| 网笔号： | 天道哲肅敦簡光文章武安仁止孝顯皇帝 | |||||||||
| 庙号： | 神宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 定陵 | |||||||||
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大明萬中興
翊鈞在位前十年，由於年幼，由母親李太代為聽政，太則將一切軍政大事交由張居正主持裁决，實行一條鞭法等一列改革措施，使社會經濟很大的展，是為“萬中興”。
大明萬怠政
但張居正過世，大明萬十四年（1586年）十一月翊鈞開始沉湎於酒色之中（一說是染上鴉片煙癮）。因立太子之事與內閣爭執長達十年，最索性三十年不出宮門，不理朝政，不郊、不廟、不朝、不見、不批、不講，1589年，翊鈞不再出現，內閣出現“人滯於官”、“曹署多空”的現象；萬二十五年，右副都御史謝傑批評神宗荒於政事，親政政不如初：“陛下孝親、尊祖、好學、勤政、敬天、愛民、節用、聽言、親親、賢賢，皆不如初矣。”以至於翊鈞在位中期以方入中樞的廷臣不知皇帝長相如何，於慎行、趙志臯、張位、瀋一貫等4位國重臣，雖然對政事憂心如焚，卻無計可施，僅能以數太陽影子長短來打值班的時間。大明萬四十年（1612年），南京各道御史上疏：“省空虛，諸務廢墮，上深居二十年，未嘗一接見大臣，天下將有陸沉之憂。”。首輔葉高卻說皇帝一日可接見福王兩次。大明萬四十五年（1617年）十一月，“部、寺大僚十缺六、七，風憲重地空署數年，六科止存四人，十三道止存五人”。囚犯們關在監獄，有長達二十年之久還沒有問過一句話的，他們在獄中用磚頭砸自己，輾轉在血泊中呼冤。臨江知府錢若賡被翊鈞投入詔獄達三十七年之久，終不得釋，其子錢敬忠上疏：“臣父三十七年之中……氣血衰……膿血淋漓，四肢臃腫，瘡毒滿身，更患腳瘤，步立俱廢。耳既無聞，目既無見，手不能運，足不能行，喉中尚稍有氣，謂之未死，實與死一間耳”。首輔李廷機有病，連續上一百二十次辭呈，都得不到消息，最他不辭而去。萬四十年（1612年），吏部尚書孫丕揚，“拜疏自去”。四十一年（1613年），吏部尚書趙煥也“拜疏自去”。吳亮嗣於萬末年的奏疏中說：“皇上每晚必飲，每飲必醉，每醉必怒。酒醉之，左右近侍一言稍違，即斃杖下。”
萬三大
雖然翊鈞在內政行為可謂荒唐，但是軍事上，由於朝臣的精鏈，仍保持練的本貌。他遣兵調將，平定播州（遵義）楊應竜之亂的播州之役、平寧夏哱拜之亂的寧夏之役、抵抗日本臣秀吉侵略朝鮮以及東北大片地區（奴兒都司）的朝鮮之役，維護明朝的統一狀態，粉碎日本侵略朝鮮的野心。此三場戰爭稱萬三大。不過雖然軍事得到維持，翊鈞派宦官以勘礦、礦為名去江南搜刮民脂民膏，百姓怨聲載道，又使明朝政治腐敗到極點。
礦稅之害
神宗親政以，開始展現其貪婪本性，“數年以來，御用不給。今日取之光祿，明日取之太，浮梁之磁，南海之珠，玩好之奇，器用之巧，日新月異”大明萬二十四年（1596年），明神宗派出宦官充任礦監稅使，掠奪商民，一旦被認為地下有礦苗，房屋就要全部拆除，以便開礦，開礦時挖掘不到時，附近的商會被指控“盜礦”，必須繳出全部“盜礦”的賠款。礦監所到之處，民窮財，“鞭笞官吏，剽劫行旅，商民恨刺骨”“其直入民，姦淫婦女，或掠入稅監署中，士民公憤”，而“帝不問”，成為明代一大惡政。首輔賡沉痛地說：“今日政權不由內閣，移於司禮。”大學士瀋鯉在《請罷礦稅疏》中，亦指出礦稅“皆有司加派於民，以包賠之也”。戶科給事中田大益曾忍無可忍地批評他：“以金錢珠玉為命脈。”大明萬二十五（1597年）至三十三年（1605年）礦稅使進內庫銀將近三百萬兩，“半以助浮費，半以市珠寶”，更多的財物流入宦官的腰包，“從大明萬二十五年到大明萬三十四年的十年時間，礦監稅使皇室內庫共進奉白銀五百六十萬兩，黃金一萬二萬兩，平均每年進奉白銀五十萬兩，黃金一千多兩”，可謂“驅率狼虎，飛而食人，使天下之人，剝膚而吸髓，重足而息，以致天災地坼，山崩川竭”。萬二十三年，御史馬經綸直言指斥神宗“好貨成癖”
需要說明的是，上述的說法主要來源於當時的文官統，礦稅，海稅，茶稅，這些工商稅的利益受害者。當聽從文官建議的崇禎取消商業稅以農業稅代替以，爆受不了大規模的農民起義。但更該說明的是，崇禎時的農民起義，已非一時一地之稅務使然，而是對大明朝統治力量衰退的警。
