| 網筆號： | 啓運立極英武睿文神德聖功至明大孝皇帝 | |||||||||||||||||
| 廟號： | 太祖 | |||||||||||||||||
| 籍貫： | 涿州/河南洛陽 | |||||||||||||||||
| 陵墓： | 永昌陵 | |||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
生辰：陰歷九二七年二月十六日
忌日：陰歷九七六年十月二十日
廟號：太祖
謚號：啓運立極英武睿文神德聖功至明大孝皇帝
屬相：豬
籍貫：祖籍涿州（今河北省涿州市），生於河南洛陽。
陵寢：永昌陵(今河南省鞏義西南堤東保)
父親：趙弘殷，追贈宣祖
母親：杜太後
初婚：19歲
配偶：賀皇后、王皇后、宋皇后
子女：4子6女
民族：漢族
歷朝歷代的政變事件屢見不鮮。“陳橋兵變，黃袍加身”便是由後周禁軍最高統帥趙匡胤發起的一次成功的政變。趙匡胤兵不血刃登上帝位，不僅統一了大半個中國，而且治國有方。宋朝的經濟和文化之所以能夠達到我國歷史上的又一個高峰，與趙匡胤的治國之道有密切的關係。
歷史證明，趙匡胤是一位推動歷史發展的傑出人物。他對待權臣剛柔並濟，懷柔安撫，很好的解决了天下統一後的軍權問題，永不消逝的英雄——趙匡胤。
【一、生平】
趙匡胤為宋朝第一代皇帝，在位期間紀元九六○～九七六年。
公元927年3月21日，趙匡胤生於洛陽夾馬營的一個軍人家庭。相傳，伴隨着嬰兒的出生，“赤光繞室，異香經宿不散，體有金色，三月不變。”
《宋史》太祖本紀中曾雲：“宋太祖起介胄之中。”匡胤的父親趙弘殷，曾是後唐、後晉、後漢、後周四代王朝的禁軍將領。少年時的匡胤，《宋史》評之為“既長，容貌雄偉，器度豁如，識者知其非常人。”
趙匡胤出生時，威赫數百年的大唐帝國已經在世界上消失整整20年了。—個平衡被打破，接踵而來的就是長久不息的動亂。他受家庭的熏陶，自幼愛好騎射和練武，並摔打出—身的好武藝。趙匡胤可謂武功第一的皇帝，自創太祖長拳，整套拳路演練起來，充分表現出北方的豪邁特性，為中國武術界六大名拳之一，他還發明了“大小盤竜棍”，就是後來的雙節棍。同時他還是一個勤學的皇帝。在他幼年時，其父曾一度要他棄武學文，替他請了一位很有學問的先生，給他打下紮實的文化基礎，懂得治國平天下的道理，而且養成了愛讀書的習慣，據說好學已達到了“手不釋捲”的程度。
21歲時，頗有冒險精神的他告別父母妻子，開始浪跡天涯，尋找那份屬於自己的事業，他漫遊了華北、中原，西北的不少地方，都未能如願，到公元949年，他終於遇到了機會。在北上的途中，他遇到了當時正擔任後漢樞密使的郭威。郭威此時正在領兵在河中(今山西永濟)平叛，於是身強力壯精通武藝的趙匡胤就投到了郭威的旗下。
郭威即位（後周太祖）時，趙匡胤任禁衛軍長，甚得當時已是開封府尹柴榮（即周世宗）的賞識，成了柴榮的部屬。周世宗即位後，趙匡胤在跟隨世宗南徵北討中戰功卓著，深得世宗的信任和重用，成為屈指可數的禁軍高級將領之一。後周顯德六年(959年)，周世宗北徵燕雲，勢如破竹。正當這個時候，世宗不幸染上重病，被迫退軍後不久便去世了，由其幼子柴宗訓繼位。臨死前，世宗對最高軍政人員進行了變更調動，趙匡胤升任殿前都點檢（禁衛軍首領）。
顯德七年(960年)正月初四，掌握禁軍的歸德(治宋州，今河南商丘南)節度使、殿前都點檢趙匡胤，乘“主少國疑”之機，發動“陳橋兵變”，奪取了後周政權，建立宋王朝(史稱北宋)，改元建隆。
太祖的日常生活很樸素，衣服、飲食都很簡單，雖然對自己的傢人較約束，但絶非吝嗇之人，他曾在一些工程上花下大筆費用，對於投降的各國國君也給予優厚的待遇。自己的私生活嚴謹簡樸，對於該花費的地方，卻是十分慷慨，這是歷代皇帝中較少見的。
曾經流浪的痛苦經歷，使趙匡胤對老百姓的苦難有切身的體會，因此對民生問題十分關註。當天下初定的時候，他馬上就實行了寬減徭役的政策，以便農民休養生息，發展生産。961年，他明令免除各道州府徵用平民充當急遞鋪遞夫的勞役，改用軍卒擔任。第二年，又免除徵民搬運戍軍衣物的勞役。若州縣不遵令行，百姓可以檢舉。在五代之亂後，連年的戰亂使田地荒蕪嚴重，土地是立國之本，因此趙匡胤下令，凡是新墾土地一律不徵稅，凡是墾荒成績突出的州縣官吏給予奬勵，管轄區內田疇荒蕪面積超過一定畝數的，要給予處罰。趙匡胤剛當傢僅僅兩年，就下令在黃河沿岸修堤築壩，並大量種樹，以做防洪時用。其後多次就黃河的修治下達最高指示，例如在建隆三年（962），趙匡胤下詔說：“沿黃、汴河州縣長吏，每歲首令地分兵種榆柳，以壯堤防。”每年的正月、二月、三月，是黃河堤壩的例修期，年年都會加固維修，加固了堤壩還緑化了環境，兩全其美。
范仲淹曾由衷地說：“祖宗以來，未嘗輕殺一臣下，此盛德之事。”（《范仲淹年譜·慶歷三年》）之所以如此，最重要的原因就是有“勒石三戒”（太祖碑誓）。王夫之說：太祖勒石，鎖置殿中，使嗣君即位，入而跪讀。其戒有三：一、保全柴氏子孫；二、不殺士大夫；三、不加農田之賦。嗚呼！若此三者，不謂之盛德也不能。（《宋論》捲一《太祖三》）
九七六年，趙匡胤崩，關於太祖的死因，有多種說法，有的說是因飲酒過度而暴死，有的說是因腹下腫瘡發作而病亡，更普遍的一種看法則認為太祖之死與宋太宗有很大的關係。
究竟真象如何，由於史料闕如，至今還不很清楚，但有一點肯定，就是太宗在掩飾太祖死因上做了大量工作，太宗朝所修撰的《太祖實錄》歷經三次而無成，雖然已篡改和掩蓋了大量的真象，太宗還是不滿意。太宗對《太祖實錄》異乎尋常的關註，足以說明太宗非正常繼位的奧妙，而“燭影斧聲”也就成了千古之謎.
