁氏，1644年明朝亡國之際，依思宗命自謚卻未死，清朝入關後因其為明思宗最後的遺孀，得到清廷之哀憐與尊重，並由清廷贍養其終身。
恭淑貴妃田秀英，1643年病死。謚恭淑端惠靜懷皇貴妃，葬昌平天壽山，即思陵也。
順妃王氏，原為選侍，生長平公主後病死，追封為順妃。
兄弟
熹宗朱由校
簡懷王朱由㰒
齊思王朱由楫
懷惠王朱由模
湘懷王朱由栩
惠昭王朱由橏
子女
子
獻愍太子朱慈烺，母莊烈愍皇后周氏，1644年李自成封為宋王，李敗退時不知所終。
懷隱王朱慈烜，母莊烈愍皇后周氏，早殤。
定哀王朱慈炯，母莊烈愍皇后周氏，1644年不知所終。
永悼王朱慈炤，母恭淑端惠靜懷皇貴妃田氏，1644年不知所終。
悼靈王朱慈煥（1633年—1708年），母恭淑端惠靜懷皇貴妃田氏，明思宗第五子，康熙四十七年被捕，後以「朱某雖無謀反之事，未嘗無謀反之心」為罪名遭處死。
悼懷王，母恭淑端惠靜懷皇貴妃田氏，二歲殤。
(無名)，母恭淑端惠靜懷皇貴妃田氏，三歲殤。
女
坤儀公主（名不詳），母莊烈愍皇后周氏，早夭。
長平公主朱徽娖（1629-1645），王順妃所出，由周皇后撫養（《明史》稱為周皇后所出，但同年周皇后生朱慈炯，蓋誤），駙馬周顯，1645年病逝。
昭仁公主（名不詳）（1639-1644），1644年被思宗殺死。
餘三女皆早逝，無考。
4.大事年表
1610年，朱由檢生，為明光宗朱常洛之第五子，母賢妃劉氏，早薨。
1622年，封信王。
1625年，出居信王府邸。
1627年（天啓七年）8月，明熹宗朱由校病逝於乾清宮，年23歲。無子，遺詔命其五弟——信王朱由檢即皇位。朱由檢即位。追謚生母賢妃為孝純皇后，册妃周氏為皇后。11月，在鏟除魏忠賢的羽翼之後，再將其貶至鳳陽，途至直隸的阜城，魏忠賢得知明思宗要逮捕他，遂與一名太監李朝欽自縊而亡。
1628年正月，改元崇禎。戮魏忠賢及其黨崔呈秀屍。此後將閹黨二百六十餘人或處死、或發配、或終身禁錮。與此同時，平反冤獄，重新啓用天啓年間被罷黜的官員。7月，親召袁崇煥於平臺。起用袁崇煥為兵部尚書，賜予尚方寶劍，托付他收復全遼的重任。 8月，定製，每日在文華殿與輔臣共同處理朝政。10月，皇太極攻打林丹汗，開始徵服漠南蒙古。西北大饑荒，李自成亂起。
1629年正月，定逆案，自崔呈秀以下凡六等。2月，長子朱慈烺生。3月，薊州兵變。5月，議改歷法。6月，袁崇煥殺毛文竜於雙島。久旱，朱由檢齋居文華殿，敕群臣修省。11月，清兵入遵化。11月，京師戒嚴，清兵進攻德勝門。12月，逮捕袁崇煥於平臺。總兵官祖大壽兵敗，東出關。
1630年，立皇長子慈烺為皇太子。久旱，齋居文華殿，諭百官修省。5月，清兵敗歸。6月，米脂張獻忠聚衆起義。8月，袁崇煥因“咐托不效，專恃欺隱，以市米則資盜，以謀疑則斬帥”被磔刑（分裂肢體）處死。巡撫延綏副都御史洪承疇、總兵官杜文煥在清澗打敗張獻忠。
1631年，大雪，民饑，農民起義不斷。
1632年8月，皇三子朱慈燦生，後封定王。
1633年6月，皇四子朱慈煥生，後封永王。7月，駐臺荷蘭侵略軍侵犯廈門，福建巡撫鄒維璉委鄭芝竜為前鋒，於9月在澎湖大嶼、金門料羅擊敗荷軍。
1634年正月，廣鹿島副將尚可喜降清。安南、暹羅、琉球入貢。
1635年，洪承疇出關。
1637年正月，南京地震。2月，朝鮮降清。4月，後金軍隊攻剋皮島。敕群臣潔己愛民，以回天意。6月，兩畿、山西大旱。7月，山東、河南遭遇蝗災，民大饑。安南、琉球入貢。
1638年，兩畿、山東、河南大旱，並有蝗災。9月，陝西、山西旱饑。清兵入墻子嶺，京師戒嚴。土魯番、琉球入貢。
1639年正月，後金軍隊入濟南。6月，畿內、山東、河南、山西旱蝗。琉球入貢。
1640年，兩畿、山東、河南、山、陝大旱加蝗災，造成人吃人慘況。
1641年六月，兩畿、山東、河南、浙江、湖廣大旱加蝗災，山東百姓為盜，四竄。8月，左良玉大敗張獻忠於信陽。
1642年2月，清兵攻剋鬆山，洪承疇降。3月，祖大壽以錦州降清。11月，下詔罪己，求直言，起用廢將。
1643年，鳳陽屢次地震。暹羅，琉球、哈密入貢。
1644年正月初一，李自成在西安稱王，國號“大順”。3月，李自成農民軍攻陷北京城。 18日，逼周後自殺，手刃袁妃、長女長平公主、幼女昭仁公主，後在景山歪脖樹上自縊身亡，太監王承恩自縊跟隨。死前於藍色袍服上大書“朕涼德藐躬，上幹天咎，然皆諸臣誤朕。朕死無面目見祖宗，自去冠冕，以發覆面。任賊分裂，勿傷百姓一人”。 時年35歲，明亡。帝後梓宮葬昌平陵區，名思陵。
5.歷史評價
