姓: | 姬 | |||||||||
名: | 挚 | |||||||||
网笔号: | 少昊氏 | |||||||||
籍贯: | 清化 | |||||||||
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帝挚在位期间。帝挚,帝喾高辛氏之长子,尧之兄。关于帝挚之经历命运,历史上记载颇有不同。
按皇甫谧《帝王世纪》说:
帝挚之母于四人中班在下而挚于兄弟最长,得登帝位。封异母帝放勋为唐侯。挚在位九年,政微弱,而唐侯德盛,诸侯归之。挚服其义,乃率群臣造唐而致禅,唐侯自知有天命,乃受帝禅,乃封挚于高辛。
司马迁《史记》则记载云:“帝喾崩,而挚代立。帝挚立,不善,而帝放勋立,是为帝尧。”
清人马《绎史》卷八《高辛纪》引《纲目前编》则说:“挚荒淫无度,诸侯废之,而推尊尧为天子。”马马肃并在后加按语云:“按帝挚或崩,或禅,或废,诸说各不同也。”
关于唐尧,清人马《驿史》卷九《陶唐纪》引皇甫谧《帝王世纪》说尧:“年十五而佐帝挚,受封于唐,为诸侯,二十而登帝位,都平阳。”
【执政详解】
帝挚青阳氏政权
在位起讫:公元前2369—前2357年。
生卒年:公元前2409—前2352年。
出生地:清化(今河南焦作市博爱县城东)
立都:沁阳(今河南焦作沁阳市东南)。
年号:帝鸷元年(癸巳,前2368)。
帝匡二,男,姓姜,名匡二,又名鸷。中国氏族联盟时代帝挚青阳氏政权的十七任帝。
姜匡二的祖父是帝挚青阳氏政权的十四任帝姜美,父亲是十六任帝姜斯遂,十五任帝姜斯绩是他的伯父。
十六任帝姜斯遂初封于沁阳时,为了扩张自己的势力,亲自拜访临近部落娵訾氏的大酋长,并在那里娶了少女常仪为妻,常仪便成了他的原配妻子。常仪与他结婚后,依然居住在清化,于斯绩十年(壬子,前2409)为他生了第一个儿子,取名鸷,又称匡二。
姜匡二长大成人后,父亲就把他封在了清化(今河南焦作市博爱县城东)。
公元前2369年,帝挚青阳氏政权十六任帝姜斯遂去世,遗命传位于长子鸷,也就是姜匡二。于是,姜匡二在沁阳宫中继承了帝位,以癸巳年(前2368)为帝鸷元年。
姜匡二还有三个异母兄弟:二弟名叫弃(后稷),父亲把他封在了邰邑(今陕西咸阳市武功县西南),赐姓为姬,是为邰侯。三弟名叫契,父亲把他封在了商邑(今河南商丘市南),赐姓为子,是为商侯。四弟名叫尧,父亲把他封在了唐邑(今河北保定市唐县西北),仍为姜姓,是为唐侯。但是,父亲在位时,他们都没有到封国去,而是留在朝中辅佐父亲。三位弟弟的才能都远远超过姜匡二,这使姜匡二十分不安。为了防止他们干预朝政,架空自己,他即位后,立刻颁发一道强制性命令,限所有在先帝朝受封的侯爵,十日内必须回到自己的封地去,拒不执行者,则收回封地削去封爵。他的三个弟弟只好乖乖地离开都城,带着自己的家人回封国去了。
看着几个弟弟都离开了都城,姜匡二十分高兴,便把自己的亲朋好友拉入朝中为官,帮他管理朝政。他自己却终日呆在深宫里与妃子们享乐,很少过问朝中大事。于是,那些他所信任的大臣便借机利用手中的权力欺上瞒下,胡作非为,干了许多不法的事情。而姜匡二对此却不闻不问,任由那些贪官污吏横行。
各地百姓都怨声载道,暗地里纷纷诅咒姜匡二早死。
史书上说,由于姜匡二无德触怒了上天,天帝便降下种种灾难惩治人间。先是连年大旱,一些地方颗粒无收,接着又发生了虫灾、水灾,灾民们没有活路,被迫背井离乡到外地去逃荒,有许多人饿死在逃荒路上。
面对自然灾害给人民群众所带来的苦难,姜匡二却视若无睹,照旧痴迷于宫中的享乐。
而这时,居住在冀地的唐侯姜尧,积极领导当地百姓抗灾自救,他们拦河筑坝,引水浇田,战胜旱灾,取得了丰收。唐国的百姓没有一个人饿死,更没有一个人外出逃荒。于是,各地灾民纷纷投奔唐侯。唐尧为了收买人心,把自家的所有积蓄都拿出来救助灾民,赢得了百姓的赞扬。唐尧在国民中树立起了贤君的良好的形象,进一步发展和扩大了自己的势力。
传说这时候天上出现了十个太阳,把地里的庄稼和山上的树木全都晒死了。一些毒蛇猛兽也乘机肆意横行,残害人类,人们陷入了极度的恐慌之中。唐尧以拯救人类为己任,率领各部落民众抗灾自救,与邪恶势力展开殊死搏斗。他命神箭将军羿射落了天上九个太阳,只留一个太阳在天上(羿是帝喾时期的一名领兵大臣,因为善射,帝喾赐给他一张红色的弓和十支带有白色羽毛的箭,让他以自己的勇武去帮助和扶持那些弱小的部族和苦难的百姓,打击和消灭那些仗势欺人的邪恶势力。从此,羿族以射闻名天下,后世传人世代皆称羿)。唐尧又率领众人杀死了九婴、大风、猰貐(ya,yu)、修蛇、封豨等恶魔和猛兽,使天下获得了宁静。唐尧的品德和行为赢得了各氏族联盟的一致拥护,纷纷推举唐尧为帝,呼吁罢免碌碌无为的帝匡二。
