běi wèi zuòzhělièbiǎo
liú Liu Hubái Bai Yalisituò shí Taba Shi
tuò guī Taba Guituò Taba Situò dào Taba Dao
tuò Taba Yutuò jùn Taba Juntuò hóng Taba Hong
tuò hóng Taba Hongyuán Yuan Keyuán Yuan Xu
yuán zhāo Yuan Zhaoyuán yōu Yuan Ziyouyuán Yuan Ye
yuán gōng Yuan Gongyuán lǎng Yuan Langyuán xiū Yuan Xiu
tuò hóng Taba Hong
běi wèi  (467nián499nián)
xìng: yuán
míng: hóng
wǎngbǐhào: xiào wén
miàohào: gāo
jíguàn: píng chéng
língmù: cháng líng
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi471nián499nián
延兴471niánbāyuè476niánliùyuè
承明476niánliùyuè476niánshíèryuè
太和477niányuányuè499niánshíèryuè

   tuò hóng ( hòu gǎi xìng yuán )(467-499)
   běi wèi xiào wén shì wèi zhuó yuè de shǎo shù mín de zhèng zhì jiā gǎi jiā
   chóng shàng zhōng guó wén huàshí xíng hàn huàjìn gǎi biàn liàng héngtuī guǎng jiào gǎi biàn xìng shì bìng jìn zhǐ guī zàng gāo liǎo xiān bēi rén de wén huà shuǐ zhǔnshì běi fāng mín jìn zhōng yuán hòu mín róng de zǒng jiéduì zhōng guó liǎo zhòng yào de zuò yòng
   miào hàogāo chēng wéi wèi xiào wén
   chū shēng píng chéngjīn shān tóng běi
   mín xiān bēi
   xìn yǎng jiào
   chángshī
   chuán shì jiā
   bái guāng tiān yàojiāng zuǒ wèi zhào
   shǐ píng jià
   tuī xíng hàn huà zhèng jìn liǎo mín róng
   shǐ gōng
   wèi jìn nán běi cháo shí dài shì běi fāng cǎo yuán yóu mín nán fāng zhōng yuán hàn wén huà róng pèng zhuàng de shí dàizhè jiān běi wèi xiào wén de hàn huà yùn dòng xiān liǎo mín róng de gāo cháoběi wèi de qián shēn wéi běi fāng shǎo shù yóu mín xiān bēi gāi mín dōng hàn láijīng cháng hàn rén jiē chù jǐn zhàn xiōng ér qiě yòu dōng liáo dōng zhì lǒng biàn yóu tuò shì de jué tǒng liǎo běi fāngjiàn liǎo yóu shǎo shù mín wéi zhù rén de běi wèi zhèng quán mewèihé tǒng běi fāng hòu de běi wèi zhèng quán yào shí xíng hàn huà guò chéng zhè hái cóng xiān bēi shǐ yuán shǐ bèi jǐng shuō
   xiān bēi yuán běi fāng de yóu mín 。 1980 nián 7 yuè guó kǎo xué jiā zài nèimēng 'è lún chūn zhì 'ā zhèn de xīng 'ān lǐng běi nèi xiàn liǎo xiān bēi tuò shì yuán shǐ zhù de shí shìyóu zhèng míng xiān bēi yuán zuì chū tuò chǔyú yuán shǐ shè huì tuò guī hòu de qiáng yuán shǐ shè huì jiě liǎo shè huì shí yòu yóu zhōng yuán hàn wén huà de yǐng xiǎngzài zhì méi yòu chōng fēn dào zhǎn de qíng kuàng xiàhěn kuài jiù guò dào fēng jiàn shè huì liǎo
   biàn zhèng wéi zhù rèn wéi wài yīn shì shì biàn huà tiáo jiànnèi yīn shì shì biàn huà tuò shì běn yóu wéi shēngyóu běi xiàng nán tuī jìn zhōngjiē chù dào hàn rén xiān jìn de nóng shēng chǎn shùzài cóng yóu zhuànxiàng nóng de tóng shí rán zhú shuǐ cǎo 'ér zhuànxiàng hàn rén de dìng nóng shēng chǎn shēng huó fāng shì shì wéi jìn gǎi biàn luò hòu tǒng zhì zhì jiē shòu hàn rén xiān jìn de wén míngxiàng hàn rén xué zài xiào wén shí dài xiān hàn huà yùn dòng de gāo cháo jiù chéng shùn chéng zhāng zhī shì liǎo