崇禎即位，正直國傢內憂外患之際，內有黃土高原上百萬農民造反大軍，外有滿洲鐵騎，虎視耽耽，山河冷落，風煙四起。他决事果斷，雷厲風行，如處理庵黨一案， 也有心細多疑，優柔寡斷之一面，如關於是先攘外抑或先安內，一直那不定，遂誤國傢 ；既有刻薄寡恩 翻臉無情之一面，也有多情柔腸之一面，對周後互敬互愛；他自製極嚴，不耽犬馬，不好女色，生活簡樸；他也經常徵求左右的意見，但剛愎自用，不能做到虛懷納諫；他知人善任，如袁崇煥 楊嗣昌，洪承疇，具一代文武全纔，任用他們時，言聽計從，優遇有加，一旦翻臉，嚴酷無情，果於殺戮，導致用人不專，出現崇禎朝五十相局面；他憫恤黎民疾苦，常下詔罪己，但搜刮民膏，加派無度，趣百姓於水火；他勵精圖治，經常平臺招對，咨問政之得失，與臣下論討興亡之道，為政察察，事必躬親，欲為中興之主主，但求治心切，責臣太驟，以致人心恐慌，言路斷絶常謂所任非人，終成孤傢寡人，至於煤山殉國，從死者唯一太監耳[1]
明思宗是一個被普遍同情的皇帝，李自成《登極詔》也說「君非甚暗（崇禎皇帝不算太糟），孤立而煬竈恆多（即便他被孤立，卻頗能為人民國傢做出許多打擊貪官污吏好事）；臣盡行私，比黨而公忠絶少。」思宗的性格相當復雜，在除魏忠賢時，崇禎表現得極為機智，但在處理袁崇煥一事，卻又表現得相當愚蠢。如學者所言「在思宗身上，機智和愚蠢，膽略與剛愎，高招與昏招，兼而有之」，《明史》說他：「且性多疑而任察，好剛而尚氣。任察則苛刻寡恩，尚氣則急遽失措。」由於較之前任的神宗、熹宗，甚至明朝中後期的多數皇帝，思宗治國救國的責任感與雄心強上許多，故史傢對於思宗普遍抱有同情，以為崇禎帝的一生實是「不是亡國之君的亡國悲劇」。《明史》評價思宗說：「帝承神、熹之後，慨然有為。即位之初，瀋機獨斷，刈除姦逆，天下想望治平。惜乎大勢已傾，積習難輓。在廷則門戶糾紛。疆埸則將驕卒惰。兵荒四告，流寇蔓延。遂至潰爛而莫可救，可謂不幸也已。然在位十有七年，不邇聲色，憂勸惕勵，殫心治理。臨朝浩嘆，慨然思得非常之材，而用匪其人，益以僨事。乃復信任宦官，布列要地，舉措失當，製置乖方。祚訖運移，身罹禍變，豈非氣數使然哉。迨至大命有歸，妖氛盡掃，而帝得加謚建陵，典禮優厚。是則聖朝盛德，度越千古，亦可以知帝之蒙難而不辱其身，為亡國之義烈矣。」歷史學家孟森說：「思宗而在萬歷以前，非亡國之君；在天啓之後，則必亡而已矣！」。思宗雖有心為治，卻無治國良方，以致釀成亡國悲劇，未必無過。孟森也說思宗「苛察自用，無知人之明」 、「不知恤民」。思宗用人不彰、疑心過重、馭下太嚴，史稱「崇禎五十相」（在位十七年，更換五十位內閣大學士、首輔），卻加速了明王朝的覆亡。思宗的性格相當復雜，在除魏忠賢時，崇禎表現的超乎機智，但在袁崇煥一事上卻又表現的相當愚蠢，袁崇煥跟崇禎說五年之內收復遼東，簡直就像個瘋子。崇禎也瘋，他真就相信了。直到三年後，袁崇煥終於為自己的大話付出了沉重的代價。如學者所言“在思宗身上，機智和愚蠢，膽略與剛愎，高招與昏招，兼而有之”。史傢對於思宗普遍抱有同情，以為崇禎帝的一生實是“不是亡國之君的亡國悲劇”。
為剿流寇，明思宗先用楊鶴主撫，後用洪承疇，再用曹文詔，再用陳奇瑜，復用洪承疇，再用盧象升，再用楊嗣昌，再用熊文燦，又用楊嗣昌，十三年中頻繁更換圍剿農民軍的負責人。這其中除熊文燦外，其他都表現出了出色的才幹。但是他不斷地加稅，民間稱呼他為“重徵”以代替“崇禎”，這也使得明末農民起義是“野火燒不盡，春風吹又生”。
雖然明思宗期盼着明朝能在他手中迎來“中興”，無奈前幾朝的積重難返，當時天下饑饉，疫疾大起，各地民變不斷爆發，北方皇太極又不斷騷擾入侵，加上明思宗求治心切，生性多疑，剛愎自用，因此在朝政中屢鑄大錯：前期鏟除專權宦官，後期又重用宦官；在衆大臣的吹捧下，崇禎高估了袁崇煥，誤信了袁崇煥“五年復遼”的大話，以傾國之力打造了一條寧錦防綫，結果滿清從蒙古繞了過來，明王朝面臨沒頂之災。
乾隆大帝親自修訂的《明史•流賊傳》中說：“莊烈之繼統也，臣僚之黨局已成，草野之物力已耗，國傢之法令已壞，邊疆之搶攘已甚。莊烈雖銳意更始，治核名實，而人才之賢否，議論之是非，政事之得失，軍機之成敗，未能灼見於中，不搖於外也。且性多疑而任察，好剛而尚氣。任察則苛刻寡恩，尚氣則急遽失措。當夫群盜滿山，四方鼎沸，而委政柄者非庸即佞，剿撫兩端，茫無成算。內外大臣救過不給，人懷規利自全之心。言語戇直，切中事弊者，率皆摧折以去。其所任為閫帥者，事權中製，功過莫償。敗一方即戮一將，隳一城即殺一吏，賞罰太明而至於不能罰，製馭過嚴而至於不能製。加以天災流行，饑饉洊臻，政繁賦重，外訌內叛。譬一人之身，元氣羸然，疽毒並發，厥癥固已甚危，而醫則良否錯進，劑則寒熱互投，病入膏肓，而無可救，不亡何待哉？是故明之亡，亡於流賊，而其緻亡之本，不在於流賊也。嗚呼！莊烈非亡國之君，而當亡國之運，又乏救亡之術，徒見其焦勞瞀亂，孑立於上十有七年。而帷幄不聞良、平之謀，行間未睹李、郭之將，卒緻宗社顛覆，徒以身殉，悲夫！”
清朝編纂的《明史》依舊承認他兢兢業業，勤勉勤儉。崇禎的一生可以說充滿了悲劇色彩，他擁有極強的政治手腕，心思縝密，果斷幹練，並且精力充沛，幾乎擁有歷史上所有明君的特徵：崇禎的是非功過充滿爭議，是中國歷史上最具悲劇色彩的皇帝之一，“無力回天”這四個字，可以概括崇禎的一生。
2. The country has hanged himself
