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北魏献文帝出生地
魏献文帝拓跋弘，为北魏第六位皇帝。其在位时，因亲自组织指挥了著名的女水之战而名著史册，关于其出生地，《魏书》说：“显祖献文皇帝讳弘，文成皇帝之长子也。兴光元年（公元454年）生于阴山之北。”至于生于阴山之北何处，史书语焉不详，始终是一个谜。本文试就献文帝拓跋弘出生地作一考释，并就教于方家。
北魏自道武帝拓跋珪于登国元年（公元386年）建国，定都盛乐（今和林格尔土城子），天兴元年（公元398年）迁都平城（今山西大同），至孝文帝元宏太和十八年（公元494年）南迁都城于洛阳，在一个多世纪里，北魏王朝和北境外强敌——柔然始终处于严重对峙状态。柔然是一个以掳掠人财为专业的游牧国家。公元5世纪初，柔然崛起于漠北，兵强马盛，逐渐南侵，不断攻掠北魏北境，对北魏构成了严重的威胁。
为了抵御和防止柔然入侵，北魏除了在北境修筑了“起自赤城、西至五原，延袤两千余里”的长城，设置了武川、怀朔等军镇“备置戍卫”和大举出兵追剿来犯之敌外，北魏诸帝还经常行幸作为北境天然屏障的阴山，以巩固和加强阴山防线。据《魏书》记载，太武帝拓跋焘在位期间，曾9次行幸阴山，仅正平元年（公元451年）就两次巡幸阴山。拓跋焘死后，其长孙文成帝拓跋浚继位后，在位14年中，史书明确记载其"行幸阴山"就达8次之多，其中"兴光元年（公元454年）夏六月，行幸阴山"时，李贵人为其生长子拓跋弘。《魏书》说“献文皇帝讳弘”，“兴光元年七月生于阴山之北”。
魏帝频繁行幸阴山，而且在阴山停留时间很长，一般都在两三个月，有时会更长些。如太武帝在太平真君“九年（公元448年）六月辛酉，行幸广德宫”，“冬十二月，皇太子朝于行宫” ，在阴山行宫逗留半年之久。出于巡幸的需要，魏帝在阴山上建有行宫。魏帝行宫既是魏帝运筹帷幄、指挥军事行动的前线指挥部，也是魏帝及随行后妃生活起居之所在，而著名于史籍的阴山行宫只见于广德宫（亦称广德殿）。《魏书》载：太武帝于太平真君“三年五月，行幸阴山北。六月丙戌，杨难当朝于行宫。先是，起殿于阴山北，殿成而难当至，因曰广德焉”。《魏书》继续写道：“六年夏八月，车驾幸阴山北，次于广德宫。”上述几段话明确指出：魏帝阴山行宫在阴山北，名曰广德宫。广德宫建于太武帝太平真君三年（公元442年），魏帝在行幸阴山北时，驻跸处即在广德宫。献文帝拓跋弘生于阴山北，亦当生在广德宫中。
北魏献文帝生平
献文帝拓跋弘是北魏王朝的一个特殊皇帝，其短暂的政治生涯中，既富有喜剧的色彩，又充满着悲剧的情调。他文武全才，十二岁继位就显露出了超人的才能和魄力。整顿内政，增强国力，四出征讨，致力于统一，俨然一副英明君主大有作为的架势。但是，在亲政五年以后，正当其统治事业进展顺利之际，他却突然将皇位让给了五岁的太子拓拔宏。
对拓拔弘的这种异常举动，《魏书·显祖纪》和《北史·魏本纪》的解释是，拓拔弘热衷于老庄、佛图之学，因此看破红尘，“雅薄时务，常有遗世之心”，想抛开政务纷繁的皇位去过清静优雅的生活。而《魏书·天象志》却说：“上迫于太后，传位太子。”这两种说法，究竟孰是孰非呢？
实际上，拓拔弘虽好老庄、佛图，但并不厌世，《魏书·显祖纪》说他“聪睿机悟”，从小就有君临天下的“济民神武之规”。他十二岁亲政以后，“勤于为治，赏罚严明，拔清节，黜贪污”，使北魏吏治面貌大为改观。本来北魏前期百官无俸禄，官吏贪污受贿现象十分严重，造成了吏治的败坏，导致了阶级矛盾和民族矛盾的日趋尖锐，拓拔弘用赏罚和黜陟的办法虽然不能从根本上解决贪污受贿问题，但也暂时收到明显的效果，“于是魏之牧守始有廉洁著闻者”（《魏书·显祖纪》）。这是自拓拔氏入主中原以来没有过的好现象，故不能不说拓拔弘有治国之术。他还根据中原的实际情况，改革赋税制度，“命因民贫富为三等输租之法，等为三品，上三品输平城，中输他州，下输本州”（《魏书·显祖纪》）。这样既不影响国家赋税的使用，又解决了广大贫苦百姓远途输赋、疲于赋役的问题，同时也使贫富有所差别。他又一改拓拔焘以来重征赋税的政策，在国家财政仍很紧张的情况下，实行轻徭薄赋政策，下诏免除了常赋之外的十五种杂调，减轻了中原人民的负担，缓和了民族矛盾。拓拔弘即位以来，军事上也取得很大胜利。对北，他亲自督率四路大军征讨柔然，斩首五万级，俘获万余人，得戎马器件不可胜计。柔然远遁，北边得以安宁。对南，重用大将尉元，降宋将毕众敬、张谠等，取得刘宋之徐州和兖州，拓宽了北魏的南疆。拓拔弘即位五年，内政、外交均取得如此大的显著成果，足以证明拓拔弘是个文能武练，既有雄心又有胆略的皇帝。
拓拔弘也具有政治家的刚严素质，他并没有被老庄、佛图理论束缚。为了进一步整治贪污受贿之风，他曾制定一条强硬的法律，“吏受所监临羊一口，酒一斛者，死，与者以从坐论”（《魏书·显祖纪》），还进一步规定“有能纠告尚书已下罪状者，随所纠官轻重授之”。这条法律是十分苛刻的，充分体现了他不惜任何代价整治社会的决心。
对于不附于已，对统治不利的人，拓拔弘能断然采取措施，格杀勿论。慕容白曜是北魏有名的大将，他统率北魏大军与宋军多次作战，降城陷垒，夺得宋之青齐二州，扬魏威于东土。但是，由于他在拓拔弘刚即皇位时，曾附于太尉乙浑，乙浑因专擅朝权被诛杀，拓拔弘考虑到慕容白曜是乙浑党羽，怕他在南疆拥重兵，功高难制，便在慕容白曜取得军事上节节胜利的时候，以谋反的罪名将他杀死，并杀了他的弟弟慕容如意。
