zhōng huá mín guó zhì lǐ xīzàng  (1935niánqīyuè～xiànjīn)

míng：	dān zēng jiā cuò
jíguàn：	qīng hǎi shěng píng 'ān xiàn hóng yá cūn
kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi 1940nián xiànjīn 

　　shí sān shì dá lài lá má yuán jì hòu， gáxià（ dá lài zhèng fǔ guān yuán， yóu sān sēng yǔ yī sú zǔ chéng， zài dá lài wèi qīn zhèng qián xié zhù zhù chí zhèng shì） yú 1934 nián pài chū sān lù fǎng zhuǎn shì de líng tóng， wěi pài gé sāng fó qián wǎng qīng hǎi fǎng xún， kāng sè fó qián wǎng xī kāng fǎng xún， pǔ jué fó qián wǎng xīzàng nán bù fǎng xún。
　　 guān yú líng tóng de xún fǎng， yòu yī fèn zī liào shì zhè yàng shuō de： líng tóng zhǎo xún， xì zūn zhào sān zhǒng zhǐ shì： yī、 shí sān shì dá lài yuán jì shí miàn xiàng dōng fāng， àn shì jiāng zhuǎn shēng dōng fāng。 èr、 jiàng shén zhǐ shì jiāng zhuǎn shēng dōng běi hàn rén dì fāng。 sān、 rè zhèn guān hǎi， xiàn yī nóng jiā， wèi yú mǎ lù jiāng jìn chù， mén qián yòu jù liǔ yī zhū， bàng xì bái mǎ， yī fù rén bào xiǎo 'ér lì shù xià。 rè zhèn（ dāng shí de shè zhèng wáng） nǎi jiāng hǎi zhōng suǒ jiàn qíng jǐng， zhǎo huà jiàng xiáng xì huì chū。
　　 gé sāng fó dào dá xī níng hòu， jīng guò 'èr nián duō de shí jiān， zài huáng zhōng xiàn nán sì shí lǐ dì fāng de qí jiā cūn yī jiā zàngzú nóng mín jiā zhōng， zhǎo dào liǎo yī gè líng tóng， jiù shì xiàn zài de shí sì shì dá lài lá má dān zēng jiā cuò。 líng tóng rǔ míng lā mù dēng zhū， rù cáng hòu yóu rè zhèn qǔ fǎ míng wéi dān zēng jiā cuò。 zhǎo dào de shí hòu， nián yǐ wǔ suì。
　　1939 nián shí yuè， líng tóng dào dá lā sà。 1940 nián 2 yuè 22 rì， zài bù dá lā gōng jǔ xíng zuò chuáng yí shì。 zhí dé yī tí de shì， běn cì zuò chuáng yí shì shì yóu guó mín dǎng zhuān yuán wú zhōng xìn zhù chí， bìng cè fēng rè zhèn wéi ” fǔ guó hóng huà chán shī”， yǐ xiàng zhēng guó mín dǎng zhèng fǔ zài xīzàng xíng shǐ liǎo zhù quán。 1940 nián 4 yuè wú zhōng xìn lí kāi xīzàng， jīng yìn dù fǎn huí chóngqìng。 gáxià yuán qīng dài jiù lì， pài rén suí hòu qián wǎng chóngqìng， xiàng guó mín dǎng zhèng fǔ” zhì xiè”（ zài qīng dài， dá lài zuò chuáng hòu yào xiàng qīng cháo huáng dì xiè 'ēn）。 zhè shuō míng， lì shǐ shàng xīzàng yī zhí shì zhōng guó bù kě fēn gē de yī bù fēn。
　　1951 nián chūn， shè zhèng dà zhá（ rè zhèn de shī fù， 1943 nián rè zhèn shòu yā lì xuān bù tuì xiū jìng yǎng sān nián， quán lì zàn jiāo shī fù dà zhá dài lǐ。 kě sān nián qī mǎn hòu， shòu yīng kòng zhì de dà zhá jù bǎ shè zhèng quán jiāo chū， bìng hài sǐ rè zhèn。 zhè shì gè cǎn liè de zhèng zhì dǒu zhēng） xià tái， yóu shí sì shì dá lài qīn zhèng。 yīn wéi 'àn xīzàng jiù lì， dá lài shí bā suì yǐ dá qīn zhèng nián líng。 1951 nián 'èr yuè， pò yú zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn shì rú pò zhú jiě fàng quán guó de shēng shì， dá lài wěi pài 'ā pèi . ā wàng jìn měi děng wǔ rén wéi xīzàng de quán quán dài biǎo， qián wǎng běi jīng cān jiā hé píng tán pàn。 dāng nián wǔ yuè 'èr shí sān rì zài běi jīng qín zhèng diàn jǔ xíng lóng zhòng de” zhōng yāng rén mín yǔ xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ guān yú hé píng jiě fàng xīzàng bàn fǎ de xié yì”。 hé píng xié yì gòng shí qī tiáo。 xīzàng jiě fàng liǎo。