   běi wèi de hàn huà yùn dòng zhù yào chàng dǎo shí shī zhě wéi xiào wén dēng shàng wèi zhī hòu jīng zhìzài tǒng de běi fāng dǎn de shí xíng hàn huà yùn dòng zhù yào de nèi róng yòu qiān gǎi guān zhìjìn zhǐ gǎi xiān bēi xìng wéi hàn xìngjìn zhǐ tóng tōng hūnlǐyuè xíng děng liù fāng miàn jìn xíng hàn huà gǎi
   shǒu xiān men lái kàn kàn xiào wén qiān de de tuò guī dìng píng yáng láizhè zhí shì běi wèi de shǒu dàn shì píng yáng wèi piān běihěn nán kòng zhì zhěng běi fāngjiā zhī běi fāng róu rán de sāo rǎozài jūn shì zhàn lüè shàng duì běi wèi zhèng quán de gǒng hěn zài zhě cháng nián shēng rán zāi hàishuǐ hàn bìng nüègōng yuán 487 niánhuáng xià zhào yán dào |:“ chūn hàn zhì jīn qīng cǎo”, bǎi xìng shēng huó kān yánmài 'ér mài liú làng táo wáng zhě shèn duō wèi mín liáo shēng jiā zhī běi fāng jūn wéi shǎo shù mín guì duōbǎo shǒu shì qiáng qiān dōubù gǎi jiāng běi wèi zhèng quán de zhǎn shì xiào wén gōng yuán 493 nián jiè kǒu nán qiān zhì luò yángxiào wén zài duì rèn chéng wáng yuán chéng shuō dào:“ guó jiā xīng běi cóng chéngsuī yòu hǎiwén guǐ wèi jiān yòng zhī fēi xīng wénxiáo hán zhái luò wáng yīn guāng zhái zhōng yuán”, yóu jiàn xiào wén de hóng zhì zhī xīn
   zài jìn xíng guān zhì de gǎi xiào wén zhào wèi jìn shè zhì sān shīsān gōngshàng shūzhōng shū zhēng zhèn jiǔ qīng děng zhōng yāng de wén guān fāng shàng shè shǐjùn shè tài shǒuqiě shè xiàn lìng jué liǎo guān xìng jiā de zhǎnshì xiàng chéng zhì guān bài de liáng hǎo cuò shīlìng wài xiāo wáng gōng guì shì suǒ shè jiǎ jué wèi
   zài xiào wén shí shī hàn huà yùn dòng guò chéng zhōngzuì zhòng yào guò jìn zhǐ de xuān dǎo mín cóng shuō hàn chuān hàn liǎo
   zuò wéi guó zhī jūn de wèile qiáng guó mín dài tóu jiǎng hàn chuān hàn zhè cóng xiào wén duì bāo xián yáng wáng tán dào hàn huà zhòng yào jìzǎi zhōng jiàn bān,“ shàng lái zhū jīng qióngyān yòu xiān zhèng míngér xíng jīn duàn zhū běi cóng zhèng …。 jiàn fēng huà xīnruò réng jiù kǒng shù shì zhī hòu luò zhī xià chéng bèi zhī rén”。 shì dìng gōng yuán 495 niánxiào wén xià zhào lìngzhì dìng běi zhī yán cháo tíngruò yòu wéi zhěmiǎn suǒ guānde zhì zhǐ yòu cái néng gèng hǎo de shuō hàn cái néng gèng hǎo xué hàn rén de jīng diǎn zhù zuò
