习近平

習近平（1953年6月15日－），陝西富平人，是當今中華人民共和國的黨和國傢最高領導人。現任中國共産黨第十八屆中央委員會總書記、中央軍事委員會主席、中央政治局常務委員會委員（位列第一），中華人民共和國副主席、中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會副主席，中共中央黨校校長。

生平
 
早年經歷
 
習近平是中共元老習仲勳之子。在他出生時，習仲勳已經官至中共中央宣傳部部長。習近平10歲那年，即1962年9月，在中共八屆十中全會上，中共領導人康生依據小說《劉志丹》杜撰出“習仲勳、賈拓夫、劉景範反黨集團”。習仲勳被撤銷黨內外一切職務；不久，習被下放到河南洛陽的一傢面粉廠勞動；1968年時，習仲勳囚禁獄中，直到文革結束。
 
1969年1月，15歲的習近平來到陝西省延川縣的文安驛公社梁傢河大隊插隊落戶。後來，習近平還在生産大隊擔任了中共黨支部書記，並在當地構建起第一個沼氣村。1975年10月，他受推薦進入清華大學化學工程係基本有機合成專業學習，成為了“工農兵學員”。
 
步入政界
 
1979年4月畢業後，國務院辦公廳和中共中央軍委辦公廳工作；並擔任中央軍委秘書長耿飆的秘書。1982年3月，出任中共河北省正定縣縣委副書記；一年後，習近平升任並成為正定縣最年輕的縣委書記。他在任期間大力推動大包幹生産責任製，並嚮上級反映正定縣情況，使得正定縣糧食徵購任務減少了2000萬斤；此外走遍整個鄉鎮，進行考察，他當初的同事均以“平易近人，溫和儒雅，和藹可親”形容習近平。
 
地方歷練
 
1985年，習近平南下福建，出任中國共産黨廈門市市委常委、常務副市長，此後他在福建工作十七年。1988年，調任共産黨福建省寧德市市委書記、寧德軍分區黨委第一書記，期間懲治官員腐敗四百餘人，並重點查辦福鼎縣林增團、寧德地區僑聯副主席鄭錫煊等腐敗要案。1990年，升任中共福州市市委書記、市人大常委會主任。1993年，當選中共福建省委常委、兼任福州市委書記。1996年，習近平晉升省委副書記；1999年，出任福建省副省長、代理省長；2000年，正式當選福建省省長，期間協助中央處理廈門遠華案。在福建高層，歷經賈慶林、陳明義、宋德福等三任省委書記。
 
2002年10月，習近平轉任浙江省副省長、代省長。同年，在清華大學人文社會學院馬剋思主義理論與思想政治教育專業在職研究生班獲法學博士學位。11月，任中共浙江省委書記；後又兼任浙江省人大常委會主任，他在任期間延續了以前在各地的下級調研習慣；並提出“八八戰略”、“五大百億工程”，重視民生發展和産業結構調整、吸引外資並增強民間資金流動；2006年，浙江省城鎮人均可支配收入超過一萬八千元人民幣，農民人均收入超過七千元人民幣，位居中國省級行政區第一名。
 
2007年3月，習近平被調往上海擔任市委書記，接替因上海社保案暫時代理市委書記一職的市長韓正。
 
進入中央

2007年秋舉行的中共十七大上，習近平由中央委員進入由九人組成的中共中央政治局常務委員會以及中共中央書記處，當選中央政治局常委，並出任中央書記處書記。同年12月，習近平又從政治局常委曾慶紅手中，接過了中共中央黨校校長的職務；而他早前的中共上海市委書記職務，則在2007年10月27日由俞正聲接替。2008年3月15日，在第十一屆全國人大一次會議上，習近平又當選為中華人民共和國副主席。2010年10月18日中共十七屆五中全會决定增補習近平為中共中央軍事委員會副主席。2010年10月28日，全國人大常委會表决，决定習近平為中華人民共和國中央軍事委員會副主席。 2012年2月13日，中國國傢副主席習近平對美國進行正式訪問。美國當地時間2月14日上午，習近平在白宮會見美國總統奧巴馬。
 
第五代最高領導人

從習近平被選為中央政治局常委開始，外界猜測習將是中共中央內定繼鬍錦濤之後的下一任中共中央總書記。2010年10月，在中共十七屆五中全會上被增補為中共中央軍委副主席，得到黨、政、軍相應的職務。
 