　　1959 nián， xīzàng shàng céng jí tuán dǎzháo dá lài de qí hào fā dòng liǎo wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn。 bèi jiě fàng jūn píng pàn hòu， dá lài chū zǒu guó wài。 shí nián 'èr shí bā suì。
　　 sān、 dá lài zhìzàng de quán lì shì rú hé lái de？
　　 zhè hé wǔ shì dá lài yòu guān。 wǔ shì dá lài luó sāng jiā cuò， shēng yú 1617 nián（ míng wàn lì nián jiān）。 zài tā de shí qī què dìng liǎo dá lài jí zōng jiào lǐng xiù yǔ zhèng zhì lǐng xiù yī shēn de qiáng quán。
　　 xiān shuō shuō xīzàng fó jiào de lì shǐ bā。
　　 fó jiào shì sōng zàn gān bù yíng qǔ wén chéng gōng zhù shí（ yuē gōng yuán qī shì jì） yíng rù xīzàng de， bìng jiàn liǎo dà xiǎo zhāo sì。 jù shuō wén chéng gōng sī zuò xiǎo， zài tā qián miàn hái yòu yī gè ní bó 'ěr de gōng zhù。 suǒ yǐ tā dài lái de shì fó xiàng zhǐ néng fàng dào xiǎo zhāo sì。 dàn tā yòu shēn dé rén mín huān yíng， suǒ yǐ hòu lái rén men bǎ tā dài lái de fó xiàng yí dào dà zhāo sì。 zài wén chéng gōng zhù shòu dào dì dài yù shàng zhèng míng， zhǐ yòu guó fù mín qiáng， cái bù shòu wài zú qī líng。 rú guǒ bù shì yòu táng wáng zhè yàng qiáng dà de xiǎo jiù zǐ， sōng zàn gān bù nǎ lǐ huì mǎi tā de zhàng 'ā？
　　 dào cáng wáng chí sōng dé zàn shí， sēng tú yǐ biàn quán cáng， chēng wéi” fó jiào qián hóng shí qī”。 qián hóng shí qī cáng wáng chí sōng dé zàn céng pài dà chén dào yìn dù yíng qǐng lián huā shēng zǔ shī（ bái mǎ lǎo běn） rù cáng chuán fǎ， bìng jiàn sāng jiù sì gòngyǎng。 qù guò xīzàng huò sì chuān kāng bā dì qū de lǎo lǘ men， yī dìng duì sì chù piāo yáng de fēng mǎ qí yìn xiàng shēn kè bā？ fēng mǎ qí shàng yòu jīng wén， dàn gèng duō de shì yī gè rén qí zhe yī pǐ mǎ。 cáng chuán fó jiào de bā bǎo， qí zhōng zhī yī shì yī zhī lián huā。 zhè yě shì wèile jì niàn lián huā shēng。 jù shuō lián huā shēng shì shì fó zhuǎn shì。 cáng mì zhōng， rèn wéi shì jiā fó yī shēng suǒ chuán shòu de fǎ dōushì kě yǐ gōng kāi jiǎng shuō de， suǒ yǐ jiào tā xiǎn jiào。 zhì yú kuài sù chéng fó de mì mì xiū fǎ， shì fó kǒng shuō chū lái huì jīng shì hài sú， suǒ yǐ zhōng tā yī shēng bù kěn míng yán。 dào tā zài shā luó shuāng shù yuán jì bā nián hòu， wèile dù shì de xīn yuàn， xū yào chuán shòu mì fǎ。 kě cǐ shí tā méi yòu ròu shēn， wú fǎ chuán fǎ。 zěn me bàn ní？ fó zǔ dāng rán shì yòu bàn fǎ de， tā cóng yī zhī lián huā zhōng huà shēn， hào lián huā shēng。 zài xī cáng chuán de fó fǎ， qū bié zhōng tǔ， gù cáng chuán fó jiào yòu jiào zuò” mì zōng”。
