| 网笔号： | 范天合道哲肃敦简光文章武安仁止孝显皇帝 | |||||||||
| 庙号： | 神宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 定陵 | |||||||||
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大明万历中兴
朱翊钧在位前十年，由于年幼，由母亲李太后代为听政，太后则将一切军政大事交由张居正主持裁决，实行了一条鞭法等一系列改革措施，使社会经济很大的发展，是为“万历中兴”。
大明万历怠政
但张居正过世后，大明万历十四年（1586年）十一月朱翊钧开始沉湎于酒色之中（一说是染上鸦片烟瘾）。后因立太子之事与内阁争执长达十余年，最后索性三十年不出宫门，不理朝政，不郊、不庙、不朝、不见、不批、不讲，1589年，朱翊钧不再出现，内阁出现了“人滞于官”、“曹署多空”的现象；万历二十五年，右副都御史谢杰批评神宗荒于政事，亲政后政不如初：“陛下孝亲、尊祖、好学、勤政、敬天、爱民、节用、听言、亲亲、贤贤，皆不克如初矣。”以至于朱翊钧在位中期以后方入中枢的廷臣不知皇帝长相如何，于慎行、赵志皋、张位、沈一贯等4位国家重臣，虽然对政事忧心如焚，却无计可施，仅能以数太阳影子长短来打发值班的时间。大明万历四十年（1612年），南京各道御史上疏：“台省空虚，诸务废堕，上深居二十余年，未尝一接见大臣，天下将有陆沉之忧。”。首辅叶向高却说皇帝一日可接见福王两次。大明万历四十五年（1617年）十一月，“部、寺大僚十缺六、七，风宪重地空署数年，六科止存四人，十三道止存五人”。囚犯们关在监狱里，有长达二十年之久还没有问过一句话的，他们在狱中用砖头砸自己，辗转在血泊中呼冤。临江知府钱若赓被朱翊钧投入诏狱达三十七年之久，终不得释，其子钱敬忠上疏：“臣父三十七年之中……气血尽衰……脓血淋漓，四肢臃肿，疮毒满身，更患脚瘤，步立俱废。耳既无闻，目既无见，手不能运，足不能行，喉中尚稍有气，谓之未死，实与死一间耳”。首辅李廷机有病，连续上了一百二十次辞呈，都得不到消息，最后他不辞而去。万历四十年（1612年），吏部尚书孙丕扬，“拜疏自去”。四十一年（1613年），吏部尚书赵焕也“拜疏自去”。吴亮嗣于万历末年的奏疏中说：“皇上每晚必饮，每饮必醉，每醉必怒。酒醉之后，左右近侍一言稍违，即毙杖下。”
万历三大征
虽然朱翊钧在内政行为可谓荒唐，但是军事上，由于朝臣的精链，仍保持干练的本貌。他遣兵调将，平定播州（遵义）杨应龙之乱的播州之役、平宁夏哱拜之乱的宁夏之役、抵抗日本丰臣秀吉侵略朝鲜以及东北大片地区（奴儿干都司）的朝鲜之役，维护了明朝的统一状态，并粉碎了日本侵略朝鲜的野心。此三场战争合称万历三大征。不过虽然军事得到维持，朱翊钧派宦官以勘矿、采矿为名去江南搜刮民脂民膏，百姓怨声载道，又使明朝政治腐败到极点。
矿税之害
神宗亲政以后，开始展现其贪婪本性，“数年以来，御用不给。今日取之光禄，明日取之太仆，浮梁之磁，南海之珠，玩好之奇，器用之巧，日新月异”大明万历二十四年（1596年），明神宗派出宦官充任矿监税使，掠夺商民，一旦被认为地下有矿苗，房屋就要全部拆除，以便开矿，开矿时挖掘不到时，附近的商家会被指控“盗矿”，必须缴出全部“盗矿”的赔款。矿监所到之处，民穷财尽，“鞭笞官吏，剽劫行旅，商民恨刺骨”“其党直入民家，奸淫妇女，或掠入税监署中，士民公愤”，而“帝不问”，成为明代一大恶政。首辅朱赓沉痛地说：“今日政权不由内阁，尽移于司礼。”大学士沈鲤在《请罢矿税疏》中，亦指出矿税“皆有司加派于民，以包赔之也”。户科给事中田大益曾忍无可忍地批评他：“以金钱珠玉为命脉。”大明万历二十五（1597年）至三十三年（1605年）矿税使进内库银将近三百万两，“半以助浮费，半以市珠宝”，更多的财物流入了宦官的腰包，“从大明万历二十五年到大明万历三十四年的十年时间里，矿监税使向皇室内库共进奉白银五百六十余万两，黄金一万二千万余两，平均每年进奉白银五十余万两，黄金一千多两”，可谓“驱率狼虎，飞而食人，使天下之人，剥肤而吸髓，重足而累息，以致天灾地坼，山崩川竭”。万历二十三年，御史马经纶直言指斥神宗“好货成癖”
