網筆號: | 範天合道哲肅敦簡光文章武安仁止孝顯皇帝 | |||||||||
廟號: | 神宗 | |||||||||
陵墓: | 定陵 | |||||||||
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大明萬歷中興
朱翊鈞在位前十年,由於年幼,由母親李太後代為聽政,太後則將一切軍政大事交由張居正主持裁决,實行了一條鞭法等一係列改革措施,使社會經濟很大的發展,是為“萬歷中興”。
大明萬歷怠政
但張居正過世後,大明萬歷十四年(1586年)十一月朱翊鈞開始沉湎於酒色之中(一說是染上鴉片煙癮)。後因立太子之事與內閣爭執長達十餘年,最後索性三十年不出宮門,不理朝政,不郊、不廟、不朝、不見、不批、不講,1589年,朱翊鈞不再出現,內閣出現了“人滯於官”、“曹署多空”的現象;萬歷二十五年,右副都御史謝傑批評神宗荒於政事,親政後政不如初:“陛下孝親、尊祖、好學、勤政、敬天、愛民、節用、聽言、親親、賢賢,皆不剋如初矣。”以至於朱翊鈞在位中期以後方入中樞的廷臣不知皇帝長相如何,於慎行、趙志臯、張位、瀋一貫等4位國傢重臣,雖然對政事憂心如焚,卻無計可施,僅能以數太陽影子長短來打發值班的時間。大明萬歷四十年(1612年),南京各道御史上疏:“臺省空虛,諸務廢墮,上深居二十餘年,未嘗一接見大臣,天下將有陸沉之憂。”。首輔葉嚮高卻說皇帝一日可接見福王兩次。大明萬歷四十五年(1617年)十一月,“部、寺大僚十缺六、七,風憲重地空署數年,六科止存四人,十三道止存五人”。囚犯們關在監獄裏,有長達二十年之久還沒有問過一句話的,他們在獄中用磚頭砸自己,輾轉在血泊中呼冤。臨江知府錢若賡被朱翊鈞投入詔獄達三十七年之久,終不得釋,其子錢敬忠上疏:“臣父三十七年之中……氣血盡衰……膿血淋漓,四肢臃腫,瘡毒滿身,更患腳瘤,步立俱廢。耳既無聞,目既無見,手不能運,足不能行,喉中尚稍有氣,謂之未死,實與死一間耳”。首輔李廷機有病,連續上了一百二十次辭呈,都得不到消息,最後他不辭而去。萬歷四十年(1612年),吏部尚書孫丕揚,“拜疏自去”。四十一年(1613年),吏部尚書趙煥也“拜疏自去”。吳亮嗣於萬歷末年的奏疏中說:“皇上每晚必飲,每飲必醉,每醉必怒。酒醉之後,左右近侍一言稍違,即斃杖下。”
萬歷三大徵
雖然朱翊鈞在內政行為可謂荒唐,但是軍事上,由於朝臣的精鏈,仍保持幹練的本貌。他遣兵調將,平定播州(遵義)楊應竜之亂的播州之役、平寧夏哱拜之亂的寧夏之役、抵抗日本豐臣秀吉侵略朝鮮以及東北大片地區(奴兒幹都司)的朝鮮之役,維護了明朝的統一狀態,並粉碎了日本侵略朝鮮的野心。此三場戰爭合稱萬歷三大徵。不過雖然軍事得到維持,朱翊鈞派宦官以勘礦、采礦為名去江南搜刮民脂民膏,百姓怨聲載道,又使明朝政治腐敗到極點。
礦稅之害