　　 dào gōng yuán jiǔ shì jì， tǔbō wáng cháo fēn bēng lí xī， cáng wáng lǎng dá mǎ bèi lá má cì sǐ， guó zhōng dà luàn。 xīzàng gè dì yòu bào fā liǎo nú lì qǐ yì， màn yán dào tǔbō wáng cháo tǒng zhì de dà bù fēn dì qū， xǔ duō nú lì zhù bèi shā sǐ， lǎng dá mǎ de sūn zǐ bān kǎo zàn yě bèi shā sǐ。 bān kǎo zàn de 'ér zǐ táo dào 'ā lǐ dì qū， zài nà lǐ jiàn liǎo yī gè xiǎo wáng cháo， shǐ chēng” ā lǐ wáng”。 nú lì yùn dòng yī zhí yán xù liǎo jiǔ nián， quán cáng fēn wéi xǔ duō xiǎo bù luò， gè bà yī fāng。 cóng cǐ fó jiào yī jué bù zhèn， zhè zhǒng jú miàn yī zhí dào shí yī shì jì。 dāng shí yòu yī xiē sēng rén zài jiā mì mì chuán xí fó fǎ， chēng wéi” hóng jiào”。
　　 dào 1038 nián（ sòng rén zōng）， ā lǐ wáng pài rén dào yìn dù qǐng zūn zhě jiǎng chuán fó fǎ。 shǐ jiàn yǐn qǐ mín zhòng zhòng shì， cǐ shí bèi chēng zuò” fó jiào hòu hóng shí qī”。 é dì xiá zūn zhě zài cáng dì shōu tú。 tā de tú dì zhòng dūn bā zài cáng běi jiàn liǎo rè zhèn sì。 hòu lái sēng tú jiàn jiàn duō qǐ lái liǎo， jiù zì chéng yī pài， jiào gá dāng jiào。 hòu lái cǐ jiào hé zōng kā bā de huáng jiào hé bìng， suǒ yǐ xiàn zài xīzàng bù cún zài zhè yī jiào pài。
　　 cóng zhè shí kāi shǐ， cáng chuán fó jiào de zuì zhù míng de jǐ zhī jiào pài： huā jiào， bái jiào， huáng jiào fēn fēn chū xiàn。 bìng zài xīzàng lì shǐ shàng zhàn jù liǎo zhòng yào dì wèi。 bǐ rú bái jiào， yě shì shí yī shì jì（ dà yuē sòng shén zōng nián dài） yóu xīzàng luó zhá dì fāng rén mǎ bā chuàng jiàn。 tā céng qián wǎng yìn dù xué fǎ， huí cáng zì chuàng yī jiào， míng gá jǔ pài（ sú chēng bái jiào）。 cǐ pài yě shì mì zōng de yī zhǒng， zhuān mén yán jiū tūn dāo tù huǒ， ròu tǐ fēi shēng。 jù shuō xiū chéng” měng lì huǒ” hòu， néng dǐ yù jī hán。 shuǐ yān bù sǐ， huǒ yě shāo bù sǐ。 néng zài kōng zhōng fēi xíng， rú fù píng dì（ yòu diǎn xiàng líng bō wēi bù， hē hē）。 bái jiào yòu sān zhī fēn zhī， zài dāng dì yōng yòu guǎng dà qún zhòng， bìng yòu zhèng quán hé wǔ zhuāng lì liàng。
　　 gá mǎ pài shì gá jǔ pài zhōng zhī pài。 cǐ pài zài yuán chū zhú jiàn qiáng dà， qí fǎ wáng céng dào běi jīng cháo jiàn yuán shì zǔ， yuán shì zǔ fēng wéi” guó shī” bìng cì jīn biān hēi mào， yīn cǐ yě chēng” hēi mào fǎ wáng”。 gá mǎ pài lìng yī fǎ wáng yě dào guò běi jīng， yuán shì zǔ cì yǐ hóng mào。 gù cǐ fǎ wáng chēng wéi” hóng mào fǎ wáng”。 1612 nián， gá mǎ pài gá mǎ bā qǐ bīng gōng xiàn hòu cáng gè chéng zhài， tǒng yī hòu cáng。 qí zǐ（ cáng bā hàn） nián（ míng wàn lì sì shí liù nián） shuài dà jūn gōng xiàn qián cáng， tuī fān liǎo pà zhù wáng cháo de tǒng zhì， jiàn lì gá mǎ wáng cháo。 cǐ shí shì sì shì dá lài yún dān jiā cuò shì shì hòu dì 'èr nián。
