| 網筆號： | 睿聖文惠孝皇帝 | |||||||||
| 廟號： | 穆宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 光陵 | |||||||||
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【生平】
穆宗以前的唐朝諸帝多能將皇位傳給兒子，高宗（武則天）還有二子（即中宗和睿宗）即位做了皇帝，穆宗的父親憲宗另外也還有一個兒做了皇帝，即宣宗。穆宗以後的懿宗，有第五子即位為僖宗，第七子即位為昭宗。此前，睿宗的兒子當中，一位受命登基（唐玄宗），一位追認為帝（讓皇帝李憲），三位獲贈太子，已被舊史盛贊為“天與之報，福流無窮”。但穆宗一共有五子，其中竟然有三個做了皇帝，即唐敬宗、唐文宗、唐武宗，這在唐朝歷史上絶無僅有。由於每個兒子即位後都把各自的生母追尊為皇太後，所以穆宗先後有三個皇后和他配享太廟，這在唐朝歷史上也屬罕見。穆宗於長慶四年（824）正月死時，剛剛30歲，相對於他之前的唐朝皇帝來說，可謂最短壽的一位。這些情況透露出，在穆宗君臨天下時，唐朝的皇位繼承已發生了很大的變化，皇帝的人身安全也已變得毫無保障。所有這些似乎再次提示我們，穆宗時期的宮廷局勢已經難以用常規來審視了。
宮變奪位
穆宗出生前，其父憲宗已經有了長子李寧和次子李惲。排行老三的穆宗，卻有一個勢力強大的母親，那就是憲宗為廣陵王時於貞元九年（793）娶的妃子郭氏——對唐室有再造功績的尚父郭子儀的孫女。長子李寧的母親是宮人紀氏，次子李惲的母親竟沒有留下姓名，在這一情況下，究竟是選擇哪一位皇子，憲宗一直沒有拿定主意。事情一直拖到他登基四年以後，到元和四年（809）三月，憲宗心中漸漸地嚮長子傾斜了。此時的李寧已經17歲，平素喜歡讀書，舉止頗符合禮法，深受憲宗的喜愛。於是在大臣李絳建議早立儲君以杜絶姦人窺伺覬覦之心時，他宣佈了立長子為嗣君的决定。這次册立很費了一些波折，本來應該在春天舉行的册立儀式，由於連續遭遇大雨，使時間一改再改，一直拖到了孟鼕十月。這期間有多少來自穆宗母親郭氏的阻力，我們已經不得而知了。
接下來的事情使所有人都感到無奈。元和六年（811）十二月，剛剛做了兩年太子的李寧竟然在19歲的時候一病而死。憲宗悲痛欲絶，出乎意料地為他廢朝13日，並特別製訂了一套喪禮，加謚為“惠昭”。李寧的死，使憲宗不得不為選立繼承人再次陷入抉擇。
此時，宮廷內外幾乎都建議選立郭氏所生的皇三子李宥，最受皇帝恩寵的宦官吐突承璀則建議應當按照次序立次子李惲。憲宗也有意立次子，但是李惲因為母氏地位卑賤難以在朝廷上得到支持，而郭氏一係在朝野上下的勢力實在是太強大了。立三子宥的呼聲占據了上風，憲宗也徒無奈何，衹好請翰林學士崔群代次子惲起草了表示謙讓的奏表，於元和七年（812）七月下詔立李宥為太子，改名為李恆。十月，舉行了册立大典。
其實憲宗心裏對這位太子並不滿意，吐突承璀揣度皇帝的心意，也一直沒有放棄為李惲的經營。憲宗這次立儲事件，為穆宗日後的登基埋下了禍根，也為自己留下了禍患。
元和八年（813）十月，在剛剛册立新太子整一年的時候，擁立太子的朝廷官員又上表請求憲宗立郭氏為皇后。自玄宗以後，後宮活着被立為皇后的衹有肅宗的張皇后，那是因為她在平叛的特殊時期有特殊的功勞，憲宗將郭氏册立為貴妃已經是後宮最尊貴的角色，憲宗以種種藉口拒絶了此番動議。此事以後，郭貴妃在朝野內外，廣結黨羽，包括宦官中的厲害角色神策軍中尉梁守謙以及王守澄等人，他們暗中和吐突承璀等較量。
元和十四年底，憲宗因為服用方士柳泌的丹藥身體惡化，吐突承璀也就加緊了改立李惲的謀劃。太子李恆十分緊張，曾經問計於他的舅舅郭釗，時為司農卿的郭釗囑咐他，一定要盡“孝謹”之心，不要考慮其他的事。這說明他們已經做好了充分準備，就等着憲宗死了。元和十五年（820）正月二十七日，憲宗暴死，梁守謙、王守澄等人立即擁立太子即位，這就是唐穆宗。吐突承璀和皇次子李惲被這突如其來的政變殺了個措手不及，一起被送上了黃泉路。
穆宗位居儲君期間的惶恐不安，隨着成功登基也就煙消雲散了。他對扶植自己登基的一幹人等給予了不同的賞賜，特別是把生母郭貴妃册立為皇太後，以報答她多年來的辛苦經營。與此相對照，他對父皇的親信和寵臣則分別處以殺罰貶斥。正是所謂一朝天子一朝臣。
