| 名： | 风里希 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
女娲娘娘，凤姓，生于成纪，一说她的名字为 风里希 （可能是凤里牺）。传说中人类始祖，人类为她和其兄 伏羲 的后代。又传说她以黄土造人，炼五色石补天，折鳖足撑四极，平洪水杀猛兽，人类始得以安居。
传说她是人首蛇身，在 中国神话 中，她用泥土创造了人类，后来 水神 共工 和 火神祝融 打仗，共工被祝融打败了，他气得用头去撞西方的世界支柱 不周山 ，导致天塌陷，天河之水注入人间。女娲不忍人类受灾，于是炼出 五色石补好天空。 除此之外，女娲还创造了 瑟 这样乐器。另外，女娲在死后，她的肠化作了十个神人，到了西方的大荒广粟之野守护去了。一说女娲后来升天，由 白螭 和 腾蛇 保护著去了天宫。神话中说伏羲和女娲是兄妹，同时也是夫妻。在中国的 图腾 上更有女娲和 伏羲 交合的图像。在中国南部的 苗族 等 民族 尊其为大神，并建有 庙宇 供奉。
女娲氏故事新解
女娲氏又称女阴、皇母、娲皇、高媒、神媒、女娲娘娘、女胥氏、女希、风里希（或为凤里牺），风姓，一说云姓。最早记载女娲氏事迹的是《列子》和《淮南子》两书，其中《淮南子》比较完整地记载了女娲氏整理天地的伟大事业，包括炼五色石以补苍天、断鳌足以立四极、杀黑龙以济冀州、积芦灰以止淫水四个部分；《风俗通》记载了当时民间传说的女娲氏抟土作人和制定婚嫁制度的故事；《世本》还记载了女娲氏发明笙簧（中国传统的吹奏乐器）的传说事迹（见引文之五）。此外，在古籍记载和民间传说中还有伏羲女娲兄妹成婚而为人类始祖故事的不同版本。
关于对“女娲氏”名号的解释，古人大多认为女娲氏是一个女圣人。从字面上看，“女娲氏”一词中的关键字“娲”字与女娲氏的各种传说故事无关，很像“尧、舜、禹”等字，是专门表示某个圣人的人名用字。
其实“娲”字的读音实质上说明了女娲氏的事迹。“娲”字读音模拟的是勺子在锅底摩擦刮过时发出的“嘎嘎”声，娲读wā，嘎读gā，读音相近。娲的本字应该是“呙”。“呙”字有多个读音，读wāi时表示“歪斜”之意；读hé时古文同“禾”；读wǒ时表示“斜垂”之意；读wā时则是一个古国名；读guǎ时古文同“剐”；读guō时表示一个姓氏。其实这几个读音都非常接近，除用作国名和姓氏两个义项处，其余各个义项可以综合为一种器物名称，这种器物经常被歪斜，被剐而发出“嘎嘎”声，并且与禾有关，说明它是古代一种用来烧煮食物的“锅”。《集韵》称“呙或作鬲”。“鬲”也有多个读音，读gé时表明一个古国名，或者通“膈”通“槅”通“隔”；读lì时表示古代一种炊器，用于烧煮或烹炒的锅，类似于鼎。可见 “呙、鬲”二字原本表示的是同一种器物，只是前者是从主观功用角度来描述，后者则从客观形状角度来描述。古代煮饭用的炊器。新石器时代已有的陶鬲，其形状类似于行军锅，口沿外倾，有三个中空的足，便于炊煮加热。由于三个足中空，烧煮的食物也会存在足中，要把这部分食物盛出来，就必须把陶鬲倾斜，再用勺子盛出来，因此倾斜和剐（即刮，用勺刮盛流质食物）两个动作完全表示了陶鬲的功用。从“鬲”通“膈”通“隔”方面来分析，鬲的得名源于它起得了分隔食物与火的作用。
生火做饭向来是女人的事情，古人记录到女娲氏时，因此在“呙”字上配上一个女字符号而造出“娲 ”字，其实正是家庭主妇的形象。在甘肃、青海一带的彩陶上经常出“蛙”纹图案，有人认为代表的是能够保佑人类战胜洪水的神蛙，有人认为是神人，还有人认为是蹲在地上吃饭的人的形象，其实“蛙”纹其实是绘画人借青蛙的呱呱叫声为符号，配在用来加工烧煮食物的陶器上，用以表示吃饱喝足的美好愿望。同理，彩陶上出现现大鲵图案上是借其哇哇叫声为声符，祈盼着能够吃饱肚子，大鲵俗称娃娃鱼，因其叫声类似于婴儿的哇哇哭声而得名。青蛙和大鲵同为水陆两栖动物，多生活在水边，而用陶器烧煮食物也离不开水，借为声符表示有食物可吃是很通俗易懂的。彩陶上还常有一种涡纹，同样是借涡形为声符的体现。
陶器是新石器时代的标志之一。中国的陶器是在伏羲氏时代未期，古人在葫芦底部涂泥防火以便烧煮食物的过程中发明了陶器，而历史传说则暗示女娲氏时代紧接伏羲氏时代，说明女娲氏时代其实正是以陶呙或陶鬲为代表的陶器时代。与烧烤相比，陶制炊器烧煮食物更加方便和有效，而且，烧烤只能用于较大块食物，如肉块或植物块根坚果之类，而烧煮则可以用于小颗粒的植物种子，因而大大提高了进食速度，从而节省更多时间，其带来的便利和利益可以说是无与伦比的。一般植物种子颗粒都很小，虽然含有高能量的淀粉物质，但如果生吃必须一粒粒嚼碎，否则就会穿肠而过，而一粒粒嚼碎诸如谷粒之类的种子，几乎一整天也吃不饱肚皮。煮熟之后就大不同了，只要吃进肚子里就能消化吸收，烧煮技术因此大大扩展了人们的食物来源。干燥的植物种子较猎物和果实更耐长期贮存，古人们因此可以大量采集贮存适于食用的植物种子，在食物匮乏的冬季也不必再四处寻食了，为最终定居生活奠定了基础。所以，陶制炊器的发明是人类饮食技术的革命性飞跃。
由于陶器主要是家庭主妇们使用，所以在陶器出现的初期，陶器的烧制主要由家庭主妇们完成，并在制作过程中提高技艺，改进陶器。原始陶器非常简陋，功用单一，大致就是一个陶钵，以后在钵体下面加上三个中空的足，而变成陶鬲。陶鬲的三个足类似于羊下垂的乳房，中间是空的，现代科学分析认为这样可以增加受热面积，缩短烧煮时间。其实古人并不一定这样想，而是认为鬲中烧煮而成的食物是流质的，与乳汁一样能够滋养生命，那么给它加上乳房的形象，应该能够烧煮出更有营养的食物。另外，用陶钵烧煮食物需要支撑起来，比较费事，给陶钵上加上实心的陶足，粗了不容易烧制成陶，细了则容易折断，制成空心则比较好地兼顾了两方面的考虑。随着制陶技艺的提高，古人又为陶器找到了更多的功用，如适用贮存不同食物、口粮和饮水的陶器。用陶器贮存同样意义重大。老鼠天性伴随着人类生活，偷食人们的口粮和饮水，老鼠善于啮咬，一般器物都脱不了被老鼠咬坏的命运，但老鼠对陶器无能为力。所以用陶器贮存东西能有效避免鼠害。因此可以说，陶器的使用和发展推动了中华史前文明的一次巨大进步，女娲氏正是这个时代的象征。
