姓: | 吕 | ||||||||||
名: | 望 | ||||||||||
字: | 子牙 | ||||||||||
网笔号: | 太公 | ||||||||||
阅读吕尚 Lv Shang在百家争鸣的作品!!! |
【记载】
“昭烈武成王”姜子牙
姜太公在我国历史上是一位高寿的人,姜太公死后,返周而葬,葬于文王、武王的陵墓旁。当时周朝规定,姜太公五世之内皆返周而葬,五世之后才能葬于齐地。在唐宋以前,姜太公被历代皇帝封为武圣,唐肃宗封姜太公为武成王,宋真宗时,又封姜太公为昭烈武成王。到了元朝时期,民间对姜太公增加了一些神话传说。到明代万历年间,许仲琳创作了《封神演义》小说,从此,姜太公由人变成了神,并且为民间广为信奉。
姜太公钓鱼
姜子牙是中国古代历史上一位著名人物,同时他在道教和民间的地位也较高。他出身贵族家庭,祖先的封地叫吕,所以他又被称为吕尚。姜子牙生于山东日照,自幼聪慧。据说,他还能预测世界上将要发生的大事。
当时姜子牙所在的王朝商朝的纣王是一个残暴的人,他统治期间战争不断,为了躲避战乱,姜子牙到中国北方的辽宁隐居了40年,后来又来到西北陕西省的终南山。在那里,他经常到渭河去钓鱼,可是3年中他却一条鱼也没有钓到,而且他的鱼钩还是直的。人们都嘲笑他,他却无动于衷,所以在中国有一句成语叫姜太公钓鱼,愿者上钩。神奇的是,后来他果然钓到一条鱼,在鱼的肚子里有一本兵法书。更巧合的是,当天晚上,周王朝(公元前11世纪-8世纪)的姬昌周文王做了一个梦,梦见一位高人。第二天,他就遇到了姜子牙。姜子牙向周文王讲述了自己的身世,文王当时正为了打败敌人建立王朝而搜罗人才,所以就对他说:我的先祖太公早就寄希望于你了。因此,后人又称他为太公望,在民间一般称他为姜太公。文王给他以极高的地位,并在他的帮助下,消灭了商朝。 在以后的中国各朝代都为他建立了神庙,而道家也传说他升天成仙了。
一、姜太公生平及其出生地之历史考证
姜太公为炎帝神农氏54世孙,伯夷36世孙。为周文王、武王、成王、康王四代太师,齐王,妻名申姜,共有13子(丁、壬、年、奇、枋、绍、骆、铭、青、易、尚、其、佐),女邑姜封周武王妃、皇后。公元前1211年,殷朝庚丁八年已酉年出生于今山东省日照市;公元前1072年戊辰年,周康王六年,卒于周首都镐京,岁寿139岁。陵冢位于陕西省咸阳市周陵乡,距离文王陵1公里;山东省淄博市临淄姜太公祠内设有衣冠冢。
姜太公半生寒微,择主不遇,飘游不定,但他能动心忍性,观察风云,等待时机,终遇明主,辅佐姬昌,修德振武,以求兴周。周武王伐纣,太公为军师,牧野大战,灭商盛周,立了首功。周初分封,姜太公被封为齐国君主,他治国有方,创建了泱泱大国,遗风犹存,累世相续,为后来的齐桓公“九合诸侯,一匡天下”,成为五霸之首而奠定了基础。
关于姜太公的出生地,文献记载不一,主要是东海说和河内说。
《孟子·离娄上》说:“伯夷辟纣,居北海之滨,……太公辟纣,居东海之滨……二老者,天下之大老也。”《吕氏春秋·首时》篇说:“太公望,东夷之士也。”高诱注《吕氏春秋·首时》篇说:“太公望,河内人也。”《后汉书·郡国三》注引《博物记》云:“太公吕望所出,今有东吕乡。又钓于棘津,其浦今存。”《水经注·汶水》云:“(汶水)又北过淳于县西,故夏后氏之斟灌国也。周武王以封淳于公,号曰淳于国。”《水经注·齐乘》云:“莒州东百六十里有东吕乡,棘津在琅邪海曲,太公望所出。”《水经注》引太公庙碑文曰:“太公望,河内汲人。”究竟何说为确,据史籍和当代有关专家的考辨,认为东海说根据较为确凿。东吕乡当为姜太公出生地。古代吕、莒本为一字,莒为周代国名,即为现在山东省莒县。东吕乡、东吕里在莒城东面,今属山东省日照市。汉张华《博物志》明确标出:“海曲城有东吕乡东吕里,太公望所出也。”西汉的“海曲’则为现在的“日照”。今人杨伯峻对姜太公里籍作了具体的考辨。他说:“阎若璩《四书释地续》云:‘后汉琅邪国海曲县,刘昭引《博物记注》云:太公吕望所出,今有东吕乡。又钓于棘津,其浦今存。又于清河国广川县棘津城,辨其当在琅邪海曲,此城殊非。余谓海曲故城,《通典》称在莒县东,则当日太公辟纣居东海之滨即是其家。汉崔瑗、晋卢无忌立《齐太公碑》以为汲县人者,误。”(《孟子译注·离娄上》)所论有据、甚确。就是说,姜太公的出生地当今山东省东部黄海之滨的日照、莒县一带,亦正是司马迁所说的“东海上人’之义。据齐国国都,当今的山东省淄博市临淄区史记记载姜太公出生地为现今日照市。据姜太公分支后裔卢氏宗亲世界研究会(含韩国等国外卢氏)史记记载,姜太公出生地为山东日照市。当今中国研究姜太公的最高权威之一,中国国防大学著名教授,姜太公后裔姜国柱先生,经多年研究考证,确认姜太公出生地为山东省日照市。
还需要说明的是,在四千年前,日照市两城镇(距市区十八公里),是亚洲最大的城市。这是美国考古专家组同山东大学在实地联合考察半年之久得出的结论。作为一代伟人姜太公出生在这样的文化发达地区,应更合乎情理。经综合考证分析认为,姜太公出生地应为山东省日照市。
《水经注》引太公庙碑文曰:“太公望,河内汲人。”《吕氏春秋·首时》篇说:“太公望,河内人也。”《史记》齐太公世家》:“太公望吕沿者,东海上人。”卫辉市在民国以前属河内郡,1988年以前叫汲县。卫辉附近有与东海相似的“北海”这个地名,有碑文为证。 西晋汲郡出土的<竹书纪年>专载姜太公为"魏之汲邑人".(卫辉市太公泉镇吕村)
二、姜太公的历史地位
姜太公一生坎坷多磨而又轰轰烈烈、神秘莫测,确实称得上是奇人、奇事、奇男子。综观太公一生的建树,无论从军事、政治、经济思想等方面,都有卓越贡献,其中尤以军事最着,所以太史公言“后世之言兵及周之阴权皆宗太公为本谋”,称得上兵家之鼻祖,军事之渊薮。
姜太公是中国历史上一位全智全能的人物,也是中国文艺舞台上一位“高、大、全”的形象,还是中国神坛上一位居众神之上的神主。作为宗教的神仙,他是武神、智神,被奉为“太公在此,百无禁忌”的护佑神灵。
周朝从古公亶父起,就盼望能得到一个圣人……一位武能安邦、文能治国的贤才,来辅助周国实现灭殷兴周的任务,所以名太公为“太公望”,到武王执政时,又以“师尚父”相称,尊宠权贵无以复加。文王所命太公之“师”即“太师”,是西周王朝“三公”中的最高长官,既主军,也问政。时有“天下三分,其二归周者,太公之谋计居多”之言,足见太公在周朝中的地位之重。
姜太公是一位满腹韬略的贤臣和非凡的政治、军事家,一直受历代统治者崇尚,这在《诗经》等唐朝以前的许多史料及文学作品中颂文颇多。
唐太宗即位后,外夷相侵,内患未除,政局动乱,国家面临着百乱待治,百废待兴的情况,为了达到“安人理国”的目的,便自称他是姜太公的化身,便在磻溪建立太公庙,他用这一举动告诉人们,他要象周文王访贤并重用姜太公那样的贤臣良将,他后来果然得到了一大批治世理国的人才,终于实现了“贞观之治”。唐玄宗为求国内安宁,需要像姜太公那样披肝沥胆,呕心沥血,忠贞不二的勤勉事主的人才,便于开元十九年(公元731年)敕令天下诸州各建一所太公庙。并要求以张良配享,在春秋仲秋月上戊日祭祀。每当发兵出师或各将领及文武举人应诏,都要先去太公庙拜谒。开元二十七年(公元739年)追谥姜太公为“武成王”,成为中华民族“武”圣人。宋神宗熙宁五年(公元1072年)为抵御外冠入侵,下令要求各军事将领必读《太公兵法》。司马迁在《史记》中说:“周西伯昌之脱羑里,与吕尚阴谋修德以倾商政,其事多兵权与奇计,故后世之言兵及周之阴权皆宗太公为本谋,”这就确立了姜太公是中华民族创立韬略理论开山祖的地位。
1972年从山东临沂银雀山汉武帝初年的墓葬发掘出的《六韬》残简,来校勘今天存世的各种《六韬》版本和本注,说明了《六韬》一书,在汉武帝以前就流行开了,否定了《六韬》是古人伪托吕尚所着的怀疑,进一步证实了姜太公在军事理论上的著述是真实的。他在军事理论方面,在政治、经济斗争的策略思想方面,都为子孙后代留下了不可磨灭的丰富的遗产,人们称他是兵家权谋思想的始祖是当之无愧的!