拓拔弘具备君主的内外素质，他禅位之前的一切举动都没有表现出受老庄、佛图的任何影响。禅位之后，他也没有去过太上皇的清闲日子，更没有沉湎于老庄而避世无为。相反，仍是“国之大事咸以闻”（《魏书·显祖纪》），他还频频发布诏令，制定国策，并亲自带兵出征，实际上仍旧履行着皇帝的职责，发挥着皇帝的作用，丝毫没有“雅薄时务”的迹象。因此，说拓拔弘是因热衷老庄、佛图之学而禅位，显然有悖史实。
似乎《魏书·天象志》所谓“上迫于太后，传位于太子”的说法更切合实际。《资治通鉴》胡三省注在引用这条史料之后，曾以“冯太后若迫显祖传位，当夺其大政，安得犹总万机”为由，对此表示反对。显然，胡三省是从狭义上去理解“迫于太后”这句话的含义了，认为它是指冯太后强行指令拓拔弘让出皇位，所以觉得于理难通。事实上，从冯太后的身份和地位及北魏宫廷中权力分配情况看，她也不具备这一条件。但是，冯太后是个既热衷于政治，又娴于权术的女人，她和拓拔弘之间存在着很大的矛盾，她完全可以利用其太后的地位和在宫中的便利条件，创造一种氛围，使拓拔弘处于一种被逼迫的内外交困之中，不得不寻求解脱，让出皇位，这才是“迫于太后”的本意。
事实上，在拓拔弘突然禅位后又继续执政这些事件的背后，就隐藏着一场深刻而又复杂的政治斗争。
冯太后是拓拔弘父亲文成皇帝拓拔濬的皇后，但非拓拔弘之母。她是个“猜忍多权数”（《资治通鉴》宋苍梧王元徽四年），权力欲极强的女人。她曾在拓拔弘刚即位居丧期间不能亲政时，临朝称制。这段时间内，她亲自策划诛杀了专权乱政的太尉乙浑，使举朝肃然。但是，冯氏还没有来得及充分施展她的政治才能，就因拓拔弘居丧期满，不得不归政。她对政治一直兴趣浓厚，然而，风华正茂的拓拔弘亲政以后，治国有方，才能出众，使冯太后无法插手国事，于是他们之间不可避免地产生了隔阂。再加上冯氏与拓拔弘之间本无血缘关系，他们之间的磨擦便逐渐加深。冯氏年轻寡居，“内行不正”（《魏书·皇后列传》），引起臣下窃讥，损害了拓拔弘统治者的形象。拓拔弘对此十分反感，他借故杀死了冯太后所宠幸的李奕，这一举动进一步将他们二人推到了敌对的地位。由于史料严重缺乏，我们无法知道他们之间进行明争暗斗的具体过程。但从后来拓拔弘被毒死，冯太后执政，对继位的孝文帝施加种种迫害等事件中，完全可以推断出，冯太后当时正在处心积虑地寻找机会与拓拔弘较量，她的力量正在逐渐壮大，拓拔弘看到了这种不可避免的殊死斗争的倪端，也预感到了以后统治的艰难。也许是拓拔弘“仁孝纯至”（《魏书·显祖纪》）的性格所决定，或者是某种力量的制约，使得他没有先发制人，对冯太后采取措施，但他禅位之念实由此而生。
拓拔弘面对即将爆发的宫廷内讧，想以禅位来逃避斗争，这是他经过深思熟虑之后才作出决定的。当时太子已立，他却并没有打算把皇位传给太子，而是首先选择了皇叔京兆王拓拔子推。拓拔弘认为，身为中都大官的拓拔子推“沈雅仁厚，素有时誉”（《资治通鉴》宋明帝泰始七年），这样一个名望权力俱重的拓拔宗室成员，如能登上皇位，应该能够对付冯太后，保证北魏王朝的统治稳固。更重要的是，这样一来，皇统便转移，拓拔弘自己和太子才有可能免遭冯太后算计。
但是，皇位的继承和转让乃是封建国家最为敏感和重要的政治问题，在某种程度上它并不由皇帝一人决定，而是由统治集团中之权力派共同决定的。况且，这种极为异常的禅位实属罕见，出人意料。故拓拔弘的想法一经提出，公卿们先是面面相觑，继而是强烈反对。首先提出反对意见的是拓拔子推的弟弟任城王拓拔云，他说：“陛下方隆太平，临覆四海，岂得上违宗庙，下弃兆民。且父子相传，其来久矣。陛下必欲委弃尘务，则皇太子宜承正统。”接着指出禅位于拓拔子推将导致的严重后果，“陛下若更受旁支”，必将“启奸乱之心，斯乃祸福之原，不可不慎也”（《资治通鉴》宋明帝泰始七年）。接着重臣源贺、宗室拓拔丕、尚书陆馛也纷纷表示反对，他们反对禅位的共同想法是，若禅位于皇叔则必然紊乱皇统秩序，启逆乱之心。退一步讲，若必禅位，应禅于皇太子，这是迎合众愿，稳定统治的最好选择。但是禅位于太子正是拓拔弘所忌，因为那样就失去了他禅位的意义。他听完群臣的发言后，变色作怒。他仍想从别处打开缺口，取得支持，于是又问身边的选部尚书赵黑，得到的回答是：“臣以死奉戴皇太子，不知其他。”（《资治通鉴》宋明帝泰始七年）汉族元老高允综合群臣意见后提出：“愿陛下上思宗庙托付之重，追念周公辅成王之事。”大局已定，拓拔弘不得不接受众人意见，被迫说出：“然则立太子，群公辅之，有何不可。”这一过程已经很清楚地展示出，拓拔弘禅位是迫不得已的，而禅位于太子也是迫不得已的。
然而，拓拔弘并没有真的把太子交给别人“使群公辅之”，也没有去享受他所谓“优游履道，颐神养性”（《魏书·显祖纪》）的太上皇生活，而是继续执政，且更加有志。这是由于拓拔弘感到，当时北魏的宗室和大臣，无一人能够如周公辅成王那样，有力地制约冯太后的力量，帮助小皇帝度过难关，顺利亲政。而且，如果拓拔弘不亲政，冯太后必然要临朝称制，这对小皇帝更加不利。在形势的逼迫之下，拓拔弘不得不以太上皇的身份继续执政。
拓拔弘禅位后，为了成功地辅佐幼帝，给他打下坚实的基础，他更加奋发努力，多次发布诏令，而且在政治、军事、内政、外交之上都积极采取切实有效措施，并取得了令人瞩目的成果。
他亲自带兵出征，保卫边疆。公元４７２年，柔然入侵，兵至五原，拓拔弘亲自带兵征讨，在柔然闻风远遁之后，他仍穷追不舍，想度过漠北，一举消灭柔然主力，清除北边隐患。但因柔然已走得太远，追及甚难，于是返回。
东部敕勒本已归附北魏，但在柔然势力强大之后，又于４７２年叛归柔然，拓拔弘再次带兵追讨，一直追至大漠中之石碛，使敕勒的叛逃没有对内地造成危害。