宋太祖趙匡胤猝死之謎的傳說：
公元976年，宋代開國之君趙匡胤一夜之間猝然離世，正史中沒有他患病的記載，野史中的記載又說法不一。他的死因，成了歷史上一宗離奇的懸案。
一、《湘山野錄》中說，開寶九年十月二十日，一個雪夜，趙匡胤急召他的弟弟趙光義入宮，兄弟二人在寢宮對飲，喝完酒已經是深夜了，趙匡胤用玉斧在雪地上刺，同時說：“好做好做”，當夜趙光義（原趙匡義）留宿寢宮，第二天天剛剛亮，趙匡胤不明不白地死了。趙光義受遺詔，於靈前繼位。
二、《燼餘錄》說，趙光義對趙匡胤的妃子花蕊夫人垂涎之久，趁趙匡胤病中昏睡不醒時半夜調戲花蕊夫人，驚醒了趙匡胤，並用玉斧砍他，但力不從心，砍了地。於是趙光義一不做二不休，殺了趙匡胤，逃回府中。
三、《涑水紀聞》裏說：太祖去世時已是四鼓。宋皇后叫內侍王繼恩把皇子趙德芳叫來。王繼恩考慮到太祖早就打算傳位於晉王光義，卻找來了趙光義，進宮後，宋皇后問：“德芳來了嗎？”王繼恩回答：“晉王來了。”宋皇后驚詫莫名，後來突然醒悟，哭着對趙光義說：“吾母子之性命，皆托官傢。”
四、另外，據說趙光義以弟弟的身份繼承兄長的帝位，是他母親杜太後的意見。說是杜太後臨終時，曾對趙匡胤說：“如果後周是一個年長的皇帝繼位，你怎麽可能有今天呢？你和光義都是我兒子，你將來把帝位傳與他，國有長君，纔是社稷之福啊！”趙匡胤表示同意，於是叫宰相趙普當面寫成誓詞，封存於金匱裏，這就是所謂的“金匱預盟”，也就是趙光義“兄終弟及”的合法根據。但是“金匱預盟”在初版的《太祖實錄》卻未見記載，在第二次編修的新錄中纔被提及，因而是否確有其事，仍疑點重重。
這一切，都使人們産生了許多疑問。
一是趙匡胤死時的“燭影斧聲”。
按說宮廷禮儀，趙光義是不可以在宮裏睡覺的，他卻居然在宮裏睡覺。太監、宮女不該離開皇帝，卻居然都離開了。忙亂的人影、奇怪的斧聲，以及趙匡胤“好做好做”的呼喊，一一都告訴人們，這是一場事先策劃的血腥謀殺。
二是王繼恩假傳聖旨。
王繼恩有何膽量，敢違背宋皇后的旨意，本該通傳趙德芳，卻傳來趙光義？倘若事敗，不是殺身之禍麽？
這種說法，衹不過把篡位的罪過加在一個太監身上而已，同時掩蓋了殺兄的罪行。
三是“金匱預盟”的真偽。
杜太後去世時，趙匡胤衹有35歲，正值壯年，他的弟弟光義23歲，太祖次子德昭11 歲，四子德芳3歲。即使趙匡胤幾年後去世，也不會出現後周柴世宗遺下7歲孤兒群竜無首的局面。杜太後一生賢明，怎能出此下策？況且，“金匱預盟”是趙光義登基5年後，趙普纔密奏此事，公佈出來的。為什麽不在趙匡胤死時，堂堂正正公佈出來呢？
還有一些疑點，也使人們對趙光義有非議。
趙光義不等到第二年，就改換年號——新君即位，常例是次年改用新年號紀年。可是趙光義把衹剩下兩個月的開寶九年，改為太平興國元年。這就打破常規的迫不及待，衹有一個解釋：搶先為自己“正名”。是不是他心裏有鬼？
逼殺趙匡胤的長子趙德昭（當時已30歲），趙匡胤幼子趙德芳（當時僅23歲）後也神秘地暴病身亡。趙匡胤的遺孀死後，趙光義不按皇后禮儀發喪。這些都是偶然的？
最讓人感到莫名其妙的是，趙光義的子孫後代卻相信他的老祖宗“殺兄篡位”的說法，把皇位又傳給了趙匡胤的後代。這裏說的是宋高宗趙構傳位的事。
據說趙構沒有兒子，誰來繼承皇位呢？大臣們議論紛紛。有一種強有力的意見是：趙匡胤是開國之君，應該在他的後代中選擇接班人。起初，趙構對這種議論嚴加貶責。忽然有一天，他又改變主意，說他做了一個夢，夢見宋太祖趙匡胤帶他到了“萬歲殿”，看到了當日的“燭光劍影”的全部驚景，並說：“你衹有把王位傳給我的兒孫，國勢纔有可能有一綫轉機。”於是趙構終於找到了太祖趙匡胤的次子趙德芳的六世孫趙昚（shèn），並最終把皇位傳給了他（也就是後來的南宋宋孝宗）。這時離那個血腥的恐怖之夜已經有187年了。
這恰恰說明了：趙構承認了祖先的罪孽，也給了趙匡胤之死一個基本的答案。
【二、內政】
（一）杯酒釋兵權：
趙匡胤雖然登上了皇帝寶座，但他卻不敢高枕無憂。通過這次兵變，他深刻地認識到，武將們在廢立皇帝、改朝換代方面有着非常大的能量。是啊，他自己既然可以以武將的身份和實力去推翻國君，其它將領不也可以用同樣的方式來推翻他嗎？想到這裏，他不寒而慄。尤其使他感到威脅的，是一些聲望較高又握有重兵的大將，為了防患於未然，趙匡胤决計拿他們開刀。
首先，太祖廢除了殿前都點檢一職，接着就導演了一出“杯酒釋兵權”的喜劇。一日，禁軍太將石守信等奉召來到後花園，太祖設宴相待。酒過三巡，太祖故作愁眉不展狀，開口說道：“我不是靠你們出力，到不了這個地步，但做皇帝太艱難了，實在不如做節度使快樂，我整個晚上都不敢安枕而臥啊！”石守信等忙問其故，太祖就說：“這不難知道，誰不想做皇帝呢？”石守信等一聽，驚恐萬狀，紛紛表白道：“陛下何出此言，今天命已定，誰還敢有異心。”“不然！”太祖斷然說道，“你們雖無異心，然而倘若你們部下希求富貴，一旦以黃袍加你之身，你雖然不想做皇帝，能辦到嗎？”衆將一聽，都嚇得離席叩頭，請求太祖指示一條“可生之途”。太祖纔表明了自己的真正意思：“人生如白駒過隙，求富貴者，不過想多積金錢，多多娛樂，使子孫免遭貧乏而已。你們不如釋去兵權，出守地方，方多買良田美宅，為子孫立永不可動的産業，同時多買些歌兒舞女，日夜飲酒相歡，以終天年。朕再同你們結為婚姻之傢，君臣之間，兩無猜疑，上下相安，這不很好嗎？”衆將明白了太祖的意思，一齊下拜說道：“陛下關心臣等，真可謂生死而肉骨啊！”第二天都稱病職。太祖大喜，安排他們到地方做節度使。趙匡胤幾杯美酒，輕而易舉地解决了大將專軍權的問題，被譽為“最高政治藝術的運用”，成為千古佳話。