所谓天上出现十个太阳,只是上古人民对大旱的“神化”诠释,九婴、大风、猰貐、修蛇、封豨等,也都是古人对各种自然灾害的概括。这些记载主要是来证明唐尧领导人民抗灾自救的伟大壮举。这原本是真实的远古历史,但却被历代的史学家们归之于神话传说。显然,这些伟大的史学家们并不了解远古人类思维的状况,错误的理解了远古图腾符号文化。笔者在本书第一部里已经介绍过,中国远古历史基本上采用的是夸张、借代和“神化”的手法,以图腾、徽铭、符号等表述形式加以记录(如《山海经》)。这种“神化”的记录是真实的,和我们通常所说的“神话”传说完全是两码事。新中国建立以来,随着社会的发展和科学的进步,在大量地下文物和新的考古数据的证明下,我们已经清楚地看到了远古历史的真实轮廓。遗憾的是,我们有些史学家时至今日仍然墨守成规,把孔子和司马迁的史书当作金科玉律,这实在有些迂腐可笑。
帝鸷十二年(甲辰,前2357),唐尧联合全国各大氏族联盟集团的大酋长向姜匡二发难,逼迫他退位。姜匡二虽然不甘心退位,但是,面对强大的氏族联盟阵营和年富力强咄咄逼人的弟弟,自知无力抗争,不得不走下天子的宝座,将帝位禅让给唐尧。好在唐尧念在兄弟情分上,并没有为难他,仍旧将他封在莘邑(今山东聊城市莘县),是为莘侯(莘也作辛sen)。
姜匡二(帝挚)四十一岁即帝位,在位执政虚记十三年(王大有《三皇五帝时代》),于帝鸷十二年(甲辰,前2357)禅位于弟弟唐尧。尧改国号为唐,建立帝尧陶唐氏政权。帝尧六年(己酉,前2352),姜匡二病死于莘邑宫中,终年五十八岁。死后遗体葬在阳谷(今山东聊城市阳谷县北)。帝号匡二,尊称帝鸷,尊号帝挚青阳氏。
【在位年表】
帝鸷在位年表(供参考)
公元纪年(干支)……在位时间……大事记
前2368(癸巳)……元年……
前2367(甲午)……二年……
前2366(乙未)……三年……
前2365(丙申)……四年……
前2364(丁酉)……五年……
前2363(戊戌)……六年……
前2362(己亥)……七年……
前2361(庚子)……八年……
前2360(辛丑)……九年……
前2359(壬寅)……十年……
前2358(癸卯)……十一年……
前2357(甲辰)……十二年……
【神话演义】
正文·第三十一章 帝挚禅位唐尧 三苗建国南方
自此之后,四方诸侯看见陶唐侯之威德日盛,北斩楔输,西灭九婴,中除封豨,南屠巴蛇,又杀凿齿,大家钦仰极了。
于是信使往来,反复商议,都有废去帝挚、推尊陶唐侯为帝之心。这个消息传到毫都,把豨兜、孔壬、鲧三个人吓坏了,慌忙来见帝挚,将这个消息说知。
帝挚听了,默然半晌,才说道:“朕前日已经说过,朕的才德万不及尧,为百姓着想,是应该推他做君主的。现在既然四方诸侯都有这个意思,那么朕就降诏禅位吧。”孔壬听了忙拦阻道:“现在如此,未免太早。一则这个消息确否未可知:二则或者还有可以补救挽回之法,且再想想何如?”帝挚道:“既有风闻,必有影响,既有影响,渐渐必成事实,补救挽回之法在哪里?现在趁他们但有议论没有实行的时候,朕赶快禅位,那还算是朕自动的,还可保持一部分之体面。假使他们已经实行了,那么朕虽要禅位已来不及了,岂不更糟吗?”三凶听了,无话可说,只得任帝挚降诏禅位于陶唐侯。不一时,那诏命办好就发出去了。三凶退出,各自闷闷归去。
God loved the mother of the shift in the next four brothers and loved the longest, was an emperor. Half-closed as the Tang Emperor Xun Hou release. Loved nine-year reign, the government weak, and Tang Hou Desheng, return of the princes. Loved serving his righteousness, is the rate of the ministers made Zen Tang Er Zhi Tang Hou knew there fate, affected by the Buddhist emperor, is a high sealed Zhi Xin.