中国古代的兵论、兵法、兵书、战策、战术等一整套的军事理论学说,就其最早发端、形成体系、构成学说来说,都始自齐国,源自太公,所以说太公为兵家宗师、齐国兵圣、中国武祖是当之无愧的。可以说,没有太公理论及其所建立的齐国兵家,则不会有如此博大精深、智谋高超、理论完整、源远流长、绵延不断、影响巨大的中国兵学理论学说。今天,我们在研究中国古代的治国方略、用兵之道时,不能不重视太公的杰出贡献、思想价值。中国古今著名的军事家孙武、鬼谷子、黄石公、诸葛亮等都学习吸收了太公《六韬》的精华,太公的文韬武略被当今世界上的政治、经济、管理、军事、科技等各个领域所借鉴。
太公治国,确立了“因其俗,简其礼,通商工之业,便鱼盐之利”的治国方针,在齐国数百年的发展史上,代代相传,产生了巨大的影响,确立了齐文化的历史地位。
太公已去世3000余年了,人民处于崇拜他的高尚人格,悼念他的丰功伟绩,以朴实的感情编造出他的很多神话故事歌颂他。说他曾在昆明山学道,后奉师命下山助周灭商,灭商之后又奉师命发榜封神。这在《太平御览》和《封神记》等书上逐步把他神化了。到了明代许仲琳为崇敬太公无法形容时便以神面化之编着了一部《封神演义》,把他说成是管天下所有神的神了,太公的神奇和威严,成为驱邪扶正的偶像了。这些虽然超出了历史的真实,但却反映出姜太公在人们心目中的崇高地位。
三、姜太公思想
吕尚(姜太公)的文治武略影响深远。他不仅是开创西周的功臣,而且辅佐文王、武王、成王、康王四朝之元老,积累了丰富的治国经验,推动了社会的发展和进步。他的思想、理论、实践博大精深。
1、韬略鼻祖,千古武圣
姜太公作为中国韬略鼻祖、千古武圣,其文韬武略、经国治军,理民化俗之论、之策、之术,都为后人奠定了良好的基础,并为华夏民族所称颂、效法。
“兵圣”孙武及其《孙子兵法》饮誉中外,堪称兵法之集大成者,其军事思想亦不乏借鉴太公谋略之处。举例说明:如《孙子兵法·虚实篇》有“出其所必趋,趋其所不意”之句,而以反映姜太公军事思想的《六韬》论着中《文韬·兵道》记载即有“兵胜之术,密察敌人之机而速乘其利,复疾击其不意”之句;《孙子兵法·计篇》中“将者,智、信、仁、勇、严也”与《六韬·龙韬·论将》中“将有五材十过”,“五材者,勇、智、仁、信、忠也”相近;《孙子兵法·计篇》称“ 兵者,国之大事也。死生之地,存亡之道,不可不察也。”“夫将者,国之辅也,辅国则国必强,辅隙则国必弱”,而《六韬·龙韬·论将》亦言“故兵者,国之大事,存亡之道,命在于将。将者,国之辅,先王之所重也。”等等。
有关姜太公军事思想的著作有《六韬》、《六韬》以太公答周文王、周武王之问的形式写作,其书包括文韬、武韬、龙韬、虎韬、豹韬、犬韬六个部分,共六十篇。《阴符经》、《太公兵法》、《太公金匮》等,但现存甚少。其军事韬略、战争谋略、战法战术、军队建设、战争准备等思想的高明、深邃、可贵之处,就在于他的全面性、创造性、开拓性,他不是单纯地就军事而论军事,而是从哲人智能的高度,以聪明政治家的眼光,将政治与军事、治国与理军紧密地结合起来,融为一体加以论述。这就使他的军事韬略、谋略颇具全面性、深刻性、精辟性,因而为历代的哲学家、政治家、军事家所推重,并产生了巨大的影响。《六韬》作为中国古代伟大的军事著作,在宋代被列为《武经七书》之一,作为武学教本,成为武将们必读的兵书。二千多年来,《六韬》与其它“武经”一样,从先秦至现代,不断有人注释、讲解、校勘、阐扬,挖掘其思想宏旨奥义,吸取其思想精华,经久不衰,至今愈盛,充分展现了其光辉的思想价值和不朽的生命力。我们应当珍惜这份宝贵的历史文化遗产,使之在新时代更加辉煌。
2、权谋思想
《六韬·文韬·文师》最后有一段姜太公的话:“太公曰:天下非一人之天下,乃天下人之天下也。同天下之利者则得天下。”这是太公“阴谋修德以倾商政”,灭商兴周的最大的也是最根本的权谋思想。因为,最大的权谋莫过于推翻商朝、建立周朝,奇取和建立国家政权是军事谋略的根本。这一思想,除《文师》外,在《发启》、《文启》、《顺启》等篇中也都反复论述这个道理。太公被封齐,建立齐国之后,推行的根本方针也是“天下非一人之天下,乃天下人之天下也”的思想。可以看出,姜太公认为,人的本性是恶死而乐生,好德而归利,能给予人以生利的是道义,能行仁义道德者,则能使天下人归服。因此,国君应当以天下之利为利,以天下之害为害,以天下之乐为乐,以天下之生为务。只有以仁义道德为天下兴利除害,使天下人与之共利害,同生死,共忧患,共苦乐,这样便可以收揽、固结民心,使万民归心、欢心。基于这种认识,《六韬》强调国君要行仁修德,泽及百姓,不可暴民、虐民,为已而害民,。只有这样,人民才能与国君同舟共济,拥戴国君。本思想亦在齐国的实践中贯彻、实现了这一思想。这是其它所有军事谋略家所没有的。可见,《六韬》一书的上述内容,与姜太公的军事谋略思想相符。
3、爱民思想
爱民之道,就是以仁义之道,修德惠民,使民和服。如太公所言:“敬其众,合其亲。敬其众则合,合其亲则喜,是谓仁义之纪。无使人夺汝威,因其明,顺其常。顺者任之以德,逆者绝之以力。敬之无疑,天下和服。”就是说,要尊重民意,敬爱民众,聚合宗亲,行仁举义,就会受到民众的拥护爱戴,这样使天下和服,就可以守土、固国而王天下。因此,威服天下者,不必专任武力,不可横暴百姓,而要以仁义为本,修德禁暴。这就是姜太公和《六韬》重视文韬而不轻武略,把经国与治军作为整体而论的高明之处。他治国安民用仁道,施仁政,重教化,因民俗,顺民情。这就充分表现了姜太公治政的出发点和归宿地都是为了爱民。《六韬·文韬·国务》云:“太公曰:‘利而无害,成而无败,生而无杀,与而无夺,反而无苦,喜而无怒。'”从上我们不难看出,“爱民”思想之深,在先秦军事、政治和诸侯君中,也只有姜太公才有如此深刻“爱民”思想。而且,也是由姜太公在齐立国之后,真正把“爱民”思想贯彻到建国的实践当中去,这就是齐国的富民政策。
4、顺民思想
姜太公深知“民为邦本,民固国兴”的道理,有民则有国,无民则何国可言。因此,他力倡以民为本,仁政顺民的思想。顺民就是“重民”、“贵民”。如果国君、人臣和各级官吏,不以民为本,以民事为务,而敲剥、残害民众,就会使民众离心离德,离之而去,叛之而反。姜太公通过自己长期生活在民众中的亲自实历,不断观察,精心研究,对于民为贵、民为本的思想有深刻的认识,并树立了牢固的民本意识,所以他在出山之前和立国治国之中,都始终坚持以民为本,实行仁政,收服民心,使万民归心。对如何安静、安定天下,姜太公指出:天有其自己的运行规律,民众有其自己的日常生活事业。君主能与民众共同安生,天下就安静,民众就安定了。最好的政治是因民俗、顺民心进行治理,其次是宣传教化,感代民众。民众被教化、受感化,就会服从政令,所以说天道无为而能生长万物、成就万物,民众无需给予而能自己富庶,这就是对人治理天下的高尚道德,亦是无为而无所不为的根本道理所在。
5、举贤思想
《六韬·文韬》中《上贤》、《举贤》两篇,集中表现了姜太公的重贤、上贤、选贤、举贤的圣贤治国论及其思想内容。所谓“上贤”,就是尊重、崇尚有道德、有才能的人。尊贤尚功是姜太公“国本”的主要内容之一。姜太公认为,作为君主治理国家,必须尊崇德才兼备的贤人,抑制无才无德的庸人;任用忠实诚信的人,除去奸诈虚伪的人;严禁暴乱的行为,禁止奢侈的风俗,因此,明君用人应当警惕六种坏事、七种坏人。六种坏事的危害是:“伤王之德”、“伤王之化”、“伤王之权”、“伤王之威”、“伤功劳之臣”、“伤庶人之业”。对七种坏人,绝对不可信用,即“勿使为将”、“勿与谋”、“勿近”、“勿宠”、“勿使”、“禁之 ”、“止之”。这就堵死了坏人干坏事、危国家、害民众的路径。
《六韬·文韬·上贤》云:“太公曰:‘得贤将者兵强国昌,不得贤将者,兵弱国亡。'”举贤思想,在姜太公建立齐国之后,又正式列入建国方针之一,即“举贤而上功”。
6、六守三宝
姜太公的理财富国、富民足民的发展经济的思想主张是全面而周到、精辟而深刻的。《六韬·文韬·六守》载:太公曰:“人君有六守三宝。”六守:仁、义、忠、信、勇、谋。三宝:大农、大工、大商谓之三宝。农一其乡则谷足;工一其乡则器足,商一其乡则货足。三宝各安其处,民乃不虑。无乱其乡,无乱其族。臣无富于君,都无大于国。六守长则群昌;三宝完则国安。这三宝在齐立国之后,也是列入建国方针之一,即“通商工之业,便鱼盐之利”,农工商同时发展,重点又是发展工商业,因而,后来的齐国才发展或为一个民富、国强的大国。
姜太公在“三宝并重”“本末并利”、“上下俱足”、广开财源的基础上,提出了他的货币政策,确保财货正常流通、赋税正常缴纳,促进经济发展、市场繁荣,这种开源节流的经济、货币政策,实为国家经济发展的上策。姜太公深知,农、工、商三业对国计民生的重要意义。国无农无食不稳,国无工无器不富,国无商无货不活,故要农、工、商并重,协调发展,使人民有业可从,衣食饱暖,器具足用,财货流通,财政充裕。姜太公的“三宝”思想,不仅是周朝经济发展的基本方针政策,而且为齐国的强大奠定了政治、物质基础。此发展经济的指导思想,延续至当今世界。
7、九府圜法
姜太公的货币政策,主要是他制定的九府圜法。所谓“九府圜法”,颜师古《注》云:“《周官》大府、玉府、内府、外府、泉府、天府、职内、职金、职币皆掌财币之官,故云九府。圜谓均而通也。”姜太公所建立的“九府圜法”,是用行政手段保证财货的均衡流通和合理出入,使钱币与布帛不断流通,聚散适宜,无积滞,无匮乏。国以之富,民以之足。
“九府”是“掌财币之官”。查《周礼》的“九府”之职能,就在于“通货币,易有无”。
姜太公的财政经济政策和金融管理制度,不仅为周朝的经济管理、经济监督、赋税收纳、货物保藏等建立了完整、严密的管理体系、管理制度,而且为齐国的强大,为齐桓公和管仲的“九合诸侯,一匡天下”的霸业奠定了基础。姜太公的生财之道,理财之策,即开源节流之制,是富民强国之道,为万世治国兴邦之正道,万事不易之治道,故为万世法。
四、千秋功业,后人称赞
姜太公的道德功业,为后人所推崇、称颂。有人把他由人变为神,列入神仙之首,说他能呼风唤雨、使神役鬼;有人把他尊为“兵家鼻祖”;齐人称他为“天齐至尊”等等。历代文人墨客、哲人智士、兵家武士,都在诗词文论、兵书战策中,抒发情怀,称赞有加。他们或观太公留下的历史遗迹而抒发已志,或以太公事迹为据而引申已论,颂扬其功。
在《诗经·大明》中写道:
牧野洋洋,檀车煌煌。驷騵彭彭,维师尚父。时维鹰扬,凉彼武王。肆伐大商,会朝清明。
在诸多赞诗中,对姜太公一生功绩给予高度概括、评价的要算《封神演义》的作者许仲琳的《姜元帅赞》:
六韬留下成王业,妙算玄机不可穷。
出将入相千秋业,伐罪吊民万古功。
运筹帷幄欺风后,燮理阴阳压老彭。
亘古军师为第一,声名直并泰山隆。
对姜太公一生的千秋功业,不仅诗词歌颂,而且经史文论,多有盛赞。
对姜太公人们不仅重视他的著作和智能的价值,还十分尊崇他高尚的人格和不懈奋斗的精神,怀念他对正义,对文明的孜孜追求;困难,他不退却,不屈辱,不低头;饥饿,也不理会;沉沦,他不屈服;年高,他不服老,而对自己的理想、信念和追求毫不动摇。是有志不嫌年高,大器晚成“使老者奋”的典范。他永远是中华儿女的自豪和骄傲。
在历史悠久,源远流长,延绵不断的中华民族传统思想文化中,齐鲁文化是主要来源,集中代表了炎黄这一思想体系的传统文明。在远古时代,炎帝、黄帝为首的两个部落,已开始结合。经过漫长的历史发展,已融合成为一个民族。在周初,代表这两个部族的两个伟大历史人物,一个是封于齐国的炎帝后裔姜太公,一个是封于鲁国的黄帝后裔周公旦。我们说,假如没有周公的文韬和姜太公的武略,作为“小邦周”是很难战胜“大国殷”的,即使是战胜了,也难以巩固,并创造出那样灿烂辉煌的周代文明。现在我们以实事求是的态度,认真研究姜太公的思想,正确评价姜太公的功业,对于深入研究探讨中华民族历史文化,尤其占其主流的齐鲁文化具有十分重要的意义。
【姜太公享年考】
姜太公是殷周交替时的一个关键人物。以往,有关他的享年,从八九十岁到一百三四十岁⑴,什么说法都有。究其原因,除了文献记载的有限,更重要的还是缺少一个可资参照的年表。另外,有关周文王等人的年龄问题,也有类似的情况,且与太公享年的研究有着密切的联系。现在好了,夏商周断代工程找回了一个“失落的年表”⑵,我们正可据以进行新的探索。同时,由于我们的研究,只能算作断代工程的“拾余”,所以,也可从一个侧面对“新年表”的正确性和适用程度,起到一定的检验作用。
一、太公享年的大体范围
春秋以前的史料,如《尚书》、《易经》、《诗经》、甲骨文、金文等,没有明确涉及太公年龄的内容。战国至两汉的著述,多把初见周文王时的姜太公,说成是一位老者,尽管在形容老的程度上各有不同。如《荀子》和《韩诗外传》里就说:初见文王时的太公是“夫人行年七十有二,浑然而齿堕矣。”《尉缭子》里说:“太公望”年过七十“及遇文王”。《孟子》说:太公和叔齐“二老者,天下之大老也。”《楚辞》说:“太公九十乃显荣兮,诚未遇其匹合。”《史记》说:“盖太公之卒,百有余年。”《淮南子》说:“吕尚使老者奋,项托使婴儿衿。以类相慕。”《说苑》里有太公望“七十而相周,九十而封齐”等等。
然而,近日见到网上有一篇名为《姜太公之高寿》的文章(见新乡历史文化专栏),却有着完全不同的意见,文中说:
顾颉刚先生的《太公望年寿》认为,古文献中记载的姜太公年寿数,都是战国时代齐国游士的妄谈。“太公”原意为“老太爷”,但后人误以为太公是长寿之意,正好像彭祖名字中有“祖”,老子姓名中有“老”,就误以为彭祖、老子是年逾八百岁(似应为八十岁)的老人。而且从《诗经·大明》“牧野洋洋,檀车煌煌,驷原彭彭,维师尚父,时维鹰扬”中所描写的战争场面和搏击的迅勇情况看,九十岁的老人是做不到的。所以顾颉刚推测,姜太公在牧野之战时,年约三十,终于八十岁左右。
我们认为,要想深入研究太公的具体享年,首先也需要有一个大致的范围,并且觉得,说“姜太公在牧野之战时,年约三十,终于八十岁左右”,是很难让人信从的,明显的理由至少有以下四点:
首先,说太公高寿“都是战国时代齐国游士的妄谈”不妥。正如我们前面所举,荀子、尉缭子、孟子和屈原,都是战国时人,又都说过太公高寿,但却无一人是“齐国游士”者。
其次,仅据《诗经·大雅·大明》里的诗句“维师尚父,时维鹰扬”的描写,就认为“姜太公在牧野之战时,年约三十”,显然是想象的成分过多了。历史上老当益壮征战沙场的人不胜枚举。况且,“鹰扬”一词,恐怕关键还要落实在一个“率”字上;太公本人,未必一定是要“身先戟斧”的。
第三,说“姜太公在牧野之战时,年约三十”,实际上也就是说,姜太公在遇文王之时是二十岁左右。这不但和其它典籍不能相容,也不合情理。比如,太公的阅历和韬略从何而来?“吕牙在殷”和“太公避纣,居东海之滨”⑶该怎么解释?尤其是太公的女儿邑姜为“周王妃”(详后),也都没了着落。
第四,《史记·齐太公世家》里说,“盖太公之卒,百有余年”,比起荀子、屈原等人的说法还要长些,当另有所据,比如齐国的“史记”--《齐乘》之类。因为,司马迁是没有可能看到《汲冢书·竹书纪年》里所说,齐太公卒于周康王六年的。
总之,把“渭水垂钓”⑷时得遇周文王的姜太公定位成一位老者,并把他的享年初步定位于百年以上,无论是从情理上推想,还是从史料上参照,都要更妥当些。