　　 nà shí hòu huáng jiào de rì zǐ zhēn bù hǎo guò。 gá jǔ pài（ bái jiào） dāng quán， pò hài huáng jiào jiào mín， wēi xié gǎi jiào， wéi gōng sì yuàn， shèn zhì bù xǔ zhǎo xún sì shì dá lài zhuǎn shì líng tóng！
　　 zhè lǐ yòu néng jiǎng yī gè gù shì liǎo， sì shì dá lài yún dān jiā cuò sǐ hòu， àn huáng jiào de guīju， bì xū zhǎo xún zhuǎn shì líng tóng。 dàn dāng shí cáng bā hàn shēn tǐ duō bìng， jiù huái yí shì dá lài zǔ zhòu de。 tā míng lìng tiān xià， bù yǔn xǔ dá lài zài shì。 hòu lái sì shì bān chán xiǎng fǎ zhì hǎo liǎo cáng bā hàn de bìng。 jiù mìng zhī 'ēn nán yǐ huí bào 'ā， ér qiě dá lài zǔ zhòu yī shuō shǐ zhōng ná bù chū zhèng jù。 cáng bā hàn kǎo lǜ xǔ jiǔ， jué dìng gěi zì jǐ zhǎo liǎo gè tái jiē xià， suǒ yǐ tóng yì bān chán de yī zài kěn qiú， zhǔn xǔ zhǎo xún dá lài zhuǎn shì。
　　 yī shì dá lài hé yī shì bān chán tóng zài zōng kā bā mén xià xué yì， jiāo qíng yīnggāi hěn hǎo。 èr shì、 sān shì shì tóng yàng dào lǐ。 dào wǔ shì dá lài， gēn běn shì shòu 'ēn yú sì shì bān chán。 nà shí shì dà nán dāng tóu， cái qí xīn xié lì bā。 wǔ shì dá lài bài sì shì bān chán wéi shī， guān xì fēi cháng hǎo。 cóng zhè shí kāi shǐ， dá lài bān chán hù wéi shī fù chéng wéi guàn zhì。
　　 zǒng zhè yàng shòu yā pò yě bù shì gè bàn fǎ 'ā。 yào shēng cún， jiù bì xū dé dào quán lì。 huáng jiào dāng shí zài qīng hǎi、 xī kāng、 xīzàng、 ā lǐ， shèn zhì měnggǔ gè dì dū fēi cháng pǔ biàn， jīng guò zì zōng gē bā yǐ lái jiāng jìn shí bǎi bā shí nián de fā zhǎn qī jiān， qǔ dé liǎo guǎng dà rén mín de yōng hù。 suī rán gá mǎ pài jí lì yā pò， dàn huáng jiào de gēn jī fēi cháng wěn gù。 huáng jiào cǎi qǔ duì kàng bàn fǎ。 1641 nián， wǔ shì dá lài hé sì shì bān chán shāng yì hòu， jué dìng xiàng wài qiú yuán， qǐng qiú měnggǔ wáng shì， zhàn lǐng qīng hǎi quán jìng de shǐ gù hàn chū bīng xīzàng。 shǐ gù hàn yú shì chū bīng héng sǎo xīzàng quán jìng， xīzàng wáng hòu mò bù fǔ shǒu chēng chén， yī jǔ chéng wéi xīzàng sān bù zhī wáng。 shǐ gù hàn duì dá lài bān chán fēi cháng zūn chóng， suì yǐ xīzàng sān qū shí sān zhōu zhèng jiào quán quán xī yǐ gòngyǎng wǔ shì dá lài。 dá lài jiàn lì liǎo gá dān pō zhāng wáng cháo。 zhè shí shì 1642 nián， míng chóng zhēn nián jiān。
　　 cóng zhè shí kāi shǐ， dá lài chéng wéi xīzàng fǎ wáng jiān cáng wáng。 dàn bìng bù qīn zì chǔlǐ zhèng shì， dá lài xià shè dì bā yī rén， zǒng lǐ zhèng shì。 xīzàng lǎo bǎi xìng yī bān chēng dì bā wéi” cáng wáng”。
　　
　　 dì shí sì shì dá lài lá má · dān zēng jiā cuò， 1935 nián 7 yuè chū shēng yú qīng hǎi huáng zhōng xiàn qí jiā chuān ( jīn qīng hǎi shěng píng 'ān xiàn hóng yá cūn )， rǔ míng lā mù dēng zhū。 1938 nián lā mù dēng zhū bèi yuán xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ lín xuǎn wéi dì shí sān shì dá lài lá má de wéi yī zhuǎn shì líng tóng， hòu bào qǐng guó mín zhèng fǔ tè zhǔn miǎn yú “ jīn píng chè qiān”， zài zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ tè pài dà yuán wú zhōng xìn huì tóng rè zhèn hū tú kè tú de zhù chí xià， 1940 nián zài lā sà jǔ xíng zuò chuáng diǎn lǐ， jì wèi wéi dì shí sì shì dá lài lá má ， 1950 nián 11 yuè 17 rì kāi shǐ qīn zhèng， nián jǐn 16 suì jí chéng wéi cáng chuán fó jiào de lǐng xiù zhī yī。
