| 名： | 風裏希 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
女媧娘娘，鳳姓，生於成紀，一說她的名字為 風裏希 （可能是鳳裏犧）。傳說中人類始祖，人類為她和其兄 伏羲 的後代。又傳說她以黃土造人，煉五色石補天，折鱉足撐四極，平洪水殺猛獸，人類始得以安居。
傳說她是人首蛇身，在 中國神話 中，她用泥土創造了人類，後來 水神 共工 和 火神祝融 打仗，共工被祝融打敗了，他氣得用頭去撞西方的世界支柱 不周山 ，導致天塌陷，天河之水註入人間。女媧不忍人類受災，於是煉出 五色石補好天空。 除此之外，女媧還創造了 瑟 這樣樂器。另外，女媧在死後，她的腸化作了十個神人，到了西方的大荒廣粟之野守護去了。一說女媧後來升天，由 白螭 和 騰蛇 保護著去了天宮。神話中說伏羲和女媧是兄妹，同時也是夫妻。在中國的 圖騰 上更有女媧和 伏羲 交合的圖像。在中國南部的 苗族 等 民族 尊其為大神，並建有 廟宇 供奉。
女媧氏故事新解
女媧氏又稱女陰、皇母、媧皇、高媒、神媒、女媧娘娘、女胥氏、女希、風裏希（或為鳳裏犧），風姓，一說雲姓。最早記載女媧氏事跡的是《列子》和《淮南子》兩書，其中《淮南子》比較完整地記載了女媧氏整理天地的偉大事業，包括煉五色石以補蒼天、斷鰲足以立四極、殺黑竜以濟冀州、積蘆灰以止淫水四個部分；《風俗通》記載了當時民間傳說的女媧氏摶土作人和製定婚嫁制度的故事；《世本》還記載了女媧氏發明笙簧（中國傳統的吹奏樂器）的傳說事跡（見引文之五）。此外，在古籍記載和民間傳說中還有伏羲女媧兄妹成婚而為人類始祖故事的不同版本。
關於對“女媧氏”名號的解釋，古人大多認為女媧氏是一個女聖人。從字面上看，“女媧氏”一詞中的關鍵字“媧”字與女媧氏的各種傳說故事無關，很像“堯、舜、禹”等字，是專門表示某個聖人的人名用字。
其實“媧”字的讀音實質上說明了女媧氏的事跡。“媧”字讀音模擬的是勺子在鍋底摩擦颳過時發出的“嘎嘎”聲，媧讀wā，嘎讀gā，讀音相近。媧的本字應該是“咼”。“咼”字有多個讀音，讀wāi時表示“歪斜”之意；讀hé時古文同“禾”；讀wǒ時表示“斜垂”之意；讀wā時則是一個古國名；讀guǎ時古文同“剮”；讀guō時表示一個姓氏。其實這幾個讀音都非常接近，除用作國名和姓氏兩個義項處，其餘各個義項可以綜合為一種器物名稱，這種器物經常被歪斜，被剮而發出“嘎嘎”聲，並且與禾有關，說明它是古代一種用來燒煮食物的“鍋”。《集韻》稱“咼或作鬲”。“鬲”也有多個讀音，讀gé時表明一個古國名，或者通“膈”通“槅”通“隔”；讀lì時表示古代一種炊器，用於燒煮或烹炒的鍋，類似於鼎。可見 “咼、鬲”二字原本表示的是同一種器物，衹是前者是從主觀功用角度來描述，後者則從客觀形狀角度來描述。古代煮飯用的炊器。新石器時代已有的陶鬲，其形狀類似於行軍鍋，口沿外傾，有三個中空的足，便於炊煮加熱。由於三個足中空，燒煮的食物也會存在足中，要把這部分食物盛出來，就必須把陶鬲傾斜，再用勺子盛出來，因此傾斜和剮（即颳，用勺颳盛流質食物）兩個動作完全表示了陶鬲的功用。從“鬲”通“膈”通“隔”方面來分析，鬲的得名源於它起得了分隔食物與火的作用。
生火做飯嚮來是女人的事情，古人記錄到女媧氏時，因此在“咼”字上配上一個女字符號而造出“媧 ”字，其實正是家庭主婦的形象。在甘肅、青海一帶的彩陶上經常出“蛙”紋圖案，有人認為代表的是能夠保佑人類戰勝洪水的神蛙，有人認為是神人，還有人認為是蹲在地上吃飯的人的形象，其實“蛙”紋其實是繪畫人藉青蛙的呱呱叫聲為符號，配在用來加工燒煮食物的陶器上，用以表示吃飽喝足的美好願望。同理，彩陶上出現現大鯢圖案上是藉其哇哇叫聲為聲符，祈盼着能夠吃飽肚子，大鯢俗稱娃娃魚，因其叫聲類似於嬰兒的哇哇哭聲而得名。青蛙和大鯢同為水陸兩棲動物，多生活在水邊，而用陶器燒煮食物也離不開水，藉為聲符表示有食物可吃是很通俗易懂的。彩陶上還常有一種渦紋，同樣是藉渦形為聲符的體現。