家庭的出现是成年男女共同抚育儿女的需要，成年男女结为夫妻组成家庭才能更有效地把儿女抚育成人。妻子由于一边要经常给幼儿喂奶，一边照顾较大的孩子，行动很不方便，寻找食物和饮水的能力受到很大限制，因此要经常性地靠丈夫提供饮食。陶器出现以后，妻子可以一边照料孩子，一边准备饮食，也就是主内；丈夫则可以安心为养家糊口而奋斗，即主外。这样全家人就可以同吃同住，共同生活，家庭因此更加稳定。这应该是女娲氏制定婚嫁制度传说的故事内核所在。另一方面，相对于男性来说，女性对爱情更加专一和专注，所以已婚女性的争风吃醋现象是很厉害的，女性最不能容忍的事情之一就是丈夫四处沾花惹草。女性的这些心理特点决定了她们更加注意家庭的稳定，可见，古人把制定婚嫁制度功迹记在伟大女性女娲氏名下，是非常有道理的。
女人生孩子做母亲，女人用泥土制作陶器。在古人看来，当初没有人类，只有一个伟大女性女娲氏一人的时候，她不可能通过婚配的方式化生人类，那么她就只有抟土作人了。这其实远比《圣经》中上帝创造亚当和夏娃的故事更合乎“万物皆由母生”的情理。
生火做饭免不了要向火堆吹气，以便吹起火苗。可以合理设想，为了防止烧伤和便于操作，古人会设法用骨管竹管之类向火堆吹气，由些会注意到可以吹出响声。那么由此发明吹奏乐器，也是合情合理的。女娲氏时代初期，生活艰难，人们很少有闲暇时间专注于发明那些对提高生存技能价值不大的东西，只有发现吹管出音的现象，并在经常的操作中有意无意地改进，最终发明出吹管乐器。笙簧是一种组合式吹管乐器，古人把它的发明归功于家庭主妇的代表女娲氏并无不妥。
女娲氏整理天地的故事神话色彩浓重，但我们不妨把它们看做是华夏先民挑战大自然的幻想，意味着华夏先民对自己的力量有了新的认识，对大自然不再甘心逆来顺受。首先，古人可能认为淫雨不止是天上出现漏洞所致，而补衣服、用陶器烧煮食物都是女人的专职，那么炼五色石补天的事业也只能由女性神人承担。既然补天是整理天地的第一步，那么接下来的其余过程也自然非女娲氏莫属。鳌足短重心低，支撑身体最稳定，断鳌足以立四极自然最为有效。龙是驾驭风云四处播洒雨水的神物，在中华大地上，一般由北方向南运动的云呈墨黑色而且多带来强降雨，黑龙就是其主宰，为了进一步预防暴雨成灾，那么杀黑龙以济冀州也就尽在情理之中了。俗话说“九曲黄河万里沙”，由于泥沙多，黄河下游经常改道，在华北平原上摆来摆去，使得远古时期的华北平原沼泽遍布。芦苇是北方地区唯一的湿生高大草类，生长在沼泽浅水区和沿岸，层层叠叠地把沼泽围得严严实实。黄河下游是华夏先民主要生活区域之一，为改善居住环境或围捕猎物，华夏先民们会放火烧掉芦苇，并修渠导水排水，最终把一些水浅的沼泽改造为旱地。积芦灰以止淫水正是这一过程的简要说明。
至于伏羲女娲兄妹成婚而为人类始祖的故事，大致是远古时期中华大地上某些局部区域遭遇洪水灾害，劫后余生的人们对洪水形成颇感恐惧的印象，口耳相传留给后人，后来的古人便以此为起点，再揉合上伏羲女娲故事而成。类似传说几乎存在于全世界各民族之中，其实其中矛盾甚多，不可信以为真。
女娲氏时代承接以使用和开发葫芦功用为主要内容的伏羲氏时代，在葫芦的基础上发明了陶器，并将陶器的制作和使用发扬光大，把古人的食物资源拓展到植物种子，并由陶器而大大改进了贮存技术，在更大程度上维持了定居生活，从此迎来了神农氏时代曙光。有人据此认为，中华远古时期存在母系社会。其实更准确地说，女娲氏时代是女性主导人类生存技术进步的时代。
In fact, "Wa" pronunciation of the word essentially describes the story of Nu Wa's. "Wa", the pronunciation modeling is the spoon in the bottom of the pot when the issue of friction scratched a "quack" sound, Wa read wā, Ga read gā, similar pronunciation. Wa of the word should be "Guo." "Guo" words have more than one pronunciation, reading wāi that "skew" meaning; read hé classics when the "rice"; read wǒ that the "oblique vertical" meaning; read wā is an ancient name of the time; read guǎ when the classical with the "cut"; read guō that a family name. In fact, the pronunciation is very close to these, except for country names and surnames of two meanings of office, the various meanings of the rest can be integrated as a kind of utensils, such objects are often skewed, to be cut while the issue of "quack" sound, and with Wo related, indicating that it is an ancient Chinese used to cook food, "pot." "Set Dance" called "Guo or for Ge." "Ge" is also more pronounced in gé an ancient time