2012年11月，在中國共産黨第十八次全國代表大會閉幕後隨即召開的中共十八屆一中全會上，習近平當選新一屆中央委員會總書記，並出任中央軍事委員會主席執掌軍權，成為最高領導人[來源請求]。
 
觀點與政治主張
 
外交
 
習近平於2009年2月，在墨西哥出席當地華人聯誼會時的演講中，提及：
 

“在國際金融風暴中，中國能夠基本解决13億人口的吃飯問題，已經是對全人類最偉大的貢獻。”
 

“有些吃飽了沒事幹的外國人，對我們的事情指手劃腳。中國一不輸出革命，二不輸出饑餓和貧睏，三不去折騰你們，還有什麽好說的。”
 

演講結束後，被香港媒體以及網民於海外視頻網站公佈，立即引來中國互聯網對習近平的評議。新聞在新華社等中國官方媒體在刊登此消息幾小時後撤除。在中國民間論壇則迅速地傳開此消息，對習近平的講話是否符合民意形成爭議。
 
人權
 
2012年2月14日，習近平於華盛頓出席舉歡迎午宴演講時主動發表關於人權問題時說：“改革開放30多年來，中國人權事業取得了有目共睹的巨大成就，但在人權問題上沒有最好，衹有更好。中國人口多，區域差異大，發展不平衡，在進一步改善民生和人權狀況方面，還面臨不少的挑戰，中國政府將繼續從本國國情出發，堅持以人為本，始終把人民願望和要求放在心上，采取切實有效的政策措施，大力促進社會公平、正義與和諧，推動中國人權事業不斷取得新的進展。”
 
黨內治理
 
2012年3月16日，習近平在《求是》黨內雜志撰文，強調領導幹部要帶頭“保持黨的純潔性”，表示：“有些幹部在市場經濟中不能正確對待個人利益，走嚮腐敗墮落，教訓極其深刻，堅决要把已經喪失黨員資格的蛻化變質分子和腐敗分子清除出黨。”習近平又強調“必須嚴格貫徹黨的民主集中製原則，不能搞一言堂，不能由個人或少數人說了算，而應該搞群言堂，依靠集體智慧和嚴格程序來决定。”外界認為習近平傳遞出“黨要管黨”，對腐敗黨員作出了強烈信號。
 
軼聞
 
習近平喜愛足球。2008年7月考察北京奧運會秦皇島賽區時，曾看望中國國傢女子足球隊並獲贈球衣。 2009年10月作為中國國傢副主席訪問德國期間，曾表示“中國有一流的球迷和世界可觀的足球市場，但目前水平還比較低，希望可以迎頭趕上。” 2012年2月訪問愛爾蘭都柏林時，曾參觀愛爾蘭蓋爾運動協會總部，並公開展示球技。
 
習近平亦是電影發燒友，尤其喜愛好萊塢大片。
 
家庭
 
習近平的父親習仲勳是中共元老之一，曾任國務院副總理和全國人大常委會副委員長。母親齊心，是習仲勳的第二任妻子。習近平曾經兩次結婚，前妻柯玲玲，中國外交官柯華之女，兩人結婚三年後因性格不合而離婚。現任妻子彭麗媛是中國著名女高音歌唱傢、歌劇表演藝術傢，現任總政歌舞團團長，中國音樂傢協會副主席。1986年底經人介紹與習近平相識，1987年9月1日兩人在廈門結婚，育有一女習明澤。習近平在福建省工作的十七年時間裏，彭麗媛的知名度反而比丈夫更高。
 
習近平獨生女習明澤，中學時就讀於杭州外國語學校；2008年汶川大地震時以志願者的身份前往四川綿竹的漢旺東汽小學，參與搶救傷者、心理輔導的慈善義工。2009年8月，習明澤進入浙江大學外國語學院同聲翻譯專業。
 
習近平大姐齊橋橋（原名：習橋橋），北京中民信房地産開發有限公司董事長。二姐齊安安（原名：習安安），與姐夫吳竜長居澳洲墨爾本，為澳洲永久居民；亦是深圳大唐移動通信的實際擁有人。弟弟習遠平，現任國際節能環保協會會長。習近平另有一同父異母的哥哥習正寧，係習仲勳與前妻所生之子。
 