二、关于文王的在位时限
为了进一步研究姜太公的享年,需要先确定一个“参照系”,就是周文王的在位时间。因为,就目前所知,惟独周文王的在位状况,与姜太公的生平有比较明确的“系年”关系。
有关周文王的在位情况,《尚书·无逸》说:“文王受命惟中身,厥享国五十年。”《吕氏春秋·制乐》说:“文王即位八年而地动,已动之后四十三年,凡文王立国五十一年而终。”这是说执政时间长短的。《古本竹书纪年》说:文丁(即殷纣王的祖父)十一年“王杀季历(文王的父亲)”,这是和文王即位有关的记载。有了这两项史料,再参照“断代工程”的新年表--文丁在位为十一年,即公元前1112--1102年,公元前 1101年其子帝乙(即帝纣的父亲)即位,我们就可以把文王的在位期限,也定在公元前1101--1050年了。另外,对于文王的卒年,也可以直接采用倪德卫先生的研究成果。倪先生依据《逸周书第二十三小开解》、刘歆《世经》等当中的有关天象,所得研究结论也说:“文王五十年,是公元前1050年。”⑸
把文王在位的第五十年定于公元前1050年,可使许多事件获得明确而合理的解释。首先是文王改元的时间。以往,有关牧野大战之“十一年”(或十三年),是文王十一年,还是武王即位后改元的十一年,一直悬而未决。现在,把文王终年定位于公元前1050年,就等于排除了武王即位改元“十一年”的可能性。因为,从公元前1101文王即位到公元前1046武王克商,中间也就五十五年,是容不下文王执政五十年再加上武王改元“十一年”,共六十一年的。
四、太公享年考略
要想确定姜太公的享年,我们以为须待讨论的关键问题,实际上主要是三个:一是太公前往西歧投靠文王时的那一年,年龄是多大?二是那一年是公元前的哪一年?三是太公卒于何年?先谈第一个问题,《荀子·君道篇》里说:
夫文王非无贵戚也,非无子弟也,非无便嬖也,倜然乃举太公于州人而用之,岂私之也哉!以为亲邪?则周姬姓也,而彼姜姓也。以为故耶?则未尝相识也。以为好丽耶?则夫人行年七十有二,浑然而齿堕矣。
接下来,在《韩诗外传》里,亦有“以为娇好耶,则太公年七十二,浑然齿堕矣”等几乎完全相同的文字,不同的仅是把“州人”改成了“舟人”。再稍晚,《史记滑稽列传》里,也有类似的说法:
《诗》曰:“鼓钟于宫,声闻于外;鹤鸣于皋,声闻于天。苟能修身,何患不荣。”太公躬行仁义七十二年,逢文王,得行其说。封于齐,七百岁而不绝。此士之所以日夜孜孜修学、行道,不敢止也。
由三宗史料可以看到,在荀况、韩婴和司马迁的心目中,太公见文王时的年龄,都是七十二岁。尤其是荀况,虽为赵人,但曾三作“稷下领袖”,其言必定源自齐人或齐典。那么,这一“认定”,能和其它有关的典籍相容吗?我们说,可以的。比如,《说苑》里有“吕望年七十钓于渭渚”⑻的话。《说苑尊贤》里有:“太公望,故老妇之出夫也,朝歌之屠佐也,棘津迎客之舍人也,年七十而相周,九十而封齐。”这里“年七十钓于渭渚”、“年七十而相周”中的七十,因系整数,故可视其为约数。又如《尉缭子· 武议篇》里有:“太公望年七十,屠牛朝歌,卖食盟津,过七十余而主不听,人人谓之狂夫也。及遇文王,则提三万之众,一战而天下定,非‘武议’安能此合也?”这里所说的“过七十余而主不听”后“及遇文王”,也是支持太公投靠文王时是七十二岁的。当然,不同的说法也有,主要是两种。一种是“太公八十而遇文王”,我们以为这种说法比较晚近,其中多有文学夸张的性质。如李白的《梁甫吟》里,就有“君不见朝歌屠叟辞棘津,八十西来钓渭滨” 的句子,有论者也把其当着史料信从⑼,或是把“姜太公时年八十有三”当作史料应用⑽,就不足取了。二是有人主张“‘七十’、‘七十二’、‘七十余’均非具体数字,乃我国古代表示‘至大无极’的一种神秘数字”⑾。落实到年龄上,如前所述,认为是古人用以表示年长的意思,并不能代表姜太公的年龄,太公当时的年龄应更小许多。我们以为,把七十二岁减少十岁,或者二三十岁,也许并不影响太公老骥伏枥的形象,甚至从生理上说,还更加合乎常情,比如牧野大战之时他可以更年轻些。然而,仅凭想象得到一个数字,既无新发现的史料支持,又和现有文献记载相抵触,恐怕也是不足取的。
第二,是太公投靠文王的具体年分。据前面“文王在位时间”的讨论可知,机动的范围并不大,也就是文王被从羑里放归到其卒年,即公元前1056--1050共七个年头的初年或次年。因为,即使排除神话性质的“同梦说”⑿不论,参照《尚书大传》的“羑里营救说”、《楚辞·天问》的“屠市偶识说”以及《鬼谷子·忤合第六》的“吕尚三就文王、三入殷,而不能有所明,然后合于文王”等史料,都不难想象得到,太公和文王的相识,并非始于渭水之阳的鱼钓。《太公六韬》和《史记周本纪》里说的,太公和文王的初遇,是因文王做了一个梦,又经卜师占卜,结果果然在荒山野岸遇到了“坐茅以渔”的太公,是我们今天的人难以信从的。比较之下,还是宁可相信《史记齐太公世家》里的话:
言吕尚所以事周虽异然,要之为文武师,周西伯之脱羑里归,与吕尚阴谋修德,以倾商政,其事多兵权奇计。故后世之言兵,及周之阴权,皆宗太公为本谋。周西伯政平,及断虞、芮之讼,而诗人称西伯受命曰文王。伐崇、须密、犬夷,大作丰邑,天下三分其二归周者,太公之谋计居多。
另外,在《说苑·指武》篇里,还有细节的记载:“文王曰:‘吾欲用兵,谁可伐?密须氏疑于我,可先往伐?’管叔曰:‘不可,其君天下之明君也,伐之不义。 ’太公望曰:‘臣闻之,先王伐枉不伐顺,伐险不伐易,伐过不伐及。’文王曰:‘善!’遂伐密须氏,灭之也。”讨论到此,初步的结论已经有了:即太公投靠文王之年,最大的可能应是文王从羑里回归的初年,即公元前1056年。这年他是72岁;72加上1056,姜太公应生于公元前的1128年。
第三,是太公的卒年,相关的史料主要也是两种。一是《史记·齐太公世家》里说:“盖太公之卒,百有余年。”一是《古本竹书纪年》记有“周康王六年,齐太公望卒”;《今本竹书纪年》记有“周康王六年,齐太公薨”。不难看到,司马迁的说法是“盖”字当头,无从追索;而《竹书纪年》的记载却是定位明确,毫不含糊。问题是,《竹书纪年》的这一记载,可信程度又如何呢?须得作进一步的考证。
众所周知,出土于西晋汲郡(今卫辉市)古冢的《竹书纪年》,宋代时已经亡佚。今天所流行的本子,无论是“今本”还是“古本”,都是后人依据西晋以后的各种史籍汇集而成,难免真伪互见,参差不齐。不过,所幸的是,有关太公卒年的记载,却是实证仍在,而且来路明确的。所谓实证,就是著名的“齐太公吕望表”碑文,碑文中有:“(晋)太康二年,县之西偏有盗发冢而得竹策之书,藏书之年,当秦坑儒之前八十六岁……其《纪年》曰:‘康王六年,齐太公望卒。’参考年数,盖寿百一十余岁。”文中的“康王六年,齐太公望卒”,正是今、古二本汇集之源。原碑虽已丢失,但“下真迹一等”的拓片,各大博物馆均有收藏。所谓来路明确,又包括两个环节:一是该碑的落款清晰--“太康十年三月丙寅朔十九日甲申造”。太康十年是公元289年,距汲冢被盗的太康二年(一说太康元年或咸宁五年),中间只有八年。另据《晋书》束皙、荀勖、卫恒等人的列传,《汲冢书》原为“蝌蚪文”竹简,随即被转运收藏到了朝廷秘府,翻译过程有相当的时间。立碑人卢无忌,应是在京都洛阳的秘府,亲自目验了那支(或为两支)“四十字”⒀的牍简。碑文中有“太公之裔孙范阳卢无忌,自太子洗马来为汲令”的文字,可为佐证。二是秦始皇的焚书坑儒为公元前213年,“秦坑儒之前八十六岁”是在公元前299年,也就是说,《汲冢书》确是在地下埋了近六百年的战国真迹;周“康王六年,齐太公望卒”,至少确是战国时期,约略与荀子同时的魏国人的看法。
查核夏商周断代工程年表,周康王六年是公元前1015年,太公的享年应为公元前1128年--1015年,即113岁。它和“齐太公吕望表”中所说的,“ 盖寿百一十余岁”也是相应而不悖的。此外,还可以参照《吕氏家谱》、太公故里(今卫辉市太公泉镇)人对始祖太公的祭祀,续加说明:太公的诞辰是农历八月初三,冥诞是农历十月二十。一生经历了商武乙、文丁、帝乙,帝纣和周武王、成王、康王等七代王朝,服务了包括殷帝乙、纣王和周文王在内的五位帝君。可以说,不但在中国历史上,而且在世界历史上,也是绝无仅有的。
唐叔虞是成王的同胞幼弟。《左传·昭公元年》说:“唐叔虞。当武王、邑姜方震太叔,梦帝谓己:‘余命尔子曰虞,将与之唐;属诸参,而蕃育其子孙。’及生,有文在其手,曰:‘虞。’遂以命之。及成王灭唐,而封大叔焉。”《史记·晋世家》说:“武王崩,成王立,唐有乱,周公诛灭唐。成王与叔虞戏,削桐叶为圭以与唐叔曰:‘以此封若。’史佚因请择日封叔虞。成王曰:‘吾与之戏尔。’史佚曰:‘天子无戏言。言则史书之,礼成之,乐歌之。’于是遂封叔虞于唐。唐在河、汾之东,方百里,故曰唐叔虞。”我们姑且不论故事中的“神话”部分,是当时的人编造或是其后不久的人附会。还是同样的理由,若说唐叔也系和武王年龄相仿佛的后妃所生,就更不易解释:何以武王和该王后结婚二十年内(时间或许还更长)一直未曾生育王子,而是过了四十岁却一生再生?现在,若是把王后定位于晚嫁的邑姜,就简单多了。邑姜正当青春年少,先生了成王,隔年又生唐叔虞,完全是顺理成章的事。
小结
夏商周断代工程在决断武王伐纣时间和相关各王年表时,尽管充分考虑了文献学方面的因素,但未必能把姜太公的享年问题作为重点溶入其中。我们另辟蹊径,着重引入大姒和邑姜两个人物,推断出的太公享年,能和一些重大事件以及王年协调,既能说明自己的结论接近史实,也能从一个小的侧面说明新年表的可信。
归纳以上探讨可以小结以下三点:一是文王的享年为六十二岁(公元前1112--1050年),即位之年为公元前1101年,两年后“帝乙归妹”,再过三年生武王,武王的享年合于五十四岁;受命之年(公元前1056年)为五十六岁,合于“文王受命为中身”的记载。二是考定了太公的生辰为公元前1128年,即殷武乙二十年农历八月初三,卒于公元前1015年,即周康王六年农历十月二十日,享年113岁,排除了诸如“生于殷庚丁年间”等种种不实的说法。三是连带探讨了邑姜适嫁武王之年,不但为金文断代中的“王姜”问题提供了新的佐证,也为流传了三千年的“桐叶封弟”故事开辟了思路。当然,这里仅仅是一些比较粗浅的认识,真正的结论,还有待于专家们更为全面而深入的研究。
注解
⑴焦安南、李建义的《姜太公传》(泰山出版社 1998年)拟订的太公享年是“约公元前1155--1045年”,即110岁;郭庆良等六人合著的《军事家、政治家姜太公》(姜太公故里实业开发公司印赠本)拟订的是公元前1160--1021年,即139岁。前书的作者为山东日照人,后书的作者为河南卫辉人,均言其家乡为太公故里。另据卢美松编著《中华姓氏谱·卢姓卷》(现代出版社、华艺出版社 2002年)称:“据《古本竹书纪年》载:‘周康王六年(公元前1073年),齐太公望卒。’故有人推算,姜太公出生约在殷王庚丁六年或七年(公元前 1212年)。”由此, 对太公享年的认识,可见一斑。
⑵见夏商周断代工程专家组编著:《夏商周断代工程1996--2000年阶段成果报告》世界图书出版公司北京公司 2000年。
⑶前者见《孙子兵法·用间篇》;后者见《孟子·离娄上》、《孟子·尽心上》等篇。
⑷有关太公结识文王一事,笔者曾撰有《姜太公遇合文王探真》一文,认为有一个“三就三离”的过程。这里所指,应是《史记·周本纪》、《太公六韬·文韬·文师篇》里说的,太公在渭水之阳钓鱼时遇文王的那次。
⑸(美)倪德卫:《武王克商之年研究·西周之纪年》北京师范大学出版社 1997年。
⑹王 晖著:《商周文化比较研究·附录二·季历选立之谜与贵族等级名号传嗣制》人民出版社2000年。
⑺参见杨朝明著:《周公事迹研究》中州古籍出版社 2002年。
⑻这句话及相关的文字,来自《艺文类聚·卷六十六·产业部下·钓》转引旧本《说苑》,为今本《说苑》所无。
⑼见inter网《姜尚,八十人生始峥嵘》zhongqin .8u8.netjsjjs.htm_95k。
⑽见宝鸡旅游网办公室@《姜子牙钓鱼台旅游区解说词》管理员邮箱:hjly@haoji.gov.cn 。
⑾胡厚宣胡振宇著:《殷商史》(上海人民出版社2003年)转引王仲孚:《牧野之战纣军‘七十万’试释》。据胡文称“作者遍寻《史记》各篇有关‘七十’、 ‘七十余’、‘七十二’的六十条记载,认为‘绝非实录,殆可断言者’不胜列举。”于是,也可以知道,这一研究,也是适用于古人之年龄讨论的。
⑿“同梦说”有人以为最早来自《齐太公吕望表》,不确。可参阅1999年吉林人民出版社出版的《楚辞章句补注》。
⒀“一简四十字”说,见荀勖《穆天子传序》。可参阅《山海经·穆天子传》岳麓书社 1996年。
⒁刘晓东等校点:《帝王世纪·山海经·逸周书》辽宁教育出版社 1997年
⒂王尚义:《山西太原建都至今已有四千四百七十年·唐叔虞世家及太原晋祠》光明日报 2003年9月17日。
⒃北京师范大学国学研究所编:《武王克商之年研究·西周年代新考》北京师范大学出版社 1997年。
【评论】
姜子牙在世的年代,正是殷商走向衰亡、地处商朝西的一个属国周逐渐上升的时期。姜子牙听说周伯姬昌施行仁政经济发达政治清明社会稳定大得人心便很想为兴周灭商一展雄才大略而此时姬昌也正在为治国兴邦而广揽人才于是姜太公便下定决心,离开了商朝,不辞劳苦,来到了周的领地渭水之滨,终日以钓鱼为生,其实是在观察世态的变化,寻找大展宏图的机会。据说,姜子牙钓鱼用的是直钓,鱼当然钓不上来,所以才有“姜太公钓鱼,愿者上钩”的说法 。
姜子牙用了几十年的功夫,勤学苦读,孜孜不倦地研究探索,可谓上通天文,下通地理,学识渊博。尤其对历史和时势的研究更是驾轻就熟如今当了姬昌的太师可以说是厚积薄发运筹而游刃有余对内他帮助姬昌制定了一系列发展经济的政策如:实行“九一租税制”,即农人租用公田,只缴纳九分之一租税的低税制度;给大大小小的官吏“分地”,作为官吏的奉禄,而且子孙可以承袭等。这样,就调动了农人在官田上努力生产、官吏们自觉地搞好本人分地生产的极性,极大地促进了生产力的发展,为有朝一日兴兵伐纣奠定了稳固的经济基础。对外,姜子牙协助姬昌实行光养 晦薄秃孤立瓦解的政策对商王他表面上表现得 谦和恭顺一心事殷 使商王误以 为周是最可靠的属国姬昌 是位忠心的伯而 在暗中却采取种种手段,拉拢争取殷商王 朝的其他属国使殷 商越来越孤 立结果许多诸 侯国和部落陆 陆续续地弃殷而投周,到了后来,殷商虽名为天子,而真正附属于他的属国、部落却连三分之一都不足了。这样,就又为最后消灭纣王,创造了有利的外部条件。
可惜的是,姬昌未能实现灭纣的愿望,便撒手归西了。姬昌死后,他的儿子姬发继位,这就是周武王(姬昌死后被追封为周文王姬发继位亦继志继续为兴周灭商而努力他拜姜子牙为国师并号称为师尚父姜子牙也不改初衷,继续全力辅佐姬发以图大业。有一天,武王姬发问姜子牙:“我打算减轻刑罚而又能树立我的权威,少施行一些赏赐而又能使人们从善,少颁布一些政令法规而民众又都能自觉按一定的规范行事。请问师尚父,怎样做才能实现这一点呢?”姜子牙说:“如果你杀了一个人就能使一千个人害怕而不再犯罪,杀两个就能使一万个人害怕而不再犯罪,杀三个人就能使三军军威大振那么你就把他们杀了如果你赏了一个而使一千个人高兴赏两个人而使一万个人高兴赏三个人而能使三军上下都高兴,那么你就赏他们;如果你能通过法律条令约束了一个人而使一千人遵照执行,那么你就用这法律法令去约束他;如果你能通过禁止两个人的错误行为而使一万个人不再去做,那么你就去禁上;如果你能通过教育三个人而使三军上下都受到教育,那么你就去教育。总之,能够杀一个而惩戒上万人,赏赐一个而激励更多的人,这才是有道明君的权威,幸福之所在啊!”武王姬发听了,顿开茅塞,照着姜子牙的话去做,时时慎于刑赏,力求令行禁止,使周朝的政治更加清明,背叛殷商而依附周室外的人越来越多,出师伐纣的日子已经指日可待了。