陶器是新石器時代的標志之一。中國的陶器是在伏羲氏時代未期，古人在葫蘆底部塗泥防火以便燒煮食物的過程中發明了陶器，而歷史傳說則暗示女媧氏時代緊接伏羲氏時代，說明女媧氏時代其實正是以陶咼或陶鬲為代表的陶器時代。與燒烤相比，陶製炊器燒煮食物更加方便和有效，而且，燒烤衹能用於較大塊食物，如肉塊或植物塊根堅果之類，而燒煮則可以用於小顆粒的植物種子，因而大大提高了進食速度，從而節省更多時間，其帶來的便利和利益可以說是無與倫比的。一般植物種子顆粒都很小，雖然含有高能量的澱粉物質，但如果生吃必須一粒粒嚼碎，否則就會穿腸而過，而一粒粒嚼碎諸如𠔌粒之類的種子，幾乎一整天也吃不飽肚皮。煮熟之後就大不同了，衹要吃進肚子裏就能消化吸收，燒煮技術因此大大擴展了人們的食物來源。乾燥的植物種子較獵物和果實更耐長期貯存，古人們因此可以大量採集貯存適於食用的植物種子，在食物匱乏的鼕季也不必再四處尋食了，為最終定居生活奠定了基礎。所以，陶製炊器的發明是人類飲食技術的革命性飛躍。
由於陶器主要是家庭主婦們使用，所以在陶器出現的初期，陶器的燒製主要由家庭主婦們完成，並在製作過程中提高技藝，改進陶器。原始陶器非常簡陋，功用單一，大致就是一個陶鉢，以後在鉢體下面加上三個中空的足，而變成陶鬲。陶鬲的三個足類似於羊下垂的乳房，中間是空的，現代科學分析認為這樣可以增加受熱面積，縮短燒煮時間。其實古人並不一定這樣想，而是認為鬲中燒煮而成的食物是流質的，與乳汁一樣能夠滋養生命，那麽給它加上乳房的形象，應該能夠燒煮出更有營養的食物。另外，用陶鉢燒煮食物需要支撐起來，比較費事，給陶鉢上加上實心的陶足，粗了不容易燒製成陶，細了則容易折斷，製成空心則比較好地兼顧了兩方面的考慮。隨着製陶技藝的提高，古人又為陶器找到了更多的功用，如適用貯存不同食物、口糧和飲水的陶器。用陶器貯存同樣意義重大。老鼠天性伴隨着人類生活，偷食人們的口糧和飲水，老鼠善於嚙咬，一般器物都脫不了被老鼠咬壞的命運，但老鼠對陶器無能為力。所以用陶器貯存東西能有效避免鼠害。因此可以說，陶器的使用和發展推動了中華史前文明的一次巨大進步，女媧氏正是這個時代的象徵。
家庭的出現是成年男女共同撫育兒女的需要，成年男女結為夫妻組成家庭才能更有效地把兒女撫育成人。妻子由於一邊要經常給幼兒喂奶，一邊照顧較大的孩子，行動很不方便，尋找食物和飲水的能力受到很大限製，因此要經常性地靠丈夫提供飲食。陶器出現以後，妻子可以一邊照料孩子，一邊準備飲食，也就是主內；丈夫則可以安心為養傢糊口而奮鬥，即主外。這樣全家人就可以同吃同住，共同生活，家庭因此更加穩定。這應該是女媧氏製定婚嫁制度傳說的故事內核所在。另一方面，相對於男性來說，女性對愛情更加專一和專註，所以已婚女性的爭風吃醋現象是很厲害的，女性最不能容忍的事情之一就是丈夫四處沾花惹草。女性的這些心理特點决定了她們更加註意家庭的穩定，可見，古人把製定婚嫁制度功跡記在偉大女性女媧氏名下，是非常有道理的。
女人生孩子做母親，女人用泥土製作陶器。在古人看來，當初沒有人類，衹有一個偉大女性女媧氏一人的時候，她不可能通過婚配的方式化生人類，那麽她就衹有摶土作人了。這其實遠比《聖經》中上帝創造亞當和夏娃的故事更合乎“萬物皆由母生”的情理。
生火做飯免不了要嚮火堆吹氣，以便吹起火苗。可以合理設想，為了防止燒傷和便於操作，古人會設法用骨管竹管之類嚮火堆吹氣，由些會註意到可以吹出響聲。那麽由此發明吹奏樂器，也是合情合理的。女媧氏時代初期，生活艱難，人們很少有閑暇時間專註於發明那些對提高生存技能價值不大的東西，衹有發現吹管出音的現象，並在經常的操作中有意無意地改進，最終發明出吹管樂器。笙簧是一種組合式吹管樂器，古人把它的發明歸功於家庭主婦的代表女媧氏並無不妥。
女媧氏整理天地的故事神話色彩濃重，但我們不妨把它們看做是華夏先民挑戰大自然的幻想，意味着華夏先民對自己的力量有了新的認識，對大自然不再甘心逆來順受。首先，古人可能認為淫雨不止是天上出現漏洞所致，而補衣服、用陶器燒煮食物都是女人的專職，那麽煉五色石補天的事業也衹能由女性神人承擔。既然補天是整理天地的第一步，那麽接下來的其餘過程也自然非女媧氏莫屬。鰲足短重心低，支撐身體最穩定，斷鰲足以立四極自然最為有效。竜是駕馭風雲四處播灑雨水的神物，在中華大地上，一般由北方向南運動的雲呈墨黑色而且多帶來強降雨，黑竜就是其主宰，為了進一步預防暴雨成災，那麽殺黑竜以濟冀州也就盡在情理之中了。俗話說“九麯黃河萬裏沙”，由於泥沙多，黃河下遊經常改道，在華北平原上擺來擺去，使得遠古時期的華北平原沼澤遍布。蘆葦是北方地區唯一的濕生高大草類，生長在沼澤淺水區和沿岸，層層疊疊地把沼澤圍得嚴嚴實實。黃河下遊是華夏先民主要生活區域之一，為改善居住環境或圍捕獵物，華夏先民們會放火燒掉蘆葦，並修渠導水排水，最終把一些水淺的沼澤改造為旱地。積蘆灰以止淫水正是這一過程的簡要說明。