需要说明的是，上述的说法主要来源于当时的文官系统，矿税，海税，茶税，这些工商税的利益受害者。当听从了文官建议的崇祯取消商业税并以农业税代替以后，爆发了大规模的农民起义。但更该说明的是，崇祯时的农民起义，已非一时一地之税务使然，而是对大明朝统治力量衰退的警钟。
女真崛起
此时东北女真族努尔哈赤兴起，成为日后中原帝国的隐患。
1619年，辽东经略杨镐四路进攻后金，在萨尔浒大败，死四万余人，开原、铁岭沦陷，北京震动。朱翊钧用熊廷弼守辽东，屯兵筑城，才将辽东局势扭转。不过朱翊钧的三十年“断头政治”，对人事任免等大事皆置之不理，且仅在必要时才处理政务，使大部分行政部门运作陷于停滞。论者认为这种情况使明朝行政陷于瘫痪。
朱翊钧在萨尔浒之战的次年（1620年）驾崩，葬于定陵。《明朝帝王陵》提到：万历的定陵1958年发掘，万历帝尸骨复原，“生前体形上部为驼背”。
内阁首辅
* 张居正
* 吕调阳
* 张四维
* 马自强
* 申时行
* 潘晟
* 余有丁
* 许国
* 王锡爵
* 王家屏
* 赵志皋
* 张位
* 陈于陛
* 沈一贯
* 沈鲤
* 朱赓
* 于慎行
* 李廷机
* 叶向高
* 方从哲
* 吴道南
太监
* 冯保：万历初年司礼监秉笔太监，与张居正合作铲除高拱，助其成为首辅。
* 张鲸：掌东厂。助万历罢除冯保。性刚果。
* 陈增：矿税太监。增肆恶山东者十年。
* 陈奉：御马监奉御。每托巡历，鞭笞官吏，剽劫行旅。
* 高淮：尚膳监监丞。掠夺民财甚剧。辽东矿监，其党横行，激起民变。
* 梁永：御马监监丞。掠夺民财甚剧。
* 陈矩：司礼监秉笔太监。提督东厂。为人平恕识大体。
名将
* 戚继光
* 李成梁
* 麻贵
* 熊廷弼
* 王崇古
* 谭纶
* 李如松
* 沈有容
评价
《明史·神宗本纪》：“故论考谓：明之亡实亡于神宗。”赵翼《廿二史札记·万历中矿税之害》：“论者谓明之亡，不亡于崇祯而亡于万历。”清高宗乾隆在《明长陵神功圣德碑》中则道：“明之亡非亡于流寇，而亡于神宗之荒唐，及天启时阉宦之专横，大臣志在禄位金钱，百官专务钻营阿谀。及思宗即位，逆阉虽诛，而天下之势，已如河决不可复塞，鱼烂不可复收矣。而又苛察太甚，人怀自免之心。小民疾苦而无告，故相聚为盗，闯贼乘之，而明社遂屋。呜呼！有天下者，可不知所戒惧哉？”
黄仁宇在《万历十五年》一书将万历皇帝的荒怠，联系到万历皇帝与文官群体在“立储之争”观念上的对抗。怠政则是万历皇帝对文官集团的一种报复。黄仁宇说：“他（即万历皇帝）身上的巨大变化发生在什么时候，没有人可以做出确切的答复。但是追溯皇位继承问题的发生，以及一连串使皇帝感到大为不快的问题的出现，那么1587年丁亥，即万历十五年，可以作为一条界线。这一年表面上并无重大的动荡，但是对本朝的历史却有它特别重要之处。”
但若站在心理学的角度，朱翊钧的这种怠政也可以被理解为习得性失助或忧郁症的临床表现。
在《万历十五年》文末总结，“1587年，是为万历15年，岁次丁亥，表面上似乎是四海升平，无事可记，实际上我们的大明帝国却已经走到了它发展的尽头。在这个时候，皇帝的励精图治或者晏安耽乐，首辅的独裁或者调和，高级将领的富于创造或者习于苟安，文官的廉洁奉公或者贪污舞弊，思想家的极端进步或者绝对保守，最后的结果，都是无分善恶，统统不能在事实上取得有意义的发展。因此我们的故事只好在这里作悲剧性的结束。万历丁亥年的年鉴，是为历史上一部失败的总记录”。
值得说明的是，现在对神宗的评价基本是基于清朝初年投降满清的东林党文人编辑的史料，基本上反应的是文官集团对神宗的态度，而不是单纯的历史事实。在黄仁宇等的著作中也表达出中国明代中后期，皇帝只是一个牌位，而事实上万历的个人行为对基层的国家的习惯轨迹并无大的影响。他一生钟爱郑贵妃，也显示出他追求执着的爱情而根本不是女色。对矿税的敲诈又反映出当时这个东方传统帝国面对商业文明的萌芽的一种无奈，皇帝知道民间经济实力很强大，却又不知道跟这个农业国家如何联系，而国家又怎么样通过商业致富，于是在这种冲突中，发展出了这种畸形的帝王敲诈一幕。
妻
1. 孝端显皇后王氏，皇后，谥曰孝端贞恪庄惠仁明媲天毓圣显皇后，合葬定陵，主祔庙。
2. 昭妃刘氏，思宗尊为太妃。
3. 孝靖太后王氏，光宗朱常洛生母，初封恭妃，后进皇贵妃，崩，谥温肃端靖纯懿皇贵妃，葬天寿山。明熹宗谥曰孝靖温懿敬让贞慈参天胤圣皇太后，迁葬定陵，祀奉慈殿。