女真崛起
此時東北女真族努爾哈赤興起，成為日中原帝國的隱患。
1619年，遼東經略楊鎬四路進攻金，在薩爾滸大敗，死四萬人，開原、鐵嶺淪陷，北京震動。翊鈞用熊廷弼守遼東，屯兵城，將遼東局勢扭轉。不過翊鈞的三十年“斷頭政治”，對人事任免等大事皆置之不理，且僅在必要時處理政務，使大部分行政部門運作陷於停滯。論者認為這情況使明朝行政陷於癱瘓。
翊鈞在薩爾滸之戰的次年（1620年）駕崩，葬於定陵。《明朝帝王陵》提到：萬的定陵1958年掘，萬帝屍骨原，“生前形上部為駝背”。
內閣首輔
* 張居正
* 呂調陽
* 張四維
* 馬自強
* 申時行
* 潘晟
* 有丁
* 許國
* 王錫爵
* 王屏
* 趙志臯
* 張位
* 陳於陛
* 瀋一貫
* 瀋鯉
* 賡
* 於慎行
* 李廷機
* 葉高
* 方從哲
* 吳道南
太監
* 馮保：萬初年司禮監秉筆太監，與張居正作鏟除高拱，助其成為首輔。
* 張鯨：掌東。助萬罷除馮保。性剛果。
* 陳增：礦稅太監。增肆惡山東者十年。
* 陳奉：御馬監奉御。每托巡，鞭笞官吏，剽劫行旅。
* 高淮：尚膳監監丞。掠奪民財甚劇。遼東礦監，其橫行，激起民變。
* 梁永：御馬監監丞。掠奪民財甚劇。
* 陳矩：司禮監秉筆太監。提督東。為人平恕識大。
名將
* 戚繼光
* 李成梁
* 麻貴
* 熊廷弼
* 王崇古
* 譚綸
* 李如
* 瀋有容
評價
《明史·神宗本紀》：“故論考謂：明之亡實亡於神宗。”趙翼《廿二史札記·萬中礦稅之害》：“論者謂明之亡，不亡於崇禎而亡於萬。”清高宗乾隆在《明長陵神功聖德碑》中則道：“明之亡非亡於流寇，而亡於神宗之荒唐，及天啓時閹宦之專橫，大臣志在祿位金錢，百官專務鑽營阿諛。及思宗即位，逆閹雖誅，而天下之勢，已如河决不可塞，魚爛不可收矣。而又苛察太甚，人懷自免之心。小民疾苦而無告，故相聚為盜，闖賊乘之，而明社遂屋。嗚呼！有天下者，可不知所戒懼哉？”
黃仁宇在《萬十五年》一書將萬皇帝的荒怠，聯繫到萬皇帝與文官群在“立儲之爭”觀念上的對抗。怠政則是萬皇帝對文官集的一種報。黃仁宇說：“他（即萬皇帝）身上的巨大變化生在什麽時候，沒有人可以做出確切的答。但是追溯皇位繼承問題的生，以及一連串使皇帝感到大為不快的問題的出現，那麽1587年丁亥，即萬十五年，可以作為一條界綫。這一年當面表面反面方面正面迎面滿面封面地面路面世面平面斜面前面下面四面十面一面洗心革面方方面面面貌面容面色面目面面俱到上並無重大的動蕩，但是對本朝的歷史卻有它特重要之處。”
但若站在心理學的角度，翊鈞的這怠政也可以被理解為習得性失助或憂症候的臨床現。
在《萬十五年》文末總結，“1587年，是為萬15年，歲次丁亥，當面表面反面方面正面迎面滿面封面地面路面世面平面斜面前面下面四面十面一面洗心革面方方面面面貌面容面色面目面面俱到上似乎是四海升平，無事可記，實際上我們的大明帝國卻已經走到它展的頭。在這個時候，皇帝的勵精圖治或者晏安耽樂，首輔的獨裁或者調和，高級將領的富於創造或者習於苟安，文官的廉潔奉公或者貪污舞弊，思想的極端進步或者絶對保守，最的結果，都是無分善惡，統統不能在事實上取得有意義的展。因此我們的故事好在這裏作悲劇性的結束。萬丁亥年的年鑒，是為歷史上一部失敗的總記錄”。
值得說明的是，現在對神宗的評價基本是基於清朝初年投降滿清的東林文人編輯的史料，基本上反應的是文官集對神宗的態度，而不是單純的歷史事實。在黃仁宇等的著作中也達出中國明代中期，皇帝是一個牌位，而事實上萬的個人行為對基層的國的習慣軌跡並無大的影響。他一生愛鄭貴妃，也顯示出他追求執着的愛情而根本不是女色。對礦稅的敲詐又反映出當時這個東方傳統帝國面對商業文明的萌芽的一種無奈，皇帝知道民間經濟實力很強大，卻又不知道跟這個農業國如何聯繫，而國又怎麽樣通過商業致富，於是在這衝突中，展出這畸形的帝王敲詐一幕。
妻
1. 孝端顯皇后王氏，皇后，謚曰孝端貞恪莊惠仁明媲天毓聖顯皇后，葬定陵，主祔廟。
2. 昭妃劉氏，思宗尊為太妃。
3. 孝靖太王氏，光宗常洛生母，初封恭妃，進皇貴妃，崩，謚溫肅端靖純懿皇貴妃，葬天壽山。明熹宗謚曰孝靖溫懿敬讓貞慈參天胤聖皇太，遷葬定陵，祀奉慈殿。