至於伏羲女媧兄妹成婚而為人類始祖的故事，大致是遠古時期中華大地上某些局部區域遭遇洪水災害，劫後餘生的人們對洪水形成頗感恐懼的印象，口耳相傳留給後人，後來的古人便以此為起點，再揉合上伏羲女媧故事而成。類似傳說幾乎存在於全世界各民族之中，其實其中矛盾甚多，不可信以為真。
女媧氏時代承接以使用和開發葫蘆功用為主要內容的伏羲氏時代，在葫蘆的基礎上發明了陶器，並將陶器的製作和使用發揚光大，把古人的食物資源拓展到植物種子，並由陶器而大大改進了貯存技術，在更大程度上維持了定居生活，從此迎來了神農氏時代曙光。有人據此認為，中華遠古時期存在母係社會。其實更準確地說，女媧氏時代是女性主導人類生存技術進步的時代。
In fact, "Wa" pronunciation of the word essentially describes the story of Nu Wa's. "Wa", the pronunciation modeling is the spoon in the bottom of the pot when the issue of friction scratched a "quack" sound, Wa read wā, Ga read gā, similar pronunciation. Wa of the word should be "Guo." "Guo" words have more than one pronunciation, reading wāi that "skew" meaning; read hé classics when the "rice"; read wǒ that the "oblique vertical" meaning; read wā is an ancient name of the time; read guǎ when the classical with the "cut"; read guō that a family name. In fact, the pronunciation is very close to these, except for country names and surnames of two meanings of office, the various meanings of the rest can be integrated as a kind of utensils, such objects are often skewed, to be cut while the issue of "quack" sound, and with Wo related, indicating that it is an ancient Chinese used to cook food, "pot." "Set Dance" called "Guo or for Ge." "Ge" is also more pronounced in gé an ancient time that name, or through "diaphragm" links "Ge" links "across"; read lì said an ancient Chinese cooking, used for cooking or Pengchao pot similar to the tripod. Can be seen, "Guo, Ge", said the original word is the same artifacts, but the former is described from a subjective point of view function, which from an objective point of view to describe the shape. Ancient cooking with the Cooking. Pottery Neolithic already, its shape is similar to march pot rim extraversion, there are three hollow of the foot, easy cooking heat. The three feet of hollow, there will be cooking the food enough, we must take this part of the foods