这时周朝已羽翼丰满国势日隆而殷商王朝已出现了土崩瓦解之势。特别是殷商王朝统治集团内部 发生了内忠臣良将被杀的 被杀被囚的被囚外逃的外逃降周的降周姜子牙审时度势,认为伐纣的时机已到便亲任主帅统领大军以吊民伐罪为号召,联合诸侯各国出兵直取商都。经过牧野一战,大败商军,迫使商纣王连夜出逃,与妃子妲己投火自焚于鹿台。中国历史上的殷商王朝至此也便宣告灭亡了,姜子牙终于完成了扶周灭商的宏图大业。
由于姜子牙在兴周灭商中建有殊功,武王姬发把姜子牙封到了齐地,成为周代齐国的始祖。姜子牙励精图治,终将齐国治理成为春秋战国时期五霸七雄中的强国之一而由于姜太公的雄才伟略更被后人称为中国谋略家的开山鼻祖司马迁就曾说后世之言兵及周之阴权皆宗太公为本谋。”(《史记·齐太公世家》)在我国著名神话小说封神演义中,说姜太公曾在昆仑山从元始天尊学道,后来是奉师命下山辅佐周室的。在起兵伐纣时,也是通过许多道术之士与纣军斗法而完成兴周大业的。这其实是把姜太公这个历史人物神化了。
《易·系辞传》:神农氏继包牺(伏羲)氏之后而兴起,初以农业和商业贸易教天下。黄帝、尧、舜氏继神农之后相继兴起,仍以羲、炎之道化民使宜,教以“穷则变,变则通,通则久”,中华民族赖此道不断发展壮大、繁荣昌盛起来。所以炎帝、黄帝被认为是中华民族的共祖,中华民族自称为“炎黄子孙”,也本于此。
炎帝神农氏姜姓,“当是所谓东夷者也”;黄帝轩辕氏姬姓,“当是所谓华夏者也”。由此可知,姜姓氏族是炎帝之后,固为东夷的土著民族。姜尚姜姓,是炎帝后裔,东夷土著。炎帝之后,先后兴起的共工、蚩尤、伯夷和逄伯陵等东夷姜姓氏族的著名首领,都是姜尚的先祖。共工任智刑霸诸侯,蚩尤以武力威天下,伯夷典三礼而立五刑,都成为姜尚必然传承的先德旧业。东夷主要指齐地。伏羲始画八卦,故“阴阳的信仰起于齐民族,……(阴阳学)是齐学的正统”;“黄老之学起于齐 ”,所谓因
“四时之大顺”和“治各有宜” (胡适《中国中古思想史长编·齐学》,华东师范大学出版社,1996年。) 等政教思想早已萌生于东夷齐地,也是姜尚必然受熏陶、就教化的文化传统。
唐、虞时期,伯夷为四岳而封国于吕,姜姓族人微而复振。姜姓有邰氏女姜嫄生后稷,为周人的始祖,是弘扬神农氏“耕农”之业的第一人,尧举以为“农师”。夏、商之际,伯夷子孙在中原的封国--申国和吕国已开始衰落。申为姜尚祖先的封国。氏族势力衰落,在中原难以立足,故姜尚的先人又举族迁回水草肥美、温湿适宜的东海老家。当时,东夷姜姓氏族依然兴旺。逄伯陵作为姜尚的先祖,立国于齐,一度称强。逄伯陵氏女是周太王的正妃,史称太姜,生王季,即周文王之父。姜、姬亦世有
姻亲。
商朝从帝祖甲开始,不时对东夷用兵。到帝武乙,为掠夺人口、牲畜及其他财物,商人侵犯东夷的战争不曾停歇过。逄伯陵建立的齐国历300年后因屡受攻伐趋于衰落。东夷姜姓吕氏族人都随之衰微。帝乙更以侵略夷方(东夷)和盂方为专务。帝辛频“征人方”(东夷),多次“为虐于东夷”,就成为姜尚目睹耳闻的事实了。
商人对东夷人发动的多年的侵略战争,遭到了东夷人的坚决反抗。为此东夷人付出了极大的牺牲:族人战死或被掳去当奴隶,牲口和财物被大量抢走或毁坏掉。这些触目惊心的事实使姜尚逐渐认识到了“杀人安人”“攻其国,爱其民”“以战止战”的重要性和必要性。
姜子牙少壮穷困卑贱,直到老年才遇文王、武王,得展抱负,是所谓大器晚成的典型。他先后垂钓、卖食、屠牛、卖卜,是妇之逐夫,又是不售的佣役,久处最下层,苦心志,劳筋骨,饿体肤,“空乏其身,行拂乱其所为”,人间辛酸无不体味,世上冷暖尽已备尝。
许由是古代的高士。孔子将姜尚同许由相比:“许由,独善其身者也;太公,兼利天下者也。”以拯横流、利天下为己任,所以姜尚久求进身用世的机遇而不以独善其身为足。姜尚走遍各地,尽访诸侯,寻祖迹于申、吕故地,观风俗于夷、夏旧族;他几度出入周国、殷都,如岐阳、丰邑、孟津、朝歌、牧野等地,多次回顾商汤、夏桀的成败得失。他以演《易》之术教西伯于羑里,并教西伯脱身羑里之囚;又劝西伯献洛西之地,以换取纣王废止炮烙等酷刑。但直至文王渭水访贤以后,姜尚方才开始了他“兼利天下”的大业。历代典籍对太公历史地位的公认,充分说明了其在中国历史中的重要地位和其思想理论的博大精深。
【姜太公祠】
位于临淄永流镇张家庄太公衣冠冢北侧。太公吕尚,字子牙,号太公望,东海人,吕姓姜氏,世称姜太公,公元前11世纪封于齐,为齐国第一代国君。他在任期间,“通商工之业,便渔盐之利,人民多归齐,齐为大国。”卒葬于周,齐人思其德,葬衣冠于此。衣冠冢墓高28米,南北长50米,东西宽55米。1993 年,临淄区在太公衣冠冢北侧建姜太公祠,建筑面积98平方米,主殿为歇山式挂廊配殿,各三楹,现为名人书画展厅。主殿供奉着姜太公彩绘圣像,殿壁有反映姜太公贫困生涯、避纣去商、习武著书、牧野大战、封齐就国、破菜争丘、太公治齐、惩治不训、周王授权、传子归国等到不平凡一生的壁画。
【姜太公后裔姓氏】
姜太公后裔姓氏繁多,大致上有以下姓氏:姜姓、吕姓、丁姓、高姓、齐姓、卢姓、邱姓、丘姓、庆姓、贺姓、桓姓、查姓、柯姓、年姓、柴姓、崔姓、骆姓、章姓、聂姓、国姓、高堂姓、太公姓、卢蒲姓、淳于姓、厉姓、易姓、青姓等等。
钓鱼台:(南皮)县城西五公里处有一村,名钓鱼台(1983年划入泊头市)。相传商代纣王,荒淫无道,建筑鹿台。下大夫姜子牙直言相谏,触怒纣王,欲杀子牙。子牙气愤逃走,隐居此地,常在水边钓鱼。周文王访知子牙乃贤士,遂以礼相聘。封为太师。因辅佐文王之子武王伐纣灭商有功,封为齐侯。后来,把姜子牙垂钓的地方和村名,称为钓鱼台。——引自河北省《南皮县志》第九篇《民情习俗》第940页。
"Zhaolie Wu Cheng Wang," late-bloomer
Jiang Taigong in our history is a longevity of people, Jiang Taigong death, back weeks and buried, buried in King Wen, King Wu's tomb next to the. At that time the provisions of the Zhou dynasty, Jiang Taigong V are returned within the week and the funeral, was buried only after V Qi. In the Tang and Song dynasties ago, Jiang Taigong be labeled God of emperors, Wu Tang Suzong seal Jiang Taigong to become king, when Emperor Song, but also for the Zhaolie Wu Cheng Wang Feng Jiang Taigong. To the Yuan period, the civil right Jiang Taigong added some myths and legends. Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Zhonglin created the "Gods" novels since then, Jiang Taigong from person to become a God, and for civil widely believed.
Jiang Taigong Fishing
Bloomer is a renowned ancient Chinese historical figures, while Taoism and folk in his status was higher. He was born in a noble family, the ancestors of fiefdoms called Lu, so he is also known as Shang. Jiang Ziya was born in Shandong Rizhao, intelligent young age. It is said that he could predict the world will take place in the event.
Shang dynasty, was a late-bloomer where the King Zhou was a cruel man who ruled during the war continued, in order to escape the fighting, a late-bloomer to the seclusion of Liaoning in northern China for 40 years, and later came to the Northwest Shaanxi Province Zhongnanshan. There, he often went to the Weihe River to go fishing, but the three years he did not catch a fish, and he hooks or straight. People are laughing at him, he did little, so there is a proverb in China called Jiang Taigong fishing, you take the bait. Amazingly, he was really catching a fish, the fish's belly there is a art of war book. More coincidentally, the same evening, Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC -8 century) JI Chang King Wen of Zhou had a dream, a dream, a GAO Ren. The next day, he met a late-bloomer. Late-bloomer to the King Wen of Zhou about his personal life, King Wen was on to defeat the enemy establish the dynasty and collecting talent, so I said to him: My first Zutai Gong hopes you already. Therefore, later generations called him looking for the grandfather, the general called him in civil Jiang Taigong. King Wen to his high position, and with his help, the elimination of the Shang Dynasty. Various dynasties in China after the establishment of a temple for him, but also legendary Taoist immortal heaven he had.
1, Jiang Taigong life and his birthplace of historical research
About Yan Jiang Taigong to 54 generation descendant, descendant of Boyi 36. For the King Wen of Zhou, King Wu, Cheng Wang, Kang four generations of Grand Preceptor, King of Qi, Jiang's wife name applicant, a total of 13 sub (D, Wang, year, Qi, Fang, Shao, Luo, Ming, Qing, easy, yet, its , Jordan), King Wu Feng Jiang Fei female eup, Queen. BC in 1211, Ding Yan Chaogeng eight have been born in this unitary Rizhao City, Shandong Province; Wuchen 1072 BC, the Zhou Kang six years, died in the capital of Gao Jing Zhou, Shou-year-old 139 years old. Tomb mound is located in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, Zhou Ling Township, 1 km from the Tomb of the text; Linzi, Zibo City, Shandong Province, Jiang Taigong cenotaph inside the temple there.
Jiang Taigong half-humble, do not choose the main event, wandering uncertain, but he tempted Ren Xing, observe the weather, wait time, I finally found out the main, his assistant, JI Chang, virtue and moral integrity Zhenwu, in order to Xing Zhou. Zhou King Wu, great-grandfather was army, division, Makino war, poverty business Sheng Zhou, established a deal in. Weekly packet, Jiang Taigong been called Qi Guojun Lord, he running the country well and created a great country, legacy still exist, with continued generation after generation, for the later the Duke, "nine co-princes, one Marina the world", a Five Powerful Chiefs of The first and laid the foundation.