Jingshan the Chong Zhen Emperor inscription Chongzhen hanging Department built 17 years (1644) March 1, Tatung fall, Beijing critical fourth day on, any Chongzhen Ping Wu Sangui as Hebrew, Wei Fei Xi Sankei into the capital, only use Wu-hsiang Admiral Beijing camp. On the 6th, Li Zicheng depression Vision House, the eunuch Du Xun surrender, on the 15th, scholar Li Jiantai surrender, troops began to surround Dashun Beijing, of the eunuch Cao Chun said: "If Tadakata, current affairs will not to this." March 16 , Changping fall, on the 17th, laid siege to Beijing. March 18, Dashun army to attack the West straight flight staircase, ping, Zhu Desheng Gate, defenders or run away or down. PM, CAO of Chun open Chang-door (1 is the 19th Xiang-Yao opened Xuanwumen, another Zhang Jin Yan Shou Zhengyangmen, Zhuchun Chen Shou-sun door, a moment all open, 2 Chen Ying Mynbai thief, thief Teng City, killing Hyobu assistant minister Wang Jiayan in tower, vice-minister Meng Zhaoxiang died under the gate), farmers army invaded Beijing. Eunuch Wang Lian urgent notice the emperor in the palace drinking Chongzhen sigh: "My people suffer Seoul!" Eunuch Zhang Yin persuaded the emperor to surrender, stabbed to death by sword. Chong Zhen Emperor ordered sent to Prince Edward, John King, King of the Xun Qi Zhoukui, Tien Hung-home opportunities. Weeks after they forced suicide, Shou Ren Fei Yuan, Chang Ping Princess, Zhaoren Gong master. Chongzhen armed with three guns and several dozen eunuchs riding out the Donghua Gate, was hindered by arrows, run of the door had gotten together (sun gate), into the country behind closed doors without public Zhuchun Chen satisfied, then turned to Andingmen, here observe Army has been scattered, and the door locked, the eunuch to ax can not split. March 19 at dawn, fire everywhere, return to the palace, outside the city is already a fire Ying days. At this point the weather will be clear, ringing call Baiguan Chongzhen in the front hall, but no one came, Chongzhen said: "Zhu Chen error I have, the emperor died Sajik, 270 years of the