神宗親政以後,開始展現其貪婪本性,“數年以來,御用不給。今日取之光祿,明日取之太僕,浮梁之磁,南海之珠,玩好之奇,器用之巧,日新月異”大明萬歷二十四年(1596年),明神宗派出宦官充任礦監稅使,掠奪商民,一旦被認為地下有礦苗,房屋就要全部拆除,以便開礦,開礦時挖掘不到時,附近的商傢會被指控“盜礦”,必須繳出全部“盜礦”的賠款。礦監所到之處,民窮財盡,“鞭笞官吏,剽劫行旅,商民恨刺骨”“其黨直入民傢,姦淫婦女,或掠入稅監署中,士民公憤”,而“帝不問”,成為明代一大惡政。首輔朱賡沉痛地說:“今日政權不由內閣,盡移於司禮。”大學士瀋鯉在《請罷礦稅疏》中,亦指出礦稅“皆有司加派於民,以包賠之也”。戶科給事中田大益曾忍無可忍地批評他:“以金錢珠玉為命脈。”大明萬歷二十五(1597年)至三十三年(1605年)礦稅使進內庫銀將近三百萬兩,“半以助浮費,半以市珠寶”,更多的財物流入了宦官的腰包,“從大明萬歷二十五年到大明萬歷三十四年的十年時間裏,礦監稅使嚮皇室內庫共進奉白銀五百六十餘萬兩,黃金一萬二千萬餘兩,平均每年進奉白銀五十餘萬兩,黃金一千多兩”,可謂“驅率狼虎,飛而食人,使天下之人,剝膚而吸髓,重足而纍息,以致天災地坼,山崩川竭”。萬歷二十三年,御史馬經綸直言指斥神宗“好貨成癖”
需要說明的是,上述的說法主要來源於當時的文官係統,礦稅,海稅,茶稅,這些工商稅的利益受害者。當聽從了文官建議的崇禎取消商業稅並以農業稅代替以後,爆發了大規模的農民起義。但更該說明的是,崇禎時的農民起義,已非一時一地之稅務使然,而是對大明朝統治力量衰退的警鐘。
女真崛起
此時東北女真族努爾哈赤興起,成為日後中原帝國的隱患。
1619年,遼東經略楊鎬四路進攻後金,在薩爾滸大敗,死四萬餘人,開原、鐵嶺淪陷,北京震動。朱翊鈞用熊廷弼守遼東,屯兵築城,纔將遼東局勢扭轉。不過朱翊鈞的三十年“斷頭政治”,對人事任免等大事皆置之不理,且僅在必要時纔處理政務,使大部分行政部門運作陷於停滯。論者認為這種情況使明朝行政陷於癱瘓。
朱翊鈞在薩爾滸之戰的次年(1620年)駕崩,葬於定陵。《明朝帝王陵》提到:萬歷的定陵1958年發掘,萬歷帝屍骨復原,“生前體形上部為駝背”。
內閣首輔
* 張居正
* 呂調陽
* 張四維
* 馬自強
* 申時行
* 潘晟
* 餘有丁
* 許國
* 王錫爵
* 王傢屏
* 趙志臯
* 張位
* 陳於陛
* 瀋一貫
* 瀋鯉
* 朱賡
* 於慎行
* 李廷機
* 葉嚮高
* 方從哲
* 吳道南
太監
* 馮保:萬歷初年司禮監秉筆太監,與張居正合作鏟除高拱,助其成為首輔。
* 張鯨:掌東廠。助萬歷罷除馮保。性剛果。
* 陳增:礦稅太監。增肆惡山東者十年。
* 陳奉:御馬監奉御。每托巡歷,鞭笞官吏,剽劫行旅。
* 高淮:尚膳監監丞。掠奪民財甚劇。遼東礦監,其黨橫行,激起民變。
* 梁永:御馬監監丞。掠奪民財甚劇。
* 陳矩:司禮監秉筆太監。提督東廠。為人平恕識大體。
名將
* 戚繼光
* 李成梁
* 麻貴
* 熊廷弼
* 王崇古
* 譚綸
* 李如鬆
* 瀋有容
評價
《明史·神宗本紀》:“故論考謂:明之亡實亡於神宗。”趙翼《廿二史札記·萬歷中礦稅之害》:“論者謂明之亡,不亡於崇禎而亡於萬歷。”清高宗乾隆在《明長陵神功聖德碑》中則道:“明之亡非亡於流寇,而亡於神宗之荒唐,及天啓時閹宦之專橫,大臣志在祿位金錢,百官專務鑽營阿諛。及思宗即位,逆閹雖誅,而天下之勢,已如河决不可復塞,魚爛不可復收矣。而又苛察太甚,人懷自免之心。小民疾苦而無告,故相聚為盜,闖賊乘之,而明社遂屋。嗚呼!有天下者,可不知所戒懼哉?”