4. 恭恪皇贵妃郑氏，初封贵妃，后进皇贵妃。薨，谥恭恪惠荣和靖皇贵妃，葬银泉山。明安宗谥曰孝宁温穆庄惠慈懿宪天裕圣太皇太后。
5. 恭顺皇贵妃李氏，初封贵妃，后进皇贵妃。薨，谥恭顺荣庄端静皇贵妃。明昭宗谥曰孝敬恭顺荣庄瑞靖敬天光圣太皇太后。
6. 庄靖德妃许氏
7. 温静顺妃常氏
8. 贤妃魏氏
9. 端妃周氏
10. 荣嫔李氏
兄弟
1. 宪怀太子朱翊釴
2. 靖悼王朱翊铃
3. 潞简王朱翊镠
子
1. 光宗朱常洛，母孝靖皇后王氏
2. 邠哀王朱常溆，顺妃常氏，生一岁殇。
3. 福恭王朱常洵，母恭恪皇贵妃郑氏
4. 沅怀王朱常治，母恭恪皇贵妃郑氏，生一岁殇。
5. 瑞王朱常浩，母端妃周氏
6. 惠王朱常润，母贵妃李氏
7. 桂端王朱常瀛，母贵妃李氏
8. 永思王朱常溥，母顺妃李氏
女
1. 荣昌公主 朱轩媖，万历二十四年下嫁杨春元。四十四年，春元卒。久之，主薨。
2. 寿宁公主 朱轩媁，母皇贵妃郑氏，二十七年下嫁冉兴让，大明天启三年七月初二日卯时薨。
3. 静乐公主 朱轩妫，母皇贵妃郑氏，生于大明万历十一年十一月乙巳，薨于大明万历十三年闰九月戊午。
4. 云和公主 朱轩姝，早逝，追册。
5. 仙居公主 朱轩姞，母德嫔李氏，大明万历十二年七月二十日生，同年十二月三十日薨逝。
6. 灵丘公主 朱轩姚，于大明万历十六年八月甲午生，大明万历十七年五月庚申薨。
7. 云梦公主 朱轩嫄，母恭妃王氏，早逝，追册。
8. 泰顺公主 朱轩姬，早逝，追册。
9. 香山公主 朱轩嬁，在大明万历二十七年正月庚戌赐名“轩嬁”，六月庚寅即薨。
10. 天台公主 朱轩媺，早逝，追册。
* 云和、云梦、天台公主均未能确定排行
However, after the death of Jang, Ming dynasty Wanli 14 years (in 1586) began to indulge in wine and women among Nov Zhu Yijun (1 is infected with opium addiction). Established after the Prince because of a dispute to do with the cabinet for more than ten years, the last three decades not simply palace, ignoring affairs of state, not rural, not Temple, not the DPRK, not seen, is not granted, do not speak, 1589, Zhu Yijun not there, the cabinet to a "who lag in the official", "Cao Department of Pupil" phenomenon; Wanli 20 years, Yu Shi Xiejie the right are criticizing Shenzong Deputy Shortage in political affairs, after the reins of government as the beginning: "Her Majesty Filial , Zunzu, studious, diligent, Respect and love the people, frugality, listening to words, kiss, Yin Yin, neither grams as ever carry on. "reign of Zhu Yijun so since the mid-side into the center of the courtiers do not know how the emperor looks at Cautious, Zhao Gao, Zhang Wei, Shen has always been an important official and other four countries, although political affairs with good