（二）強幹弱枝：
從唐朝中葉以來，形成了地方藩鎮權勢過大的局面，他們常常割據一方，乃至進行武裝叛亂，給朝廷造成嚴重的威脅。在宋王朝建立之後，趙匡胤依據宰相趙普提出的“削奪其權，製其錢𠔌，收其精兵”的十二字方針，分別從政權、財權、軍隊這三個方面來削弱藩鎮，以達到強幹弱枝、居重馭輕的目的。
在“削奪其權”方面，趙匡胤陸續派遣文官到地方州郡擔任長官，以取代跋扈難製的軍人；並在知州之外設立通判，兩者共掌政權，互相牽製，分散和削弱了地方長官的權力。在“製其錢𠔌”方面，趙匡胤設置轉運使來管理地方財政，並規定，各州的賦稅收入除留開其正常的經費開支外，其餘的一律送交京師，不得擅留。這樣，既增加了中央的財政收入，又使地方無法擁有對抗中央的物質基礎。在“收其精兵”方面，趙匡胤將廂軍、鄉兵等地軍中的精銳將士，統統抽調到中央禁軍，使禁軍人數擴充到幾十萬，而地方部隊衹剩下一些老弱兵員，衹能充當雜役，缺乏作戰能力，根本無法和中央禁軍抗衡，這就摧毀了地方反抗中央的軍事基礎。
太祖通過對藩鎮權力的剝奪，對武臣的壓抑，改變了五代時期藩鎮割據、朝廷寡弱、武人跋扈、文臣無權的狀況，提高了中央的威權。在中央內部，太祖又着手分割宰臣的權力，為宰相設置了副相參知政事，來分散和牽掣宰相權力，宰相和參知政事統稱為執政，而軍政歸於樞密院，其長官叫樞密使，樞密院與執政合稱“二府”，財政大權另歸於三司，其長官叫三司使，號稱“計相”，這三者地位都差不多，都直屬於皇帝。通過對相權的分割，防止了大臣專權的局面，太祖就曾直言不諱地當面對宰相趙普說：“國傢大事可不是你們書生說了算的。”說明宋代君主獨裁體製得到了空前的鞏固和加強。這些措施結束了唐朝中葉以來的藩鎮割據局面，維護了國傢的統一，促進了社會經濟發展，但這些措施也使得官員增多，開支增大，權力互相鉗製、地方實力削弱，埋下日後積貧積弱的種子。
【三、外交】
（一）先南後北
[雪夜訪普圖(明 劉俊)繪]
雪夜訪普圖(明 劉俊)繪
宋朝建國，所統治的地方衹有黃河、淮河流域一帶，宋朝北面有北漢和契丹，西面有後蜀，南面有南唐、吳越、荊南、湖南、南漢各國，每一個國傢都有獨立的勢力，而且他們也都在窺視宋朝的態度。在此虎視眈眈的情況下，使宋朝不能高枕無憂，必須把這些小國或外族，消滅或製服，才能完成天下的統一，奠立宋朝國基。
在一個大雪紛飛的夜晚，趙匡胤與宰相趙普進行了一場意義重大的對話。
趙普問道：“夜深天冷的，陛下為什麽還出來？”
趙匡胤：“我睡不着呵！一榻之外，都是別人傢的天下，所以特地來見見你。”
趙普：“陛下是否覺得自己的天下過於狹小？南徵北伐，一統天下，現在是極好的時機，不知陛下在進軍方向問題上是怎樣考慮的。”
趙匡胤故意說：“我想先攻打北漢國都太原。”
趙普默良久之後，說：“這我就不明白了。”
趙匡胤問：“為什麽？”
趙普分析道：北漢有契丹為後援，攻之有害無利，即使滅亡了北漢，又要獨自承擔契丹的強大壓力，倒不如先保存北漢，以為阻隔契丹的屏蔽，集中力量翦滅南方各國，然後再專力北方。
趙普的話，使趙匡胤最後確定了“先南後北”、“先易後難”的戰略方針，這件事，就是歷史上著名的“雪夜定策”。
（二）最初的徵服
宋太祖登基不久，湖南的周行逢病死，其子周保權是個十一歲的小娃娃，繼位之後，其屬下“衡州刺史”張文表反叛，也想割據一方。由此，宋朝打着“救援”的旗號，要藉道荊南（南平）。師行一半，張文表已經被殺，宋軍仍強行前驅，派出一股奇軍直驅江陵，南平嗣主高繼衝知道大勢已去，衹得舉族“入朝”，獻出高傢割據數十年的三州十七縣。不久，宋軍一路橫進，攻剋潭州（今湖南長沙），進圍朗州（今湖南常德），最終把先前嚮宋朝求救的周保權也生俘，盡取湖南十四州土地。至此，荊湖之地全入宋土，成為宋朝一個大糧倉，從物質上保障了宋軍下一步軍事目標。
（三）平定後蜀
乾德二年(964年)十一月初二，趙匡胤發兵5萬(一說6萬)，分兩路攻蜀：令王全斌、崔彥進為西川行管鳳州路正、副都部署，王仁贍為都監，率北路步騎3萬出風州(今陝西鳳縣東北)，沿嘉陵江南下；令劉光義為歸州路副都部署，曹彬為都監，率東路步騎2萬出歸州(今湖北秭歸)，溯江而上。兩路分進合擊，直指成都。趙匡胤利用蜀降將趙彥韜提供的情報，針對巴蜀有嘉陵江、長江直貫南北、東西的地形特點和蜀軍防務上兵力不足的弱點，采取東、北兩路沿長江、嘉陵江分進合擊的部署。劉光義在夔州，針對蜀軍鎖江設防，水強陸弱的情況，適時捨舟登岸，先奪取兩岸，然後水陸配合，一舉突破蜀軍利用浮梁所組織的防禦要點，接着沿長江長驅直入。北路主將王全斌善於迂回、夾擊，避堅擊瑕，迅速地攻占利州。又用奇兵出至敵後，因而能較快地突破劍閣險隘，在東路軍的配合下直逼成都。乾德三年正月初七，孟昶見大勢已去，舉城降，後蜀亡。
（四）北徵失敗