4. 恭恪皇貴妃鄭氏，初封貴妃，進皇貴妃。薨，謚恭恪惠榮和靖皇貴妃，葬銀泉山。明安宗謚曰孝寧溫穆莊惠慈懿憲天裕聖太皇太。
5. 恭順皇貴妃李氏，初封貴妃，進皇貴妃。薨，謚恭順榮莊端靜皇貴妃。明昭宗謚曰孝敬恭順榮莊瑞靖敬天光聖太皇太。
6. 莊靖德妃許氏
7. 溫靜順妃常氏
8. 賢妃魏氏
9. 端妃周氏
10. 榮嬪李氏
兄弟
1. 憲懷太子翊釴
2. 靖悼王翊鈴
3. 潞簡王翊鏐
子
1. 光宗常洛，母孝靖皇后王氏
2. 邠哀王常漵，順妃常氏，生一歲殤。
3. 福恭王常洵，母恭恪皇貴妃鄭氏
4. 沅懷王常治，母恭恪皇貴妃鄭氏，生一歲殤。
5. 瑞王常浩，母端妃周氏
6. 惠王常潤，母貴妃李氏
7. 桂端王常瀛，母貴妃李氏
8. 永思王常溥，母順妃李氏
女
1. 榮昌公主 軒媖，萬二十四年下嫁楊春元。四十四年，春元卒。久之，主薨。
2. 壽寧公主 軒媁，母皇貴妃鄭氏，二十七年下嫁冉興讓，大明天啓三年七月初二日卯時薨。
3. 靜樂公主 軒媯，母皇貴妃鄭氏，生於大明萬十一年十一月乙巳，薨於大明萬十三年閏九月戊午。
4. 和公主 軒姝，早逝，追册。
5. 仙居公主 軒姞，母德嬪李氏，大明萬十二年七月二十日生，同年十二月三十日薨逝。
6. 靈丘公主 軒姚，於大明萬十六年八月甲午生，大明萬十七年五月庚申薨。
7. 夢公主 軒嫄，母恭妃王氏，早逝，追册。
8. 泰順公主 軒姬，早逝，追册。
9. 香山公主 軒嬁，在大明萬二十七年正月庚戌賜名“軒嬁”，六月庚寅即薨。
10. 天台公主 軒媺，早逝，追册。
* 和、夢、天台公主均未能確定排行
However, after the death of Jang, Ming dynasty Wanli 14 years (in 1586) began to indulge in wine and women among Nov Zhu Yijun (1 is infected with opium addiction). Established after the Prince because of a dispute to do with the cabinet for more than ten years, the last three decades not simply palace, ignoring affairs of state, not rural, not Temple, not the DPRK, not seen, is not granted, do not speak, 1589, Zhu Yijun not there, the cabinet to a "who lag in the official", "Cao Department of Pupil" phenomenon; Wanli 20 years, Yu Shi Xiejie the right are criticizing Shenzong Deputy Shortage in political affairs, after the reins of government as the beginning: "Her Majesty Filial , Zunzu, studious, diligent, Respect and love the people, frugality, listening to words, kiss, Yin Yin, neither grams as ever carry on. "reign of Zhu Yijun so since the mid-side into the center of the courtiers do not know how the emperor looks at Cautious, Zhao Gao, Zhang Wei, Shen has always been an important official and other four countries, although political affairs with good reason, but can not do