containing them, it must be tilted Pottery, and then spoon containing them, so tilt and cut (ie, scraping, scraping with a spoon containing liquid food), said the two actions completely the function of Pottery. From the "Ge" links "diaphragm" links "repeat" of analysis, the Ge of the name separated from it have, and the role of food and fire.
Neolithic pottery is one of the signs. China's pottery is not of age in the Fu Xi, ancient mud coated the bottom of the gourd fire to cook food in the process of the invention of pottery, and historical legends are implied immediately Fu Xi Nu Wa's era era era actually shows Nvwa It is with Tao Ge Tao Guo or times as the representative of the pottery. Compared with the barbecue, clay Cooking cook food more convenient and effective, and can only be used for larger pieces of grilled food, such as pieces like nuts or plant roots, while cooking, you can plant for small particles seeds, which greatly increased the speed of eating, thus saving more time, it brings the convenience and interests can be said is unmatched. Seed particles are generally small, although the starch material containing high-energy, but if eaten raw must be chewed and capsules, or it will wear off intestinal and, while capsules and crushing the seeds and the like, such as grain, almost Belly enough to eat all day. Cooked after big difference, as long as they eat it can absorb, cooking technology has greatly expanded the people's food sources. Dry seeds and fruits are more resistant than the game long-term storage, the ancient people so you can store a large number of collected seeds suitable for consumption, food scarcity in winter are no longer around wandering across the frozen, and for the final settlement laid the foundation of life. Therefore, the invention of pottery Cooking is a revolutionary leap in technology, the human diet.