開寶二年九月，宋太祖派李繼勳率兵攻北漢，因契丹軍來援，無功而返。十月太祖親徵北漢。宋軍築長連城圍攻太原，北漢大將劉繼業（即楊業，楊老令公）出城犯宋東西砦，敗還，遼軍分兩路援救北漢，一路自石嶺關入，為宋軍敗於陽麯。後來，太原城水災，城中驚恐，大臣郭無欲謀降宋，被殺，契丹再派兵馳援北漢，太原得以保住。宋軍則因屯兵太原城下，久攻不剋，損兵折將，又因暑雨，士卒多病，遂班師。北漢盡得未所棄軍儲，共計粟三萬石，茶、絹各數萬，總計太祖共在開寶元年、二年，及九年三次攻打北漢，均因遼軍來援，頓兵太原城，久攻不剋而還。
（五）攻取南漢
在當年，南漢以廣州為中心，割據嶺南兩廣地區達60年之久。北宋平定後蜀後，潘美等宋將就曾攻取了南漢的郴州，形成了良好的進攻態勢。
這一年，潘美等接到宋太祖滅亡南漢的指示後，很快就攻陷了賀州，隨之連剋昭、杜、連、韶4州，大敗南漢軍10餘萬於蓮花峰下。至次年2月，即攻剋廣州，南漢滅亡。
南漢滅亡之後，南方剩下的最後3個割據政權個個自危，震恐異常。勢力最強大的南唐皇帝李煜這時也不得不主動要求取消國號，放棄皇帝的稱號，改稱“江南國主”。另外兩個割據政權吳越和漳泉早就上表稱臣，接受宋朝的官職。
（六）徵服江南
開寶四年(971)二月，宋滅南漢之後，從北、西、南三面對南唐形成戰略包圍。宋太祖志在統一江南，認為“臥榻之側，豈容他人鼾睡”，絶不允許南唐存在下去。經過3年的準備，開寶七年(974年)十月，宋太祖令曹彬為統帥、潘美為都監，率水、步、騎兵在采石一綫強行渡江，進圍金陵；同時令吳越國主錢俶統率吳越軍5萬，由宋將丁德裕監軍，從東面攻取長州，然後會師金陵；令王明為西路軍，嚮武昌方向進擊，牽製屯駐在江西的南唐軍隊，使其無法東下援救金陵。
十一月中旬，宋軍依照樊若水的圖示在采石用預先造好的戰艦架設浮橋獲得成功，其主力部隊通過浮橋，順利跨過了長江天險，大敗南唐水陸兵10餘萬於秦淮，直逼金陵城下。與此同時，錢俶率兵攻剋了長州、江陰、潤州，形成了對金陵的外綫包圍，金陵成了一座孤城。
十一月二十七日，在李煜仍不投降的情況下，宋軍發起總攻，金陵城破，李煜做了俘虜。
滅南唐是宋太祖統一南方的最後一仗，也是當時最大的一次江河作戰。這次戰爭中的“浮橋渡江”、“圍城打援”，是宋太祖戰略部署中的得意之舉，也是古代戰爭史上的創舉。
宋太祖改革制度
宋太祖是個十分有志氣的皇帝，公元的一天早晨，文武大臣都一個個匯報自己的工作，接着退到殿外。走到最後的是後周老宰相範質，他現在仍是宰相。當範質快要走出殿門時，送太祖突然傳話，
範老愛卿，請稍稍留步，朕有一事與你相商。
聽到傳話，範質轉過身走回到殿上，重新坐到自己的宰相之座。
原來，在中國古代宰相的地位是很高的，可以和皇帝坐着說話。人們常說宰相是一人之下，萬民之上的官兒，就是皇帝對宰相也是很尊重，也得讓禮三分。因此在上朝君臣議事的時候，宰相是可以坐着跟皇帝說話，而其他官員衹能夠站着。
範質坐下來以後，宋太祖遞給他一份大臣匯報的奏摺，範愛卿，你看這事如何解决纔好？範質接過奏摺仔細地看了起來。這時宋太祖從竜椅上站了起來，嚮後宮走去。宰相範質看完奏摺後，心裏已經想好解决的方法，可是，左等不見皇帝出來，右等也不見皇帝出來，範質實在等不住了，就起身去找皇帝。這時，宋太祖走了出來，範質連忙坐下，可是回頭一看，椅子沒有了。原來，趁範質起身不註意時，身邊的侍衛悄悄把椅子拿走了。
範質不知道如何是好，衹得站着和宋太祖說話。以後在上朝，宰相也和其他大臣一樣衹能站着和皇帝說話，這一制度後來被各朝所沿用。這說明了宋太祖胸懷大志，要獨攬大權。
太祖故事三則
趙匡胤器量寬宏，不以殺戮服人。
有一次，他設宴招待群臣。其中有一個翰林學士，名叫王著，原是後周的臣子，這時喝醉了酒，思念故主，當衆喧嘩起來。群臣大驚，都為他捏一把汗。太祖卻毫不怪罪，命人將他扶出去休息。王著不肯出去，掩在屏風後面大聲痛哭，好容易纔被左右攙扶出去。第二天，有人上奏說王著當衆大哭，思念周世宗，應當嚴懲。太祖說：“他喝醉了。在世宗時，我和他同朝為臣，熟悉他的脾氣。他一個書生，哭哭故主，也不會出什麽大問題，讓他去吧。”
還有一次，趙匡胤乘駕出宮。經過大溪橋時，突然飛來一支冷箭，射中黃竜旗。禁衛軍都大驚失色，太祖卻拍着胸膛說：“謝謝他教我箭法。”不準禁衛去搜捕射箭者。以後果然也就沒事了。
又有一次，宋太祖半夜起來，非常想吃羊肝，可是猶豫了半天不肯下令。左右問他：“皇上有什麽事就儘管吩咐吧，我們一定照辦！”太祖回答說：“我若說了，每日必有一隻羊被殺！”
【後妃子女】
皇后
孝惠賀皇后
孝明王皇后
孝章宋皇后
子
長子趙德秀，滕王，早亡
次子趙德昭，燕懿王，其九世孫為宋理宗趙昀。
三子趙德林，舒王
四子趙德芳，秦康惠王，早亡，他就是大名鼎鼎的八賢王原型，其六世孫為宋孝宗趙昚。
女
申國公主，早亡
成國公主，早亡
永國公主，早亡
魏國大長公主，封昭慶公主，進封鄭國公主，改秦國公主。進長公主。後改封魏國大長公主。政和改賢肅大長帝姬。
魯國大長公主，封延慶公主，進封許國公主。改晉國公主。進長公主。進大長公主。改封魯國大長公主。改賢肅大長帝姬。
陳國大長公主，封永慶公主，進封虢國公主。改齊國公主。進許國長公主。追封大長公主。改封陳國大長公主。改賢惠大長帝姬。
【神秘死亡的種種推測】
宋太祖趙匡胤是一位非常有人情味的開國皇帝，可惜，英年早逝，衹當了17年天子，就稀裏糊塗地死了。976年，他剛剛50歲。雖說，官修《宋史》對宋太祖的猝死原因做了各種各樣的遮掩和粉飾，但仍通過形形色色的破綻證明：趙匡胤是被親弟弟趙光義謀殺的。