2012年6月底，彭博社刊文披露習近平傢族財富引起各方關註，對於這篇報道，明鏡網發文指出這篇文章在北京市黨代會召開之際問世顯然是有備而來，並指出彭博社對習近平傢族幾項資産的關鍵歷史淵源和經過並不瞭解，彭博社使用的資料是片面的，所披露的習傢族財富數據不完整、不完全、不準確，也沒有反映出習傢負債的情況，因此其真實性是不可靠的。 多維新聞網也指出彭博社所報道的習傢族的資産跟習近平本人沒有關係，這些財産在習近平進入中央之前已經持有，有一些是九十年代的投資，同時，多維網對習近平做出正面評價，文章指出習近平曾親自出面，阻止了國有企業同其姐夫吳竜的一項合同。《紐約時報》發表的文章指出，彭博社在刊出有關習傢財産的報道時強調，沒有任何證據表明習近平有什麽不法行為。而海外的中英文媒體也都提到，無任何證據顯示習傢有什麽貪腐行為。紐約時報還說，儘管習近平的威信很高，但中共內也有一部分反對他的人，希望能利用這類報道阻止其順利接班。但是，現在搞這些動作，恐為時已晚。 旅美中國作傢、政治評論傢陳破空在美國之音的電視節目中指出在中共十八大召開之前彭博社做出這類報道是高層權力鬥爭的結果，是嫌疑人周永康或者江澤民對外放風，出口轉內銷，藉機打壓習近平。陳破空指出，薄熙來倒臺，是鬍溫習聯手運作的結果，而周永康與薄熙來關係親密，周伺機報復。對於江澤民的嫌疑，陳破空指出民間寄望習近平進行政治改革令江澤民不安，江及時拋出他早就掌握的習傢族底細，一可貶損習近平，重創民間期待，二可警告習近平，打消其任何政改念頭。
 
著作
 《幹在實處走在前列 推進浙江新發展的思考與實踐》中央黨校出版社（2006-12出版）

Xi Jinping (pinyin: Xí Jìnpíng; pronounced [ɕǐ tɕîmpʰǐŋ], born 15 June 1953) is the leader of the Communist Party of China in the People's Republic of China, who holds the positions of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman of the Party Central Military Commission, Vice President of China, President of the Central Party School and the first member of the CPC Politburo Standing Committee, China's de facto top power organ. He is expected to become President and Chairman of the State CMC in early 2013 when the full National People's Congress convenes and is expected to hold the position for two five-year terms. He has served as the top-ranked member of the Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of China, the Vice-Chairman of the State Central Military Commission.
 
Son of communist veteran Xi Zhongxun (1913–2002), Xi Jinping served mostly in Fujian province in his early career. He was later appointed party chief of the neighboring Zhejiang, and then was appointed as Shanghai's party chief following the dismissal of Chen Liangyu. Known for his tough stance on corruption and a frank openness about political and market economy reforms, Xi now heads the Communist Party of China's fifth generation of leadership.

Life and career
 
Early life
 
Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 in Beijing and is, by Chinese convention, a native of Fuping County, Shaanxi. His ancestral home is at Xiying in Dengzhou, Henan. As a result of his upbringing in the Beijing environ, Xi is the first paramount leader to speak clear, provincial-accent-free Mandarin. He is the second son of Xi Zhongxun, one of the founders of the Communist guerrilla movement in Shaanxi and former Vice-Premier. At the time, his father served as the head of the Communist Party's propaganda department and later Vice-Chairman of the National People's Congress. His mother was Qi Xin. When Xi was 10, his father was purged and sent to work in a factory in Luoyang. Xi was 15 when his father was jailed in 1968, during the Cultural Revolution. Without the protection of his father, Xi went to work in Yanchuan County, Shaanxi, in 1969 in Mao Zedong's Down to the Countryside Movement. He later became the Party branch secretary of the production team. When he left in 1975, he was only 22 years old. When asked about this experience later by state television, Xi recalled it saying, "It was emotional. It was a mood. And when the ideals of the Cultural Revolution could not be realised, it proved an illusion."
 
