| 姓： | 姚 | |||||||||
| 名： | 重华 | |||||||||
| 字： | 都君 | |||||||||
| 网笔号： | 有虞氏帝舜 | |||||||||
| 籍贯： | 山东诸城 | |||||||||
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清乾隆《诸城县志》载：“县人物以舜为冠，古迹以诸冯为首。”证明山东诸城是虞舜的故乡。【今山东诸城市万家庄乡诸冯村人。】
舜，历来与尧并称，为传说中的圣王。
舜名重华，晋代皇甫谧又说他字都君。舜又称虞舜，建国号有虞，都蒲阪。按先秦时代以国为氏的习惯，故称有虞氏帝舜。还传说舜出生于姚墟，故姓姚氏，唐代张守节特别指出：“蒲州河东县本属冀州。”似认为舜是河东县人。唐代蒲州河东县即今山西永济市，治所在今蒲州镇。孟子认为舜是东夷人。《孟子》："舜生于诸冯，迁于负夏，卒于鸣条，东夷之人也。"
相传舜的家世甚为寒微，虽然是帝颛项的后裔，但五世为庶人，处于社会下层。舜的遭遇更为不幸，父亲瞽叟，是个盲人，母亲很早去世。瞽叟续娶，继母生弟名叫象。舜生活在“父顽、母嚣、象傲”的家庭环境里，父亲心术不正，继母两面三刀，弟弟桀骜不驯，几个人串通一气，必欲置舜于死地而后快；然而舜对父母不失子道，十分孝顺，与弟弟十分友善，多年如一日，没有丝毫懈怠。舜在家里人要加害于他的时候，及时逃避；稍有好转，马上回到他们身边，尽可能给予帮助，所以是“欲杀，不可得；即求，尝(常)在侧”身世如此不幸，环境如此恶劣，舜却能表现出非凡的品德，处理好家庭关系，这是他在传说故事中独具特色的一个方面。
舜家境清贫，故从事各种体力劳动，经历坎坷。他在历山(济南南郊的千佛山，古称历山，又称舜山、舜耕山)耕耘种植，在雷泽(在今山东荷泽东北)打鱼，在黄河之滨制作陶器，总之生计艰难，颠沛流离，为养家糊口而到处奔波。
相传舜在20岁的时候，名气就很大了，他是以孝行而闻名的。因为能对虐待、迫害他的父母坚守孝道，故在青年时代即为人称扬。过了10年，尧向四岳(四方诸侯之长)征询继任人选，四岳就推荐了舜。尧将两个女儿嫁给舜，以考察他的品行和能力。舜不但使二女与全家和睦相处，而且在各方面都表现出卓越的才干和高尚的人格力量，“舜耕历山，历山之人皆让畔；渔雷泽，雷泽上人皆让居”，只要是他劳作的地方，便兴起礼让的风尚；“陶河滨，河滨器皆不苦窳”，制作陶器，也能带动周围的人认真从事，精益求精，杜绝粗制滥造的现象。他到了哪里，人们都愿意追随，因而“一年而所居成聚(聚即村落)，二年成邑，三年成都(四县为都)”。尧得知这些情况很高兴，赐予舜絺衣(细葛布衣)和琴，赐予牛羊，还为他修筑了仓房。
舜得到了这些赏赐，瞽叟和象很是眼热，他们又想杀掉舜，霸占这些财物。瞽叟让舜修补仓房的屋顶，却在下面纵火焚烧仓房。舜靠两只斗笠作翼，从房上跳下，幸免于难。后来瞽叟又让舜掘井，井挖得很深了，瞽叟和象却在上面填土，要把井堵上，将舜活埋在里面。幸亏舜事先有所警觉，在井筒旁边挖了一条通道，从通道穿出，躲了一段时间。瞽叟和象以为阴谋得逞，象说这主意是他想出来的，分东西时要琴，还要尧的两个女儿给他做妻子，把牛羊和仓房分给父母。象住进了舜的房子，弹奏舜的琴，舜去见他，象大吃一惊，老大不高兴，嘴里却说：“我思舜正郁陶！”舜也不放在心上，一如既往，孝顺父母，友于兄弟；而且比以前更加诚恳谨慎。
后来尧让舜参预政事，管理百官，接待宾客，经受各种磨炼。舜不但将政事处理得井井有条，而且在用人方面有所改进。尧未能起用的“八元”、“八恺”，早有贤名，舜使“八元”管土地，使“八恺”管教化；还有“四凶族”，即帝鸿氏的不才子浑敦、少皞氏的不才子穷奇，颛顼氏的不才子梼杌、缙云氏的不才子饕餮，虽然恶名昭彰，但尧未能处置，舜将“四凶族”流放到边远荒蛮之地。这些措施的落实，显示出舜的治国方略和政治才干。
经过多方考验，舜终于得到尧的认可。选择吉日，举行大典，尧禅位于舜，《尚书》中称为舜“受终于文祖”。又传说是舜代替尧摄行天子之政，虽有天子之权，而无天子之号。与此二说差异甚大的一个传说是，舜将尧囚禁起来，还不让其子丹朱与他见而，舜自己做了天子，类似于后代的宫廷政变，篡权夺位。