穆宗即位後，沒有忘記把犯有自己名諱的地名等統統改掉。像恆嶽（恆山）改為鎮嶽，恆州改為鎮州，定州的恆陽縣改為麯陽縣。就這樣，唐朝的又一代新君登基了。
遊樂無度
穆宗即位時已26歲。對於壯年登基的皇帝來說，如果想在政治上有一番作為，這正是一個使人欽慕的年齡，太宗就是29歲登基，玄宗則是28歲。如果想飽食終日、遊樂享受，那也是無人可以比擬的時候。穆宗沒有仿效太宗、玄宗的勵精圖治，而是縱情享樂，毫無節制。
尚在朝廷上為憲宗治喪期間，穆宗就毫不掩飾自己對遊樂的喜好。當元和十五年（820）五月憲宗葬於景陵以後，他越發顯得沒有節制。很快，他就帶着親信隨從狩獵取樂去了。到六月，皇太後郭氏移居南內興慶宮，穆宗就率領六宮侍從在興慶宮大擺宴筵。酒宴結束後，他又回幸神策右軍，對親信中尉和將領大加頒賜。鎏金刻人馬狩獵杯從這天起，穆宗每三日來神策左右軍一次，同時駕臨宸暉門、九仙門等處，目的是為了觀賞角抵、雜戲等表演。七月六日是穆宗的生日，他異想天開地製訂了一套慶祝儀式，衹是因為一些大臣提出自古以來還沒有這樣的做法，纔算作罷。他在宮裏大興土木，修建了永安殿、寶慶殿等。宮苑內修假山倒塌，一次就有七位工人被壓死。當永安殿新修成的時候，他在那裏觀百戲，極歡盡興。在永安殿，穆宗還與中宮貴主設“密宴”以取樂，連他的嬪妃都參加。除此之外，他還用重金整修裝飾京城內的安國、慈恩、千福、開業、章敬等寺院，甚至還特意邀請了吐蕃使者前往觀看。
到了八月，穆宗又到宮中魚藻池，徵發神策軍二千人將憲宗時期早已淤積的水面加以疏瀎，九月初二池水開通後，他就在魚藻宮大舉宴會，觀看宮人乘船競渡。由於時間臨近九九重陽，穆宗又想大宴群臣。擔任拾遺的李珏等人上疏勸諫，認為：“陛下剛剛登臨大寶，年號尚且未改，憲宗皇帝園陵尚新，如果就這樣在內廷大舉宴會，恐怕不合適。”穆宗根本不聽。在重陽節那天，還特意把他的舅舅郭釗兄弟、朝廷貴戚、公主駙馬等都召集到宣和殿飲酒高會。
十一月的一天，穆宗突然下詔：“朕來日暫往華清宮，至落日時分當即歸還。”此時，正值西北少數民族引兵犯境，神策軍中尉梁守謙將神策軍4000人及八鎮兵赴援，形勢很是緊張，御史大夫李絳、常侍崔元略等跪倒在延英殿門外切諫。穆宗竟然對大臣們說： “朕已决定成行，不要再上疏煩我了。”諫官再三勸諫也是無效。第二天一早，穆宗從大明宮的復道出城前往華清宮方向而去，隨行的還有神策軍左右中尉的儀仗以及六軍諸使、諸王、駙馬千餘人，一直到天色很晚纔還宮。
對於穆宗的“宴樂過多，畋遊無度”，諫議大夫鄭覃等人一起勸諫：“現在邊境吃緊，形勢多變，如果前綫有緊急軍情奏報，不知道陛下在什麽位置，又如何是好？另外，陛下經常與倡優戲子在一起狎昵，對他們毫無節制地大肆賞賜，這些都是百姓身上的血汗，沒有功勞怎麽可以亂加賞賜呢！”穆宗看到這樣的表章感覺很新鮮，就問宰相這都是些什麽人。宰相回答說是諫官。穆宗就對鄭覃等加以慰勞，還說“當依卿言”。穆宗的這一態度使宰相們高興了一陣子，但實際上他對自己說過的話根本不當回事，轉過身，穆宗依舊是我行我素。
穆宗甚至覺得，經常宴飲歡會，是件值得高興的事。一天，他在宮中麟德殿與大臣舉行歌舞酒宴，就很興奮地對給事中丁公著說：“聽說百官公卿在外面也經常歡宴，說明天下太平、五穀豐登，我感覺很安慰。”丁公著卻持不同的看法，他對穆宗說：“凡事過了限度就不是好事了。前代的名士，遇良辰美景，或置酒歡宴，或清談賦詩，都是雅事。國傢自天寶以後，風俗奢靡，酒宴以喧嘩沉湎為樂。身居高位、手握大權者與衙門的雜役一起吆三喝四，無絲毫愧恥之心。上下相效，漸以成俗，這造成了很多的弊端。”穆宗對他的這番說辭也覺得有道理，表示虛心接受，但就是堅决不改。
穆宗這種近乎瘋狂的遊樂，到了長慶二年十一月纔算有了收斂。原因是他有一次在禁中與宦官內臣等打馬球時發生了意外。遊玩中有一位內官突然墜馬，如同遭到外物打擊一樣。由於事發緊急，穆宗十分恐慌，遂停下來到大殿休息。就在這一當口，穆宗突然雙腳不能履地，一陣頭暈目眩，結果是中風，臥病在床。此事一發生，宮外就接連有很多天不知道穆宗的消息。而在此前一周，穆宗還率人以迎郭太後為名前往華清宮，巡狩於驪山之下，他即日就騎馬馳還京城，而他前往迎接的郭太後則是第二日方還。
穆宗中風以後，身體一直沒有康復。長慶三年（823）正月初一，穆宗因為身體有病沒有接受群臣的朝賀。病中的穆宗曾經想過長生不老，和他的父皇一樣迷戀上了金石之藥。處士張臯曾經上疏，對穆宗服食金丹事提出過勸阻。不過，穆宗還沒有等到丹藥毒發就在長慶四年（824）正月二十二日駕崩於他的寢殿，時年30歲。正是貪生之心“太甚”，反而加速了他的死亡。