河西吐谷浑归附之后也复叛，北魏派兵镇压之后，拓拔弘带着小皇帝巡幸河西，表示安抚，意在向吐谷浑张扬小皇帝孝文帝的威力，为以后的统治打下基础。公元４７３年，拓拔弘带兵南伐，并令全国广集赋税人丁，作出大规模向南用兵的姿态，欲虚张声势，以攻为守，起到安定南疆的作用。
内政方面，拓拔弘“勤于为治，赏罚严明，慎择牧守，进廉退贪”。他特别重视刑狱，“大刑多令覆鞠”，不准轻易判死刑，意在为小皇帝收买人心，于是造成了囚犯多年关押的情况。他说：“滞狱诚非善治，不犹愈于仓猝而滥乎！”在这种政策的指导下，北魏“所刑多得其宜”（《资治通鉴》宋苍梧王元徽二年）。缓和了阶级矛盾，稳定了北魏统治。
此外，在拓拔弘以太上皇帝身份执政期间，北魏还颁发了下列诏令，诸如，罢门房之诛；禁杀耕牛做祭；令工商杂伎尽归农业等等。这些诏令虽不以太上皇之名下，但实际上是以他的意图拟定的。
从上述内容可以看出，拓跋弘一心想励精图治，内外并举，创造一个清明安定的天下，为小皇帝孝文帝的亲政打下一个良好的基础，这就更证明了他禅位是被迫的，继续执政也是被迫的。但是，在封建政权中，政治斗争是残酷的，不是你死我活便是两败俱伤，拓拔弘虽然在禅位之后又被迫重新振作起来，迎接斗争，但终因手段不够强硬，没有先发治人，在禅位五年之后被冯太后毒死。这位年轻的太上皇没有实现他的夙愿，为后人留下了深深的遗憾。
政治统治
拓跋弘时期疆域献文帝拓跋弘继续执行拓跋珪的政策，他在平城等地建起大量房屋，并将塞外的鲜卑人及其他胡人内迁到关东地区。这是一项强制性的官方移民政策，目的是恢复与发展久经破坏的中原地区，遇到的阻力却恰与其深远的意义成正比。当时的官员不会去体谅老百姓对于故土的依恋之情，更不懂得组织“居委会”去做思想工作，在执行政策过程中多半是采取硬性逼迫的手段，造成了一些地方民众的反感。部分流氓无赖乘机煽动情绪，许多年轻人逃亡集结在外，不少郡县都出现了有组织的土匪或强盗。
献文帝拓跋弘面对民患十分头疼，又不想大动干戈地镇压，就与公卿们商量：“朕本来是要为民除害，可惜让那些官员坏了事儿，以至于乱事频起。如今违犯的人多了，不可能把他们都抓起来杀了。我的意思是通过大赦安抚，你们觉得怎么样呢？”
元城人侯屈说：“民众逃亡做强盗，这是大罪，如今不给他们定罪就把他们赦免，乃是‘为上者反求于下’（即本末倒置，不是执行政策的人的行为），恐怕不妥。依臣所见，不如诛杀首恶，赦免余党，此举足可安定天下。”清河人崔宏（这位又是清河崔氏一族，后来鼎鼎有名的北魏汉臣崔浩正是他的长子）则说：“圣明的君主统领民众，目的便在于安定团结，而不是跟民众去较量胜负。赦免罪行虽不是正招，但却便于执行。侯屈的意思是先诛后赦，还不如一招赦免全部搞定为好！如果有人赦免了之后还不老实，到时再杀也不为晚。”
献文帝拓跋弘赞同崔宏的建议，依计执行，果然许多人就不再为乱，对于继续作乱搞破坏的少数人，拓跋嗣就不再手软，派将军于栗领兵一万前去平定，很快解决了不安定的因素。
经济改革
北魏经济记载壁画北魏献文帝拓跋弘大力推行的改革内容，鲜卑拓跋部落发源于遥远的边陲之地，他们的人口本来就少，进入广袤的中原后，必然成为一支少数民族。如果仅仅限于抢劫，他们自可来去如风，完全保持着过去的那种野蛮的游牧生活及习俗。然而，若是长期占据中原，在这块土地上生活下去，他们就不得不调整、改变过去的生存方式，由游牧生活变为先进的农业耕作。
北魏献文帝拓跋弘时期，其社会跃入封建制，生产力逐步发展。但在统治方式上，北魏前期仍然保留着浓厚的奴隶制残余，特别是在统一北方以前，继续将战争中掳掠的人口没为奴婢，赏赐给诸王贵族和有战功者，从事农业和手工业的生产劳动。赋税方面，在推行宗主督护制的地区，平均每户每年的户调是帛二匹，絮二斤，丝一斤，粟二十石，外加地方征收的调外之费帛一匹二丈。且任意增加临时征调，动辄每户要交三十、五十石粟。当时官吏没有正式的俸禄，贪污、贿赂、高利贷公行。献文帝拓跋弘统治期间，大将公孙轨到上党(今山西长治北)，去时单马执鞭，回来则从车百辆。拓跋统治者推行民族歧视政策。在战争中，被驱迫当兵的各族人民在前冲锋，鲜卑骑兵在后驱逼。十二年献文帝拓跋弘围攻盱眙(今江苏盱眙东北)时，写信给刘宋守将臧质说，攻城的都不是我鲜卑人，你杀了他们，免得他们将来造反。
北魏经济在北魏献文帝拓跋弘当政时期，社会生产力逐步得到恢复和发展，中国北方自西晋永嘉之乱(310)以后，经过十六国时期的战争破坏，百姓死于兵革，毙于饥馑，幸存的人口不足50。中原地区一派凋敝景象。北魏统一北方后，经过各族人民长期的辛勤劳动和共同斗争，生产关系得到了调整，生产有明显的发展。特别是献文帝拓跋弘改革后，自耕农民显著增加，献文帝拓跋弘以前，全国户数已达五百余万，比西晋太康年间增加一倍多。农业，手工业都有显著的发展。《洛阳伽蓝记》称北魏后期百姓殷富，年登俗乐，衣食粗得保障。在手工业方面，北魏后期炼钢技术有新的成就，相州牵口冶(在今河南安阳)制成锐利的钢刀。商业也逐渐活跃起来，太和以前，北方商业几乎处于停顿状态，钱货无所周流。献文帝拓跋弘时，元淑为河东太守，当地许多百姓弃农经商。随着商业的发展，货币恢复流通，太和十九年，又重新铸造“太和五铢”钱，规定此钱在京师及全国诸州镇都可通行。
军事政策
北魏军队年轻的献文帝拓跋弘非常善战，他亲自率兵指挥的战蠕蠕，也是非常出色的一次战役。他亲自统率队伍，率兵追击，一直追到“石碛”（沙漠）。拓跋弘即位不过13岁，年纪虽轻，也同样喜欢练兵。天安二年，（公元467年），二月，“田于西山，亲射虎豹”；五月，“田于崞山，遂幸繁峙”。退位做太上皇以后在北苑的大阅兵，惊动朝野。