舜执政以后，传说有一系列的重大政治行动，一派励精图治的气象。他重新修订历法，又举行祭祀上帝、祭祀天地四时，祭祀山川群神的大典；还把诸侯的信圭收集起来，再择定吉日，召见各地诸侯君长，举行隆重的典礼，重新颁发信圭。他即位的当年，就到各地巡守，祭祀名山，召见诸侯，考察民情；还规定以后五年巡守一次，考察诸侯的改绩，明定赏罚，可见舜注意与地方的联系，加强了对地方的统治。
传说中舜的治国方略还有一项是“象以典刑，流宥五刑”，在器物上画出五种刑罚的形状，起警戒作用；用流放的办法代替肉刑，以示宽大。但又设鞭刑、扑刑、赎刑，特别是对不肯悔改的罪犯要严加惩治，舜把共工流放到幽州，把欢兜流放到崇山，把三苗驱逐到三危，把治水无功的鲧流放到羽山，坏人受到惩处，天下人心悦诚服。
按照《史记》所载传说，舜摄政28年，尧才去世。舜于三年的丧事完毕之后，便让位给尧的儿子丹朱，自己退避到南河之南。但是，天下诸侯都去朝见舜，却不理会丹朱；打官司的人也都告状到舜那里，民间编了许多歌谣颂扬舜，都不把丹朱放在眼里。舜觉得人心所向，天意所归，无法推卸，遂回到都城登上天子之位。不过，传说中舜的都城与尧的都城不在一个地方。据唐代孔颖达《毛诗正义》引皇甫谧所说；“舜所营都，或云蒲坂。”蒲坂在唐代是河东县，即今山西永济县。
尧死以后，舜在政治上又有一番大的兴革。原已举用的禹、皋陶、契、弃、伯夷、夔、龙、垂、益等人，职责都不明确，此时舜命禹担任司空，治理水土；命弃担任后稷，掌管农业；命契担任司徒，推行教化；命皋陶担任“士”，执掌刑法；命垂担任“共工”，掌管百工；命益担任“虞”，掌管山林；命伯夷担任“秩宗”，主持礼仪；命夔为乐官，掌管音乐和教育；命龙担任“纳言”，负责发布命令，收集意见。还规定三年考察一次政绩，由考察三次的结果决定提升或罢免。通过这样的整顿，“庶绩咸熙”，各项工作都出现了新面貌。上述这些人都建树了辉煌的业绩，而其中禹的成就最大，他尽心治理水患，身为表率，凿山通泽，疏导河流，终于治服了洪水，使天下人民安居乐业。当比之时，“四海之内咸戴帝舜之功”，“天下明德皆自虞帝始”，呈现出前所未有的清平局面。
舜在年老的时候，认为自己的儿子商均不肖，就确定了威望最高的禹为继任者，并由禹来摄行政事。故舜与尧一样，都是禅位让贤的圣王。
据说舜在尧死之后，在位39年，到南方巡守时，死于苍梧之野，葬于江南九疑山，称为“零陵”。但是，对于此一说，却有颇多疑义。首先苍梧于当时乃荒芜之地。既非经济、文化中心，也非抵御外族的军事要地。舜当时已近百岁高龄，没有理由巡视至此。其次，舜定都蒲坂，即今山西永济县。与苍梧相距数千里。以当时的交通情况，舜若想来回一次，须得花上数年时间。况且，舜乃南巡，苍梧或许并非终点，而年近百岁的舜绝无那样的体力与精力，进行如此长征般的南巡。综上所述，有人提出一个观点：舜当时远行，肯定有其不得已的苦衷。或是武装押送，不得不去；或是后有追兵，盲目逃生。两者当居其一。
舜与尧一样，同是先秦时期儒墨两家推崇的古昔圣王。而舜对于儒家，又有特别的意义。儒家的学说重视孝道，舜的传说也是以孝著称，所以他的人格形象正好作为儒家伦理学说的典范。孟子继孔子之后对儒学的发展有巨大贡献，他极力推崇舜的孝行，而且倡导人们努力向舜看齐，做舜那样的孝子。说：“舜，人也；我，亦人也。舜为法于天下，可传于后世，我由(犹)未免为乡人也，是则可忧也。忧之如何？如舜而已矣。”他甚至设想，舜为天子，而瞽叟杀人被捕，舜虽不会利用权力破坏刑律而将其赦免，但一定到监狱里偷偷地把父亲背出来，一起逃到海滨，过无忧无虑的日子，为了共享天伦之乐而忘掉天子的地位。由于儒家的宣传，有关舜的传说事迹在中国文化传统中留下极深刻的影响。
【湖南宁远舜帝陵】:
舜帝陵系中华民族尊祖祭舜之圣地。夏代始于九嶷置陵建庙，秦汉迁于玉官岩前，明初移至舜源峰下。后因年久失修，几近荒废。二十世纪九十年代，永州市、宁远县斥巨资进行修复，恢复明清时期风貌。然随拜谒观光人数增多，陵区渐显促狭，扩建呼声日增。二零零四年四月十四日，湖南省人民政府决定以尊祖爱国、传承文明、凝聚人心、促进发展为主题，于翌年举行个省公祭大典。同年九月十七日，以加强舜帝陵建设与保护为宗旨的湖南省九嶷山舜帝陵基金会成立。为适应全省祭舜大典及谒陵观光者需要，遂决定扩建舜帝陵。基金会与省直有关部门、市县人民政府，迅即着手规划设计。规划总用地四百三十余亩，总投资四千五百余万。扩建工程分两期进行。一期工程投资二千六百万，将山门改建成祭祀殿，增建连廊、角楼、碑廊、厢房等，新增建筑面积四千平方米；祭祀殿外原玉带桥三桥并为一桥，两旁新建拱桥各一座；祭祀殿外广场三万八千平方米，其中麻石广场一万五千五百平方米，植草砖广场九干五百平方米；新建停车场一万三千平方米；新建仪门一座。二零零五年四月二十五日，一期工程正式开工。为确保一期工程在全省祭舜大典前完厂，工程指挥部殚精竭虑，科学调度，工程建设者夜以继日，精心施工。为解决建设资金，在全省范围内开展募捐，各个市州慷慨解囊，各界人士踊跃捐款。同年八月二十日，一期工程竣工。同年九月十五日，湖南省祭舜大典在舜帝陵顺利隆重举行。
舜帝陵位于舜陵景区，是九疑山风景区的目标人文景观，是九疑山风景的目标人文景观。是我国最古老的陵墓。舜帝陵陵区由陵山（舜源峰）、舜陵庙、神道及陵园组成，占地600余亩。陵山舜源峰上小下大,呈覆斗状，海拔600余亩,气势恢宏。山北麓建有陵庙，陵庙坐南向北，规模宏大，占地24644平方米。分为前后两重院落，五进建筑。陵庙内建有庄严肃穆的山门、午门、拜殿、正殿、寝殿、厢房。陵庙外有长200米的神道。
舜陵是中国五大古帝陵之一，是中国唯一的舜帝陵墓，乃舜帝南巡崩于苍梧之野而葬于九疑山。陵庙祭碑廓内保存的历代祭碑36方，它们是珍贵的历史文物，是历史的见证。在古木参天的陵区内，陵庙建筑上的石雕、楹联、壁绘栩栩如生，令人流连忘返。附近有娥皇峰、女英峰、美大峰、梳子峰、舜峰（三分石）、箫韶峰、斑竹岩、舜池、舜溪皆与舜帝奏九韶之乐及二妃挥泪斑竹的传说有关。
大舜苑
位于诸城经济开发区，占地1000亩，其中水面600亩，总投资1.92亿元。苑内主要规划景点有：大舜殿、舜帝广场、舜裔祠、舜字壁廊、舜庙、古诸冯村（舜帝故里）、历山、名人馆、人工湖、水上乐园等景致。目前，大舜苑已投资 600万元完成了规划设计，整修了道路，恢复了舜耕历山的历史风貌，在原舜帝庙遗址重修了舜庙。去年以来，坚持边建设边接待游览参观者，共接待旅游团队 500多个，计6万余人次。尤其是春节举行的“舜庙启开圣门”，“五一”举办的“舜庙开园仪式”，“十一”举行的“2005 中国诸城公祭舜帝大典”等活动，吸引了更多民众参与，扩大了大舜苑的影响。
其它
【疑古学派的评价】:
本世纪初，疑古学派认为，尧舜禹的传说出现较晚，而尧舜更晚于禹，故其传说为后人编造，其人纯属子虚乌有。现在学术界普遍认为，尧舜禹禅让的故事，确实反映了原始社会末期的情况，虽为传说，但自有其历史价值。有的学者特别指出，舜任命“八元”、“八恺”和皋陶等人，各有执掌，反映出部落联盟议事会已经开始蜕变为贵族的议事机构。说明运用唯物史观来研究舜的传说，有助于我们认识原始社会瓦解时期历史发展的线索。
【舜设官分职】:
舜即位后，将尧时的部落联盟议事会改革为贵族议事机构。尧议事会成员有禹、皋陶、契、后稷、伯夷、夔、龙、倕、益、彭祖等，彼此之间无具体分工。舜根据各人所长，分别委以不同职务：禹担任司空，主平水土；后稷主持农业，播种百谷；契为司徙，掌管教化；皋陶为司法官，掌刑；倕为共工，主管手工业；益为虞官，掌山林原隰的草木鸟兽；伯夷为秩宗，主管祭祀典礼；夔为曲乐，负责教育贵族子弟；龙为纳言，专门传达舜的命令和转达下情。舜还规定，每三年考核一次官员的政绩，有成绩者加以提拔，不称职者予以撤换。舜设官分职，使官员职守分明，办事效率提高，百业由此兴旺。
舜之植物名
舜,舜草也。楚谓之葍,秦谓之蔓,蔓地连华,象形。——《说文》
假借为“蕣”。木槿〖shrubalthea〗
有女同车,颜如舜华。——《诗·郑风·有女同车》
又如:舜华,舜英(木槿花);舜颜(美如木槿花的容貌)
舜之衍生词组
舜恩(像古代圣君虞舜那样的浩荡恩惠)、;舜韶(传说虞舜所作之乐);、舜跖分路(善恶不同)、;舜巡(对皇帝巡行的美称，传说舜曾南巡至苍梧)、舜草(孝草)、舜华、舜英、舜颜、、、，都与虞舜帝有关。
舜，河东姓氏之一