黃仁宇在《萬歷十五年》一書將萬歷皇帝的荒怠,聯繫到萬歷皇帝與文官群體在“立儲之爭”觀念上的對抗。怠政則是萬歷皇帝對文官集團的一種報復。黃仁宇說:“他(即萬歷皇帝)身上的巨大變化發生在什麽時候,沒有人可以做出確切的答復。但是追溯皇位繼承問題的發生,以及一連串使皇帝感到大為不快的問題的出現,那麽1587年丁亥,即萬歷十五年,可以作為一條界綫。這一年表面上並無重大的動蕩,但是對本朝的歷史卻有它特別重要之處。”
但若站在心理學的角度,朱翊鈞的這種怠政也可以被理解為習得性失助或憂鬱癥的臨床表現。
在《萬歷十五年》文末總結,“1587年,是為萬歷15年,歲次丁亥,表面上似乎是四海升平,無事可記,實際上我們的大明帝國卻已經走到了它發展的盡頭。在這個時候,皇帝的勵精圖治或者晏安耽樂,首輔的獨裁或者調和,高級將領的富於創造或者習於苟安,文官的廉潔奉公或者貪污舞弊,思想傢的極端進步或者絶對保守,最後的結果,都是無分善惡,統統不能在事實上取得有意義的發展。因此我們的故事衹好在這裏作悲劇性的結束。萬歷丁亥年的年鑒,是為歷史上一部失敗的總記錄”。
值得說明的是,現在對神宗的評價基本是基於清朝初年投降滿清的東林黨文人編輯的史料,基本上反應的是文官集團對神宗的態度,而不是單純的歷史事實。在黃仁宇等的著作中也表達出中國明代中後期,皇帝衹是一個牌位,而事實上萬歷的個人行為對基層的國傢的習慣軌跡並無大的影響。他一生鐘愛鄭貴妃,也顯示出他追求執着的愛情而根本不是女色。對礦稅的敲詐又反映出當時這個東方傳統帝國面對商業文明的萌芽的一種無奈,皇帝知道民間經濟實力很強大,卻又不知道跟這個農業國傢如何聯繫,而國傢又怎麽樣通過商業致富,於是在這種衝突中,發展出了這種畸形的帝王敲詐一幕。
妻
1. 孝端顯皇后王氏,皇后,謚曰孝端貞恪莊惠仁明媲天毓聖顯皇后,合葬定陵,主祔廟。
2. 昭妃劉氏,思宗尊為太妃。
3. 孝靖太後王氏,光宗朱常洛生母,初封恭妃,後進皇貴妃,崩,謚溫肅端靖純懿皇貴妃,葬天壽山。明熹宗謚曰孝靖溫懿敬讓貞慈參天胤聖皇太後,遷葬定陵,祀奉慈殿。
4. 恭恪皇貴妃鄭氏,初封貴妃,後進皇貴妃。薨,謚恭恪惠榮和靖皇貴妃,葬銀泉山。明安宗謚曰孝寧溫穆莊惠慈懿憲天裕聖太皇太後。
5. 恭順皇貴妃李氏,初封貴妃,後進皇貴妃。薨,謚恭順榮莊端靜皇貴妃。明昭宗謚曰孝敬恭順榮莊瑞靖敬天光聖太皇太後。
6. 莊靖德妃許氏
7. 溫靜順妃常氏
8. 賢妃魏氏
9. 端妃周氏
10. 榮嬪李氏
兄弟
1. 憲懷太子朱翊釴
2. 靖悼王朱翊鈴
3. 潞簡王朱翊鏐
子
1. 光宗朱常洛,母孝靖皇后王氏
2. 邠哀王朱常漵,順妃常氏,生一歲殤。
3. 福恭王朱常洵,母恭恪皇貴妃鄭氏
4. 沅懷王朱常治,母恭恪皇貴妃鄭氏,生一歲殤。
5. 瑞王朱常浩,母端妃周氏
6. 惠王朱常潤,母貴妃李氏
7. 桂端王朱常瀛,母貴妃李氏
8. 永思王朱常溥,母順妃李氏
女
1. 榮昌公主 朱軒媖,萬歷二十四年下嫁楊春元。四十四年,春元卒。久之,主薨。
2. 壽寧公主 朱軒媁,母皇貴妃鄭氏,二十七年下嫁冉興讓,大明天啓三年七月初二日卯時薨。
3. 靜樂公主 朱軒媯,母皇貴妃鄭氏,生於大明萬歷十一年十一月乙巳,薨於大明萬歷十三年閏九月戊午。
4. 雲和公主 朱軒姝,早逝,追册。
5. 仙居公主 朱軒姞,母德嬪李氏,大明萬歷十二年七月二十日生,同年十二月三十日薨逝。
6. 靈丘公主 朱軒姚,於大明萬歷十六年八月甲午生,大明萬歷十七年五月庚申薨。
7. 雲夢公主 朱軒嫄,母恭妃王氏,早逝,追册。
8. 泰順公主 朱軒姬,早逝,追册。
9. 香山公主 朱軒嬁,在大明萬歷二十七年正月庚戌賜名“軒嬁”,六月庚寅即薨。
10. 天台公主 朱軒媺,早逝,追册。
* 雲和、雲夢、天台公主均未能確定排行
However, after the death of Jang, Ming dynasty Wanli 14 years (in 1586) began to indulge in wine and women among Nov Zhu Yijun (1 is infected with opium addiction). Established after the Prince because of a dispute to do with the cabinet for more than ten years, the last three decades not simply palace, ignoring affairs of state, not rural, not Temple, not the DPRK, not seen, is not granted, do not speak, 1589, Zhu Yijun not there, the cabinet to a "who lag in the official", "Cao Department of Pupil" phenomenon; Wanli 20 years, Yu Shi Xiejie the right are criticizing Shenzong Deputy Shortage in political affairs, after the reins of