é luó sī dì guó  (1729niánsìyuè21rì～1796niánshíyīyuè6rì)

kǎi sà lín 'èr shì

kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi 1762nián 1796nián 

　　 yè kǎ jié lín nà 'èr shì · ā liè kè xiè yé fú nà（ é wén： ЕкатеринаIIАлексеевна）， é luó sī dì guó nǚ huáng（ 1762 － 1796 nián zài wèi）（ 1729 nián 4 yuè 21 rì－ 1796 nián 11 yuè 6 rì）， yòu xiē yì fǎ yǐ zhào yīng yǔ（ CatherineII huò CatherinetheGreat） ér chēng hū tā wéi kǎi sà lín 'èr shì huò kǎi sà lín dà dì。
　　
　　 shēng píng
　　
　　1729 nián chū shēng yú pǔ lǔ shì sī tè dīng， yuán míng suǒ fēi yà · ào gǔ sī tǎ · fú léi dé lǐ kǎ，（ SophieAugustaFredericka）， shì dé guó 'ān hā 'ěr tè - cǎi 'ěr bù sī tè gōng jué de nǚ 'ér。 1744 nián bèi 'é luó sī nǚ huáng yī lì suō bái · bǐ dé luó fú nà tiǎo xuǎn wéi huáng wèi jì chéng rén bǐ dé · wū 'ěr lǐ xī（ bǐ dé sān shì） de wèi hūn qī。 1745 nián yǔ bǐ dé jié hūn bìng guī yǐ dōng zhèng jiào， gǎi míng yè kǎ jié lín nà。 zài chū dào 'é guó zhī shí， tā nǔ lì xué xí 'é yǔ。 hòu lái zhú jiàn qǔ dé yī xiē jūn duì de zhī chí。 yóu yú bǐ dé sān shì lìng yòu xīn huān， yè kǎ jié lín nà de huáng hòu dì wèi miàn lín bèi fèi de wēi xié， yú shì zài 1762 nián shuài lǐng jìn wèi jūn fā dòng zhèng biàn 'ér jí wèi。
　　
　　 yè kǎ jié lín nà 'èr shì hé fú 'ěr tài、 dí dé luó děng fǎ guó sī xiǎng jiā jiāo wǎng mìqiè。 1767 nián xià tiān zhào jí xīn fǎ diǎn qǐ cǎo wěi yuán huì huì yì， xuān bù nǚ huáng de xùn lìng， zhù zhāng kāi míng zhuān zhì、 yán lì de fǎ zhì zhù yì、 fǎ lǜ miàn qián rén rén píng děng。 tā suī rán xiǎng gǎi shàn nóng nú zhì dù， dàn shì yīn guì zú de fǎn duì 'ér méi yòu chéng gōng。 cǐ wài tā hái xiū gǎi dì fāng xíng zhèng zhì dù、 sī fǎ zhì dù。 guì zú shì lì dé dào jiā qiáng， nóng mín hé nóng nú de shēng cún zhuàng kuàng gèng jiā 'è huà。 1773 héng 1775 nián fā shēng pǔ jiā qiáo fū qǐ yì。
　　
　　 duì wài zhèng cè fāng miàn， sān cì guā fēn bō lán， duì tǔ 'ěr qí zuò zhàn qǔ dé hēi hǎi yán 'àn dì qū， bìng tūn bìng liǎo kè lǐ mǐ yà hàn guó。 chǒng chén hé qíng rén bō jiāng jīn qù shì hòu， tā de yǐ nán jìn chóngjiàn bài zhàn tíng dì guó wéi mù biāo de nán jìn zhèng cè shòu cuò。 lìng wài tā zài fú 'ěr jiā hé xià yóu dì qū， shì tú jiàn lì yī gè 'é luó sī rén yǔ dāng dì mín zú de huǎn chōng qū， gǔ lì dāng shí rì 'ěr màn dì qū rén mín qián wǎng yí mín， xíng chéng fú 'ěr jiā dé yì zhì rén。 ér bù fēn zài dāng dì shòu dào yā pò de měnggǔ zú rén， zì 1770 nián dài kāi shǐ xiàng dōng qiān yí， 1780 nián dài lái dào dāng shí de zhōng guó， bèi chēng wéi tǔ 'ěr hù tè rén。
　　
　　 zhè gè shí qī de 'é luó sī chéng wéi míng fù qí shí de 'ōu zhōu zuì qiáng guó jiā zhī yī。 yè kǎ jié lín nà bèi zūn chēng wéi “ dà dì ”， jí 'é guó lì shǐ shàng liǎng wèi dà dì zhī yī（ lìng yī wèi shì bǐ dé dà dì）。
　　
　　1796 nián shì shì yú pǔ xī jīn shì。
　　 gǎn qíng shēng huó
　　
　　 lì shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi， chú liǎo bǐ dé sān shì wài， yè kǎ jié lín nà dà dì zài tā de yī shēng lǐ yòu sān wèi fēi cháng zhòng yào de nán rén， ér zhè sān wèi nán rén duì yè kǎ jié lín nà zuì hòu duó dé 'é luó sī shā huáng bǎo zuò yòu jí dà de gòng xiàn。
　　 shǐ dān ní sī luò · bō ní yà táo sī jī
　　 gé lì gē lǐ · ào luò fū
　　
　　 yè kǎ jié lín nà de qíng rén zhòng duō， qí zhōng zuì zhù míng de shì jìn wèi jūn jūn guān gé lì gāo lǐ · ào luò fū。 tā bāng zhù yè kǎ jié lín nà shí xiàn liǎo zhèng biàn qǐ tú。 tā yě shì yè kǎ jié lín nà de cì zǐ 'ā liè kè xiè de shēng fù。
　　 gé lì gē lǐ · bō jiāng jīn
　　
　　 yè kǎ jié lín nà de lìng yī gè zhù míng qíng rén shì gé lì gāo lǐ · bō jiāng jīn， tā yīn“ bō jiāng jīn cūn”（ zhǐ wèile fěn shì tài píng 'ér rén gōng zhì zào de bù jǐng shì fán huá jǐng xiàng） de diǎn gù wéi shì rén suǒ shú zhī。
　　 ér zǐ
　　
　　 yè kǎ jié lín nà shēng yòu liǎng gè 'ér zǐ。 zhǎngzǐ bǎo luó chū shēng yú 1754 nián， hòu lái chéng wéi bǎo luó yī shì。 yóu yú bǐ dé sān shì bù néng shēng yù， yòu yáo chuán shuō tā shì yè kǎ jié lín nà yǔ cháo chén xiè 'ěr gài · sà 'ěr dì kē fū de sī shēng zǐ。 yī lì suō bái · bǐ dé luó fú nà nǚ huáng duì zhè zhǒng shuō fǎ bìng bù jiè yì， bìng shuō“ rú guǒ tā zhēn shì sī shēng zǐ， nà yě bù shì wǒ men jiā zú zhōng de tóu yī gè”。
　　
　　 é guó guì zú méi yòu dé dào hěn hǎo de fā zhǎn， shì yīn wéi 'é guó rén mín de tiān xìng bǐ jiào zhí jiē bìng lǔ mǎng， dāng chū nǚ huáng yòu xiǎng dào guì zú yǔ zhèng fǔ kě yǐ gè zì dú lì bìng qiě fēn kāi， ràng bǐ cǐ dōuyòu yī tiáo lù。 dàn shì zhè gè fāng shì yī zhí dào 'é guó jié shù liǎo lěng zhàn， cái yóu guān fāng fǎnxǐng， é guó gé mìng díquè yīn wéi shí dài yīn sù， bù dé bù lì yòng rén mín de xiān xuè dài tì。
　　
　　 duì huáng jiā kē xué yuàn de gòng xiàn
　　
　　 yīn wéi nǚ huáng duì kē xué yuàn de zhī yuán bù duàn， ràng 'é guó qǐ méng kē xué de zhǒng zǐ hěn zǎo jiù zhǒng xià。