From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Beijing's prestigious Tsinghua University, however, he graduated from the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, majoring in Marxist theory and ideological education. From 1979 to 1982 he served as secretary for his father's former subordinate Geng Biao, the then vice premier and Secretary-General of the Central Military Commission. This gained Xi some military background. In 1985, as part of a Chinese delegation to study American agriculture, he visited the town of Muscatine, Iowa.
 
Ascent
 
Xi joined the Communist Youth League in 1971 and the Communist Party of China in 1974. In 1982 he was sent to Zhengding County in Hebei as Deputy Secretary to the CPC Zhengding County Committee, and was promoted in 1983 to Secretary of the CPC Zhengding County Committee. Xi subsequently served in four provinces during his political career: Shaanxi (during the Cultural Revolution, 1969—1975), Hebei (1982-1985), Fujian (1985-2002), and Zhejiang (2002-2007).
 
Xi held Party positions in the CPC Fuzhou Municipal Committee, and became the president of the Party School in Fuzhou in 1990. In 1999 he was promoted to the Deputy Governor of Fujian province, then became Governor a year later. While there he made efforts to attract investment from Taiwan and to boost free market economy. In February 2000 he and provincial Party Secretary Chen Mingyi were called before the top four members of the Party Central Politburo Standing Committee – General Secretary, President Jiang Zemin, Premier Zhu Rongji, Vice-President Hu Jintao and Discipline Inspection head Wei Jianxing to explain aspects of the Yuanhua scandal.
 
In 2002 Xi took up senior government and Party positions in Zhejiang Province, and eventually took over as party chief after several months as acting Governor, becoming the first-in-charge in the economically successful coastal province. Xi was then made an alternate member of the 15th CPC Central Committee and holds the membership of the 16th CPC Central Committee, marking his ascension to the national stage. While in Zhejiang, one of China's most affluent provinces and a center of China's successful economic development, Xi provided the economic environment which secured growth rates averaging 14% per year. His career in Zhejiang was marked by tough and straightforward stance against corrupt officials, which earned him a name on the national media and drew the attention of China's top leaders.
 
Following the dismissal of Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu in September 2006 due to a social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai in March 2007 to become the new Party Chief of Shanghai. Xi's appointment to one of the most important regional posts in China was clearly a sign of confidence from the Central Government. While in Shanghai he was careful not to touch any controversial issues while largely echoing the line of the central leadership. Xi's career is notable in that during his regional tenures, he was never implicated in any serious scandals, nor did he face serious political opposition.
 
Joining the Standing Committee and Vice-Presidency

Xi's appointment to the Party Secretary post in Shanghai was seen as a stepping stone for him to become an emerging member of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership. This was solidified by his appointment as a member of the nine-man Politburo Standing Committee at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. Xi was ranked above Li Keqiang, which made him the most likely candidate for China's next core figure – the paramount leader. In addition, Xi also held the top-ranking membership of the Communist Party's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the 11th National People's Congress, Xi was elected as Vice-President of the People's Republic of China on 15 March 2008. Some suggest this was because Xi had kept friendly relations with both Hu Jintao and the other power figure in the central leadership, Zeng Qinghong.
 
Since his elevation Xi has held a broad range of portfolios. He was put in charge of the comprehensive preparations for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, as well as being the central government's leading figure in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he also became the new President of the Central Party School, the cadre-training and ideological education wing of the Communist Party. In the wake of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. Xi made his first foreign visit after his vice presidency to visit North Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Yemen from 17 to 25 June 2008. After the Olympics, Xi was assigned the post of Committee Chair for the preparations of the 60th Anniversary Celebrations of the founding of the People's Republic of China. He was also reportedly at the helm of a top-level Communist Party committee dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring social stability during a series of political sensitive anniversaries in 2009.
 
Xi is considered to be one of the most successful members of the Crown Prince Party, a quasi-clique of politicians who are descendants of early Chinese revolutionaries. Senior leaders consider Xi to be an emerging figure that is open to serious dialogue about deep-seated market economic reforms and even political reform, although Xi's personal political views are relatively murky.[clarification needed] He is generally popular with foreign dignitaries, who are intrigued by his openness and pragmatism. Former Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, when asked about Xi, said he felt he was "a thoughtful man who has gone through many trials and tribulations." Lee also commented: "I would put him in the Nelson Mandela class of persons. A person with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his personal misfortunes or sufferings affect his judgment. In other words, he is impressive". Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as "the kind of guy who knows how to get things over the goal line." Former Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, commented on October 4, 2012: China's new president and party secretary general, Xi Jinping, (who) has sufficient reformist, party and military background to be very much his own man.
 