world, once discarded, are as a traitor by the error, so this. "hanged themselves last in the Jingshan Wai Bo tree, dead time with his left foot, right foot wearing a red shoes. Age 33. Side only, accompanied by Admiral eunuch Wang Chengen. Died in the blue robes hanging on the big book, "I despise cool bow Germany, on dry days, blame, however wrong I are Zhu Chen. I see the face of death without ancestors, since to the crown, to issue cladding. Any thief split, do not One person injured people. " March 21 bodies were found weeks Dashun Army Chongzhen Queen's corpse and coffin out of the Gong Jin, Donghuamen said in public, "Zhuchenkubai were 30 people, 60 people who worship and cry, I it had been all form the most. ", Zigong temporarily house north of the river in the Forbidden City. April 4, Changping, Zhao Yigui State Officials and the Queen, who will be buried into the Chongzhen Tian, Changping County, among the Royal tomb, the Qing Dynasty to "imperial body Gaizang, so that subjects for the three-day mourning, posthumous fierce pity the Emperor said, Zhuang, Ling said, thinking Ling. " When Li Zicheng leave Beijing, I found "Imperial Library shut key as before, the old town library gold, Jinian not those 37 million, loss of its singular zero, can be deployed on behalf of two years. Is today's test as, Tomorrow plunder, at home and show However, keys as before the shut. Qixian Di Before I saw the left nationality or not? numerous chase Chang. "Ming Si were Death, the Ming Hongguang Shao days between Posthumous Ke Jian Yi Road, just out Premier Wen Mao Xiao-Fen Wu Duiren strong emperor, posthumous names of thinking were later replaced by Yi cases. Tangwangshan posthumous title for Wei cases. Qing Zhuang intense pity to the emperor, the posthumous names were pregnant. Beijing Changping thinking burial tomb.
Empress
Christine Shu Concubine Tianxiu Ying, died 1643. Posthumous Kung Hui Ching Wai Wong Shu-side Concubine, Changping Tianshou funeral, which is also thought Ling.
Tianqi Emperor Zhu from the University
Huai King Hui of Chu from the mold