   zài gǎi zhì fāng miànxiào wén gǎi zhì hàn rén de guānjīng néng gōng qiǎo jiàng liù nián wán chéng lùn luó jūn gǎi wéi chuān hàn zhuāng xiào wén zhì chéng kǎo chá kàn jiàn wèi zài chē shàng méi yòu chuān hàn lìng fǎnshàng shū héwèi cháchéng yuē:“ zhù cái yóu shǎo yuērèn chéng lìng zhù ?” jiàn xiào wén duì jìn chuān hàn zhuāng zhī zhòng shì chéng
   xiào wén zài gǎi xiān bēi xìng shì tōng hūn fāng miàn shí shī liǎo zhòng cuòxiào wén shuài xiān jiāng tuò xìng shì gǎi wéi yuán xìngjiā běi wèi zhèng quán de hàn huà guò chénggōng yuán 496 niánxiào wén gǎi shì tuò shì wéi yuán shìběi wèi tài lái de zuò zhù xìngjiē gǎi wéi hàn xìngzài tōng hūn fāng miànxiào wén xià lìng jìn zhǐ xiān bēi tóng xìng nèi tōng hūn de lòu bìng qiě xiào wén dài tóu chàng dǎo tuī xíng xiān bēi guì hàn xìng tōng hūn fàn yáng shìqīng cuī shìxíng yáng zhèng shìtài yuán wáng shì zhī chōng hòu gōngyòu lǒng chōng zhī wéi rénxiào wén zhòng duō xiōng xiē xiān bēi guì hàn jiā wéi wéi qièzhè yàng tōng guò jiān de tōng hūn guān jìn róng liǎo xiān bēi hàn mín jiān de guān shǐ xiān bēi guì hàn rén míng wàng shì jǐn de jié lái liǎo jǐn xiāo chú liǎo shuāng fāng cún zài de mín dùnér qiě shǐ 'èr zhě xuè tǒng dào róng zhī chí běi wèi de fēng jiàn zhèng quán de tǒng zhì
   xiào wén zài shàng shù hàn huà gǎi de chǔ shàng duì xíng jìn xíng liǎo gǎi fèi chú liǎo zhǎn xíng zhī qián de nán jiē chú luǒ zhī běi wèi xíng zhì dìng shàng chéng hàn jìnbìng qiě yóu guó jūn qīn zhì dìng lìngwèi shū . chōng chuánsuǒ zài:“ lìng rùn shì zhǐkān dìng qīng zhònggāo suī xià fǎng jué yān”, zhè zài zhōng guó shǐ shàng shí shǔ hǎn jiàn yóu jiàn xiào wén zhòng shì zhì de chéng ǒu xīn xuèqián xīn hàn huà yòng zhī qín 。 
   xiào wén duì hàn de wén huà shù yòu hěn xīng cóng xiǎo jiù jiē shòu hàn wén huà de jiào jǐn jīng zhī néng guò lái jiù jiǎngshǐ shū zhuànjìzhū bǎi jiā shè liè duōduì hàn de shī wén hěn yòu yán jiūxiào wén jǐn gǎi xiān bēi guì de shēng huó hái jiào men xué hàn wén huàcóng gēngshēn de wén huà céng gǎi zào menxiào wén duì mín de luò hòu yòu qīng xǐng de rèn shí láng fēng xīn xué chuàng bàn xué xiàochuán wén huà zhī shíhái sōu zhěng tiān xià shū shǐ yīn zhàn luàn 'ér shuāi luò de běi fāng wén huà kāi shǐ xīngzài de dài dòng xiàxiān bēi rén jìn hěn kuài
   xiào wén duì běi wèi zōng jiào shù de zhǎn yòu hěn gòng xiànxiào wén de qīn xiàn wén jiù shì qián chéng de jiào běn rén chóng xìn jiàoyīn xiào wén chàng jiàozài tǒng zhì jiān jiào xùn zhǎn lái jiào de zhǎn tuī dòng liǎo jiào shù de zhǎndāng shí zuì zhòng yào de jiào shù xíng shìjiù shì shí shù guó sān shí zhī de luò yáng lóng mén shí jiù shì xiào wén zhèng shì qiān luò yáng nián kāi shǐ kāi záo delìng wàichí míng zhōng wài de shǎo lín shì xiào wén tài shí jiǔ nián wéi yuǎn dào 'ér lái de yìn gāo sēng tuó xiū jiàn de shì zài xiào wén shí tái shān de jiào de xīng shèng