anything, only to spend a few sun shadow length of time on duty. Four years of the Ming Wanli (1612) and Nanjing Road Censor Shang Shu: "Taiwan Province, empty, falling into the various waste services, the reclusive 20 years well, has a meeting with the Minister, the world would be the threat of the worries.". Ye said Grand Secretary to the High King can interview Fukuo twice a day. Da Ming Wanli 40 years (1617) in November, "Department of Temple Liao 10 missing six or seven, wind a few years the Department of Constitutional powerhouse empty, save only four six subjects, 13 only keep five." Prisoners are in prison, up to twenty years have not asked a word, they in prison with bricks on my own, eventually finding in a pool of blood Hu Yuan. Riverside prefect money if Geng Zhao Yu was Zhu Yijun put up to 30 for seven years, the end may not release, his son money Jingzhong Shang Shu: "Chen Fu 30 years to make bad blood among the ... ... ... ... sepsis dripping, swollen limbs, sore covered, but also suffering from leg tumors, further establish all waste. neither ear heard, neither head see, the hand can not be shipped, could not do enough, throats still a little gas, that of the dead, real and the dead one ear. " Grand Secretary Ting-machine is sick, on the 120 th consecutive resignation, are not news, and finally he left without. Four years of Wanli (1612), Ministry of Personnel Sun Pi-Yang Shang, "thanks to dredging since last." 40 year (1613), Ministry of Personnel Shang Zhao Huan also "worship the dredging of last." Si Wu Liang's memorial to the throne in the late Wanli said: "the emperor will drink every night, each drink will be drunk, every drunk, he would anger. Drunk after the valet a word about a little violated, or death under the rod."