宮廷疑案，玄機重重，未能躬逢其盛的後人，衹能在故紙堆裏摸“狐狸尾巴”。老謀深算的趙光義怎麽能躲開這些窮追猛打的詰問呢？說他是“竊國大盜”，自然有幾分道理。
其一，趙匡胤之死，趙光義的嫌疑最大。
《宋史·本紀》熱情洋溢地贊頌這哥兒倆如何情深意長、肝膽相照。趙匡義病了，趙匡胤親自到床頭去服侍，燒艾草熱灸的時候，哥哥惟恐燙壞了弟弟，就先在自己身上燒幾下——手足深情，令人感喟。
趙匡胤常對身邊的近臣誇贊趙匡義說：我這位兄弟，降生的時候就和普通人不一樣，仔細瞧瞧，他竜行虎步，威風凜凜，將來必定是太平天子。甚至還謙虛地表示：“福德吾所不及。”宋朝皇帝怎麽了？ “一把手”居然給“二把手”拍馬屁！令世人狐疑的是，春秋鼎盛、耳聰目明的趙匡胤，竟然在一夜之間暴亡？好端端一個男子漢，為什麽說沒就沒了呢？
官方的記錄非常潦草：“癸醜夕，帝崩於萬歲殿，年五十。殯於殿西階……”至於死因，壓根兒沒提。坊間的猜測五花八門：有的說，死於飲酒過度，還有的說，因腹下腫瘡發作而病亡……其實，最大的嫌疑犯就是最大的受益人——趙匡胤的政治接班人趙匡義。《湘山野錄》中記載，趙匡胤死前一晚，天氣極寒，他跟趙匡義飲酒，倆兄弟一直喝到深夜。本不該留宿內廷的趙匡義卻廝守在皇帝身邊。
當夜，趙匡胤發出莫名其妙的呼喊聲，且傳出“燭影斧聲”。《燼餘錄》甚至想出了花蕊夫人與趙匡義的姦情。諸多不正常疑點暴露在那個太祖駕崩之夜。趙匡義即位後，親自主持編修《太祖實錄》，並三次修改了其中一些內容。即便這樣，他本人還是不太滿意。為了一位死去皇帝的“起居註”，至於費這麽大勁嗎？真是欲蓋彌彰，越描越黑。
其二，《太祖實錄》忽然冒出了所謂“金匱預盟”，趙光義篡位的政治基礎遊移、曖昧，難以服人。
《宋史》把這份神秘的“金匱預盟”描繪得有鼻子有眼——杜太後是個通情達理的女人，病危前，她把趙匡胤和丞相趙普叫到床前，留下了匪夷所思的“遺囑”。太後認為，趙宋之所以能獲取後周的江山，就是因為周世宗任用了一個小孩子當皇帝，如果是一位壯年英武的君主，絶不會出現“陳橋兵變”。
為了不讓這種慘痛的歷史重演，為了維護趙宋億萬年社稷，太後責令趙匡胤必須選擇一位“長君”做接班人。趙匡胤痛痛快快地答應了。太後自然非常滿意，遂命趙普白紙黑字記錄下來，並把這份政治遺囑當作“基本國策”珍藏在黃金寶櫃裏。倘若果真如此，也算趙光義正大光明。偏偏所謂“金匱預盟”的來歷非常曖昧。這可是出師有名的鐵證啊！趙光義登基，不可能無視“金匱預盟”。
想想吧，誰肯把“你辦事，我放心”的“尚方寶劍”藏進胳肢窩裏？有趣的是，《太祖實錄》第一次編修的時候，居然未對這件重大事件做絲毫記載。《宋史》販賣的“金匱預盟”，是後來纔加進去的。
仔細分析，趙光義的政治騙術漏洞百出。杜太後去世時，趙匡胤衹有35歲，身體倍兒棒。趙光義剛剛23歲，比哥哥傢的兒子成熟不了多少。那時，趙匡胤的次子德昭已經11歲，四子德芳也3歲了。問題是，趙匡胤並不是立刻就死，誰知道將來會怎麽樣呢？也許還能享國十年、二十年……何必火急火燎地安排接班人呢？
即使趙匡胤幾年後去世，也不會出現後周柴世宗七歲孤兒斷送江山的局面。杜太後是個明白人，絶不可能出此下策。況且，“金匱預盟”是趙光義登基5年後，趙普纔密奏。這種驢唇不對馬嘴的解釋，也衹能糊弄外星人。
其三，迫不及待地更改年號，大有造成既成事實的嫌疑。
按理說，老皇帝去世，新君一般繼續沿用舊有年號，直到第二年，纔啓用新紀元。可是，趙光義根本顧不得這些“媽媽令”，還沒等到這一年結束，就換上了自己的年號。他冒天下之大不韙，把僅剩兩個月的“開寶九年”，改為“太平興國元年”。
這種打破常規的險招兒，已將自己推上了輿論的審判臺。他的動機衹有一個：搶先為自己“正名”。惟恐皇帝大位被誰搶了去。提前改元的做法，遭到了史官的公開批評，《宋史·太宗本紀》拽住了趙光義的幾條“小尾巴”，提前更改年號這件事名列第一。
其四，趙光義剪除後患，將“金匱預盟”所覆蓋的接班人一網打盡。
即便確實存在所謂“金匱預盟”，這份文件的核心無非是提供了“兄終弟及”的合法根據。說白了，哥哥死了，兄弟幹，就是不能讓給小崽子。那麽，有朝一日趙光義撒手人寰，身後怎麽安排，皇帝大位會不會落到自己兄弟身上？或者轉而回到趙匡胤的子嗣手裏？
為剪除後患，趙光義不惜對至親骨肉，大開殺戒。先說趙匡胤那一枝，“太祖四子：長滕王德秀，次燕懿王德昭，次舒王德林，次秦康惠王德芳。德秀、德林皆早亡”也就是說，最大的潛在對手是年長的德昭、年幼的德芳。再說自己的兄弟，唯一的競爭對手就是弟弟——秦王趙廷美。“欲加之罪，何患無辭？”趙光義親自導演，將親弟弟趙廷美、親侄子趙德昭、趙德芳一一逼上絶路。
結果，趙廷美被貶房州，38歲抑鬱而終；趙德昭被逼自殺，年滿30歲；趙德芳像老爹一樣，不明不白得暴病而死，年僅23歲……
一切都結束了。趙光義端坐在血腥彌漫的皇位上，嘴角掠過一絲意味深長的笑容……
後人贊詩：水調歌頭
黃河近北望，烽火燃九州。萬裏山河飄絮，狼煙幾時休？
兵戎劍指江南，血淚浸染震高唐，威名北域留。
朕之臥榻旁，安容他人眠！
假途虢，滅後蜀，平南唐。君臣計謀，壯志雄心復漢唐。
可嘆時不我與，蒼天後土戴孝，皚皚白雪皆蒼茫。
千古英雄淚，直流後人裳。
【宋太祖與名小吃“大救駕”】