The birthplace of Jiang Taigong, different literature, mainly the East China Sea and Hanoi say that.
"From Lou on Mengzi," said: "the provision of Zhou Boyi, the highest North Sea coast, ... ... grandfather provision of Zhou, ranking the East China Sea ... ... 2 old man, elder world also." "Lu first time" articles said: "The grandfather look, the Yi people in too." Gao You, "Spring and Autumn when the first" chapter, said: "grandfather Wang, Hanoi people." "the Book Grading and three" note cited "naturalist in mind," says: "grandfather Lvwang are out today with the East Lu village. Also fishing in the spine-chun, the pump this deposit." "The Truth of Wunshuei" Cloud: "(Wunshuei) also had Chunyu County, North West, so after the summer Family of Zhen Guan States. King Wu of Zhou Chunyu to seal the public, Hao Yue Chunyu country. "" Shui Jing Zhu Qi by "saying:" State of the East 100 60 Ju Dong Lu village there, spine-chun in Langya sea song grandfather is hoped that out. "" The Truth of "drawing too temple inscription reads:" grandfather Wang, Hanoi drain people. "He said what to do, according to historical and contemporary experts of Dynasty, said that under the East China Sea is more conclusive. Dong Lu village as the birthplace Jiang Taigong. Ancient Lu, Ju is the word of this, Abdullah Gul as the country name of the Zhou Dynasty, that is, Ju County, Shandong Province now. Dong Lu village, East Lu in the east of the Ju Cheng, Rizhao City, Shandong Province this case. Han Zhang, "Natural History" clearly marked: "Music City, the Eastern Lvxiang Dong Hai Lu, the great-grandfather is hoped that out also." Han's "Sea Song 'was now the" sunshine. "People today in College Qingdao on Jiang Taigong Ji made a specific Dynasty. He said: "Yan If Qu" Four Books release to continue, "saying: 'After the Han Langya China Sea Qu County, Liu Chao-cited" naturalist in mind note, "saying: grandfather Lvwang are out today with the East Lu village. Also fishing on the spine-chun, the pump this deposit. Also in Qinghe County spine jincheng State Hirokawa, Lang Ya sea elements and learn when in the song, this city is definitely not. I said that sea-song Old City, "Tong Dian," said East in Ju County, the home that day grandfather provision of Zhou East China Sea is its home. Han Cui Yuan, Jin Li Lu loudly, "Qi Taigong monument" that ji xian people who mistake. "(" Lou on Mengzi Yi Zhu ") and on the grounds, and even correct. In other words, Jiang Taigong was born today in eastern Yellow Sea in Shandong Province of sunshine, Ju County area, it Sima Qian also said" the East China Sea Master 'meaning. According to Qi Guoguo all, today's Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province Historical records Jiang Taigong born in Rizhao City today. According to Jiang Taigong branch clan descendants Romer World Studies (including South Korea and other foreign Romer) Historical records, Jiang Taigong born in Rizhao City, Shandong. China today is one of the highest authority of Jiang Taigong, a famous Chinese National Defense University professor, Jiang Taigong descendants of Mr. Jiang Guozhu, after years of research, confirmed Jiang Taigong born in Rizhao City, Shandong Province.
Also be noted that in 4000 years ago, Rizhao City, two towns (18 km from the city), is Asia's largest city. This is the American archaeological expert with Shandong University in the field for half a year-long joint investigation concluded. Jiang Taigong as a great man born in this culture developed areas, should be more reasonable. After comprehensive research analysis, Jiang Taigong place of birth should be Rizhao City, Shandong Province.
"The Truth of" drawing too temple inscription reads: "grandfather Wang, Hanoi drain people." "Spring and Autumn when the first" chapter, said: "grandfather Wang, Hanoi people." "Historical Records" Qi Taigong family ":" grandfather along Lu Wang persons, the East China Sea Master. "Hui Hanoi city is the county in the Republic of China before 1988, formerly known as ji xian. Hui and the East China Sea near the similar "North Sea" the names, there are inscriptions as evidence. Western Jin Ji Jiang Taigong county unearthed specifically set to "learn the Geographical Distribution of Wei." (Lu Hui City grandfather Springs Village)
Second, the historical position Jiang Taigong
Jiang Taigong a rough life, but more vigorous grinding, mysterious, really be called original, strange, strange man. Looking great-grandfather's life achievements, in terms of military, political, economic thinking, there has been an outstanding contribution, especially in the military's most significant, it Sima Qian made "the words of soldiers and weeks later the yin of the right to seek all of these great-grandfather-based" called military strategists of the originator, the hotbed of the military.
The history of China Jiang Taigong a wise, all-powerful figure in China's literary scene is a "high, big, full" image, or the Chinese on the altar of a deity on the altar. As a religious god, he is Fukatsu, Pallas, was regarded as a "grandfather in this, let yourself go," the blessings of the gods.
Lord of Tan from the ancient Zhou Dynasty, it was expecting to be a saint ... ... a force to ensure national security, the text can be more capable of ruling the country, to assist Zhou Yin Xing weeks off to achieve the task, so were great-grandfather as a "grandfather look" to the ruling King Wu When used "Master Shang Fu" proportionality, respect elite pet to be added. Great-grandfather of the life of King Wen, "teacher" or "Grand Preceptor" is the Western Zhou Dynasty "Three Opens" in the highest office, both the main army, but also political issues. Have a "third world, the other week who go, grandfather of the majority to seek dollars," the statement indicates the great-grandfather's place in the Zhou Dynasty in weight.
Jiang Taigong is a full of military strategy in the upright ministers and extraordinary political, military strategist, has been under the rulers of those advocating it in the "Book of Songs" and other historical materials before the Tang Dynasty and many literary works eulogy.