   qiān luò yáng
   běi wèi cóng běi wèi tài hòuběi wèi huáng zài shí xíng tài yàng qiáng guó jié jiǎn qiáng guó de zhèng zhèng zhì kāi shǐ jiàn bàixiān bēi guì shāng rén rén mín duàn yǐn běi fāng rén mín de fǎn kàngxiào wén tuò hóng shì tài tuò dào de sūntuò dào héng héng tuò huàng héng héng tuò jùn héng héng tuò hóng héng héng tuò hóng ), běi wèi xiàn wén tuò hóng de zhǎngzǐběi wèi de wèi guó jūnnián yòu de tuò hóng yóu yǎng bìng dài wéi shè zhènggōng yuán niánsuì de tuò hóng kāi shǐ qīn zhèng kāi shǐ dāo kuò jìn xíng hàn huà gǎi
   wèi xiào wén guī dìng liǎo guān yuán de fèng yán chéng bàn tān guān shí xíng liǎojūn tián zhì”, huāng fēn pèijǐ nóng mínchéng nián nán měi rén shí měi rén 'èr shí ràng men zhòngzhí lìng wài hái fēn gěi sāng nóng mín xiàng guān jiāo nóng mín liǎochú sāng tián wàidōuyào guī hái guān zhè yàng láikāi kěn de tián duō liǎonóng mín de shēng chǎn shēng huó jiào wěn dìngběi wèi zhèng quán de shōu zēng jiā liǎo
   wèile biàn xué jiē shòu hàn xiān jìn wén huàjìn jiā qiáng duì huáng liú de tǒng zhì jué xīn guó cóng píng chéngjīn shān tóng shì dōng běiqiān dào luò yáng
   wèile zhè chén men fǎn duì qiān de zhù zhāngxiān chū yào guī jìn gōng nán yòu shàng cháo zhè suàn liǎo chū lái chén fēn fēn fǎn duìzuì liè de shì rèn chéng wáng tuò chéng
   xiào wén hěn nǎo huǒ shuō:“ guó jiā shì de guó jiā xiǎng náo yòng bīng ?” tuò chéng fǎn shuō:“ guó jiā suī rán shì xià dedàn shì guó jiā de chénmíng zhī yòng bīng wēi xiǎn néng jiǎng。”
   xiào wén xiǎng liǎo xiàjiù xuān tuì cháohuí dào gōng zài dān zhào jiàn tuò chénggēn shuō:“ lǎo shí gào gāng cái xiàng huǒshì wéi liǎo xià jiā zhēn zhèng de shì jué píng chéng shì yòng de fāng shì gǎi zhèng zhìxiàn zài yào fēng fēi qiān xíngzhè huí chū bīng shí shàng shì xiǎng jiè zhè huìdài lǐng wén guān yuán qiān zhōng yuán kàn zěn me yàng?”
   tuò chéng huǎng rán shàng tóng wèi xiào wén de zhù zhāng
   gōng yuán 493 niánwèi xiào wén qīn shuài lǐng bīng bīng sān shí duō wàn nán xiàcóng píng chéng chū dào liǎo luò yángzhèng hǎo pèng dào qiū lián mián xià liǎo yuèdào chù dào nìngxíng jūn shēng kùn nándàn shì xiào wén réng jiù dài kuī jiá chū chéngxià lìng jìn jūn
   chén men běn lái xiǎng chū bīng chèn zhe zhè chǎng yòu chū lái lánxiào wén yán shuō:“ zhè men xīng shī dòng zhòng guǒ bàn 'ér fèi shì gěi hòu dài rén xiào huà guǒ néng nán jìnjiù guó qiān dào zhè zhū wèi rèn wéi zěn me yàng?”