　　
　　1951 nián 5 yuè 23 rì， zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ yǔ xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ《 guān yú hé píng jiě fàng bàn fǎ de xié yì》 ( jiǎn chēng“ shí qī tiáo xié yì” ) zài běi jīng qiān zì。 10 yuè 24 rì， dá lài lá má zhì diàn zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ máo zé dōng zhù xí， gōng kāi biǎo shì yōng hù bìng zhí xíng xié yì。 1954 nián qiū， dá lài lá má zuò wéi xīzàng de rén mín dài biǎo chū xí zài běi jīng zhào kāi de dì yī jiè quán guó rén mín dài biǎo dà huì bìng dāng xuǎn wéi rén dà cháng wěi huì fù wěi yuán cháng。 1956 nián 4 yuè 22 rì xīzàng zì zhì qū chóu bèi wěi yuán huì chéng lì， dá lài lá má rèn zhù rèn wěi yuán。 cǐ shí de dá lài lá má dé dào liǎo zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ de chōng fēn xìn rèn hé rén mín de 'ài dài。 dàn shì tā què bìng wèi zhēn xī zhèng fǔ gěi tā de róng yù hé rén mín duì tā de gǎn qíng。
　　
　　1956 nián 11 yuè xià xún， dá lài yìng yāo fù yìn dù cān jiā shì jiā móu ní niè 2500 zhōu nián fó jiào fǎ huì， ěr hòu zài yìn zhì liú jìn sān gè yuè， chǔyú fēn liè zhù yì shì lì de bāo wéi zhī xià。 yóu cǐ， tā kāi shǐ zì jué bù zì jué dì shòu fēn liè zhù yì fènzǐ de bǎi bù。
　　
　　1957 nián yǐ hòu， dá lài lá má yǔ xīzàng shàng céng fēn liè shì lì hù xiāng hū yìng， zhī chí yóu jú bù zhú jiàn kuò zhǎn zhì quán miàn de wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn， gōng kāi sī huǐ“ shí qī tiáo xié yì”。 1959 nián 3 yuè 17 rì， dá lài lá má chū táo yìn dù。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má liú wáng hǎi wài hòu de 30 duō nián lái， yǐ kào xī fāng fǎn huá shì lì， lì yòng“ zōng jiào lǐng xiù” de wài yī， sì chù bēn zǒu yóushuì， sàn bù zhǒng zhǒng huǎng yán， qī piàn guó jì yú lùn。 qí xiē xī fāng rén shì chū yú mǒu zhǒng xū yào， bǎ tā fèng wéi shén míng， dài shàng“ hé píng shǐ zhě”、“ rén quán wèi shì” guì guān。 dàn zhèng shì zhè wèi xī rì de cáng chuán fó jiào zōng jiào lǐng xiù diū qì lì bèi dá lài lá má 'ài guó de chuán tǒng， jiàn tà zōng jiào jiào yì， yú nòng shàn nán xìn nǚ men de zōng jiào gǎn qíng， zài wài zǔ zhì fēi fǎ liú wáng zhèng fǔ， gǔ chuī“ xīzàng dú lì”， cóng shì fēn liè zǔ guó huó dòng， pò huài cáng chuán fó jiào nèi bù de tuán jié hé jiè lǜ， zài bèi lí zǔ guó hé xīzàng rén mín de dào lù shàng yuè zǒu yuè yuǎn。
　　