Emperor Taizong's reign, with invasion of foreign barbarians, not in addition to suffering, political turmoil, the state government to be faced with 100 random, undone the situation, to achieve "Anren Li country" purpose, then claimed he was Jiang Taigong of incarnation, it set up so the temple in the Bo River, a move he used to tell people that he wanted to reuse as Emperor Wen's visit to Yin Jiang Taigong like he eventually good will, he was persecuted by a large number of State Peace and Prosperity management talent, finally realized the "Golden Years." Emperor for the sake of domestic peace, need to do as Jiang Taigong Piganlidan, painstaking, diligent loyalty to the victim's talent, easy Kaiyuan 19 years (AD 731) Decree of the world states were too various build a temple. And asked to share with Zhang Liang, in the Spring and Autumn Zhongqiu sacrifice on the E day. When his troops apprenticeship or the generals and the civil and military juren Ying Zhao, must first go to the temple paid homage too. Inception 20 years (AD 739) to recover posthumous Jiang Taigong for "Wu Cheng Wang", a Chinese "military" saint. Ancestor Xining five years (AD 1072) for the crown against foreign invasion, ordered that all military commanders must-read "grandfather Art of War." Sima Qian in "Historical Records", said: "The week off Youli Hebrew Chang, and Shang conspiracy virtue and moral integrity to the dumping business administration, more than military power and the Church being to design, so the words of soldiers and weeks later the right of all of these great-grandfather-based anion plan, "which established the creation of military strategy theory of the Chinese nation Jiang Taigong pioneer ancestors status.
1972, Linyi, Shandong Yinqueshan from Han tombs unearthed in the early years of the "Tragic Hero" disabled, Jane, to collate all survive in the world today, "Tragic Hero" version and this note shows that the "Tragic Hero," a book, Han ago in popularity, and rejected the "Tragic Hero" is still the ancient pseudo-Tolu was suspected, further confirmed the theoretical writings in the military Jiang Taigong is true. His military theory, in political, economic Struggle in the ideological aspects that we have left for future generations the rich legacy of indelible, People have called him the art of war Sixiang the ancestor of a well-deserved!
Grandfather rule, established the "because of its vulgar, Jane the ceremony, the industry trade workers will benefit fish and salt," the law of the land, in the history of Qi centuries, from generation to generation, produced a huge influence, established the Qi Culture in history.
Great-grandfather has passed away 3000 years, the people in the worship of his noble character, mourning his great achievements, in order to fabricate a simple emotional story of many of his praise of his myth. Hill said he had studied with in Kunming, after weeks of instructions from teachers to help destroy lives down the business, eliminate business teacher ordered results to be published later Bong Gods. This is the "Tai Ping Yu Lan" and "Gods in mind" and other books, and gradually his deified. Ming Xu Zhonglin respect to the grandfather for the indescribable face of God when they compiled the one of "Gods," he said to control all the world God's God, and great-grandfather's magic and majesty, to become the idols of expelling righting the. Although this exceeded the historical truth, but it reflects Jiang Taigong high status in people's minds.
Third, Jiang Taigong thinking
Shang (Jiang Taigong) and far-reaching strategy for sandwiches. He was not only open up the Western Zhou Dynasty hero, and his assistant, King Wen, King Wu, Cheng Wang, Kang 4 toward the patriarch, the country has accumulated rich experience in promoting social development and progress. He's thinking, theory, practice is profound.
1, the originator of military strategy, eternal God of
Jiang Taigong as the originator of strategy, eternal God of its strategy for beetles, by country and the military, management of customs of the people of, the policy, the art, are to lay a good foundation for future generations, and praise for the Chinese nation , follow.
Military thinking about the works of Jiang Taigong the "Tragic Hero", "Tragic Hero" to grandfather A King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of the question in the form of writing, the book includes Wentao, Wu Tao, Lung Tao, Hu Tao, Tao Bao, dogs Tao six parts, a total of 60. "Yin Fu Jing," "grandfather Art of War," "grandfather Golden," and so on, but the existing few. The military of military strategy, war strategy, tactics and tactics, military construction, war preparations, thinking of clever, deep, so valuable, is that his comprehensive, creative, pioneering, he is not simply the military terms of the military, but high degree of intelligence from the philosopher, to clever political vision, political and military, military rule and reason closely integrated, integrated on it. This makes his military military strategy, and strategy rather comprehensive, profound, penetrating nature, and thus for the ancient philosopher, statesman, military strategist the thrust to weight, and had a huge impact. "Tragic Hero" as the great ancient Chinese military writings, in the Song Dynasty is listed as "Seven Military Classics" one, as a martial art textbook, as the generals are a must-read book on military strategy. 2000 Over the years, "Tragic Hero" and other "weapons by" the same, from the Qin to the modern time, people comment, explain, collation, extolled, tap their thoughts here nor profound meaning, drawing its ideological essence, enduring, far more Shing , full of brilliant ideas of its value and enduring vitality. We should cherish this precious historical and cultural heritage, so that even more brilliant in the new era.
2, Machiavellian thinking
"Beetles text Tragic Hero Teacher" Finally, a Jiang Taigong's words: "great-grandfather said: the world of a person of non-dominated world of people of the world is too. The same thing in the world who will have the world interests." This is the grandfather of "conspiring to repair German for Business and Government to pour, "Zhou Xing off the biggest business is the most fundamental ideological trickery. Because, the largest trickery than to overthrow the Shang Dynasty, the establishment of the Chou dynasty, and the establishment of state power to take odd military strategy is fundamental. This idea, in addition to "literary teacher", at "Fat Kai", "Man Kai", "Shun Qi" and other articles also have repeatedly discussed this truth. Grandfather blocked Qi, Qi established after the implementation of the fundamental principle is "the world in one person the world, is also the world people of the world" mentality. Can be seen, Jiang Taigong that human nature is evil dead music Health, good German and return profits, revenue-producing activities that provide tempting to give moral, virtue and morality who can do it, you can make the whole world hath. Therefore, the monarch should be of interest for profit world, the harm to the world harm to the world of music for the music to the world of health for the service. Only by virtue and morality for the world Hennessy pesticides, people with common interests to the world, with life and death, of hardship, of joy, so that we can close embrace, consolidation of the people, so that peoples hearts, to please. Based on this understanding, "Six Strategies," stressed the monarch to line benevolence and virtue, Ze and the people, not the mob, abuse the people, for the Yier people by. Only thus can the people with the king the same boat, owned by Dai Guojun. This thinking also carry out the practice of Qi to achieve this idea. It is all the other military strategists do not have. Therefore, "Tragic Hero," a book of the above, and Jiang Taigong thinking of military strategy in line.
3, Oi thought
Loving way, that is, the road to righteousness, virtue and moral integrity Huimin, so that people kimono. Such as the grandfather said: "Respect for the public, meet their parents. Respect the public are cooperation, meet their parents are happy, is that the virtue of discipline. No people won Ru Wei, because tomorrow, along its often. Shun any who by morality, by force of Ni Zhe must. Jingzhi is no doubt that the world kimono. "In other words, to respect public opinion, respect and love people, polymerization clan, line benevolence give justice, would be the support of the people love, so to make the world kimono, you can keep soil, solid state and TONGJI. Therefore, the Gateway service the world who do not have full-time force, not perverse and violent people, and should take righteousness oriented and strive for virtues ban violence. This is Jiang Taigong and "Tragic Hero" pay attention and not light weapons Wentao slightly, taking the country as a whole is concerned with the military genius of. On his country civil benevolence, Shiren Zheng, re-educate, because folk, smooth feelings. This has fully demonstrated the political governance Jiang Taigong starting point and destination places are for loving. "Six Strategies Wentao State": "A great-grandfather said: 'advantages than disadvantages, as without fail, students without killing, and no wins, but no bitterness, no anger hi.'" From above, we not difficult to see, "loving" the depth of thought, in the Qin military, political and feudal ruler, the only Jiang Taigong have such a profound "love the people" thought. But also by the Jiang Taigong in Qili Guo, the truly "loving" adhered to the practice of nation-building go, this is the policy of enriching the people of Qi.
4, cis-thinking people
Jiang Taigong know that "people are the foundation, solid country which the people," the truth, there are people there country, no people were to speak of any country. Therefore, he pushed for citizen-centric, benevolent people shun the idea. Soon the people is the "re-people" and "your people." If the monarch, the ministers and officials at all levels, not people-oriented, to the civil for the service, the bell peel, maiming people, will make the public mind and heart away from the, rebellion of the counter. Jiang Taigong through their long stay in the hand of people in Shi Li, constantly watching, well-researched, expensive for the people Wei, China-based in the Si Xiang have a deep understanding, and establish a solid sense of the People, so he coming out before and Among the founding of the country are always people-oriented, a benevolent government, rein in the people, so that all people's hearts. On how quiet and stable world, Jiang Taigong said: Heaven has its own operating rules, the people have their own daily life cause. Anson monarch with the common people, the world is on the quiet, the people on the stability of the. The best politics is due to folk, to govern the people along, followed by publicity enlightenment, a sense on behalf of the people. People are taught, by the probation, they will obey the decree, so that the growth of Heaven by doing nothing to everything, all success, people need to give the rich can own, that is, control the world of noble human morality, is the fundamental reason everything for doing nothing located.
5, the virtuous thought
"Beetles on the Yin Tragic Hero": "A great-grandfather said: 'able and virtuous military power Chang, not virtuous, soldiers die weak.'" Virtuous thought, in Jiang Taigong after the establishment of Qi, but also formally included in one of the founding principle that "the virtuous and the power."
6, six observe treasures
7, 9 House won France
Jiang Taigong monetary policy, mainly his government won nine developed method. The so-called "won nine House Law," Reappraisal "Note": "A" week official "big government, Jade House, within the government, outside the House, Spring House, Tianfu, grade, the grade gold, coin purse functional currency are The official, Gu Yun nine government. won all the links that also. "Jiang Taigong established" won nine House Law, "is to use administrative means to ensure a balanced flow of economic goods and reasonable access to the continuing circulation of coins and cloth, poly San suitable, no Ji Zhi, no shortage. Country to the rich, the people in the foot.
"Nine House" is "the official coin purse." Charles "Zhou" and "nine House" of functions, is that "through money, easy availability."
Jiang Taigong's financial and economic policies and financial management systems, not only for the Zhou Dynasty of economic management, economic supervision, tax collection, allocation, preservation and other goods to establish a complete and strict management system, management system, but also a powerful state of Qi, for the Duke and Guan Zhong's "Nine co-princes, one Marina world" laid the foundation for dominance. Jiang Taigong's way of making money, financial management policies, namely income and reduce expenditure of the system, are enriching the people way for eternal country prosper the right path, everything is not easy for Governance, it is for eternal law.
4 and lasting importance, future generations praise
Jiang Taigong moral exploits for posterity by the esteem and praise. He was to become a god by the people included in the first immortal, says he can do anything they want, so that God served ghosts; was he revered as "the art originator"; Sarkozy called him "the day of Qi Extreme" and so on. Ancient poets, philosophers intellectual disability, military strategists samurai, all the text in the poetry of, book on military strategy in war policy, to express feelings, praise for me. View grandfather left them, or historical sites and express has Chi, or grandfather deeds as far as the extension has been on, celebrate their successes.
In the "Book of the Ming" wrote:
Makino ocean, Tan cars Huang Huang. Si Yuan Peng Peng, Victoria Division Shangfu. When Victoria Ying Yeung, cool he King Wu. Wantonly cutting big business, will move Ching Ming.
Praise poetry in many of his achievements Jiang Taigong highly general, the evaluation should be considered "Gods" Xu Zhonglin author of the "ginger Marshal praise":
Six Strategies to stay as king of the industry, Miao Suan mystery can not be poor.
Future generations will phase out into the industry, cutting crime of hanging people power forever.
Strategizing bullying wind, pressure Laopeng Reinforcing Yin and Yang.
Ancient armies and divisions for the first, direct and Tai Lung reputation.
On Jiang Taigong life lasting importance, not only praise poetry, and literary classics, history, and more have praised.
Jiang Taigong emphasis on people not only his work and intelligence value, but also a very respected his noble personality and relentless fighting spirit, his memory of justice, of civilization have been pursuing; difficulties, he does not retreat, not humiliation, not bow; Hunger does not care; sink, he did not yield; high, he refuses to accept the old, and their ideals, beliefs and unwavering pursuit. Is never too high aspiring, in good time "so excited old man," a model. He will always be proud of the Chinese people.
