| 姓： | 姚 | |||||||||
| 名： | 重華 | |||||||||
| 字： | 都君 | |||||||||
| 网笔号： | 有虞氏帝舜 | |||||||||
| 籍贯： | 山東諸城 | |||||||||
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清乾隆《諸城縣志》載：“縣人物以舜為冠，古跡以諸馮為首。”證明山東諸城是虞舜的故鄉。【今山東諸城市萬莊鄉諸馮村人。】
舜，來與堯稱，為傳說中的聖王。
舜名重華，晉代皇甫謐又說他字都君。舜又稱虞舜，建國號有虞，都蒲阪。按先秦時代以國為氏的習慣，故稱有虞氏帝舜。還傳說舜出生於姚墟，故姓姚氏，唐代張守節特指出：“蒲州河東縣本屬冀州。”似認為舜是河東縣人。唐代蒲州河東縣即今山西永濟市，治所在今蒲州鎮。孟子認為舜是東夷人。《孟子》："舜生於諸馮，遷於負夏，卒於鳴條，東夷之人也。"
相傳舜的世甚為寒微，雖然是帝顓項的裔，但五世為庶人，處於社會下層。舜的遭遇更為不幸，父親瞽叟，是個盲人，母親很早去世。瞽叟續娶，繼母生弟名叫象。舜生活在“父頑、母囂、象傲”的家庭環境，父親心不正，繼母兩三刀，弟弟桀驁不馴，幾個人串通一氣，必欲置舜於死地而快；然而舜對父母不失子道，十分孝順，與弟弟十分友善，多年如一日，沒有絲毫懈怠。舜在鄰里里程人要加害於他的時候，及時逃避；稍有好轉，馬上到他們身邊，可能給予幫助，所以是“欲殺，不可得；即求，(常)在側”身世如此不幸，環境如此惡劣，舜卻能現出非凡的品德，處理好家庭關係，這是他在傳說故事中獨具特色的一個方面。
舜境清貧，故從事各種力勞動，經坎坷。他在山(濟南南郊的佛山，古稱山，又稱舜山、舜耕山)耕耘植，在雷澤(在今山東荷澤東北)打魚，在黃河之濱作陶器，總之生計艱難，顛沛流離，為養糊口而到處奔波。
相傳舜在20歲的時候，名氣就很大，他是以孝行而聞名的。因為能對虐待、迫害他的父母堅守孝道，故在青年時代即為人稱揚。過10年，堯四嶽(四方諸侯之長)詢繼任人選，四嶽就推薦舜。堯將兩個女兒嫁給舜，以考察他的品行和能力。舜不但使二女與全家和睦相處，而且在各方面都現出卓越的才幹和高尚的人格力量，“舜耕山，山之人皆讓畔；漁雷澤，雷澤上人皆讓居”，要是他勞作的地方，便興起禮讓的風尚；“陶河濱，河濱器皆不苦窳”，作陶器，也能帶動周圍的人認真從事，精益求精，杜絶粗濫造的現象。他到哪，人們都願意追隨，因而“一年而所居成聚(聚即村落)，二年成邑，三年成都(四縣為都)”。堯得知這些情況很高興，賜予舜絺衣(細葛衣)和琴，賜予牛羊，還為他修受不了倉房。
舜得到這些賞賜，瞽叟和象很是眼熱，他們又想殺掉舜，霸占這些財物。瞽叟讓舜修補倉房的屋頂，卻在下面縱火焚燒倉房。舜靠兩煙斗北斗斗量笠作翼，從房上跳下，幸免於難。來瞽叟又讓舜掘井，井挖得很深，瞽叟和象卻在上填土，要把井堵上，將舜活埋在當面表面反面方面正面迎面滿面封面地面路面世面平面斜面前面下面四面十面一面洗心革面方方面面面貌面容面色面目面面俱到。幸虧舜事先有所警覺，在井筒旁邊挖一條通道，從通道穿出，躲一段時間。瞽叟和象以為陰謀得逞，象說這主意是他想出來的，分東西時要琴，還要堯的兩個女兒給他做妻子，把牛羊和倉房分給父母。象住進舜的房子，彈奏舜的琴，舜去見他，象大吃一驚，老大不高興，嘴卻說：“我思舜正陶！”舜也不放在心上，一如既往，孝順父母，友於兄弟；而且比以前更加誠懇謹慎。
來堯讓舜參預政事，管理百官，接待賓客，經受各種磨煉。舜不但將政事處理得井井有條，而且在用人方面有所改進。堯未能起用的“八元”、“八愷”，早有賢名，舜使“八元”管土地，使“八愷”管教化；還有“四兇族”，即帝鴻氏的不才子渾敦、少皞氏的不才子窮奇，顓頊氏的不才子檮杌、縉氏的不才子饕餮，雖然惡名昭彰，但堯未能處置，舜將“四兇族”流放到邊遠荒蠻之地。這些措施的落實，顯示出舜的治國方略和政治才幹。
經過多方考驗，舜終於得到堯的認可。選擇吉日，舉行大典，堯禪位於舜，《尚書》中稱為舜“受終於文祖”。又傳說是舜代替堯攝行天子之政，雖有天子之權，而無天子之號。與此二說差異甚大的一個傳說是，舜將堯囚禁起來，還不讓其子丹與他見而，舜自己做天子，類似於代的宮廷政變，篡權奪位。