大救駕是安徽省壽縣的名産小吃。相傳在公元九五六年，周世宗徵討淮南，大將趙匡胤攻了九個多月纔打破城池，取得成功。由於疲勞過度，趙匡胤進城後就病了，他胃口不佳，茶飯不進。這時，有個巧手廚師為了讓他進食，便精心製做了一種點心。用上好的白麵、白糖、豬油、香油、青紅絲、桔餅、核桃仁等材料做了一些帶餡的圓形點心。這種點心的外皮有數道花酥層層疊起，金絲條條分明，中間如急流旋渦狀，因用油煎炸，色澤金黃。
當廚師端上點心時，香味撲鼻，外形誘人。趙匡胤一見，心中高興，食欲大增。他拿起一個，咬了一口，覺得酥脆甜香，十分好吃。再一看內中之餡，色白細膩，紅絲縷縷，青絲條條，如白雲伴彩虹，色美味佳。趙匡胤越吃越有味，一連吃了幾頓，病體大愈。他十分高興，重賞了廚師。
後來，趙匡胤做了宋朝開國皇帝，想到南唐一戰和這種糕點，說：“那次鞍馬之勞，戰後之疾，多虧這種糕點從中救駕。”於是便叫這種糕點為“大救駕”。
大救駕”是安徽壽縣著名點心，已經有一千多年的歷史。製作大救駕的主要材料有：豬板油、金橘餅、核桃仁、青梅、青紅絲、冰糖、白糖、糖桂花等，經過特殊的工藝加工而成。這種點心形狀獨特，其形扁圓，中間呈急流漩渦狀，多層花酥疊起，猶如金絲盤繞，清晰不亂，色澤乳白滋潤。品嚐起來，酥脆可口，重油而不膩，而且含多種果香味，深受群衆喜愛。
Temple name: Dynasty
Origin: native Zhuozhou (Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province today), was born in Luoyang, Henan.
Mother: Empress Du
Children: 4 children and 6 females
History has proved that Kuangyin is a towering figure in promoting the development of history. He took his powerful ministers hardness with softness, Huairou comfort, well solve the world's military power after the reunification of the problem, the heroes never fade away - Kuangyin.
AD 927 March 21, was born in Luoyang Kuangyin folder horse camp in a military family. According to legend, along with the baby's birth, "red light around the room, places fragrant by the ghost, body with gold, in March the same."
21 years old, quite adventurous spirit of his parents, his wife goodbye and began wandering, looking for share of his own career, he was roaming the North, Central Plains, the Northwest's many places are unable to do so, by the year 949, he finally met opportunity. In the north of his way, he is worried at the time to make the Wei Guo Ren Houhan senator. Understandings of this time is to lead the troops in the river (now Shanxi Yongji) counter-insurgency, was proficient in martial arts of Kuangyin able-bodied to put into the Understandings of the unit.
Taizu very simple daily life, clothing, food is very simple, although more constraints on their own families, but not the mean person, he had spent a number of projects under the large sums of money, for the surrender of the national monarch also granted generous treatment. His private life strictly simple, for the cost of the place, it is very generous, it is rare ancient emperors.