Three Wanli Zheng
Shenzong reign, they began to show its greedy nature, "a few years, the Queen does not give. Today to take the orchards tomorrow to take the Tai Pu, Fuliang the magnetic, the South China Sea Pearl, playing the odd good, Used for the clever, ever-changing "Da Ming Wanli 20 years (1596), Wanli Emperor sent a eunuch to serve as mine supervisor duties, plunder merchants, once considered a mined underground, we should all housing demolition, for mining, mining when the excavation less than when nearby businesses would be accused of "Pirates of the mine" and must pay out all the "Pirates of the mine" of the claim. Mine Supervisor Wherever he went, the people have been "whipping officials, Piaojie Streams, business people hate biting," "the party straight into people's homes, raped women, or grazing tax department supervisor, the masses unified outrage", and "God does not asked "to become a great evil Ming government. Zhu Geng painfully Grand Secretary, said: "Today the regime not help the cabinet, to make moves to Eli." Scholar of Shen Lei in the "Please stop mining tax Shu", also pointed out that the mining tax "Jieyou Division deployed in China, to guarantee to pay compensations for also. " Sections Officials Tiantai Yi farmers who no longer tolerate criticism of him: "bead as the lifeline of money." Da Ming Wanli 25 (1597) to 30 years (in 1605) into the mine within the library tax to nearly 3.002 million silver , "half to help the floating charge, half by the city jewelry," the property more into the pockets of the eunuchs, "twenty-five years from the Ming dynasty to the Ming dynasty Wanli Wanli 30 years of the decade, the mine supervisor tax to the Royal Library together in more than 560 million instructions from two silver, gold, 12,000 thousand two, an average of more than 50 million into the instructions from the two silver, and gold more than one thousand two "just" rate Langhu drive, fly and cannibalism, to the world of people, peeling skin and marrow aspiration, re-tired feet and interest, resulting in natural disasters to crack, landslides River dried up. " Wanli 20 years, Victor and William Ma bluntly denounce Shenzong censor "good delivery into the addiction"
At this time the rise in Northeast Jurchen Nurhachi, the hidden danger of a future Empire Central Plains.
Cabinet Minister
* Zhang Siwei
* Pan Sheng
* Wang Xijue
* Zhang-bit
* Shen Lei
* Ting-machine
* Wu Daonan
* Zhang whale: palm Dongchang. In addition to help stop the Wanli Feng Bow. Of Congo.
* High-Huai: Catering Supervisor Jiancheng yet. Even plunder the wealth of drama. Liaodong mine supervisor, the party run amok, and provoked by the government.
Famous general
* Ma Gui
* Tan Lun
Evaluate
But from a psychological point of view, Zhu Yijun this lazy government can also be understood as Learned helplessness or clinical depression.
Wife
3. Empress Xiao Jing Wang, Chang Luo Zhu Mitsumune mother, Princess Christine early closure, backward imperial concubine, collapse, posthumous title Wen Su side Seijun Imperial Noble Consort Yi, buried Tianshou. Tianqi Emperor Hsiao-Ching Wen Yi Ik said, respect for holy Empress Dowager Yin Zhen Ci tall, exhumations Dingling, enshrine Chi house.
6. Zhuangjing De Fei Hui
9. End Fei Zhou
1. Constitution Prince Huai Zhu Yi Yi
Son
3. Fu Gong Zhu Chang Xun, Ke imperial concubine mother Christine Cheng
6. King Hui Zhu Changrun, parent Royal Lee
Female
3. Jingle Princess Zhu Xuan Gui, Cheng Imperial Noble Consort mother, was born in the Ming Wanli 10 Eulsa year in November, death of a prince in the Ming dynasty Wanli 10 years leap in September Wu Wu.
6. Lingqiu Princess Zhu Xuan Yao, in the Ming dynasty Wanli 16 years in August Sino-Japanese students, Ming dynasty Wanli 17 years in May Gengshen pass away.
9. Xiangshan Princess Zhu Xuan Deng, Wanli 20 years in the Ming dynasty the first month GengXu Ciming "Xuan Deng," Jun Gengyin the death of a prince.
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