Age of test】 【Jiang Taigong
One great-grandfather at the age of the general scope of
However, recently saw an article online called "Jiang Taigong of longevity," the article (see Xinxiang history and culture column), but has a completely different opinion, stated:
Mr. Gu Jiegang's "grandfather look on life" that recorded in ancient documents of Jiang Taigong few years of life are YOU Shi Qi's alone make the Warring States period. "Grandfather" intent to "old man", but later generations mistake grandfather is long life, much like PANG names of "ancestors", I name in the "old", on the misconception that Peng Zu, I was over eight hundred (like should be 80 years old) age. And from the "Book of the Ming", "Makino ocean, Tan cars Huang Huang, Si original Peng Peng, Victoria Division Shangfu, when Victoria Ying Yeung" in the description of the war scenes and the fighting of the fast Yong situation, the nine-year-old elderly can not do. So guess Gu, Jiang Taigong the war in Makino, about 30, finally 80 years old.
We believe that, in order to grandfather the specific age-depth study, first of all need to have a broad scope, and that, say, "Jiang Taigong the war in Makino, about 30, finally 80 years old", it is difficult to Letter from the people, the obvious reason that at least the following four points:
First of all, that grandfather longevity "are YOU Shi Qi's alone make the Warring States Period" is wrong. As we have previously held, Xun Zi, Wei Liao Zi, Mencius, and Chu Yuan, who are the Warring States Period, they have said grandfather longevity, but no one is "YOU Shi Qi" were.
Second, only according to "Book of Poetry Ming dynasty" in the poem "Victoria Division Shangfu, when Victoria Ying Yeung," the description, they think, "Jiang Taigong the war in Makino, about 30", is clearly thought component too many. Campaign battle in history came out of people too numerous to mention. Moreover, "Ying Yeung" is probably still the key to the implementation of a "rate" is the word; grandfather himself, not necessarily to "body first halberd axes" of.
Third, said, "Jiang Taigong the war in Makino, about 30" in fact means that in the case of King Wen Jiang Taigong time is about two years old. This and other books not only compatible, but also unreasonable. For example, the great-grandfather's experience and military strategy come from? "Lu teeth in Yin" and "grandfather avoid Zhou, home of East China Sea" ⑶ how to explain? Especially the great-grandfather's daughter, Yap Kang as "Week Princess" (details later), and no wait.
Fourth, the "Family Records Qitai Gong," Li said, "build great-grandfather of Death, 100 have years", compared to Xun Zi, Yuan and others say even longer, if there is any other data, such as Qi's "Historical Records "-" Let's ride "category. Because, Sima Qian is not likely to see "Bamboo Annals drain mounds book," said Li, Qi Taigong died six weeks Kang.
In short, the "Wei Fishing" ⑷ may encounter when King Wen of Zhou of Jiang Taigong positioned an old man and his age of more than initially located in a century, both are reasonably inferred from, or from the historical data in the light, some have more appropriate .
Second, the reign of King Wen of the time
To further study Jiang Taigong the age, need to define a "frame of reference" is the reign of Emperor Wen of the time. Because of current knowledge, but only the reign of Emperor Wen of the state, and Jiang Taigong's life have more clear "line in" relationship.
The fifth decade reign of King Wen is scheduled to BC in 1050, many events can be clear and reasonable explanation. The first is the time of King Wen reign title. In the past, the Makino war of the "ten year" (or 10 years), is the eleventh year of King Wen, King Wu's reign, reign title or eleven years has been outstanding. Now, the King Wen positioned throughout the year 1050 BC, King Wu came to the throne is tantamount to excluding the reign title "10 year" possibilities. Because, from 1101 BC to 1046 BC King Wu came to the throne of King Wen Ke business in the middle also 50 years, is no place for five years together with the ruling of King Wen King Wu reign title "10 year", a total of 60 a year.
Four great-grandfather at the age of Dynasty
To determine the age of Jiang Taigong, we thought to be key issues to be discussed, in fact, mainly three: the grandfather to the West, the year when King Wen join their differences, age? Second year is BC's what year? Third, grandfather and died in what year? Turn to the first question, "Xunzi Jun Road Chapter" he said:
King Wen Fu Gui Qi is also non-free, non-free children also, non-free will does not exist also, Ti is a natural person who held great-grandfather used in the state, not at private for too zai! That the pro-evil? Is also surnamed Zhou, Er Bi surname Jiang also. That it is false? The lesser known each other too. That good Liye? Mrs. annual meetings are seven Shiyou Er, and completely forgetting the teeth fall carry on.
Next, in "Loving," where there "that Johnson Yeah, the great-grandfather 72 years, unaware teeth fall carry on" and almost the same words, different only the "State" and changed "boat people." Then later, "Historical Biographies funny," where a similar argument:
"Poetry", saying: "drum bell at the palace, grievous things; Heming in Gao, grievous day. Gouneng self-cultivation, and hang it not wing." Grandfather's commitment in virtue and seven years, every King to get out their said. Feng Yu Qi, seven hundred and not absolute. The reason of this disability and for further studies diligently day and night, way street, not stopped.
Historical data from the three can be seen in Xun Kuang, Han Ying and Sima Qian's view, great-grandfather see age at the time of King Wen, is 70-year-old. In particular, Xun Kuang, although for Zhao, but had three as "Jixia leaders", their words must be derived from Qi or Qi Code. So, this "found" and other related books can be compatible with it? We said yes. For example, "said park" there, "Lv Wang Wei on 70 fishing in Example" ⑻ words. "Said park Zunsian" there: "grandfather hope, therefore out of woman s husband also, Chaoge of Tu Zuo also, spine-chun, also welcoming the Scheeren, 70 years, but with weeks 90 and seal Qi." Here "70-year fishing in the Wei River Example," "In 70 weeks, while the phase" in the 70, for Department of integers, it can look at them as about the number. Another example is "Wei Liao Zi Wu proposed article," there: "grandfather looking 70 years, cattle carcasses Chaoge, sell subsidized food league, over 70 more than the Lord does not listen to everyone that the husband is also crazy. And the case of King Wen , then put 30,000 of the people, a battle the world will, non 'Wu Yee' safety can have this cooperation? "Here" over 70 more than the Lord does not listen to "post" and the case of King Wen, "in support of the grandfather surrendered when 70-year-old King Wen. Of course, different versions have mainly two. One is the "grandfather 80 and the case of King Wen," We thought this to be relatively recent, many of whom have exaggerated the nature of the literature. Such as Li Bai, "Liang Fu Yin," where there is "Do not you see old man speech spine Chaoge Tu Jin, 80 West to fish Weibin" sentence, the argument is also put their faith in the presence of historical ⑼, or the "ginger grandfather when he was 80, three "as historical application ⑽, the unworthy had. Second, some people claim, "'70' '72', '70 I' are non-specific figures, is the ancient Chinese said that the 'Most Great Promise' for a mysterious figure" ⑾. Implementation of the age, as mentioned earlier, that is the meaning of the ancients to indicate the elderly and not representative of Jiang Taigong age, great-grandfather was the age should be much smaller. We think that, to reduce 70 year-old age, or 23 years old, may not affect the image of great-grandfather an old steed, even from the physical that has more common sense, such as the time of World War II he Makino more younger. However, imagine that a number alone, neither newly discovered historical support, but also in conflict with existing literature, I am afraid that is unworthy.
Yan Shang So although different things week course, as to the civil and military divisions, the Hebrew of the week off Youli go, and Shang conspiracy and virtue, to tilt for Business and Government, being to odd dollars more than military power. Therefore, the words of soldiers later, and weeks of overcast right, all of these great-grandfather-based plan. Zhou Hebrew political level, and breaking Yu, Rui of the defendants, and ordered to say the Hebrew poet, King Wen said. Fire worship, to be close, dog Yi, Daisaku Fung Yap, the other third of the world who return week, grandfather of the majority to seek dollars.
In addition, "said Court, military means," article, the details are recorded: "Man the Neo: 'Wu Yu military forces, who may be cutting?'s Doubt in my secret to be the first to cutting?' Guan Shu said: ' not, the wise king is also the world leader and comfort, cutting the unjust. 'grandfather Wang said:' Chen Wen of the old king is really regrettable that not cutting along cutting, cutting risk of not cutting easy cutting and not cutting off. 'Man Yue-:' Good! ' then cutting close to's, off of things. "discuss this, preliminary conclusions have been made: a grandfather seeking refuge with King Wen of the year, most likely should be the return of King Wen in the early years from the show the way, that in 1056 BC. That year he was 72 years old; 72 plus 1056, Jiang Taigong should be born in BC in 1128.
Third, is the grandfather of Death, is also related to two major historical. First, the "Family Records Qitai Gong," Li said: "The cover grandfather died, and 100 have years." First, "the ancient of the Bamboo Annals" record of "King Kang of Zhou six years, Qi Taigong look Death"; "This year the Bamboo Annals "Remember the" King Kang of Zhou six years, Qi Taigong pass away. " Is not difficult to see, Sima Qian's statement was "covered" putting the word no means of recourse; and "Bamboo Annals" is positioning the record clear and unambiguous. The question is, "Bamboo Annals" of the records, the credibility of what? Be subject for further research.
As we all know, the Western Jin Dynasty unearthed in the county drain (this Hui City) ancient tomb of the "Bamboo Annals", the time of the Lost Song. Today's popular book, whether it is "now this" or "ancient", these are the descendants of various historical records according to the Western Jin Dynasty after the drops, the authenticity of unavoidable cross, uneven. But, fortunately, the record year too Gongcu, but it is still positive, but a clear origin. The so-called evidence, is the famous "Qi Taigong Lvwang table" inscription, the inscription has: "(Jin) Tai Hong of two years, the county issued the west side have stolen derived from bamboo policy mounds book, books of the year, when the Qin Kengru before the 80 year-old ... ... the "Annals", saying: 'Kang years, Qitai Gong Wang Death.' reference to the number of years, hundred and ten years covered life. "text in the" six-Kang, Wang Qi Taigong Death ", is now , the source of the ancient two together. Despite the loss of the original monument, but "under the authentic first class" rubbings, have been collected by major museums. The so-called clear origin, but also includes two aspects: First, clear the monument's inscription - "Tai Hong Moon on the 19th March of Bing Yin Jia Shen made." Tai Hong decade AD 289, were stolen from the tomb of Tai Hong Ji years (some say the first year or Tai Hong Xianning five years), with only eight years. According to "Book of Jin," Beam Xi, Xun Xu, Wei Heng and others biography, "origin of weird book" originally "Ke Douwen" bamboo slip, then been transferred to the court collection of secret government, the translation process for quite some time. Markers were Lu loudly, should be the secret of Luoyang in Kyoto Prefecture and personally experience the project that support (or two) "40 words" ⒀ of Du Chien. Inscription in the "grandfather of origin Sunfan Yang Lu loudly, to the drain from Taizixima order" of the text, for support. Second, Emperor of Fenshukengru as 213 BC, "before 80-year-old Qin Kengru" is 299 BC, that is, "origin of weird books", is buried in the ground for nearly six hundred years Warring States authentic; Week "Kang six years, Qi Taigong Wang Death", is indeed at least the Warring States period, roughly the same time of the Wei and Xun Zi's view.
TONG Shuk King Cheng Yu is a fellow his little brother. "Zuo Zhao Gong first year," said: "Tang Shuyu. When King Wu, Yap Kang Fang Zhen Tai Shu, that God has a dream: 'I ordered Hill Master said, Yu, Tang will be with them; are various parameters, and Fan Yu of their children and grandchildren.' And student of the text in their hands, saying: 'Yu.' then submitted the order. and become the king destroyed the Tang, and Yan Feng uncle. "" Jin Records family, "said:" King Wu Beng, as Wang Li, Tang has chaotic Don Duke Zhumie. Cheng Wang and Shu Yu opera, cut and TONG Shuk-FE could be served as Guyana to say: 'If this seal.' Please fix a day for the history of Yi Feng Shu Yu. into the Neo: 'I play with Seoul.' Shi Yi said: 'Son of Heaven no joke. made the history books of, the ceremony of, Songs of.' So then sealed the Tang Shu Yu. Don River, east of Fen, square hundred miles, twenty years before and Tang Shuyu. "Let us, regardless of story "The Myth" section, was the person who fabricated or shortly thereafter will be attached. Or the same reason, if that King Wu TONG Shuk also age-like system and the Empress were born, the more difficult to explain: why King Wu and the queen married 20 years (time and perhaps more) had not been birth prince, but after 4-year-old is a lifetime renewable? Now, if the queen married to Yap in the late orientation ginger, much easier. Yap Kang just too young, sir, a Cheng Wang, the following year gave birth to Tang Shuyu entirely a matter of course.