《姓苑》：舜姓，出于河东。晋贤人舜华的后代，为虞舜之八个庶子之一；子孙因此以舜为氏。
Shun poor families, it is engaged in a variety of manual labor, through ups and downs. He Alexandra (Qianfoshan the southern suburbs of Jinan, ancient name Alexander, also known as Shun Shan, Shungeng Hill) hard cultivation, in Fraser (in this northeastern Shandong Heze) fishing, pottery making in the Yellow Sea, the livelihood of hard word , displaced, in order to feed their families and running around.
Intervention in political affairs was Yao to Shun, management Baiguan, entertaining, and withstood all kinds of temper. Shun not only to deal with political affairs in good order, and an improvement in employment. Yao not only use the "eight dollars", "eight Kai", long-yin name, Shun to "eight dollars" control of land, so that "eight Kai" discipline-based; also "Si Xiong family", that emperor Hung clan Hun Tun is not wit, less the non-wit poor Hao's odd, Zhuan Xu Tao Rongji's not wit, the non-wit Jinyun's gluttonous, though notorious, but not disposed of Yao, Shun and the "Si Xiong family," exiled to remote Shortage Man of the land. Implementation of these measures, showing that Shun's governing strategy and political talent.
Statecraft legendary Shun is also a "Code as to punishment, and flow forgive Five Penalties", in utensils draw the shape of five penalties, deterrent effects; with the exile of the way instead of corporal punishment, to show leniency. But set flogging, flutter punishment, redemption penalties, especially on unreformed criminals must be severely punished, Shun exiled to You state the total work to Huandou exiled to Shun, the expulsion of three seedlings to three crises, the water control reactive power to Haneyama Gun exile, evil punished, and the world were completely convinced.