【後妃】
皇后
恭僖皇后王氏 王皇后生唐敬宗。又稱寶歷太後、義安太後
貞獻皇后蕭氏 蕭皇后生唐文宗。又稱積慶太後
宣懿皇后韋氏 韋皇后生唐武宗
妃嬪
武貴妃
張昭儀
【子女】
子
唐敬宗
唐文宗
唐武宗
懷懿太子李湊
安王李溶
女
義豐公主，武貴妃所生。下嫁韋處仁。薨鹹通時。
淮陽公主，張昭儀所生。下嫁柳正元。
延安公主，下嫁竇浣。
金堂公主，始封晉陵公主。下嫁郭仲恭。薨乾符時。
清源公主，薨太和時。
饒陽公主，下嫁郭仲詞。
義昌公主，為道士。薨鹹通時。
安康公主，為道士。乾符四年，以主在外頗擾人，詔與永興公主、天長公主、寧國公主、興唐公主還南內。
Mouzon Tang emperors before the throne can pass over the son Gojong (Empress Wu) have two sons (that is, cases and Yejong) ascended the throne, became emperor, Mouzon Kenso There is also the father of another child, became emperor, that Xuanzong. Mouzon later Yizong, a fifth son ascended the throne as the Xi case, the seventh son ascended the throne as Akimune. Previously, the son of Yejong among ordered a throne (Emperor), a recovery that the emperor (emperor Li Xian), the three will receive a crown prince, the old history has been praised as "days with reported flow of infinite blessing" . However, a total of five sub-Mouzon, of which three have done even the emperor, that Tangjing Zong, Emperor Tang Wenzong, Tang Wuzong, this unique in the history of the Tang Dynasty. As each son's reign, regarded their mother Zhuizun for the empress dowager, so Mouzon has three queen and enjoy the Imperial Ancestral Temple with him, which is rarely the history of the Tang Dynasty. Mouzon in Changqing four years (824) died during the first month, just 30 years old, compared to before the Tang Dynasty emperor he is, indeed, a most short-lived one. These cases revealed that in Muzong Jun temporary world, the Tang Dynasty inherited the throne, great changes have taken place in the emperor's personal safety has become unprotected. All of these seem to prompt us once again, Mouzon has been difficult situation during the court to examine the use of conventional.