Summary
Chronology Project and the determination Validity time and chronology related to the king when, despite the full account of the philology of factors, but the problem may not be able to Jiang Taigong the age of the main points of as one. We open a new path, focusing on the introduction of large Si and ginger eup two characters, the great-grandfather at the age inferred, energy and some events as well as the king of the coordination, both close to the historical facts to explain their conclusions, but also a little side note from the New Year table credible.
Comment
⑵ see Chronology Project Expert Group L: "Chronology Project 1996 - 2000 year phases results report," World Publishing Company in 2000 Beijing.
⑶ former see "The Art of War between the articles with"; the latter, see "Mencius Lou on" and "Mencius dedication to" and other articles.
⑷ meet the great-grandfather King Wen concerned, I had written as "King Wen Jiang Taigong hazard Probing the Truth" article, that there is a "three on three off" process. Referred to here should be "Historical Records Zhou Ji," "s Six Wentao Shi and articles" in that, and grandfather fishing in the case of Yang Wei of King Wen of that.
⑸ (U.S.) David S. Nivison: "the year of King Wu of Zhou grams of Business Annals," Beijing Normal University Press, 1997.
⑹ Wang Hui: "Shangzhouwenhua Appendix II Comparison of the election calendar quarter of mystery and nobility established grade Si Chuan name system" People's Publishing House in 2000.
⑺ see Yang Chaoming with: "deeds of the Duke of Zhou," Central Plains Ancient Books Publishing House in 2002.
⑻ this statement and the related text, from "art class together Juanliu 16 men fishing industry," quoted the old version, "said park", as this this, "said Yuan," the no.
⑼ see inter net "Jiang Shang, 80 life before emergence" zhongqin .8 u8.netjsjjs.htm_95k.
⑽ see Baoji travel office @ "late-bloomer Commentary Diaoyutai tourism" Administrator E-mail: hjly@haoji.gov.cn.
⑾ Houxuan Hu Zhenyu Hu was: "Shang History" (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2003) cited in Wang Fu: "Battle of Zhou Jun Makino '700 000' Interpreting." According to Wu said, "anywhere to be found on" Historical Records "of various articles on '70', '70 I', '72' of the 60 records that 'not Record, Scots who can claim' victorious list." So , they can know, this study also apply to an old age discussion.
⑿ "with the dream that" some people think the first from "Qi Taigong Lvwang table", not really. Jilin People's Publishing House can be found published in 1999, "Songs of the South up note."
⒀ "a simple 40 word" said, see Xun Xu, "Biography of order." Can be found in "Shan Hai Jing Biography" Yuelu Tract Society in 1996.
⒁ Liu Xiaodong and other school point: "Shan Hai Jing Yi Zhou imperial century book" Liaoning Education Press, 1997
⒂ Shang-Yi Wang: "a capital Taiyuan has been 4470 years and Taiyuan Jinci Tang Shuyu family" Guang Ming Daily September 17, 2003.
⒃ Beijing Normal University, Research Institute of Chinese Studies: "the year of King Wu of Zhou Ke Business New Survey," Beijing Normal University Press, 1997.
【Comments】
Jiang Ziya's alive, it is the Shang Dynasty's demise, a vassal state located in the Shang Dynasty Western Zhou period of gradually rising. Bloomer heard Chow Pak JI Chang benevolent economic development and political stability Qingming would have won popular support for the Xing Zhou would like to show off such thing at a time when business JI Chang is also the country prosper and lined up for the talent it was Jiang Taigong determined to leave the business North Korea and worked, came to the shore of Wei Zhou's territory, to fishing for a living all day long, in fact, is the change in the observed state of the world to find great ambitions for the opportunity. It is said that a late-bloomer fishing using a straight fishing, fish catch of course is not up, so only "Jiang Taigong fishing, you take the bait" argument.
Bloomer with decades of effort, academic studies, to study diligently explore, indeed, on through astronomy, geography under the pass, knowledgeable. In particular, research on the history and current situation is very much at home now when the JI Chang of the Grand Preceptor can be said to Accumulate Operations Research and its capability to internally develop a series he helped JI Chang-economic development policies, such as: implementation of "91 rental tax", that is, Farmers lease public land, only one-ninth of the tax paid low tax regime; to the major and minor officials, "fen", as officials of Feng Lu, and future generations can inherit the other. Thus, mobilization of the efforts of farmers in the government land on the production, officials were consciously doing a good job I fen production of polarity, greatly promoted the development of productive forces, the army attack Zhou Xing one day to lay a solid economic foundation. Externally, a late-bloomer to help JI Chang-ray support the implementation of the collapse of dark thin bald isolation policy Shang He was modest, humble performance of the surface of a mind to Shang Yin mistaken week is the most reliable was a loyal vassal JI Chang-Bo in the dark has adopted various means to draw for other vassal state to the Shang dynasty, the Shang increasingly isolated result, many vassal state and tribal land after another vote to abandon Yin and Zhou, later on, though, called the Shang emperor, but really attached to his vassal state, not even one-third less than the tribe. In this way, then for the final destruction of the King Zhou to create a favorable external conditions.
Unfortunately, JI Chang failed to realize the aspirations of eradicating Zhou, then pay a lot of food. JI Chang's death, the succession of his son Ji Fa, that is, King Wu of Zhou (JI Chang died and was bestowed the throne as King Wen of Zhou Ji Fa also continue to Xing Zhou Ji Zhi efforts to destroy his business thanks to a late-bloomer, and known as the National Division for the division Shangfu bloomer not change his mind and continue to map the full adjuvant Ji Fa cause. One day, King Wu Ji Fa asked a late-bloomer: "I intend to reduce the sentence and I can establish the authority of the implementation of some reward but make fewer people from good, less number of decrees and regulations issued by the public they can consciously act according to certain specifications. Will the division Shangfu, what to do to achieve this? "late-bloomer, said:" If you kill one person can make a thousand individuals fear instead of crime, killing the two can make the 10 000 individuals are no longer afraid of crime, killing three people can make the army will be boosted by the three services then you put them to kill if you reward a person happy to reward Ershi 1000 2 and thus incurring a 10 000 personal pleasure tours up and down three people and are happy to make the three armed services, then you reward them; if you can pass a binding legal regulations and thus incurring a thousand people followed and implemented, then you will use this law to decree to bind him; if you can pass the error against two million individuals a result of actions do not, then you go on the ban; If you pass the education up and down three Ershi armed forces are subject to education, then you go education. In short, while the punishment could kill a thousand people, reward and encourage more people to one, this is the proper way could maintain the authority of happiness lies ah! "King Wu Ji Fa heard, Dunkaimaosai, according bloomer so to do, always careful to criminal reward, and strive to abide by regulations, to make the political more Ching Ming Chou, betrayed the Shang and Zhou Outdoor dependent more and more people, no cause for cutting the days of the Zhou.
Chou has fledgling country then the situation has grown and has appeared in the Shang Dynasty is collapsing. Shang dynasty, especially within the ruling group within the loyal good place to jailed prisoners killed killed flight flight drop-week drop weeks bloomer size up the situation, that the time has come to cutting Zhou any coach will guide the pro-people army to hang Cutting crime to call the joint lords to take business direct all countries to send troops. After Makino War, defeated the military business, forcing companies to flee the night King Zhou, and concubine Daji cast fire burning in the Lutai. The Shang dynasty in Chinese history to this too will be declared shattered, and a late-bloomer finally completed the business supporting the week off great cause.
"Yi Jing Chuan": Rustic following package sacrifice (Fu Xi) s after the rise in early trade, agriculture and business to teach the world. Huang Di, Yao, Shun Shen Nong's after following the successive rise, still Xi, Yan Tao of people to wish to teach the "poor are changed, change the pass, General Clauses for a long time," the Chinese nation depends on this for continuous growth and prosperity up. So Yan, Huang Di is considered the common ancestor of the Chinese nation, the Chinese call themselves "Chinese people", also this here.
About Yan surname Jiang, "When is the so-called Dong Yi who is also"; the Yellow Emperor Huangdi's surnamed, "When is the so-called China who are." From this, the clan is the surname Jiang Yan Emperor, the solid is Dongyi of indigenous peoples. Jiang Shang surname Jiang, is a descendant Yan, Dong Yi indigenous. Yan was performed after the rise of the total workers, Chi, Bo Ling Feng Boyi and other well-known leader of the clan surname Jiang Dong Yi are Jiang Shang ancestors. Chilean workers were either criminal tyrant lords Chi to Wu Liwei world, standing Five Penalties ceremony Boyi Code 3, have become the first German Jiangshang bound to inherit the old industry. Mainly refers to Qi Dong Yi. Fuxi began painting gossip, the "yin and yang of faith from the Yu Qi national, ... ... (yin-yang school) is the orthodox school of Qi"; "Early Han Dynasty from the Yu Qi", the so-called because
"4:00 great Shun" and "rule should have" (Hu Shi, "The Long History of Chinese medieval thought Qi study", East China Normal University Press, 1996.) Other political and religious ideas have already sprouted in Eastern Yi Qi, it is also Jiang Shang must be nurtured, the cultivation of cultural traditions.
Tang, Yu period for the Si Yue and Feng Boyi country in Lu, surname Jiang clan micro vibration undone. Surname Jiang Yuan-Jiang have Tai's female students Hou, ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, is carrying forward the Shennong "cultivators" of the industry's first person, Yao held that "agricultural division." Xia, Shang occasion, Boyi and children in Central China's tributary states - States and Lu Shen has started to decline. Application for the closure of state Jiang Shangzu first. The decline of the clan forces, to gain a foothold in the Central Plains, so Jiang Shang ancestors cite family moved back to plants plump, temperature and humidity of the East China Sea suitable home. At that time, the Yi surname Jiang clan is still thriving. Pang Bo Ling as Jiang Shang ancestors, founding Yu Qi, once said that strong. Pang Bo Ling's women are too Zhou Fei Wang's is known to history too ginger, Health and Wang Ji, that is, the father of King Wen of Zhou. Jiang, Ji is also the world have
Affinity.
Zu Jia Shang Dynasty started from time to time use military force against Dong Yi. To the Emperor Wu B, for the plunder of population, livestock and other property, businessmen never stop the war in violation of Dongyi had. Pang Bo Ling Qi established 300 years after the calendar due to frequent attack the wane. Dong Yi Lu people all subsequent decline surname Jiang. Di Yi Yi side more with aggression (Eastern Yi) and the glenoid side for the Specialist. Di Xin frequency "hiring party" (Eastern Yi), many times "for the child in the Dong Yi", the witness heard a Jiangshang the facts.
Businessmen who launched the Dongyi years of aggressive war, was a strong resistance Dongyi people. Dong Yi people pay for this great sacrifice: Serbs killed or taken captive as slaves, livestock and property were looted or destroyed a large number of out. These startling facts make Jiangshang come to realize the "kill Anren" "attack their country, love its people," the "war to end the war," the importance and necessity.
The young poor lowly late-bloomer, until old age before they met King Wen, King Wu, may develop vision is typical of the so-called good time. He has fishing, selling food, slaughter cattle and sell divination is by women of the husband, no sales commission is served, the lower of the most long, bitter aspirations, labor bones, hungry body skin, "depletion of their body, Line fu chaos it is ", without exception, human bitter odor, do warm and cold the world has been blazing.
Temple】 【Jiang Taigong
Last Name】 【Jiang Taigong descent
Jiang Taigong many descendants of surnames generally have the following names: the surname Jiang, surnamed Lu, Ding name, high surname, Qi name, surname Lu, Qiu Xing, Qiu surname, Qing name, surname He, Huan name, surname search, surname Ke , in name, Chai surname, surname Cui, Luo name, chapter name, Nie surname, country name, Diocese last name, grandfather name, surname Lu Po, Chunyu name, surname Li, Yi Xing, blue name and so on.
Diaoyutai: (Nanpi) County Office, a village 5 km west, were the Diaoyutai (classified Botou 1983). According to legend, King Zhou of Shang Dynasty, dissolute without Road, Building Lutai. Respect under the doctor admonished the late-bloomer, angered King Zhou, Yu Sha Ziya. Ziya angry escape, retreat here, often in the water to go fishing. Emperor Wen's visit is to know Ziya Magi, then submitted with appointment ceremony. Labeled Grand Preceptor. Validity off by his assistant, commercial paper prince active, labeled Qihou. Subsequently, the late-bloomer and fishing village where the name called Diaoyutai. - Quote from Hebei Province, "Nanpi County," the ninth chapter, "public sentiment custom" p. 940.