舜執政以，傳說有一列的重大政治行動，一派勵精圖治的氣象。他重新修訂法，又舉行祭祀上帝、祭祀天地四時，祭祀山川群神的大典；還把諸侯的信圭收集起來，再擇定吉日，召見各地諸侯君長，舉行隆重的典禮，重新頒信圭。他即位的當年，就到各地巡守，祭祀名山，召見諸侯，考察民情；還規定以五年巡守一次，考察諸侯的改績，明定賞罰，可見舜註意與地方的聯繫，加強對地方的統治。
傳說中舜的治國方略還有一項是“象以典刑，流宥五刑”，在器物上畫出五刑罰的形狀，起警戒作用；用流放的辦法代替肉刑，以示寬大。但又設鞭刑、撲刑、贖刑，特是對不肯悔改的罪犯要嚴加懲治，舜把共工流放到幽州，把歡兜流放到崇山，把三苗驅逐到三危，把治水無功的鯀流放到羽山，壞人受到懲處，天下人心悅誠服。
按照《史記》所載傳說，舜攝政28年，堯去世。舜於三年的喪事完畢之，便讓位給堯的兒子丹，自己退避到南河之南。但是，天下諸侯都去朝見舜，卻不理會丹；打官司的人也都告狀到舜那，民間編許多歌謠頌揚舜，都不把丹放在眼。舜覺得人心所，天意所歸，無法推卸，遂到都城登上天子之位。不過，傳說中舜的都城與堯的都城不在一個地方。唐代孔穎達《毛詩正義》引皇甫謐所說；“舜所營都，或云蒲坂。”蒲坂在唐代是河東縣，即今山西永濟縣。
堯死以，舜在政治上又有一番大的興革。原已舉用的禹、臯陶、契、棄、伯夷、夔、竜、垂、益等人，職責都不明確，此時舜命禹擔任司空，治理水土；命棄擔任稷，掌管農業；命契擔任司徒，推行教化；命臯陶擔任“士”，執掌刑法；命垂擔任“共工”，掌管百工；命益擔任“虞”，掌管山林；命伯夷擔任“秩宗”，主持禮儀；命夔為樂官，掌管音樂和教育；命竜擔任“納言”，負責布帛命令，收集意見。還規定三年考察一次政績，由考察三次的結果决定提升或罷免。通過這樣的整頓，“庶績熙”，各項工作都出現新面貌。上述這些人都建樹輝煌的業績，而其中禹的成就最大，他心治理水患，身為率，鑿山通澤，疏導河流，終於治服洪水，使天下人民安居樂業。當比之時，“四海之內戴帝舜之功”，“天下明德皆自虞帝始”，呈現出前所未有的清平局。
舜在年老的時候，認為自己的兒子商均不肖，就確定威望最高的禹為繼任者，由禹來攝行政事。故舜與堯一樣，都是禪位讓賢的聖王。
說舜在堯死之，在位39年，到南方巡守時，死於蒼梧之野，葬於江南九疑山，稱為“零陵”。但是，對於此一說，卻有頗多疑義。首先蒼梧於當時乃荒蕪之地。既非經濟、文化中心，也非抵禦外族的軍事要地。舜當時已近百歲高齡，沒有理由巡視至此。其次，舜定都蒲坂，即今山西永濟縣。與蒼梧相距數鄰里里程。以當時的交通情況，舜若想來一次，得花上數年時間。況且，舜乃南巡，蒼梧或許非終點，而年近百歲的舜絶無那樣的力與精力，進行如此長般的南巡。綜上所述，有人提出一個觀點：舜當時遠行，肯定有其不得已的苦衷。或是武裝押送，不得不去；或是有追兵，盲目逃生。兩者當居其一。
舜與堯一樣，同是先秦時期儒墨兩推崇的古昔聖王。而舜對於儒，又有特的意義。儒的學說重視孝道，舜的傳說也是以孝著稱，所以他的人格形象正好作為儒倫理學說的典。孟子繼孔子之對儒學的展有巨大貢獻，他極力推崇舜的孝行，而且倡導人們努力舜看齊，做舜那樣的孝子。說：“舜，人也；我，亦人也。舜為法於天下，可傳於世，我由(猶)未免為鄉人也，是則可憂也。憂之如何？如舜而已矣。”他甚至設想，舜為天子，而瞽叟殺人被捕，舜雖不會利用權力破壞刑律而將其赦免，但一定到監獄偷偷地把父親背出來，一起逃到海濱，過無憂無慮的日子，為共享天倫之樂而忘掉天子的地位。由於儒的宣傳，有關舜的傳說事跡在中國文化傳統中留下極深刻的影響。
【湖南寧遠舜帝陵】:
舜帝陵中華民族尊祖祭舜之聖地。夏代始於九嶷置陵建廟，秦漢遷於玉官岩前，明初移至舜源峰下。因年久失修，近荒廢。二十世紀九十年代，永州市、寧遠縣斥巨資進行修，恢明清時期風貌。然隨拜謁觀光人數增多，陵區漸顯促狹，擴建呼聲日增。二零零四年四月十四日，湖南省人民政府决定以尊祖愛國、傳承文明、凝聚人心、促進展為主題，於翌年舉行個省公祭大典。同年九月十七日，以加強舜帝陵建設與保護為宗旨的湖南省九嶷山舜帝陵基金會成立。為適應全省祭舜大典及謁陵觀光者需要，遂决定擴建舜帝陵。基金會與省直有關部門、市縣人民政府，迅即着手規設計。規總用地四百三十畝，總投資四五百萬。擴建工程分兩期進行。一期工程投資二六百萬，將山門改建成祭祀殿，增建連廊、角樓、碑廊、廂房等，新增建築積四平方米；祭祀殿外原玉帶橋三橋為一橋，兩旁新建拱橋各一座；祭祀殿外場三萬八平方米，其中麻石場一萬五五百平方米，植草磚場九五百平方米；新建停車場一萬三平方米；新建儀門一座。二零零五年四月二十五日，一期工程正式開工。為確保一期工程在全省祭舜大典前完，工程指揮部殫精竭慮，科學調度，工程建設者夜以繼日，精心施工。為解决建設資金，在全省圍內開展募捐，各個市州慷慨解囊，各界人士踴躍捐款。同年八月二十日，一期工程竣工。同年九月十五日，湖南省祭舜大典在舜帝陵順利隆重舉行。
舜帝陵位於舜陵景區，是九疑山風景區的目標人文景觀，是九疑山風景的目標人文景觀。是我國最古老的陵墓。舜帝陵陵區由陵山（舜源峰）、舜陵廟、神道及陵園組成，占地600畝。陵山舜源峰上小下大,呈覆狀，海拔600畝,氣勢恢宏。山北麓建有陵廟，陵廟坐南北，規模宏大，占地24644平方米。分為前兩重院落，五進建築。陵廟內建有莊嚴肅穆的山門、午門、拜殿、正殿、寢殿、廂房。陵廟外有長200米的神道。
舜陵是中國五大古帝陵之一，是中國唯一的舜帝陵墓，乃舜帝南巡崩於蒼梧之野而葬於九疑山。陵廟祭碑廓內保存的代祭碑36方，它們是珍貴的歷史文物，是歷史的見證。在古木參天的陵區內，陵廟建築上的石雕、楹聯、壁繪栩栩如生，令人流連忘返。附近有娥皇峰、女英峰、美大峰、梳子峰、舜峰（三分石）、簫韶峰、斑竹岩、舜池、舜溪皆與舜帝奏九韶之樂及二妃揮淚斑竹的傳說有關。
大舜苑
位於諸城經濟開區，占地1000畝，其中水600畝，總投資1.92億元。苑內主要規景點有：大舜殿、舜帝場、舜裔祠、舜字壁廊、舜廟、古諸馮村（舜帝故）、山、名人館、人工湖、水上樂園等景緻。目前，大舜苑已投資 600萬元完成規設計，整修道路，恢受不了舜耕山的歷史風貌，在原舜帝廟遺址重修舜廟。去年以來，堅持邊建設邊接待遊覽參觀者，共接待旅遊隊 500多個，計6萬人次。尤其是春節舉行的“舜廟啓開聖門”，“五一”舉辦的“舜廟開園儀式”，“十一”舉行的“2005 中國諸城公祭舜帝大典”等活動，吸引更多民衆參與，擴大大舜苑的影響。
其它
【疑古學派的評價】:
本世紀初，疑古學派認為，堯舜禹的傳說出現較晚，而堯舜更晚於禹，故其傳說為人編造，其人純屬子虛烏有。現在學界普遍認為，堯舜禹禪讓的故事，確實反映原始社會末期的情況，雖為傳說，但自有其歷史價值。有的學者特指出，舜任命“八元”、“八愷”和臯陶等人，各有執掌，反映出部落聯盟議事會已經開始蛻變為貴族的議事機構。說明運用唯物史觀來研究舜的傳說，有助於我們認識原始社會瓦解時期歷史展的綫索。
【舜設官分職】:
舜即位，將堯時的部落聯盟議事會改革為貴族議事機構。堯議事會成員有禹、臯陶、契、稷、伯夷、夔、竜、倕、益、彭祖等，彼此之間無具分工。舜根各人所長，分委以不同職務：禹擔任司空，主平水土；稷主持農業，播百；契為司徙，掌管教化；臯陶為司法官，掌刑；倕為共工，主管手工業；益為虞官，掌山林原隰的草木鳥獸；伯夷為秩宗，主管祭祀典禮；夔為麯樂，負責教育貴族子弟；竜為納言，專門傳達舜的命令和轉達下情。舜還規定，每三年考核一次官員的政績，有成績者加以提拔，不稱職者予以撤換。舜設官分職，使官員職守分明，辦事效率提高，百業由此興旺。
舜之植物名
舜,舜草也。楚謂之葍,秦謂之蔓,蔓地連華,象形。——《說文》
假為“蕣”。木槿〖shrubalthea〗
有女同車,顔如舜華。——《詩·鄭風·有女同車》
又如:舜華,舜英(木槿花);舜顔(美如木槿花的容貌)
舜之衍生詞組
舜恩(像古代聖君虞舜那樣的浩蕩恩惠)、;舜韶(傳說虞舜所作之樂);、舜蹠分路(善惡不同)、;舜巡(對皇帝巡行的美稱，傳說舜曾南巡至蒼梧)、舜草(孝草)、舜華、舜英、舜顔、、、，都與虞舜帝有關。
舜，河東姓氏之一
《姓苑》：舜姓，出於河東。晉賢人舜華的代，為虞舜之八個庶子之一；子孫因此以舜為氏。