   jiā tīng liǎomiàn miàn xiāng méi yòu shuō huàxiào wén shuō:“ néng yóu jué liǎotóng qiān de wǎng zuǒ biān zhàn tóng de zhàn zài yòu biān。”
   guì shuō:“ zhǐ yào xià tóng tíng zhǐ nán me qiān luò yáng men yuàn 。” duō wén guān yuán suī rán zàn chéng qiān dàn shì tīng shuō tíng zhǐ nán yědōu zhǐ hǎo biǎo shì yōng qiān liǎo
   xiào wén luò yáng tóu 'ān pái hǎo liǎoyòu pài rèn chéng wáng tuò chéng huí dào píng chéng xiàng de wáng gōng guì xuān chuán qiān de hǎo chùhòu lái yòu qīn dào píng chéngzhào guì lǎo chéntǎo lùn qiān de shì
   píng chéng de guì zhōng fǎn duì de hái shǎo men bān chū tiáo tiáo yóudōubèi xiào wén dǎo liǎozuì hòu xiē rén shí zài jiǎng chū dào láizhǐ hǎo shuō
  “ qiān shì shìdào shì xiōng shì hái shì guà 。”
   xiào wén shuō:“ guà shì wéi liǎo jiě jué nán jué de shìqiān de shì jīng méi yòu wènhái shénmeyào zhì tiān xià deyīnggāi sìhǎiwéijiājīn tiān zǒu nánmíng tiān chuǎng běi yòu dìng biàn de dào zài shuō men shàng dài qiān guò wèishénme jiù néng qiān ?”
   guì chén bèi kǒu yánqiān luò yáng de shìjiù zhè yàng jué dìng xià lái liǎo
   gǎi hàn huà
   xiào wén guó qiān dào luò yáng hòujué xīn jìn gǎi jiù de fēng guàn
   yòu gēn chén men lùn cháo zhèng shuō:“ men kàn shì fēng hǎohái shì yīn xún shǒu jiù hǎo?” xián yáng wáng tuò shuō:“ dāng rán shì fēng hǎo。” xiào wén shuō:“ me yào xuān gǎi jiā néng wéi bèi。”
   xiào wén qiān luò yáng zhī hòujué xīn kāi shǐ jìn xíng gǎi de hàn huà gǎi zhī suǒ néng gòu tuī xíngshǒu xiān zhī rén shàn rèn jǐn zhòng yòng zhù chí gǎi chàng hàn huà de xiān bēi guì hái zhòng yòng liǎo duō yòu cáigàn de hàn rén shēn zhī lǒngluò hàn zhù duì gǒng běi wèi tǒng zhì de zhòng yào xìngsuǒ zhí chí mín piān jiànzhòng yòng hàn rénduì nán cháo tóu jiàng guò lái de guān néng jiā huái dài zhī xiào wén xuǎn yòng rén cáiwéi de gǎi zhì liǎo zhì náng tuánzài zhè xiē zhì náng de zhī chí bāng zhù xiàxiào wén cóng gǎi xiān bēi jiù xué hàn de shēng huó fāng shì diǎn zhāng zhì zhuóshǒukāi shǐ liǎo de gǎi
   jìn zhǐ xiān bēi guì chuānzhuó gǎi chuān hàn
   'èrjìn zhǐ xiān bēi guì jiǎng xiān bēi gǎi shuō hàn 。( nián líng zài 30 suì shàng de rénshǐ yòng xiān bēi chéng guàn yǔn gǎi biàndàn  shì, 30 suì xià de rén zài cháo zuò guān de rén shǐ yòng xiān bēi míng zhī fànjiù yào jiàng zhí huò guān。)
   sānguān yuán jiā shǔ chuān dài hàn
   jiāng xiān bēi xìng shì gǎi wéi hàn xìng shì huáng yóu xíng tuò gǎi wéi xìng yuán
   shǐ shì jiàn
   tuò hóng de qīn xiàn wén xìn yǎng jiàoduì zhèng zhì yàn 'èzǒng shì xiǎng chāo tuō shì xiū shēn yǎng xìngsuǒ gōng yuán nián tuò hóng cái suì de shí hòuxiàn wén jiù huáng wèi ràng gěi liǎo běi wèi tuò jiā zhí yǐn yòng hàn de lǎo bàn ,“ shā ”, jiù shì zài 'ér zuò tài de tóng shíshā diào tài de qīn lái fáng zhǐ hòu yàng de bēi chóngyǎn tuò hóng de shēng shì zhè yàng bèi shā dexiào wén tuò hóng shì běi wèi xiàn wén tuò hóng de zhǎngzǐběi wèi de 7 wèi guó jūnnián yòu de tuò hóng zhǐ néng yóu yǎngsuǒ zài471 nián zhì490 nián de20 nián jiānzhèng quán zhí yóu tài huáng tài hòu féng shì chí