Rangers had the bitter experience of the suffering of ordinary people to make Kuangyin have personal experience, therefore, very concerned about livelihood issues. When the world is initially for, he immediately implemented a policy of compulsory labor concessions to them recuperate, the development of production. 961, he explicitly exempted from the state capital recruitment of civilians as a daring Road shop delivery Delivery husband's labor, as the use Juncu. The second year, they remove the sign China Garrison Army clothes handling labor. If the counties disobedience of order lines, people can be spotted. Rebellion in the Five Dynasties, the year after the war to make land unusable for serious land is breathe, so Kuangyin ordered, any new reclaimed land be not taxed, any outstanding reclamation achievements reward of County officials, barren area of jurisdiction Tianchou more than a certain number of acres, to be punished. Kuangyin just masters of just two years, ordered the damming of the Yellow River along the Xiudi, and a large number of trees in order to make flood control during the event. Renovation of the Yellow River was repeatedly assigned the highest orders, such as three years in the buildups (962), Kuangyin edict said: "The Yellow River, the Bian River counties prefecture officials, so that every beginning of the year to Liu Yu sub-branches to strong dike . "year of the first month, February, March, is a regular revision of the Yellow River dam, reinforced every year for repair, reinforcement of the dam also greening the environment, best of both worlds.
97 years, Kuangyin collapse, the cause of death on the Taizu have different views, some say is a result of excessive drinking and violent death, some say because of sore swollen belly disease onset and death, a more common view is that death and Taizong Taizu great relationship.
AD 976, Song founding father Kuangyin sudden death overnight, official history does not record his illness, unofficial history of the record has different opinions. His death, became the history of a bizarre unsolved crimes.
Third, "Su Wen Ji water," he said: Taizu death is four drums. Queen called chamberlain Wang Jien Song Zhao Defang called the Prince. Wang Jien has long intended to take into account the mass is located in Jin Wangguang Taizu justice, but got the Zhao Guangyi, the palace, the Song Queen asked: "Defang to it?" Wang Jien replied: "the king was coming." Queen of Song surprise inexplicable, Then suddenly wake up crying Zhao Guangyi said: "My mother and the life, are entrusted to officials."
First Kuangyin died of "Candle Shadow Axe sound."
Wang Jien any guts, the courage to go against the wishes of the Queen of Song, Zhao Defang this that circulated, it came Zhao Guangyi? If the attempt had failed, not fatal disaster Why?
Du empress died, Kuangyin only 35 years old, prime of life, light sense of his brother, 23-year-old second son Noriaki Taizu 11 years, four sons Defang 3 years old. Even Kuangyin died a few years later, we would not have survived the Later Zhou Chai Shizong 7-year-old orphan rudderless situation. Empress Du life wise, how can such an unwise move? Moreover, the "Pre-Golden League" is the accession to the throne five years later, Zhao Guangyi, Pu Zhao played only close the matter, published out. Why not Kuangyin death, dignified public out?
Forced to kill the eldest son of Zhao Dezhao Kuangyin (then already 30 years old), Kuangyin son Zhaode Fang (then only 23 years old) died after mysteriously sudden attack of a serious illness. Kuangyin's widow after his death, Zhao Guangyi not made by Queen's ceremonial funeral. These are accidental?
This just shows: Zhao Gou acknowledged the sins of their ancestors, but also to the death of Kuangyin a basic answer.
Kuangyin ascended the throne though, but he did not sit back and relax. Through this mutiny, he profoundly aware that the generals who stand in the waste emperor, regime change has a very large energy. Yes ah, since he can be the identity and strength of military officers to overthrow the monarch, the other generals are not the same way can also be used to overthrow him? Think of this, he shivers. In particular, made him feel threatened, they hold some high prestige heavily in general, in order to take preventive measures, Kuangyin must take into account their surgery.
First, the abolition of the front of the temple all point Taizu check post, and then they directed a "杯酒释兵权" of comedy. Day will be Dan Shouxin so too were called imperial guards came to the garden, Taejo hosted treatment. Wine had gone round three, Taejo pretended worried look like, spoke and said: "I am not relying on your efforts, can not get this far, but the emperor is too difficult to do, it is better to do Jiedushi happy, I'm afraid the whole night peace of one's clothes ah! "Dan Shouxin so hurriedly asked why, the Taizu said:" It is not difficult to know, who do not want emperor? "Dan Shouxin other one, terrified, have to declare:" The Majesty of yore Today, life has been set, who would dare have different heart. "" Nay! "Taejo flatly said," Although the same mind you, but if you wish of rich men, once to increase your body of a yellow robe, though you do not want to do the emperor, can do it? "captains an all scared leave kowtow to request instructions Taizu a" path to health. " Taizu only show their true meaning: "Life is like a fleeting, those who seek wealth, but would like to plot money, lots of entertainment, so that children from poor only. You better off our military power, the Code places the U.S. side to buy more farmland house, for the child Sun Liyong immovable industries, while many children buy songs dancer, day and night drinking with Huan, to eternal years. I then became marital home with you, between the monarch and his subjects, the two no doubt, from top to bottom Xiang An, Is not it? "and subordinates understand the meaning of Taizu, worshiped together, said:" His Majesty concern Chendeng are really a life and death and Rougu ah! "the next day and call the disease level. Too Zuda Xi, arrange for them to do the local military commissioner. Kuangyin a few glasses of wine, easy solution to the general issue of special military power, known as "the use of the highest political art" and a much-told story through the ages.
Since the middle of the Tang dynasty, formed a local military governors too much power situation, they often separatist party, and even armed rebellion, pose a serious threat to the court. After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, according to Prime Minister Pu Zhao Kuangyin's "deprived of their right to control his or her Zenitani to close its elite troops," the 12-character principle, respectively, from political power, financial power, to weaken the armed forces of these three aspects of military governors in order to achieve strong weak branch, the highest purpose of re-taking charge of light.
Taizu deprived of power by military governors, the suppression of the Takeomi changed the disparate administrative regions during the Five Dynasties, the court few weak, Taketo despotic, civil officials have no right conditions, to improve the central authority. In the central interior, then proceed to split Zaichen Taizu power set for the prime minister Kim Shenzhizhengshi to disperse power and Qianche prime minister, prime minister and Shenzhizhengshi collectively referred to as the ruling, while the military attributed to the Privy Council, the Executive called the senator so, the Privy Council with the power collectively, the "Second House", the financial authorities also attributed to the three Secretaries, the Executive asked the treasury, known as "the total phase," the status of these three are almost all directly under the emperor. Phase right through the division of the right post to prevent the Minister of the situation, Taizu once outspoken face of Prime Minister Pu Zhao said: "The national issues is not your scholars say goes." Sovereign dictatorship on Song has been unprecedented consolidation and strengthened. These measures to end the disparate administrative regions since the mid-Tang Dynasty situation, safeguarding national unity, promoting social and economic development, but these measures also has enabled officials to increase spending increase, the power to suppress each other, weakening the local power plant a future of poverty and weak seed.