在拓跋弘的统治（465－471年在位）下，拓跋人以牺牲南方中国王朝为代价，又取得了许多胜利。466年占领彭城，467年征服淮河流域，469年占领山东。470年拓跋人惩罚了一支鲜卑部落（即蒙古种吐谷浑），吐谷浑自5世纪初就居住在青海湖地区。
拓跋弘是一位佛教徒，他是那样的虔诚以至他于471年让位给他尚年幼的儿子而出家为僧。其子拓跋宏（471－499年在位）在成年之后对佛教也表示出同样的感情，在佛教的影响下，他采用了一部较人道的法规。494年，他把都城从热河的平城迁到洛阳，由此完成了拓跋人的中国化，正是在这一时期，在他的发起下洛阳南部著名的龙门佛教石窟开始动工。
这些石窟里的雕塑都是在494年到759年间的不同时期内完成。但是，拓跋人在毫无保留地采用中国文化和佛教信仰时，失去了他们突厥祖先所具有的坚韧和英勇的品质。他们的打算是通过征服南部中国王朝在他们的统治下完成中国的统一，结果失败了。
北魏献文帝之死
那时，侍中乙浑看到献文帝年幼，趁机借用献文帝的诏令，大肆排斥异己，建立独裁的统治。乙浑把尚书杨保年、平阳公贾爱仁、南阳公张天度、平原王陆丽、司卫监穆多侯害死。
面对凶残的乙浑，年纪尚幼的献文帝没有任何办法，只好在冯太后那里痛哭。开始时，冯太后对乙浑疯狂屠杀大臣也没有任何办法，也不敢得罪乙浑，只能拜他为丞相，以此保住献文帝的帝位。由于权位的逐渐稳定，乙浑的欲望愈来愈大，已经不满足于丞相的地位，伺机发动宫廷政变，称霸天下。 悲惨的现实使冯太后看清了乙浑的真实意图，不能再坐以待毙了。冯太后抛弃幻想，偷偷诏命元丕、元贺、牛益得等人率军，包围乙浑府把乙浑杀死。由于局势混乱，冯太后下诏临朝听政，处理所有的军国政务。
经过几个月的整顿，冯太后发现事务太多，自己怎么努力都应接无暇，便请中书令高允、中书侍郎高闾和贾秀三人，辅佐她治理国家。
一年后，献文帝的儿子拓跋宏出生了，后继有人，冯太后喜形于色。冯太后宣布还政于献文帝，不再过问政事，把精力都放在培养拓跋宏上。由于献文帝智力平平，冯太后不敢把大权都还给献文帝，只是从前台暂时退居幕后，冯太后怕献文帝不听她的指挥，任命哥哥冯熙为太傅，以便必要时牵制献文帝。
献文帝亲政后，遇事拿不定主意，凡事爱向冯太后禀报，得到冯太后的建议后再去做。冯太后对献文帝比较满意。
由于年龄的增长，献文帝对冯太后越来越无礼，不仅不听话，而且故意找茬惹冯太后生气。
皇兴四年(公元470年)十月，18岁的献文帝竟把冯太后的男宠李奕和李敷杀了。这可惹恼了冯太后。
冯太后像一头怒狮，痛骂献文帝，扬言要废了献文帝。献文帝心里很不是滋味。献文帝本想趁自己年轻之时，治理好国家，名扬千古，但现在处处受制于冯太后，自己的本事无法施展。
对佛教很感兴趣的献文帝厌恶权位，决定将帝位让给叔父拓跋子推，这样就可以报复太后。
起初，冯太后听说献文帝要退位，误以为是让给太子，心中大喜，5岁的太子比18岁的献文帝容易控制。但她知道献文帝要让位给拓跋子推时，气得几天吃不下饭。
皇兴五年(公元471年)八月的一天，献文帝将大臣们召来，宣布让位事宜。献文帝深感失望，大臣们全都反对把帝位让给拓跋子推，要求把帝位传给太子拓跋宏。这时，冯太后放心了。就这样，年仅5岁的拓跋宏即皇帝位。
一天，冯太后被一场揪人心弦的哭声搅乱了心神。献文帝问拓跋宏为什么要哭，拓跋宏说：“对父皇的处境感伤太严重了。”
冯太后知道后，突然想起献文帝身上长脓包时，拓跋宏用嘴吸脓的往事。冯太后越想心惊：拓跋宏的确精明。小小年纪如此聪明，将来必难驾驭。
在一个冰雪纷纷的日子，冯太后把拓跋宏带到一间屋子里。小皇帝被脱得仅剩一件单衣，关在里面，两天三夜没有饭吃。拓跋宏不肯向冯太后求饶，从此沉默不语。冯太后还不放心，决定废了拓跋宏，在群臣的反复劝阻下，才打消了这个念头。
拓跋宏为了保护自己，躲在深宫读书，不再关心国事。文明太后知道后，不再理会拓跋宏了。
延兴二年(公元472年)二月，太上皇献文帝戎装出京，在北郊带着将领们击退柔然的进攻；十一月，献文帝骑上战马，征讨柔然，一直杀到漠南，逼柔然后撤几千里。
献文帝还颁布诏令，让工商杂伎一律务农，禁止滥杀牲畜，保护农业生产，对那些克己奉公的牧守加以提拔，对那些贪婪残暴的官员严惩不贷。
延兴三年十月，献文帝一度为征战作准备。献文帝南下路过怀州时，薛虎子跪见，要求恢复枋头镇将的官职，献文帝准许了。冯太后对此十分恼怒，但她假装不知道，忍了下来。
延兴四年(公元474年)六月，献文帝再次下令：处理一切案件都要按法律办事，以事实为依据，用刑要慎重。
冯太后认为，如果献文帝继续活动，很有可能复辟帝位。冯太后绞尽脑汁，策划对付献文帝之计。最后，冯太后下了狠心。六月辛未日，冯太后派人害死献文帝，未留下任何蛛丝马迹。
献文帝之死引起了许多人对冯太后的仇恨。兰台御史张求对献文帝的死因表示怀疑，他联络忠于献文帝的官员和将土，策划政变。他们准备趁天宫寺一年一度的大法会，设下刀斧手，趁冯太后进香拜佛的机会，把她生擒，逼她还政于孝文帝拓跋宏。事情泄密，冯太后出兵逮捕张求等人，屠杀几千个与此案有牵连的人。为了稳住政局，冯太后下诏临朝听政。