   féng tài hòu duì tuò hóng zhí cún yòu jiè xīn tuò hóng cōng huì zǎo shúféng tài hòu dān xīn zhǎngdà hòu huì duì suǒ bìng huān yòu tīng xìn chán yánzhàng liǎo yòu xiǎo de tuò hóngyòu yòu féng tài hòu zài lěng tiān chuānzhuó dān de xiǎo huáng guān zài jiān kōng zhī zhōng tiān gěi fàn chīhái suàn fèi diào hòu lái yīn wéi chén tài de quàn tuò hóng cái bǎo zhù liǎo huáng wèi tuò hóngsuì shí shēng jiù bèi suǒ zhí dōubù zhī de qīn shēng qīn shì shuí shēng xìng xiào shùnyīn wéi cóng xiǎo jiù gēn zhe féng tài hòujiù zhí féng tài hòu dāng qīn shēng qīn yàngsuǒ suī rán féng tài hòu duì bìng hěn téng 'àidàn shì tuò hóng què zhēn suàn shì féng tài hòu de xiào sūn shǐ bèi háo yuàn yán。 
   xiào wén gǎi xìng shì
   xiān bēi xìng hàn xìng
   tuò yuán
   zhǎngsūn
   qiū líng
   liù
   lài
   liú
   yùchí wèi
  
   lóu lóu
   niǔ
   sān cháng zhì
   běi wèi hòu de céng zhèng quán zhìwèi dào tuò guī jiàn běi wèi zhèng quán shí zōng bǎo lín běi wèi zhèng yòng zōng zhù”“ fāngshí xíng zōng zhù zhī zhìwèi xiào wén yuán hóng gǎi shíwéi jiā qiáng zhōng yāng zhèng duì rén mín de shí kòng zhìcǎi jǐshìzhōng chōng jiàn tài shí nián (486) jiàn sān cháng zhì dài zōng zhù zhìsān cháng zhì guī dìng : jiā wéi línshè lín cháng lín wéi shè cháng wéi dǎngshè dǎng chángsān cháng zhì jūn tián zhì xiāng 'ér xíngsān cháng de zhí shì jiǎn chá kǒuzhēng shōu diàozhēng bīng yáo
   shí xíng sān cháng zhìsān cháng zhí shǔ zhōu jùnyuán yìn háo qiáng de yìn jiāng chéng wéi guó jiā de biān yīn 'ér jiāng háo qiáng zhù zhēng duó kǒu láo dòng chōng chū shí xíng sān cháng zhì de jiàn hòuzài cháo tíng zhōng yǐn liè zhēng lùnjiān chí zōng zhù de zhōng shū lìng zhèng shū lìng gāo yòu shì fǎn duì pài dài biǎo men duì zhù chí biàn lùn de féng tài hòu shuōsān cháng zhì kàn lái hěn hǎoshí xíng tōngcháo chén zhōng zhī chí zhèng gāo yòu jiàn de yòu rén zài chōng tài wèi yuán zhēngzhǐ chū shí xíng zhì duì gōng dōuyòu zuì hòuféng tài hòu cóng jiā qiáng zhōng yāng quán chū rèn wéi shí xíng sān cháng zhì shǐ zhēng shōu diào yòu gēn zhǔn yòu qīng chá chū liàng de yǐn kǒusān cháng zhì zhōng zài féng tài hòu de zhī chí xià shí shī
   sān cháng zhì de jiàn liǎo háo qiáng yìn kǒu de xìngzài shí xíng de guò chéng zhōngsān cháng hái shì cóng háo qiáng zhōng chǎn shēng men jǐn běn rén xiǎng shòu miǎn zhēng shù de quánér qiě qīn shǔ zhōng yòu zhì sān rén dào tóng yàng dài dàn jiào zhī zōng zhù zhì jìng shì zhǒng shǐ de jìn shí xíng hòuguó jiā zhí jiē kòng zhì de gēng nóng mín liàng zēng jiāguó jiā shuì shōu xiāng yìng zēng jiānóng mín shuì dān yòu suǒ jiǎn qīngběi wèi hòu shè huì jīng míng xiǎn de huī zhǎndāng yòu mìqiè guān běi wèi de sān cháng zhì hòu lái chéng wéi běi suítáng shí xiāng zhì de chǔ
   míng rén nián
   gōng yuán 467 niántuò hóng zhǎngzǐ tuò hóng chū shēng píng yuè
   gōng yuán 469 niánnián jǐn liǎng suì de tuò hóng bèi wéi tài
   gōng yuán 471 nián tuò hóng huáng wèi
   gōng yuán 476 niántuò hóng bèi féng tài hòu
   gōng yuán 484 nián tuò hóng xià lìng shí shīfèng zhì”。