reason, but can not do anything, only to spend a few sun shadow length of time on duty. Four years of the Ming Wanli (1612) and Nanjing Road Censor Shang Shu: "Taiwan Province, empty, falling into the various waste services, the reclusive 20 years well, has a meeting with the Minister, the world would be the threat of the worries.". Ye said Grand Secretary to the High King can interview Fukuo twice a day. Da Ming Wanli 40 years (1617) in November, "Department of Temple Liao 10 missing six or seven, wind a few years the Department of Constitutional powerhouse empty, save only four six subjects, 13 only keep five." Prisoners are in prison, up to twenty years have not asked a word, they in prison with bricks on my own, eventually finding in a pool of blood Hu Yuan. Riverside prefect money if Geng Zhao Yu was Zhu Yijun put up to 30 for seven years, the end may not release, his son money Jingzhong Shang Shu: "Chen Fu 30 years to make bad blood among the ... ... ... ... sepsis dripping, swollen limbs, sore covered, but also suffering from leg tumors, further establish all waste. neither ear heard, neither head see, the hand can not be shipped, could not do enough, throats still a little gas, that of the dead, real and the dead one ear. " Grand Secretary Ting-machine is sick, on the 120 th consecutive resignation, are not news, and finally he left without. Four years of Wanli (1612), Ministry of Personnel Sun Pi-Yang Shang, "thanks to dredging since last." 40 year (1613), Ministry of Personnel Shang Zhao Huan also "worship the dredging of last." Si Wu Liang's memorial to the throne in the late Wanli said: "the emperor will drink every night, each drink will be drunk, every drunk, he would anger. Drunk after the valet a word about a little violated, or death under the rod."