government as the beginning: "Her Majesty Filial , Zunzu, studious, diligent, Respect and love the people, frugality, listening to words, kiss, Yin Yin, neither grams as ever carry on. "reign of Zhu Yijun so since the mid-side into the center of the courtiers do not know how the emperor looks at Cautious, Zhao Gao, Zhang Wei, Shen has always been an important official and other four countries, although political affairs with good reason, but can not do anything, only to spend a few sun shadow length of time on duty. Four years of the Ming Wanli (1612) and Nanjing Road Censor Shang Shu: "Taiwan Province, empty, falling into the various waste services, the reclusive 20 years well, has a meeting with the Minister, the world would be the threat of the worries.". Ye said Grand Secretary to the High King can interview Fukuo twice a day. Da Ming Wanli 40 years (1617) in November, "Department of Temple Liao 10 missing six or seven, wind a few years the Department of Constitutional powerhouse empty, save only four six subjects, 13 only keep five." Prisoners are in prison, up to twenty years have not asked a word, they in prison with bricks on my own, eventually finding in a pool of blood Hu Yuan. Riverside prefect money if Geng Zhao Yu was Zhu Yijun put up to 30 for seven years, the end may not release, his son money Jingzhong Shang Shu: "Chen Fu 30 years to make bad blood among the ... ... ... ... sepsis dripping, swollen limbs, sore covered, but also suffering from leg tumors, further establish all waste. neither ear heard, neither head see, the hand can not be shipped, could not do enough, throats still a little gas, that of the dead, real and the dead one ear. " Grand Secretary Ting-machine is sick, on the 120 th consecutive resignation, are not news, and finally he left without. Four years of Wanli (1612), Ministry of Personnel Sun Pi-Yang Shang, "thanks to dredging since last." 40 year (1613), Ministry of Personnel Shang Zhao Huan also "worship the dredging of last." Si Wu Liang's memorial to the throne in the late Wanli said: "the emperor will drink every night, each drink will be drunk, every drunk, he would anger. Drunk after the valet a word about a little violated, or death under the rod."