Child
Ci Wang Xuan Zhu Huai implicit, strongly sympathize Queen Mother Zhuang Zhou, early mourning.
Mourning king Ling Chu Chi-hwan (1633 -1,708), the mother of Christine Wai Wong Shu-side Concubine Tian Hui Jing, Ming Si were the fifth son of Emperor Kangxi was arrested 40 years after the "rebellion of Zhu Though lacking something, perhaps a No rebellion of the heart "as the charges were put to death.
Female
Zhaoren Gong master (name unknown) (1639-1644), were killed in 1644 were thinking.
1610, Zhu students by the prosecution for ordinary Luo Zhu Mingguang were the fifth son, mother Xian Fei Liu, early death of a prince.
1627 (apocalypse years) in August, Tianqi Emperor Zhu from the school died in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, in 23 years. No son, Yi Zhao ordered five brothers - believe that the throne by the prosecution of Wang Zhu. Zhu came to the throne by the prosecution. Mother Xianfei to pursue posthumous title Empress Xiao pure, Zhou Fei register for the Queen. In November, after the elimination of Wei Zhongxian wings, then its derogatory to Fengyang, way to Zhili Fucheng, Wei Zhongxian Ming Si that were about to arrest him, and then hanged himself to death with a eunuch Li Chaoqin.
1630, Li Wong Chee Lang was the eldest son of Crown Prince. Long drought, vegetarian home Wenhua Dian, encyclical Baiguan repair province. In May, the Qing defeat return. June, Mizhi Zhang Xianzhong gathered to revolt. August, Yuanchonghuan for "commanded care not effective, experts rely bully hidden to the capital city of rice stolen in order to bring the suspect was cut handsome" is spine-punishment (split limbs) were killed. Deputy governor Yansui all censor Hong Chengchou, Famous Official Duwen Huan Zhang Xianzhong in Qingjian defeat.
June 1633, Wong Chu Ci Huansheng fourth son, after the closure Yong Wang. In July, in Taiwan and Netherlands invaders violated Xiamen, Fujian governor appointed Zou Wei Lian Zheng Zhi for the striker, on September Lantau in Penghu, Kinmen Romania beat the Dutch material.