　　Catherine II (Russian: Екатерина II Великая, Yekaterina II Velikaya), also known as Catherine the Great, born 2 May [O.S. 21 April] 1729. She was Empress of Russia from 9 July [O.S. 28 June] 1762 until 17 November [O.S. 6 November] 1796. Under her direct auspices the Russian Empire expanded, improved its administration, and continued to modernize along Western European lines. Catherine's rule re-vitalized Russia, which grew ever stronger and became recognized as one of the great powers of Europe. Her successes in complex foreign policy and her sometimes brutal reprisals in the wake of rebellion (most notably Pugachev's Rebellion) complemented her hectic private life. She frequently occasioned scandal—given her propensity for lascivious relationships which often resulted in gossip flourishing within more than one European court.
　　
　　Catherine took power after a conspiracy deposed her husband, Peter III (1728–1762), and her reign saw the high point in the influence of the Russian nobility. Peter III, under pressure from the nobility, had already increased the authority of the great landed proprietors over their muzhiks and serfs. In spite of the duties imposed on the nobles by the first prominent "modernizer" of Russia, Tsar Peter I (1672–1725), and despite Catherine's friendships with the western European thinkers of the Enlightenment (in particular Denis Diderot, Voltaire and Montesquieu) Catherine found it impractical to improve the lot of her poorest subjects, who continued to suffer (for example) military conscription. The distinctions between peasant rights on votchina and pomestie estates virtually disappeared in law as well as in practice during her reign.
　　
　　In 1785 Catherine conferred on the nobility the Charter to the Nobility, increasing further the power of the landed oligarchs. Nobles in each district elected a Marshal of the Nobility who spoke on their behalf to the monarch on issues of concern to them—mainly economic ones.

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