Because pottery is mainly housewives to use, so there's early pottery, pottery firing primarily by housewives completed and the production process to improve skills, improve pottery. Primitive pottery is very simple, single function, generally is a Tao Bo, after the mortar by adding three hollow foot, but instead Pottery. Pottery similar to sheep in three foot drooping breasts, the middle is empty, modern scientific analysis that this would increase the heating area, shorten the cooking time. In fact, the ancients did not necessarily think so, but that Ge formed in the cooked food is fluid, and milk to nourish the life of the same, then add to it the image of the breast should be able to cook a more nutritious food. In addition, cooking food needs support with Taobo up more trouble, adding the solid to the Tao Bo Tao foot, firing into the thick of the pottery is not easy, small a is easily broken, hollow is made of better balance between the two considerations. With the improvement of ceramic art, ancient Chinese pottery to find more for the function, if applicable, the storage of different food rations and drinking water pottery. Pottery store with the same significance. Mouse-day partner with the human life, stealing people's food rations and water, rats good bite, objects are generally not bitten off a bad fate, but rats do anything on the pottery. So what can be stored with the pottery to avoid rodents. It can be said to promote the use and development of pottery of the Chinese civilization, a prehistoric great progress, and Nu Wa's is the symbolic of this era.
The emergence of the family is the common men and women need to care for children, adult men and women married to a family bringing up children more effectively to adults. Because while his wife often to nurse her child to one side to take care of the older kids, very easy operation, the ability to find food and water are very limited, and therefore regularly by her husband to provide food. After the pottery there, while his wife can take care of children while preparing food, that is the Lord; husband struggle to feed their families can rest assured that the main outside. Room and board so the whole family can be together, family, therefore more stable. This should be the legend of Nu Wa's development of marriage system, where the story of the kernel. On the other hand, compared to men, women love a more specific and focused, so the phenomenon of married women's jealousy is a powerful, female is one of the most intolerable thing around philandering husband. These psychological characteristics of women decided they pay more attention to family stability, shows that the ancients to develop successful track record in the marriage system of the great female Goddess's name, is very much justified.
Woman, children and mothers, women making clay pottery. In the ancient view, had no human, only one of the great Goddess of women's one, she can not marry the way through metaplasia of human, then the soil becomes someone she had only Tuan. This is in fact than the "Holy Bible" God created Adam and Eve story is more in line with "Everything is born of" the reasonable.
Nu Wa's finishing a strong sense of world stories of myth, but we take them as is the Chinese ancestors challenge the illusion of nature, which means the strength of their Chinese ancestors have a new understanding of nature is no longer willing submissive . First of all, the ancients might think Yin Yu not only due to a loophole in the sky, but up clothes, cooking food is a woman with pottery full-time, then mixing the Sky colored stone only by women, the cause of God alone. The Sky is the order of heaven and earth as the first step, then the rest of the next process is none other than the natural non-Nu Wa's. Ao foot short center of gravity low, supporting the body's most stable enough to stand off Ao quadrupole natural most effective. The dragon is spraying water to control the Religious artifacts situation around, the land of China, generally from north to south movement of the clouds were black ink and bring more heavy rain, Black Dragon is the master, in order to prevent further heavy rains, then kill Black Dragon to the economy is rational Jizhou also do. As the saying goes, "nine of the Yellow River Miles of sand", because mud more often diverted the Yellow River, the North China Plain to the pendulum to swing so that ancient North China Plain swamps. Reed is the only wetland in northern tall grass, grows in swamps and shallow water along the coast, layer upon layer in the swamps around herself tightly. Yellow River is the Chinese ancestors one of the main living areas, in order to improve the living environment or round up the prey, Chinese ancestors who would set fire to the reed, and water drainage pipes and drainage lead eventually to a number of shallow marsh to dry land reform. Lu gray plot to stop sexual secretion is a brief description of the process.
The Fu Xi Nu Wa brother and sister married and the story of human ancestors, largely on the ancient land of China suffered flooding in some local areas, the surviving people in fear on the flood quite the impression, left to later generations through word of mouth, Later, the ancients would use this as a starting point, and then combines the story of Fu Xi and Nu Wa made. Similar legend exists in almost among all the nations around the world, in fact, many of which conflict can not be true.