Xing Yin Wei Di frequent rows, and a long residence time in the Yin, generally two or three months, sometimes longer. Such as the Emperor in the Pacific Zhenjun too "nine-year (AD 448) Jun Xin, OK Yukihiro Palace," "Winter in December, the Crown Prince towards the palace," stay in the palace for six months Yin. For the needs of inspecting, Wei Di palace built in the Yin on. Wei Di palace is Weidi strategist, commanding the front line of command of military operations, is also accompanied by Empress Wei Di, and daily life of the host, while the famous palace in the historical records of Yin saw the Canton Palace (also known as Canton de Hall). "Wei Shu" contains: Emperor in the Pacific Zhenjun too, "three years in May, OK fortunate Yinshan North. Jun Leisure, Yang harder and harder towards the palace. First, from the house in Yinshan North, Temple into the harder and harder to, say due to wide Tak Yan. " "Wei Shu" continues: "six years of summer in August, car receives favor Yinshan North, second to Canton Palace." Clear that these few paragraphs: Wei Di Yin Yin palace in the north, named Canton Palace. Canton Palace was built in three years too Zhenjun Taiping Emperor (AD 442), the Wei Di Xing Yin north line, the Department incurred in the Palace in Canton. Xian-Wen Hung was born in Yin Tuoba North, would also be born in the Canton de palace.
Xian-Wen Wei dynasty Tuoba Philip is a special emperor, his short political career, both full color comic, but also full of tragic mood. He Wenwuquancai, 12-year-old successor revealed his superhuman abilities and courage. Rectify internal affairs, enhancing national strength, four crusade, is committed to reunification, as if a wise monarch accomplish a great deal of posture. However, after five years of reign, when the rule of business smoothly, he is suddenly ceded to the throne Prince-year-old Robert W. macro.
In fact, Robert W. Philip, though good Taoist, Buddhist map, but not world-weary, "Wei Shu Xian Zu Ji," said he, "Cong Rui machine of Understanding", there are monarchs of the sky since childhood, "people have already been taken of economic regulation." After his 12-year-old reign, "diligently for the rule of strict reward and punishment, pulling clear section, dismiss corruption" so greatly changed the face of the Northern Wei Dynasty Official. Baiguan early Northern Wei had no official's salary, official corruption a very serious problem, resulting in the corruption of officialdom, leading to the class conflicts and ethnic tensions intensified, Robert W. Philip and demote and promote use of reward and