After the death of Yao, Shun and political reforms there are some large. Already held with the Yu, Gao Yao, Qi, abandoned, Boyi, Kui, Lung, down, benefits, and others, responsibilities are not clear at this time as a common phenomenon Yu Shun life, governance and water; life abandoned as Hou, in charge of agriculture ; life leases as Stuart, the implementation of enlightenment; life Gao Yao as "persons" in charge criminal law; life hanging as a "joint work", in charge of entertainment industry for decades; life benefits as a "danger", in charge of mountains; life Boyi as a "rank number" presided over ceremonies; life Kui as music officer, in charge of music and education; life long as the "ears", responsible for issuing an order for comments. Also provides a performance study for three years, three times by the investigation and decided to upgrade or remove. Through this reorganization, "Shu Ji Xian Xi", the work appeared in a new look. The achievements of these people are brilliant achievements, of which the greatest achievements Yu, his dedication and management of floods, as an example, chiseled mountains Tunze, divert rivers, finally subdued the floods, so that the world people live and work. When the ratio of the time, "The world of salt Daidi Shun Gong", "Matilda the world are from the fear of God before," presents an unprecedented liquidation of the situation.
Shun in old age, when his son business that are unworthy, we determined the highest prestige Yu as successor to proactive administrative matter by Yu. So, like Shun and Yao are the emperors, Christianity and Islam to Yin.
Ningyuan Shundi Ling】 【Hunan:
Department of the Chinese nation Zunzu Shundi Ling Shun holy festival. Xia Ling temple began jiuyi home, Yu-Han officials in the rock moved before the next peak of the early move to shun the source. Later, because of dilapidated and almost deserted. Twentieth century, the nineties, John City, Ningyuan spent a lot repairs, to restore the Ming and Qing style. However, with the paid respects to the growing number of tourists, starting to prove mischievous hilly area, the increasing expansion of the voice. April 14, 2004, Hunan Provincial Government decided to respect Zuai Guo, inheritance of civilization, unite and promote the development of the theme, in the provincial public memorial ceremony was held the following year. In the same year on September 17 to strengthen the construction and protection Shundi Ling Hunan Province for the purpose of setting up JIUYISHAN Shundi Ling Foundation. To meet the province's tourism offerings need to Shun Dadian and Ye Ling, decided to expand Shundi Ling. Foundation and the provincial departments, city and county government, immediately begin planning and design. The planned land 430 acres, a total investment of over a hundred million in 4500. Expansion project in two phases. The first phase investment 26 million, will gate turned into a worship hall, building corridor, turret, Corridor of Steles, rooms, etc., the new construction area of 4000 square meters; ritual jade Dianwai original bridge and a bridge Mihashi , each one on both sides of the new bridge; worship Dianwai Plaza 38,000 square meters, including granite plaza 15,500 square meters, grass brick plaza nine thousand and five hundred square meters; new parking lot 13,000 square meters; a new instrument door. April 25, 2005, a project was started. To ensure a project completed in the province before the festival Shun Dadian plant, engineering headquarters taken great care, scientific control, the builders worked day and night, well construction. To solve the funding to carry out a province-wide fund-raising, all cities and prefectures generous public donations. In the same year on August 20, a project completed. In the same year on September 15, Hunan Ji Shun Dadian was held successfully in Shundi Ling.
Shun Ling is one of the five ancient Mausoleum is the tomb of Chinese only Shundi Ling, is Shun Dinan patrol collapse in the field and buried Jiuyi Cangwu Hill. Ling temple festival beikuo monument within the 36 preserved ancient festival party, They are precious historical relics, are witnesses of history. In the ancient trees of the tomb area, tomb stone temple architecture, couplets, walls painted vivid, blow people away. Peak near E Wong, female British summit, the United States a large peak, comb peak, Shun Feng (third stones), Xiao Shao-Feng, owner of rock, Shun Chi, Xi Shun Shun King played with all the joy and the second nine Shao Fei tearful owner of the legends.
Other
【】 Shun placed under sub-post:
Shun, Shun grass also. Chu said that the weed, Qin said that the vine, vine to Lian Hua, pictographic. - "Said the text"
Another example: kee, Shunei (Althea); Shun Yan (beautiful as Althea's face)
Shun, one of Dong surname