that name, or through "diaphragm" links "Ge" links "across"; read lì said an ancient Chinese cooking, used for cooking or Pengchao pot similar to the tripod. Can be seen, "Guo, Ge", said the original word is the same artifacts, but the former is described from a subjective point of view function, which from an objective point of view to describe the shape. Ancient cooking with the Cooking. Pottery Neolithic already, its shape is similar to march pot rim extraversion, there are three hollow of the foot, easy cooking heat. The three feet of hollow, there will be cooking the food enough, we must take this part of the foods containing them, it must be tilted Pottery, and then spoon containing them, so tilt and cut (ie, scraping, scraping with a spoon containing liquid food), said the two actions completely the function of Pottery. From the "Ge" links "diaphragm" links "repeat" of analysis, the Ge of the name separated from it have, and the role of food and fire.
Neolithic pottery is one of the signs. China's pottery is not of age in the Fu Xi, ancient mud coated the bottom of the gourd fire to cook food in the process of the invention of pottery, and historical legends are implied immediately Fu Xi Nu Wa's era era era actually shows Nvwa It is with Tao Ge Tao Guo or times as the representative of the pottery. Compared with the barbecue, clay Cooking cook food more convenient and effective, and can only be used for larger pieces of grilled food, such as pieces like nuts or plant roots, while cooking, you can plant for small particles seeds, which greatly increased the speed of eating, thus saving more time, it brings the convenience and interests can be said is unmatched. Seed particles are generally small, although the starch material containing high-energy, but if eaten raw must be chewed and capsules, or it will wear off intestinal and, while capsules and crushing the seeds and the like, such as grain, almost Belly enough to eat all day. Cooked after big difference, as long as they eat it can absorb, cooking technology has greatly expanded the people's food sources. Dry seeds and fruits are more resistant than the game long-term storage, the ancient people so you can store a large number of collected seeds suitable for consumption, food scarcity in winter are no longer around wandering across the frozen, and for the final settlement laid the foundation of life. Therefore, the invention of pottery Cooking is a revolutionary leap in technology, the human diet.