【3, diplomatic】
Snow Interview putu (Ming Liu Jun) painted
Pu Zhao asked: "cold night, the Majesty out why?"
Kuangyin deliberately said: "I would like to attack the North Chinese capital Taiyuan."
Pu Zhao analyzed: North of the Han Khitan as backup, attack of the detrimental, even destruction of the northern Chinese, but also bear the Khitan strong pressure alone, we had better save the Northern Han Dynasty, the Khitan barrier that shielded focus off the south Jian States, and then special forces north.
Conduit years (964 years) in November the first two days, Kuangyin send 50,000 soldiers (some say 60,000), Shu attack two routes: to make Wangquan Bin, Yan Cui Jin Feng State Road Nishikawa line pipe and vice are deployed, Ren-age support for the are monitoring, rate Road Buji 30,000 wind state (now the Northeast of hazard), south along the Jialing River; that Liu Guangyi is owned by the state road deputy are deployed, Bin Cao to have supervision, rates of return Road Buji 20000 State (now the Zigui), up river. Two minutes into the attack, directed at Chengdu. Down to Zhaoyan Tao Shu Kuangyin use of information provided there for Sichuan Jialing River, the Yangtze River Zhi Guan North and South, East and West of the terrain features and Shu Army defense on the weakness of insufficient strength to take the East, North 2 Road and along the Yangtze River and Jialing River sub-coordinated attack on the deployment. Liu Guangyi at the Country Life, River fortification against the Shu Army locks, water land weak strong case, timely care boat landing, the first to win both sides, then land and water meet, Shu Army broke through the defense organized by the use Fuliang points, then drive straight along the Yangtze River . North Lord Wang Quanbin good at winding, pincer, to avoid strong attack flaw, quickly captured the state interest. Also with Jones out to the enemy, which can quickly break through jiange Xianai, in cooperation with the encroaching Chengdu Eastern Group. Conduit seventh day the first month for three years, Meng Chang saw the hopeless situation, give the city down, Shu death.
(D) North levy fails
In that year, Southern Han in Guangzhou as the center, separatist South Guangdong and Guangxi regions have 60 years. Shu Song put down after Pamela had already took it and so will the Southern Song Han's Chenzhou, the formation of a good offensive posture.
(F) to conquer South
November 27, not surrender in the case of Li Yu, Song general attack, breaking the city of Nanking, Li Yu made a prisoner.
Brought in is a very aspiring emperor, the year of one morning, Wen Wu Dachen have a month to report their work, and then retreated Dianwai. Will finally be old prime minister Later Zhou Fan is quality, he is still prime minister. When going out of range of quality doors of the house when suddenly sent a message to send Taizu,
It turned out the status of prime minister in ancient China is very high, you can sit and say the emperor. It is often said the prime minister is a man under 10 000 people over the guan'er, is the emperor of the prime minister is very respected, they have to gift one-third. Therefore, when the procedure towards a monarch and his subjects, the prime minister can sit with the emperor to speak, while other officials could only stand.
Taizu Story 3
Another time, Kuangyin ride the eviction. After a large bridges, he suddenly flew a Lengjian, shot in the Huanglong flag. Guards are alarmed, but Paizhaoxiongtang Taizu said: "Thank you arrows that he taught me." Hunt archery Imperial Guard who are not allowed. It came also all right.
Empress
Takaaki Queen Song
Second son Zhaode Zhao, Yan Yi Wang, whose nine generation descendant of the Song Lizong Zhao Yun.
Female
John Princess, premature death
Chen Tai Princess, Princess Yongqing Feng, Jin Feng Guo princess. Change Qiguo Gong master. Xu Guo Jin Long Princess. Princess bestowed great length. Dae Jang Feng Chen to change the princess. Dae Jang Ji virtuous emperor changed.
Palace of Mystery, mystery heavy failed critical keepers of the future generations, can only touch the pile of paper in it, "the fox tail." Wily Zhao Guangyi how can hide from them too hard to cross-examine it? Said he was "kleptocrats" naturally there was some truth.
Kuangyin often praise on the side of Elegance Zhao Kuang Yi wrote: I am the brother, born when and not as other men, carefully look at his Dragon Tiger step, majestic, the future emperor will be peaceful. Even modestly said: "Ford Wusuo less." How the emperor? "Top leaders" gave the "second in command" flattering! Suspicion that the world is energetic, the Kuangyin see and hear better, even overnight, violent death? Hey a man, why did no out?
Second, "Taejo Record" suddenly cropped up so-called "pre-Golden League," Zhao Guangyi usurping the political basis of wavering, dubious, improbable.
Think about it, who is willing to "You work, I am assured," the "imperial sword" into the armpits in Tibet? Interestingly, "Taejo Record" for the first time when editing, actually did not do this record major events. "Sung" trafficking "Pre-Golden League", is later added to the list.
Third, can not wait to change the era name, a great suspicion of a fait accompli.
Fourth, Zhao Guangyi cut off future trouble, the "Pre-Golden League" covered successors caught.
The results, Chao Ting-America was banished to house the state, depression and finally, 38 years old; Zhao Dezhao forced to commit suicide, the age of 30; Zhao Defang the same as the dad, too sudden attack of a serious illness unclear died at the age of 23 years old ... ...
Yellow River near the north, the flames burning Kyushu. Wan Li Shan Piao Xu, smoke signals end?
Leave purposes Guo, destroy Shu, Ping Southern Tang. Monarch and his subjects trick, ambition complex Tang.
【Brought in snacks and were "big Jiu Jia"】
Later, the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty Kuangyin do, think of a war and this cake surname, said: "That labor on pommel horse, War of the disease, thanks to this cake from Jiujia." This cake was sent for a " Big Jiu Jia. "
| 北宋趙匡胤 Zhao Kuangyin (960年～976年) | 後一君主 >>: 太宗 至仁應道神功聖德文武睿烈大明廣孝皇帝 趙光義 |