About TANG Yao, Qing troops "Relay History" Book Nine "Chi Tao Tang," cited Huangfu Mi "imperial century" Yao said: "God loved in 15 and Sato, a glimpse of the Tang, for the nobility, 20 and an emperor are Pingyang. "
The reign of the Beginning: BC 2369 - the former in 2357.
Legislation are: Qinyang (Henan Jiaozuo Qinyang this southeast).
Jiang grandfather was Emperor Peter II's regime, 14 Qingyang loved Emperor Kang of any United States, his father was 16 then either Tai Jiang Williams, 15 Emperor Kang Si performance of any of his uncle.
BC in 2369, Emperor Zhi's regime 16 Qingyang Emperor Kang Si then either died, testament mass of prey in the eldest son, is ginger Marina 2. As a result, Jiang Marina II inherited the throne in the palace Qinyang to Kimi years (before 2368) the first year of Emperor Zhi.
Over all the people complaining have secretly curse Jiang Kuang two premature death.
At this stage, living in places Tang Hou Ji Jiang Yao, active leadership of local people help themselves disaster, they weir dam, cited irrigated fields, over the drought, made harvest. No one on Tang's people starved to death, and no one out from hunger. Thus, local victims flock to Tang Hou. Rhodium people to buy into their own savings are all out, to help the victims, has won praise from the people. TANG Yao played in the national foster a good image of him in the fame, the further development and expansion of their power.
The so-called ten suns appeared in heaven, but ancient people of drought in the "deification" interpretation of nine infants, wind, Jia gating, repair snake, seal pig and so on, are also ancient summary of the various natural disasters. These records are mainly TANG Yao led the people to prove that the great feat of self-help disaster. This was originally a real ancient history, but ancient historians were attributed mythology. Clearly, these great ancient historians who did not understand the situation of human thinking, wrong understanding of the ancient symbols of culture. The author's first book had already been introduced, the Chinese ancient history basically is exaggerated by the generation and the "deification" approach to totem, emblem Ming, symbols, and presentation to be recorded (such as "Shan Hai Jing"). This "deification" of the record is real, and we usually call "myth" is totally different legend. Since the establishment of new China, with the development of social and scientific progress, a large number of underground cultural relics and archaeological Shuju of Zheng Ming Xin Xia, Women have made it clear to Kandao of the ancient history of Zhenshi profile. Unfortunately, some of our historians today are still rigid, Confucius, and Sima Qian's history books as the golden rule, which is some pedantic ridiculous.
Emperor Zhi years (Jia-chen, former 2357), Rhodium Group of the Joint National League a big big clan chiefs launched an attack to the ginger Marina II, forced him to abdicate. Although not willing to abdicate Jiang Kuang 2, but the face of a powerful clan Union camp and prime aggressive brother, knew unable to fight, had stepped down from the emperor's throne, the throne Abdication to Rhodium. Fortunately, the brothers and mutual affection on Rhodium read and did not give him, still sealed in the Xin-eup, his (now Shandong Liaocheng Shenxian), is Hou Xin (Xin Xin also be sen).
Chronology of the reign of Emperor birds of prey (for reference)
Before 2367 (Sino-Japanese) ... ... ... ... years
Before 2364 (Ding) ... ... five years ... ...
Before 2361 (Boxer) ... ... ... ... eight
Before 2358 (mao) year ... ... ... ... 10
Zhi Zhang of the body of the 31st founding of Christianity and Islam to the south of San Miao Tang Yao