punishment approach may not fundamentally solve the corruption and bribery , but also temporarily had a noticeable effect, "Wei was the beginning of Mushou who are honest with news" ("Wei Shu Xian Zu Ji"). This is the Robert W.'s Central Plains have not been good since the phenomenon, said Robert W. Philip must therefore have statecraft. Furthermore, according to the actual situation in the Central Plains, reform the tax system, "life lost because of the people rich and poor rental law for the third class, such as the Three Grades, the Mishina lose Pingcheng, lost him in the state, the next input state" ("Wei Shu Hin Zuji "). This will not affect the use of state taxes, but also to solve the majority of poor people, long-range transportation Fu, tired of Taxes and the problem, but also the rich differently. Robert W. Tao, another change he has re-imposed tax policy, the national financial situation remains tense, taxes, implement policy, issued an edict to remove the often complex endowed than 15 kinds of tone, relieve the people of the Central Plains burden, ease the ethnic conflicts. Robert W. Philip ascended the throne has also made great military victory. On the north, four army conquered his personal Dushuai Rouran, beheaded 50000, captured some thousand dollars may not win his military devices. Rouran Yuandun, north to peace. On the south, reuse general Wei Yuan, down to complete the public King Song, Zhang Dang, achieving Liu Song of Xuzhou and Yanzhou, and widened the Northern Wei Dynasty in southern Xinjiang. Robert W. Philip ascended the throne five years, domestic and foreign affairs are the remarkable results achieved so much, enough to prove that Robert W. Philip is a text to military training, there are both ambitious courage of the emperor.
Robert W. Philip also has strict quality just a politician, he was not Taoist, Buddhist graph theory bound. To further remediation style corruption, he has developed a strong law, "clerks under the supervision of sheep a Pro, Wine cups were dead, and who to sit on from the" ("Wei Shu Xian Zu Ji") further provides that "there could have been under the correct Book of counts were reported, with the severity of the correction granted the official." This law is very harsh, and fully embodied in the regulation of society at any cost determination.