1637 the first month, Nanjing earthquake. In February, North Korea surrendering. In April, after the gold military attack kepi Island. Jie imperial ministers have the people, and to return to God. In June, two around the capital, Shanxi drought. July, Shandong, Henan face locust plague, the great famine of the people. Annan, Ryukyu tributes.
1640, 2 ki, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi drought plus locust, resulting plight of people eating people.
1643, Fengyang repeated earthquakes. Siam, Okinawa, Hamilton tributes.
Chongzhen throne, integrity, internal and external state occasion, there are millions of peasant rebellion army of the Loess Plateau, outside the Manchurian cavalry, lining out in the cold mountains and rivers, Wind and Smoke everywhere. He decided something decisive, vigorous and resolute, for example in the case of Um party, but also cautious paranoid, indecisive, the side, as is the first stabbing outside on the inside or the first security has been that variable, then wrong country; both mean and cruel side of Guaen turn hostile , there are passionate Rouchang the side, on the week love each other; he made a very strict, no delay or excitement, bad sex, lives a simple life; he often sought advice about, but opinionated and can not do humbly accept ; he Use of Personnel, such as Yuanchonghuan Yang Sichang, Hong Chengchou, a generation Wenwuquancai, appointing them, to follow its advice, excellent case of Canada, once the angry, bitter ruthless, results in the killing, leading to post-employment non-emerged towards 50 with Chongzhen situation; his shirt Benjamin Lai Man suffering, often have even ordered the crime, but plundered the people paste, additional excessive, interesting people from untold miseries; he make every effort, often platform move right, the gains and losses in political consultation, and discuss the subjects as the rise and fall of the road, as political tsatsa, hands-on, prefer to give ZTE Lord Lord, but eager to seek treatment, responsible minister is too sudden, so that people panic, that are often made road cut off any non-human, and eventually became a loner, as Meishan martyred, the only eunuch from the dead ear [1]
Ming Si case is a generally sympathetic to the emperor, Li Zicheng "very Chao Teng," also said, "The emperor is very dark (not too bad Chongzhen Emperor), isolated lesions Yang Hang and more (even if he is isolated, we rather for the people of the State against corrupt officials have made many good); Chen utterly private, rarely more than the party and public loyalty. "thought were very complex character, in addition to Wei Zhongxian, the Chongzhen performed very witty, but in dealing with Yuanchonghuan concerned, but are rather stupid. As the scholar said, "who were in thought, wit and folly, courage and wayward, brilliant idea and Hunzhao, combination," "History of Ming Dynasty," said he: "and the police of any suspicious but good just the still air. Any Review the harsh Guaen, still air is sharp-stricken. "As the former than Shenzong, Tianqi Emperor, or even most of the late Ming Dynasty emperor, thinking the country to save the country were strong sense of responsibility and ambition of many, so historians have to think of these common sympathy, that Chong Zhen Emperor's life really is "not lost his country's subjugation tragedy." "Ming Dynasty" Best case evaluation, said: "Royal Order of God, and Hay, the generously promising. Ascended the throne at the beginning, Shen Machine arbitrary, cradled against eliminating traitors, the world desire Zhiping. Xihu trend has been dumping, habits finding a mate. While in the Mountain Portal dispute. Xinjiang will be proud Death lazy and drinking places. soldiers shortage four divisions, roving bandits spread. Suizhi fester and Mo cured must indeed have been unfortunate. However, there is the reign of 10 years, not by bringing sensual, worry about persuading toes, Satan heart governance. Powerbut hui died of septicemia, generously thought was very material, and its people with the bandit, beneficial to ruin things. Naifu trust in eunuchs, cloth out to be, the measure improper system set good side. Zuo finished migration, suffering from bad change, it not fate Shiran zai. the cause of life at home is Tai, demon atmosphere are gone, and the emperor was added Posthumous Jianling ceremony generous. is the Sheng