   gōng yuán 485 niánbān jūn tián lìng”。
   gōng yuán 490 niántài huáng tài hòu féng shì shì hào wén míng shǐ qīn zhèng
   gōng yuán 491 niánwèi gēngdìng lìngmìng chōng dìng qīng zhòngxiào wén zhí shū zhī
   gōng yuán 493 niánxià lìng qiān luò yáng
   gōng yuán 494 niánxià lìng xiān bēi gǎi chuān hàn nián hòu xià lìng gǎi shuō hàn huàtóng niánlóng mén shí kāi shǐ jiàn zào
   gōng yuán 495 nián tuò hóng jiāng xiān bēi de xìng gǎi wéi shànxìng gǎi míng yuán hóng
   gōng yuán 497-499 niányuán hóng duō nán zhēng nán suì shèng dàn zuì hòu hái shì me yòu méi diào nán
   gōng yuán 499 niánbìng shì nán zhēng shàngzàng běi māng cháng língtài wèishì wéi shì xuān


  Emperor Xiaowen was a distinguished statesman and reformer minority.
  Place of Birth: Ping Cheng (now Shanxi Datong North)
  Specialty: Poetry
  Historical Evaluation
  Northern Wei period is the nomadic culture of the South Han nationality Fusion of large collision times, this movement during the Northern Wei's finished off the National Fusion climax. The former Northern northern nomadic Xianbei minority, the nation since the Han Dynasty, regular contacts with the Han Chinese, the Huns occupied the old haunt, and according to a Liaodong east, west Longxi large plot of land, due to the rise Tuoba unified the North, established by the people of Northern ethnic-based regime. So why after the reunification of Northern Wei regime to implement the process finished it? It had to its historical origins and Xianbei the historical background.
  The Han Wei major advocacy campaign perpetrators to Emperor Xiaowen, after he boarded the place good governance, in the uniform implementation of the North bold Speaking of sports, its main contents of moving the capital, reform of Bureaucracy, ban foreign languages, Hu Dress, named for the Chinese to change Xianbei surname to prohibit marriage with the family, ritual criminal law reform and finished six aspects.
  Speaking of movement in the process of implementation of Emperor Xiaowen, the most important language than against Hu Hu Dress the propaganda that the people from the Chinese, wear of the!
  Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty the development of religious art has much to contribute. Xian Wen Emperor Xiaowen's father was a very devout Buddhist, he also believed in Buddhism. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen vigorously promoted Buddhism. During his rule, Buddhism developed rapidly. Promoted the development of Buddhism in the development of Buddhist art. Was the most important Buddhist art forms, is the grotto art. China, one of the three caves Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang is the beginning year of Emperor Xiaowen official Qiandouluoyang drilled. In addition, the famous Shaolin Temple is also the Emperor Xiaowen Wo 19 years in the Indian monk Ba Tuo afar built. Also in the period of Emperor Xiaowen, Wutai Mountain Buddhism in order to flourish.