Three Wanli Zheng
Shenzong reign, they began to show its greedy nature, "a few years, the Queen does not give. Today to take the orchards tomorrow to take the Tai Pu, Fuliang the magnetic, the South China Sea Pearl, playing the odd good, Used for the clever, ever-changing "Da Ming Wanli 20 years (1596), Wanli Emperor sent a eunuch to serve as mine supervisor duties, plunder merchants, once considered a mined underground, we should all housing demolition, for mining, mining when the excavation less than when nearby businesses would be accused of "Pirates of the mine" and must pay out all the "Pirates of the mine" of the claim. Mine Supervisor Wherever he went, the people have been "whipping officials, Piaojie Streams, business people hate biting," "the party straight into people's homes, raped women, or grazing tax department supervisor, the masses unified outrage", and "God does not asked "to become a great evil Ming government. Zhu Geng painfully Grand Secretary, said: "Today the regime not help the cabinet, to make moves to Eli." Scholar of Shen Lei in the "Please stop mining tax Shu", also pointed out that the mining tax "Jieyou Division deployed in China, to guarantee to pay compensations for also. " Sections Officials Tiantai Yi farmers who no longer tolerate criticism of him: "bead as the lifeline of money." Da Ming Wanli 25 (1597) to 30 years (in 1605) into the mine within the library tax to nearly 3.002 million silver , "half to help the floating charge, half by the city jewelry," the property more into the pockets of the eunuchs, "twenty-five years from the Ming dynasty to the Ming dynasty Wanli Wanli 30 years of the decade, the mine supervisor tax to the Royal Library together in more than 560 million instructions from two silver, gold, 12,000 thousand two, an average of more than 50 million into the instructions from the two silver, and gold more than one thousand two "just" rate Langhu drive, fly and cannibalism, to the world of people, peeling skin and marrow aspiration, re-tired feet and interest, resulting in natural disasters to crack, landslides River dried up. " Wanli 20 years, Victor and William Ma bluntly denounce Shenzong censor "good delivery into the addiction"
At this time the rise in Northeast Jurchen Nurhachi, the hidden danger of a future Empire Central Plains.
Cabinet Minister
* Zhang Siwei
* Pan Sheng
* Wang Xijue
* Zhang-bit
* Shen Lei
* Ting-machine
* Wu Daonan
* Zhang whale: palm Dongchang. In addition to help stop the Wanli Feng Bow. Of Congo.
* High-Huai: Catering Supervisor Jiancheng yet. Even plunder the wealth of drama. Liaodong mine supervisor, the party run amok, and provoked by the government.
Famous general
* Ma Gui
* Tan Lun
Evaluate
But from a psychological point of view, Zhu Yijun this lazy government can also be understood as Learned helplessness or clinical depression.
Wife
3. Empress Xiao Jing Wang, Chang Luo Zhu Mitsumune mother, Princess Christine early closure, backward imperial concubine, collapse, posthumous title Wen Su side Seijun Imperial Noble Consort Yi, buried Tianshou. Tianqi Emperor Hsiao-Ching Wen Yi Ik said, respect for holy Empress Dowager Yin Zhen Ci tall, exhumations Dingling, enshrine Chi house.
6. Zhuangjing De Fei Hui
9. End Fei Zhou
1. Constitution Prince Huai Zhu Yi Yi
Son
3. Fu Gong Zhu Chang Xun, Ke imperial concubine mother Christine Cheng
6. King Hui Zhu Changrun, parent Royal Lee
Female
3. Jingle Princess Zhu Xuan Gui, Cheng Imperial Noble Consort mother, was born in the Ming Wanli 10 Eulsa year in November, death of a prince in the Ming dynasty Wanli 10 years leap in September Wu Wu.
6. Lingqiu Princess Zhu Xuan Yao, in the Ming dynasty Wanli 16 years in August Sino-Japanese students, Ming dynasty Wanli 17 years in May Gengshen pass away.
9. Xiangshan Princess Zhu Xuan Deng, Wanli 20 years in the Ming dynasty the first month GengXu Ciming "Xuan Deng," Jun Gengyin the death of a prince.
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