Mouzon was born, his father Kenso already have the second son of the eldest son of Li Ning and Li Yun. Ranking third son of Mouzon, there is a powerful mother, and that is Kenso to Guangling Wang Zhen Yuan nine pm at (793) married the concubine Kuo - have recycling on the merits of the Shang Fu Tang Shi Guo Ziyi's granddaughter. Li Ning's mother was the eldest son of Ji Gong's people, the second son of Li Yun's mother actually did not leave his name, in this case, what is choose a prince, Kenso has not made up our mind. It has been dragging for four years after he ascended the throne, to the dollar and four years (809) March Kenso mind gradually tilted to the eldest son. Li Ning has 17 years of age at this time, usually like reading, behavior is quite consistent with rites, deeply Kenso favorite. So early in the proposed legislation Minister Li Jiang Hong Kong Adam watching coveted crown prince in order to stop the heart, he announced the decision to establish the eldest son of the Si Jun. The book is fee established a number of twists and turns, should have been established in the spring ceremony at the register, as experienced continuous heavy rain, so that time again and change, has been dragged MENG Dong October. During this period the number of mothers Kuo resistance from Mouzon, we have know.
In fact, on the Prince Edward Kenso heart is not satisfied, Tu Cheng Cui try to speculate on the emperor's mind suddenly, and Yun Lee has not given up the business. Kenso the Legislative storage case for Mouzon planted seeds of future accession to the throne, left for their own evil.
Mouzon among the crown prince during the anxious, with the successful accession to the throne also vanished. He ascended the throne to nurture their men are given a different reward, especially the mother, Guo Li as the Empress Dowager Concubine register in order to repay her many years of hard business. In contrast, his cronies and minions of the Fu Huang were sentenced to death penalty denounce. It is the so-called 一朝天子一朝臣.
Mouzon throne when 26 years old. For the prime of life for the emperor ascended the throne, if you want to have a bright future in politics, this is a cause for admiration of the age is 29 years old Taizong ascended the throne, reign is 28 years old. If you want to eat three square meals a day and play to enjoy, that is, when no one can match. Mouzon did not follow the example of Taizong, reign of effort, but indulging pleasure, unrestrained.
Still in court during the funeral for the Kenso, Mouzon will not hide their preference on the play. When the yuan and 15 years (820) May Kenso buried in King Mausoleum, he seems more and more uncontrolled. Soon, he would take his trusted followers went hunting for fun. To June, the Queen Mother Kuo moved to the South within the Imperial palace, Mouzon servant in the Imperial palace on the lead Palaces large Bai Yan feast. After the banquet, he returned to Kojin policy Youjun, the trusted lieutenant and general large increase Banci. Gilt carved troops hunting Cup this day, Mouzon policy every three days or so Army of God first, while your visit to Chen Hui, doors, nine cents a door, etc., the purpose of viewing angle of arrival, miscellaneous opera performances. July 6 is Mouzon's birthday, he indulged in a set ceremony, but because some ministers have not made such a practice since ancient times, gave up the idea be considered. His palace of projects and the construction of the Wing house, house, etc. Baoqing. Fall within the repair rockery palace, one will have seven workers were crushed to death. When the Wing house when the new marble, where he concept of 100 games, most Huan have fun. In Wing Hall, Mouzon House with the main set your "secret dinner" with pleasure, and even the participation of his concubines. In addition, he also decorated with a large amount of money refurbishing the security of capital within the country, Mercy, 1000 Fu, opening, Zhang Jing and other temples, and even specially invited to watch the Tibetan envoys.
November day, Mouzon suddenly issued an edict: "I go to China to Japan temporarily Qing, to immediately return the sunset hours." At this point, a time when Northwest Minority led his troops violated its border, Shence Jun Lieutenant Liang Shouqian will Shence Jun the town of 4,000 people and eight soldiers Fuyuan, the situation was very tense, royal doctor Lijiang, Attendants, etc. knees slightly Cui Yuan Yan Ying Palace outside all remonstrance. Mouzon went so far as ministers, said: "Zhen Yi decided to make the trip, not to Shangshu bother me." Expostulation repeated admonition is invalid. The next morning, Mouzon Daming Palace complex from the city to the Chinese Qing Dao Chu direction away, accompanied by a Shence Jun Lieutenant guards of honor and six left and right arms of various makes, kings, Fuma thousand people have been late to the sky also Palace.
Empress
Xuan Yi Wei Queen Queen Webster Health Tang Wuzong
Zhang Zhaoyi
Tang Jingzong
Li Yi Huai Prince Minato
Princess Yi Feng, Wu concubine born. Ren Wei Department marry. Northern Sung Painting pass away the time.
Jintang Princess, Princess Jinling before sealing. Marry Guozhong Gong. Pass away when Qian Fu.
Yichang Princess, for the priests. Northern Sung Painting pass away the time.
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