  Wei Emperor Xiaowen Salary provided for officials to severely punish corrupt officials; implement the "Land System", the uncultivated land allocated to the farmers, forty acres per adult men and women per 20 acres, they grew corn, also points to the Santee. Farmers must pay rent to the official, service. Peasants dead, except mulberry, the official must be returned. As a result, more cultivated fields, farmers more stable production and living, the income of the Northern Wei regime has also increased.
  Emperor Xiaowen was angry, said: "This country is my country, do you want to use military force to block me?" Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the State of His Majesty, but I was minister of the country, knowing use of troops is dangerous, how can I not speak. "
  AD 493, the Wei Emperor Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng to Luoyang. Just run into the autumn rolling, a full under a month, mud everywhere, roads, marching any difficulty. But the Emperor Xiaowen still wearing armor riding helmet out of the city and ordered to march.
  A noble said: "His Majesty agreed to stop cutting the South, then Qiandouluoyang, we are willing." Civil and military officials, although many do not support moving the capital, but heard that the South can stop cutting, also had expressed support for moving the capital.
  "Moving the capital is a major event in the end is an evil is Kat, or Pu a diagram it."
  Speaking of reform
  Emperor Xiaowen Qiandouluoyang, the determination to begin reform. He finished the implementation of the reform was able to, first of all effective in his Use of Personnel. He not only presided over the reform reuse to promote localization of the Xianbei nobles, but also reuse a lot of talented Han. He knew win over the Han landlords the importance of consolidating the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, so he does not hold national prejudice, re-Han. Came the official surrender of the Southern, he could without doubt, be with propriety. Emperor Xiaowen leaders and professionals selected for their reform organized a think tank, in the think-tank support and help from the reform of Emperor Xiaowen Xianbei old customs, learn the Han way of life, and institutions work, by his own reform .
  Third: Chinese officials and family members must wear clothes.
  Xian-Wen Wang's father Tuoba Buddhist, on the political extremely offensive, always trying to transcend the secular world, to self-cultivation. Thus, AD 471, Tuoba only 5 years old when the macro, offering Wen conceded he took the throne. Wei Han Tuoba family have been referring to the old way, "established his son to kill his mother" is in the legislation, while son Prince Edward, Prince's mother killed in order to prevent the recurrence of tragedies like Empress. Wang's mother is also the case Tuoba killed. Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei Xianwen Tuoba macro eldest son of Emperor Tuoba Hong, Wei's first seven monarch. Tuoba macro can only be young grandmother raising. So in 471 years to 490 years, 20 years, the regime has been dominated by the Pacific Empress Dowager Feng.
  Clan Names surname Han Xianbei
  丘穆 Ling Mu
  Tokgo Liu
  HE House floor
  Grassroots organizations, the late Northern Wei Dynasty. Weidao Wu established the Northern Wei Dynasty 拓跋珪 regime, clan fortress around everywhere. Northern parts of the government using "sovereign" "viceroy" place, the implementation of the system of sovereign viceroy. Wang Wei Emperor Xiaowen Yuan reform, to strengthen the central government's actual control people, to adopt the proposed Decadence Lee Chong, the Wo decade (486) to establish three long system to replace the system of sovereign viceroy. Three long system provides: five for the neighbors, and set a neighborhood long; five neighbors, the set a mile long; five miles to the party, set up a party long. System falls in line with the Surroundings three long, three long duty is to check the accounts, the collection of rent adjustment, and a lord levy made military service.
  Celebrity Chronicle
  AD 471, the Tuoba macro attack emperor.
  AD 485, issued the "land equalization order."
  AD 493, ordered Qiandouluoyang.
  AD 497-499, Yuan Wang repeatedly Nanzheng Southern Qi, aged victory, but ultimately there is no out of Qi Why.
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