Robert W. Philip von Queen Mother is the father Emperor Wen Cheng Chun Robert W. Queen, but not the mother of Robert W. Hong. She is a "guess the right number of more tolerant" ("Mirror" Wang Hui Song Cangwu four years), power-hungry strong woman. She had just ascended the throne at the Robert W. Philip can not reign the period of mourning, the Court Affairs, said the system. During this time, she has planned a special right Heaven's chaotic affairs Qiu B muddy, so move towards truly yours. However, Eric has not had time to fully display her political skills, on the expiry of mourning for Robert W. Philip, had to go political. She has been interested in politics, however, Robert W. Philip reign after their prime, the country well and can be distinguished, so Feng can not interfere in affairs of state Queen Mother, so they inevitably had a gap between. Hung Fung and Robert W. coupled between the non-blood relations, they will gradually increase friction between. Feng younger widowed, "experts is not correct" ("after Weishu Huang Biography"), caused by his courtiers ridiculed stolen, damaged the image of the ruler Robert W. Hong. Robert W. Philip is very disgusted, he excuse the killing of the favorite of the Empress Dowager Feng Li Yi, a move that further two of them to the opposite position. As a serious lack of historical data, we can not know that they infighting between the specific process. Robert W. Philip was poisoned but later, von Queen Mother ruling, imposed on the succession of Emperor Xiaowen of the various incidents of persecution, can be inferred, von Queen Mother was being deliberately looking for opportunities to contest with Robert W. Philip, her power is gradually expanding, Robert W. Philip saw the inevitable end-death struggle of Ni, but also a premonition that the ruling after a difficult. Perhaps Robert W. Hong, "Rensiao purely to" ("Wei Shu Xian Zu Ji"), determined character, or some kind of power constraints, so he did not pre-emptive measures taken against von Queen Mother, but Christianity and Islam to the concept actual result.
Robert W. Philip court faced with the imminent outbreak of civil strife, wants to Christianity and Islam to escape the struggle, which is made after careful consideration he decided. Prince has been established at that time, he did not intend to pass the throne Prince, but the first choice of the Huang Shu Wang Robert W. son Jingzhao push. Robert W. Philip that, both as a high official of the Robert W. son push "Shen Ya kindness, when the reputation is known" ("Mirror" Song Mingdi Taishi seven years), all the power of such a prestigious Robert W. heavy imperial clan members, such as to ascend the throne, should be able to deal with von Queen Mother, to ensure the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty solid. More importantly, this way, the imperial system would transfer, Robert W. Philip and Prince Edward possible from their Queen Mother Feng calculation.
However, the throne of inheritance and transfer of the feudal state but the most sensitive and important political issues, to some extent it is not one decided by the emperor, but by the ruling faction in the co-decision power. Moreover, this very unusual, Christianity and Islam, is a rare surprise. Therefore, Robert W. Philip of the idea had been suggested, or poor they first looked at each other, and then a strong opposition. First of all objections that any brother of Robert W. son of the king of pushing Robert W. Cloud, he said: "Your Majesty, Masataka peace, clinical follow-universal, Qi De violates the ancestral temple, under the abandoned Zhao Min. And his son is said, it to be numbered . Majesty dust which must be abandoned Services Committee, the Crown Prince Yi Cheng-orthodox. "then pointed at Robert W. son Zen push will lead to serious consequences," Your Majesty, if the more popular offshoot, "will" Kai evil heart disorder, Sinai fortune of the original, not accidentally also "(" Mirror "Song Mingdi Taishi seven years). He then minister of state resources, imperial clan Robert W. Pi, Shang Lu Bo also expressed opposition, they are opposed to Christianity and Islam to the common idea is that if Zen is an inevitable disorder in Huang Shu Huang Commission order against the chaos of the heart of Kai. On second thought, if necessary, Christianity and Islam, should be Zen in the Crown, which is willing to cater to the public, the best choice for stability and rule. But Zen is the Robert W. Prince Philip at the bogey, because that will lose him the meaning of Christianity and Islam. He heard the ministers statement, the color for anger. Elsewhere, he still would like to open a gap, get support, then asked the Ministry of Shang Zhao side black, get the answer: "Chen Yi Feng wear the crown prince died, I do not know the other." ("Mirror" Song Mingdi Taishi years) and veteran Gao Yun Han comprehensive ministers made comments: "His Majesty is willing to entrust the heavy Shangsi ancestral temple in commemoration of the Duke of Zhou assisted into the matter of the king." settled, everyone had to accept the views of Robert W. Philip, was forced to say out: "What, then stand Prince, Public supplemented group, Why not." This process has clearly demonstrated, Robert W. Philip, Christianity and Islam are compelling, but also compelling in Prince Edward Chan.
Robert W. Philip, Christianity and Islam, the order to be successful adjuvant child emperor, lay a solid foundation for him, he better work hard, repeatedly issued edict, but in the political, military, internal affairs, foreign affairs on actively take effective measures to and achieved remarkable results.
Hexi Tuyuhun join themselves to resume after the rebels also, Northern troops after crackdown, Robert W. Philip Hexi Hunts with little emperor that comfort, intended to Tuyuhun Zhang Yang Emperor Xiaowen of the power of small, lay the foundation for future rule. AD 473, the Robert W. Hong soldier cutting the South, and to make extensive set of tax people engaged in the country to make large-scale military forces south of the gesture, like to bluff, to the offensive play the role of stability in southern Xinjiang.