Tours as Vice President
 
In February 2009, in his capacity as Vice-President, Xi Jinping embarked on a tour of Latin America, visiting Mexico, Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil to promote Chinese ties in the region and boost the country's reputation in the wake of the global financial crisis. He also visited Valletta, Malta before returning to China.
 
On 11 February, while visiting Mexico, Xi spoke in front of a group of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions to the financial crisis, saying that it was "the greatest contribution towards the whole of human race, made by China, to prevent its 1.3 billion people from hunger". He followed with a rather direct accusation for "foreigners" trying to interfere in Chinese affairs, a subject that has always been sensitive in Chinese political circles. In Chinese, Xi remarked: "There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who have nothing better to do than point fingers at us [China]. First, China doesn't export revolution; second, China doesn't export hunger and poverty; third, China doesn't come and cause you headaches, what more is there to be said?" The story was reported on some local television stations. The news led to a flood of discussions on Chinese internet forums. It was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was caught off-guard by Xi's non-diplomatic remarks, as the actual video was shot by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then turned up in various internet video websites.
 
Xi has since gone on a series of foreign visits, some say to burnish his foreign affairs credentials before he takes the helm of China's leadership. Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania from 7 to 21 October 2009. Xi visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia and Myanmar on his Asian trip from 14 to 22 December 2009.
 
Xi visited the United States, Ireland and Turkey in February 2012. The visit included meeting with U.S President Barack Obama at the White House and Vice President Joe Biden, with whom he had met extensively in China in August 2011; and stops in California and Iowa, where he met with the family which previously hosted him during his 1985 tour as a Hebei provincial official. Noted as absent was a visit with Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner, who has spoken critically about Chinese currency policy.
 
Political future
 
Xi was named as one of the most influential people in the world in the 2009, 2011 and 2012 Time 100 lists. The British magazine New Statesman listed Xi Jinping at number 4 in their annual survey of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010". In September 2009, at the Fourth Plenum of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Xi Jinping was not selected as the Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) as expected, raising some questions about his succession. Political analyst Cheng Li believed that Xi's failure to secure the CMC promotion was evidence that the Communist Party was developing internal checks and balances, giving way to more sophisticated mechanisms for leadership succession. Xi was officially appointed to the vice-chairmanship on 18 October 2010, a position Hu Jintao once held back in 1999 before taking over the secretaryship and the presidency years later. By 2010, it appeared to be clear that Xi would succeed Hu as General Secretary and President in 2012 and 2013 respectively.
 
Party leader
 
On 15 November 2012, Vice President Xi Jinping was elected to the post of General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission by the Party Central Committee.
 
Personal life
 
Xi first married Ke Lingling, the daughter of Ke Hua, an ambassador to Britain in the early 1980s. Little is known about their marriage other than that it ended in divorce within a few years. Xi married the famous Chinese folk singer Peng Liyuan (彭麗媛) in 1987. Peng Liyuan, a household name in China, was much better known to the public than Xi until his political elevation. The couple frequently lived apart due largely to their separate professional lives. They are sometimes considered China's emerging star political couple. They have a daughter named Xi Mingze (習明澤),[dead link] who enrolled as a freshman at Harvard University in the autumn of 2010 under a pseudonym.
 
Xi holds a bachelor degree in chemical engineering and a doctorate in political science.
 
Peng described Xi as hardworking and down-to-earth. "When he comes home, I've never felt as if there's some leader in the house. In my eyes, he's just my husband."
 
Xi was described in a 2011 The Washington Post article by those who know him as "pragmatic, serious, cautious, hard-working, down to earth and low-key." Xi was also described as a good hand at problem solving and "seemingly uninterested in the trappings of high office." He is also known to love Hollywood films like Saving Private Ryan and The Departed. The Guardian noted that "perhaps more surprisingly" he also praised the independent film maker Jia Zhangke.
 
Members of Xi's extended family have substantial business interests, although there is no evidence that they have been assisted by Xi's political position. The Chinese government censored this information, going as far as blocking Bloomberg's website after they reported it.