Because pottery is mainly housewives to use, so there's early pottery, pottery firing primarily by housewives completed and the production process to improve skills, improve pottery. Primitive pottery is very simple, single function, generally is a Tao Bo, after the mortar by adding three hollow foot, but instead Pottery. Pottery similar to sheep in three foot drooping breasts, the middle is empty, modern scientific analysis that this would increase the heating area, shorten the cooking time. In fact, the ancients did not necessarily think so, but that Ge formed in the cooked food is fluid, and milk to nourish the life of the same, then add to it the image of the breast should be able to cook a more nutritious food. In addition, cooking food needs support with Taobo up more trouble, adding the solid to the Tao Bo Tao foot, firing into the thick of the pottery is not easy, small a is easily broken, hollow is made of better balance between the two considerations. With the improvement of ceramic art, ancient Chinese pottery to find more for the function, if applicable, the storage of different food rations and drinking water pottery. Pottery store with the same significance. Mouse-day partner with the human life, stealing people's food rations and water, rats good bite, objects are generally not bitten off a bad fate, but rats do anything on the pottery. So what can be stored with the pottery to avoid rodents. It can be said to promote the use and development of pottery of the Chinese civilization, a prehistoric great progress, and Nu Wa's is the symbolic of this era.
The emergence of the family is the common men and women need to care for children, adult men and women married to a family bringing up children more effectively to adults. Because while his wife often to nurse her child to one side to take care of the older kids, very easy operation, the ability to find food and water are very limited, and therefore regularly by her husband to provide food. After the pottery there, while his wife can take care of children while preparing food, that is the Lord; husband struggle to feed their families can rest assured that the main outside. Room and board so the whole family can be together, family, therefore more stable. This should be the legend of Nu Wa's development of marriage system, where the story of the kernel. On the other hand, compared to men, women love a more specific and focused, so the phenomenon of married women's jealousy is a powerful, female is one of the most intolerable thing around philandering husband. These psychological characteristics of women decided they pay more attention to family stability, shows that the ancients to develop successful track record in the marriage system of the great female Goddess's name, is very much justified.
Woman, children and mothers, women making clay pottery. In the ancient view, had no human, only one of the great Goddess of women's one, she can not marry the way through metaplasia of human, then the soil becomes someone she had only Tuan. This is in fact than the "Holy Bible" God created Adam and Eve story is more in line with "Everything is born of" the reasonable.
Nu Wa's finishing a strong sense of world stories of myth, but we take them as is the Chinese ancestors challenge the illusion of nature, which means the strength of their Chinese ancestors have a new understanding of nature is no longer willing submissive . First of all, the ancients might think Yin Yu not only due to a loophole in the sky, but up clothes, cooking food is a woman with pottery full-time, then mixing the Sky colored stone only by women, the cause of God alone. The Sky is the order of heaven and earth as the first step, then the rest of the next process is none other than the natural non-Nu Wa's. Ao foot short center of gravity low, supporting the body's most stable enough to stand off Ao quadrupole natural most effective. The dragon is spraying water to control the Religious artifacts situation around, the land of China, generally from north to south movement of the clouds were black ink and bring more heavy rain, Black Dragon is the master, in order to prevent further heavy rains, then kill Black Dragon to the economy is rational Jizhou also do. As the saying goes, "nine of the Yellow River Miles of sand", because mud more often diverted the Yellow River, the North China Plain to the pendulum to swing so that ancient North China Plain swamps. Reed is the only wetland in northern tall grass, grows in swamps and shallow water along the coast, layer upon layer in the swamps around herself tightly. Yellow River is the Chinese ancestors one of the main living areas, in order to improve the living environment or round up the prey, Chinese ancestors who would set fire to the reed, and water drainage pipes and drainage lead eventually to a number of shallow marsh to dry land reform. Lu gray plot to stop sexual secretion is a brief description of the process.
The Fu Xi Nu Wa brother and sister married and the story of human ancestors, largely on the ancient land of China suffered flooding in some local areas, the surviving people in fear on the flood quite the impression, left to later generations through word of mouth, Later, the ancients would use this as a starting point, and then combines the story of Fu Xi and Nu Wa made. Similar legend exists in almost among all the nations around the world, in fact, many of which conflict can not be true.