As can be seen from the above, Tuoba Hong bent make every effort, both internally and externally, to create a clean and stable world, for the young Emperor Xiaowen's reign lay a good foundation, which is more proof of his Christianity and Islam are forced, is forced to stay in power. However, in the feudal regime, the political struggle is harsh, not life and death is a lose-lose, Robert W. Philip Although Christianity and Islam to be forced to pick ourselves up again later, to meet the struggle, but it means the end for not being tough enough, did not start treatment of people, In Christianity and Islam five years later, von Queen Mother was poisoned. The young overlord did not realize his long-cherished wish, for future generations left deep regret.
Hong Wen Xian Tuoba people suffering from the face of a great headache, do not want to go to war to suppress, we have to discuss with or poor: "I was supposed to the people from harm, unfortunately bad thing for those officials, so that frequency from the chaos thing. Today, more people violating, can not put them all arrested and killed. I mean by amnesty to pacify you think? "
Economic reform
Royal Northern Wei Xianwen Tuoba Hong period, its social leap into the feudal system, the progressive development of productive forces. However, in form of rule, the Northern Wei still retaining their early remnants of slavery, particularly in the unity of the North before the war in captivity to the population not as slaves, and gave to the kings, nobles and military exploits are engaged in agriculture and handicraft industry productive labor. Taxes, the care system in the implementation of metropolitan areas of the Governor, the average household annual adjusted household is silk, two, Xu jin, silk pound, Su 20 stone, plus local fees collected tune of silk a nijo. And any increase in temporary requisition, frequently each household to pay 30, 50 Ishiguri. The bread was no formal officials, corruption, bribery, loan sharking company line. Offered during the reign of Emperor Wen Tuoba Hong, general Gongsun track to the previous party (today Shanxi Changzhi North), when the single-horse Zhibian to come back from the vehicle 100. Tuoba rulers to implement the policy of national discrimination. In war, soldiers were forced to drive people of all nationalities in the former charge, Xianbei cavalry force in the post-flooding. Xian-Wen Hong siege Tuoba years Xuyi (now Jiangsu Xuyi Northeast), the letter to Liu Song Morimasa quality Zang said, attacking the city's not my Xianbei people, you kill them, so they will rebel.
Economy in the North Weixian Wen Wei Hong Tai Tuoba the reign of social productive forces and gradually restored and developed in northern China from the West Jin Yongjia Rebellion (310) and after 16 times of the war-torn countries, people die Bing Ge, death in the famine, surviving population of less than 50. Central Plains pack of depression in sight. Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north, after a long hard work of all the people and the common struggle, relations of production have been adjusted, the development of production significantly. Hong Wen Xian Tuoba particular reform, a significant increase in farmers China, Hong Xian Wen Tuoba ago, the country has reached five hundred thousand households, compared with the Western Jin Taikang years more than doubled. Agriculture, handicraft industry has a significant development. "In Luoyang," said the late Northern Wei Yan Fu people, on board folk music, food and clothing was to protect rough. In handicrafts, the late Northern Wei and new steelmaking technology achievements, I pull with the rule of the state (in this Anyang) made of sharp steel knife. Active business gradually, Wo ago, almost to a standstill in Northern business, money, goods flow nothing week. Xian Wen Tuoba Hong Shi, Yuan Shu as the prefect Dong, where many people abandon farming business. With the commercial development, money to restore circulation, Wo 19 years, has re-cast "Wo five baht," the money to provide this money in the capital and national states were the town can pass.
Hong rule in Tuoba (reigned 465-471), the pa people at the expense of Chinese dynasties at the expense of the South, but also made a lot of victories. Pengcheng 466 years of occupation, 467 years to conquer the Huaihe River Basin, 469-year occupation of Shandong. 470 people punished in a Tuoba Xianbei tribe (the mongolian Tuyuhun), Tuyuhun since the early 5th century living in the Qinghai Lake area.
Death of Emperor Northern Wei Xianwen
After several months of consolidation, von Queen Mother found in many matters, how their efforts should take no time, then please Zhongshu Ling Gao Yun, assistant minister in the book show high-Jia Lu, and three of his assistant, she was ruling the country.
As age increased, offering more and more rude Queen Mother of Feng Wen, not only disobedient, but deliberately finding fault provoked angry von Queen Mother.
Buddhism is very interested in offering Wen offensive power and position, decided to vacate the throne, his uncle pushed Tuoba child so that it can retaliate Queen Mother.
One day, Empress Dowager Feng was a chord pulled people cry upset the mind. Xian-Wen Wang Q. Why are you crying pa, pa Macro said: "The situation on the Fu Huang sentimental too serious."
Tuoba macro to protect themselves, hiding in the palace school, no longer concerned with state affairs. After the Empress of civilization that no longer ignore the Tuoba macro.
Yan Xing three years in October, offered once Wen prepare for the campaign. Xian Wen pregnant state when passing through the south, Xue Huzi kneeling see, calls to the office Fang Town, Xian Wen had allowed. Empress Feng is very angry, but she pretended not to know, and bear it.
Xian Wen caused the death of many people's hatred of the Empress Dowager Feng. Lantai Censor Zhang demand the death of Emperor Wen of the offer expressed doubts that he offered to contact loyal to Emperor Wen of the officials and the earth, plotting a coup. They are ready to take advantage of tiangongsi annual Great Law, set Dao Fushou, while Empress Dowager Feng pilgrimage worship opportunities, captured her and forced her return power to Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba macro. Things leak, von Queen Mother, who sent troops to arrest Zhang demand, killing thousands of people involved with the case. In order to stabilize the political situation, issued an edict Powerbut Empress Feng hearings.
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