Shun poor families, it is engaged in a variety of manual labor, through ups and downs. He Alexandra (Qianfoshan the southern suburbs of Jinan, ancient name Alexander, also known as Shun Shan, Shungeng Hill) hard cultivation, in Fraser (in this northeastern Shandong Heze) fishing, pottery making in the Yellow Sea, the livelihood of hard word , displaced, in order to feed their families and running around.
Intervention in political affairs was Yao to Shun, management Baiguan, entertaining, and withstood all kinds of temper. Shun not only to deal with political affairs in good order, and an improvement in employment. Yao not only use the "eight dollars", "eight Kai", long-yin name, Shun to "eight dollars" control of land, so that "eight Kai" discipline-based; also "Si Xiong family", that emperor Hung clan Hun Tun is not wit, less the non-wit poor Hao's odd, Zhuan Xu Tao Rongji's not wit, the non-wit Jinyun's gluttonous, though notorious, but not disposed of Yao, Shun and the "Si Xiong family," exiled to remote Shortage Man of the land. Implementation of these measures, showing that Shun's governing strategy and political talent.
Statecraft legendary Shun is also a "Code as to punishment, and flow forgive Five Penalties", in utensils draw the shape of five penalties, deterrent effects; with the exile of the way instead of corporal punishment, to show leniency. But set flogging, flutter punishment, redemption penalties, especially on unreformed criminals must be severely punished, Shun exiled to You state the total work to Huandou exiled to Shun, the expulsion of three seedlings to three crises, the water control reactive power to Haneyama Gun exile, evil punished, and the world were completely convinced.