Zhao Sidley, the more eternal degree, they can not know God, confronted by danger and shame The body, strong carry on justice for the fallen state. "historian Sen said:" The thought of these before in Wanli, non-lost his country; after the apocalypse, the ruin themselves!. " Although the Civic Centre for the rule were hardly a country recipe that lead to the tragedy of national subjugation, not black. Sen also said that ideas were "strict observation for personal use, without Zhirenzhiming", "I do not know Xu Min." Thought were the employer failed, suspicion overweight, Yu-under too strict, known to history as "Chongzhen 50 with" (in office 17 years, the replacement of 50 内阁大学士, Grand Secretary), has accelerated the fall of the Ming Dynasty. Thought were very complex character, in addition to Wei Zhongxian, the Chongzhen performance than wit, but in Yuanchonghuan regarding the performance of very stupid, Yuanchonghuan with Chongzhen Liaodong that recovered within five years, just like a madman. Chongzhen also crazy, he really believed it was. Until three years later, Yuanchonghuan for his lying finally paid a heavy price. As the scholar said, "who were in thought, wit and folly, courage and wayward, brilliant idea and Hunzhao, combination." Historians generally have sympathy for the ideas were that the Chong Zhen Emperor's life really is "not lost his country's subjugation tragedy."
Although Ming Ming Si were looking forward to usher in his hands, "ZTE" unfortunately reversed the previous dynasty, when the world famine, epidemic large, the people change constantly throughout the outbreak of the continual harassment, invasion of the North Taiji, plus Ming Si and urgent requirements were, by nature skeptical, opinionated, so frequently cast in the affairs of state in a big mistake: the right to pre-eradication experts eunuch, eunuch latter part of the reuse; minister touted in public, the Chongzhen overestimated Yuanchonghuan to believe in the Yuanchonghuan the "five-year Fu Liao, "something is to tilt the power of the country has created a Ning Kam-defense, the result has come around from Mongolia Qing and Ming dynasty faces no disasters.
Emperor Qianlong personally revised "Ming Dynasty • Liuzei Biography" said: "Following the reunification of the village is also strong, civil and military officials of the party bureau has become, Kusano the material had been consumed, the state of the law has been broken, the rush border is already rather busy movement. Chuang Although strongly committed to Gengshi, treatment of nuclear proper name and the talents of the Yin-not, talk of right and wrong, government affairs of the gain and loss, success or failure of military aircraft, not penetrating view on, do not shake on the outside too. and the police of any suspicious but good just the still air. Guaen any police were harsh, still air is sharp-stricken. when the husband Qun Dao mountains, the Quartet with people, commissioned by the government handle those non-yung is eloquent, destroy ask both ends, bewildered and not into the calculation. inside and outside the minister is not saved to people from all pregnant heart regulatory interests. speech Gangzhi, hit the thing disadvantages who were twisted by the rack rate in order to go. they were appointed to the Kun handsome, powers in the system, merits and demerits Mo compensation. defeated a party that Slaughter will, destroy a city that killed an Officials, the carrot is too clear as for the not punishment, the system Yu too strict as for not manufacturing. to natural disasters, epidemic, famine Jian Zhen, G Fan Fu heavy outside Hong rebellion within. analogy one of the body, vitality lean However, gangrene poisoning complicated, Jue disease risk is already rather solid, but doctors were not wrong good progress, each agent is chill cast, ill, but not be cured, not killed any pending zai? Therefore in Ming death, death in Liuzei, and its cause death of this, is not Liuzei too. Alas! Chuang strong non-lost his country, and when the subjugation of transportation, they lack the art of salvation, only reflected in coke workers dim chaos, larvae seven years stand at 10. The deaf or defeat Liang, Ping of the plan, did not see between the lines Li, Guo is going, Death caused by cases of social subversion, Christians who sacrificed, Bei Fu! "
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