Three Wanli Zheng
Shenzong reign, they began to show its greedy nature, "a few years, the Queen does not give. Today to take the orchards tomorrow to take the Tai Pu, Fuliang the magnetic, the South China Sea Pearl, playing the odd good, Used for the clever, ever-changing "Da Ming Wanli 20 years (1596), Wanli Emperor sent a eunuch to serve as mine supervisor duties, plunder merchants, once considered a mined underground, we should all housing demolition, for mining, mining when the excavation less than when nearby businesses would be accused of "Pirates of the mine" and must pay out all the "Pirates of the mine" of the claim. Mine Supervisor Wherever he went, the people have been "whipping officials, Piaojie Streams, business people hate biting," "the party straight into people's homes, raped women, or grazing tax department supervisor, the masses unified outrage", and "God does not asked "to become a great evil Ming government. Zhu Geng painfully Grand Secretary, said: "Today the regime not help the cabinet, to make moves to Eli." Scholar of Shen Lei in the "Please stop mining tax Shu", also pointed out that the mining tax "Jieyou Division deployed in China, to guarantee to pay compensations for also. " Sections Officials Tiantai Yi farmers who no longer tolerate criticism of him: "bead as the lifeline of money." Da Ming Wanli 25 (1597) to 30 years (in 1605) into the mine within the library tax to nearly 3.002 million silver , "half to help the floating charge, half by the city jewelry," the property more into the pockets of the eunuchs, "twenty-five years from the Ming dynasty to the Ming dynasty Wanli Wanli 30 years of the decade, the mine supervisor tax to the Royal Library together in more than 560 million instructions from two silver, gold, 12,000 thousand two, an average of more than 50 million into the instructions from the two silver, and gold more than one thousand two "just" rate Langhu drive, fly and cannibalism, to the world of people, peeling skin and marrow aspiration, re-tired feet and interest, resulting in natural disasters to crack, landslides River dried up. " Wanli 20 years, Victor and William Ma bluntly denounce Shenzong censor "good delivery into the addiction"
At this time the rise in Northeast Jurchen Nurhachi, the hidden danger of a future Empire Central Plains.
Cabinet Minister
* Zhang Siwei
* Pan Sheng
* Wang Xijue
* Zhang-bit
* Shen Lei
* Ting-machine
* Wu Daonan
* Zhang whale: palm Dongchang. In addition to help stop the Wanli Feng Bow. Of Congo.
* High-Huai: Catering Supervisor Jiancheng yet. Even plunder the wealth of drama. Liaodong mine supervisor, the party run amok, and provoked by the government.
Famous general
* Ma Gui
* Tan Lun
Evaluate
But from a psychological point of view, Zhu Yijun this lazy government can also be understood as Learned helplessness or clinical depression.
Wife
3. Empress Xiao Jing Wang, Chang Luo Zhu Mitsumune mother, Princess Christine early closure, backward imperial concubine, collapse, posthumous title Wen Su side Seijun Imperial Noble Consort Yi, buried Tianshou. Tianqi Emperor Hsiao-Ching Wen Yi Ik said, respect for holy Empress Dowager Yin Zhen Ci tall, exhumations Dingling, enshrine Chi house.
6. Zhuangjing De Fei Hui
9. End Fei Zhou
1. Constitution Prince Huai Zhu Yi Yi
Son
3. Fu Gong Zhu Chang Xun, Ke imperial concubine mother Christine Cheng
6. King Hui Zhu Changrun, parent Royal Lee
Female
3. Jingle Princess Zhu Xuan Gui, Cheng Imperial Noble Consort mother, was born in the Ming Wanli 10 Eulsa year in November, death of a prince in the Ming dynasty Wanli 10 years leap in September Wu Wu.
6. Lingqiu Princess Zhu Xuan Yao, in the Ming dynasty Wanli 16 years in August Sino-Japanese students, Ming dynasty Wanli 17 years in May Gengshen pass away.
9. Xiangshan Princess Zhu Xuan Deng, Wanli 20 years in the Ming dynasty the first month GengXu Ciming "Xuan Deng," Jun Gengyin the death of a prince.
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