After the death of Yao, Shun and political reforms there are some large. Already held with the Yu, Gao Yao, Qi, abandoned, Boyi, Kui, Lung, down, benefits, and others, responsibilities are not clear at this time as a common phenomenon Yu Shun life, governance and water; life abandoned as Hou, in charge of agriculture ; life leases as Stuart, the implementation of enlightenment; life Gao Yao as "persons" in charge criminal law; life hanging as a "joint work", in charge of entertainment industry for decades; life benefits as a "danger", in charge of mountains; life Boyi as a "rank number" presided over ceremonies; life Kui as music officer, in charge of music and education; life long as the "ears", responsible for issuing an order for comments. Also provides a performance study for three years, three times by the investigation and decided to upgrade or remove. Through this reorganization, "Shu Ji Xian Xi", the work appeared in a new look. The achievements of these people are brilliant achievements, of which the greatest achievements Yu, his dedication and management of floods, as an example, chiseled mountains Tunze, divert rivers, finally subdued the floods, so that the world people live and work. When the ratio of the time, "The world of salt Daidi Shun Gong", "Matilda the world are from the fear of God before," presents an unprecedented liquidation of the situation.
Shun in old age, when his son business that are unworthy, we determined the highest prestige Yu as successor to proactive administrative matter by Yu. So, like Shun and Yao are the emperors, Christianity and Islam to Yin.
Ningyuan Shundi Ling】 【Hunan:
Department of the Chinese nation Zunzu Shundi Ling Shun holy festival. Xia Ling temple began jiuyi home, Yu-Han officials in the rock moved before the next peak of the early move to shun the source. Later, because of dilapidated and almost deserted. Twentieth century, the nineties, John City, Ningyuan spent a lot repairs, to restore the Ming and Qing style. However, with the paid respects to the growing number of tourists, starting to prove mischievous hilly area, the increasing expansion of the voice. April 14, 2004, Hunan Provincial Government decided to respect Zuai Guo, inheritance of civilization, unite and promote the development of the theme, in the provincial public memorial ceremony was held the following year. In the same year on September 17 to strengthen the construction and protection Shundi Ling Hunan Province for the purpose of setting up JIUYISHAN Shundi Ling Foundation. To meet the province's tourism offerings need to Shun Dadian and Ye Ling, decided to expand Shundi Ling. Foundation and the provincial departments, city and county government, immediately begin planning and design. The planned land 430 acres, a total investment of over a hundred million in 4500. Expansion project in two phases. The first phase investment 26 million, will gate turned into a worship hall, building corridor, turret, Corridor of Steles, rooms, etc., the new construction area of 4000 square meters; ritual jade Dianwai original bridge and a bridge Mihashi , each one on both sides of the new bridge; worship Dianwai Plaza 38,000 square meters, including granite plaza 15,500 square meters, grass brick plaza nine thousand and five hundred square meters; new parking lot 13,000 square meters; a new instrument door. April 25, 2005, a project was started. To ensure a project completed in the province before the festival Shun Dadian plant, engineering headquarters taken great care, scientific control, the builders worked day and night, well construction. To solve the funding to carry out a province-wide fund-raising, all cities and prefectures generous public donations. In the same year on August 20, a project completed. In the same year on September 15, Hunan Ji Shun Dadian was held successfully in Shundi Ling.
Shun Ling is one of the five ancient Mausoleum is the tomb of Chinese only Shundi Ling, is Shun Dinan patrol collapse in the field and buried Jiuyi Cangwu Hill. Ling temple festival beikuo monument within the 36 preserved ancient festival party, They are precious historical relics, are witnesses of history. In the ancient trees of the tomb area, tomb stone temple architecture, couplets, walls painted vivid, blow people away. Peak near E Wong, female British summit, the United States a large peak, comb peak, Shun Feng (third stones), Xiao Shao-Feng, owner of rock, Shun Chi, Xi Shun Shun King played with all the joy and the second nine Shao Fei tearful owner of the legends.
Other
【】 Shun placed under sub-post:
Shun, Shun grass also. Chu said that the weed, Qin said that the vine, vine to Lian Hua, pictographic. - "Said the text"
Another example: kee, Shunei (Althea); Shun Yan (beautiful as Althea's face)
Shun, one of Dong surname