　　 běn shū yǐ dà liàng shì shí， zhǎn shì liǎo dá lài lá má suǒ zǒu guò de lù， yě jiē lù liǎo tā jìn xiē nián huò guó、 luàn jiào、 hài mín zhī suǒ wéi。
　　
　　 shì lì jiào， hái shì luàn jiào
　　
　　 dì shí sì shì dá lài lá má · dān zēng jiā cuò zuò wéi cáng chuán fó jiào de dà huó fó， yòu shòu guò bǐ qiū dà jiè， lǐ yìng hóng yáng fó fǎ， wéi hù cáng chuán fó jiào de zhèng cháng zhì xù。 dàn shí jì shàng què bìng fēi rú cǐ。 qǐng kàn jìn jǐ nián tā de jǐ xiàng zhù yào zōng jiào huó dòng。
　　
　　1. zhī chí rì běn 'ào mǔ zhēn lǐ jiào
　　
　　1995 nián 3 yuè 20 rì， rì běn 'ào mǔ zhēn lǐ jiào zài rì běn dōng jīng dì tiě shī fàng dú qì， cán hài wú gū qún zhòng de kǒng bù shì jiàn yī dù chéng wéi shì jiè gè zhǒng chuán méi zhēng xiāng bào dào de rè diǎn。 10 yuè 26 rì， rì běn dōng jīng dì fāng fǎ yuàn gōng kāi shěn pàn zhè yī shì jiàn de zuì kuí huò shǒu má yuán zhāng huàng， cóng 'ér shǐ tā hé gāi jiào de bǎi yú míng gǔgàn fènzǐ shòu dào fǎ lǜ zhì cái， ào mǔ zhēn lǐ jiào bèi qǔ dì。
　　
　　 jiù zài shēn shòu qí hài de dōng jīng rén mín hé shì jiè 'àihào hé píng de rén mín fèn nù qiǎn zé zhè yī shì jiàn shí， yī guàn biāo bǎng zì jǐ shì“ shì jiā móu ní bǐ qiū”、“ rén quán wèi shì” de dá lài lá má · dān zēng jiā cuò， jìng rán duì rì běn gòng tóng shè shuō： tā réng rèn wéi 'ào mǔ zhēn lǐ jiào shì xuān chuán fó jiào jiào yì de， má yuán zhāng huàng shì“ péng yǒu”。 shì rén wén zhī wú bù gǎn dào zhèn jīng， zhè jiū jìng shì wèishénme？
　　
　　 dá 'àn zhǐ néng cóng shì shí zhōng xún qiú：
　　
　　 shì shí zhī yī， zì 1987 nián qǐ， dá lài lá má hé má yuán xiān hòu yòu wǔ cì huì wù， má yuán shòu dá lài lá má zhǐ shǐ liǎng cì qián rù xīzàng“ chuán jiào”。
　　
　　 shì shí zhī 'èr， má yuán zì chēng tā de jiào yì shì zài yuán shǐ fó jiào jí cáng chuán fó jiào de mì jiào tǐ jìshàng róng rù liǎo yú gā xì tǒng， kě yǐ bǎ cóng rén dào fó de shí jiān yóu 'èr、 sān qiān nián suō duǎn dào shí nián， ér qiě rén men bù bì kǔ xíng， zhǐ xū guī yǐ sān bǎo、 shǒu chí sì jiè、 bèi niàn fó jīng、 jiē shòu fēi fán zhǐ yǐn、 jìn xíng míng xiǎng（ guān xiū）， jiù kě kuài lè dì huò dé cháng shòu yǐ zhì chéng fó。 zhè zhǒng tè shū fāng fǎ wéi tā dú yòu，“ shì dá lài qīn zì bǎ tā zhǐ yǐn rù fó jiào dà chéng chuán tǒng”。
　　
　　 shì shí zhī sān， 1989 nián 5 yuè qǐ， dá lài lá má gěi má yuán chū jù zhèng míng shū hé tuī jiàn xìn， chēng má yuán shì“ hěn yòu néng lì de zōng jiào dǎo shī”， ào mǔ jiào shì“ chuán bō dà chéng fó jiào”、“ cù jìn gōng gòng hàoshàn de”， chéng qǐng dōng jīng yòu guān dāng jú“ yīngdāng yǔn xǔ 'ào mǔ jiào pài miǎn jiāo shuì shōu”。 cóng 'ér shǐ má yuán xùn sù jī lěi qǐ dà liàng zī jīn， cóng shì dú qì de yán zhì hé shēng chǎn。
　　
　　 shì shí zhī sì， dá lài lá má yú 1989 nián 5 yuè 26 rì zhì shū gǎn xiè“ ào mǔ jiào tuán wèiwǒ men fó jiào liú wáng jí tǐ， tè bié shì bù jiǔ qián gāng cóng xīzàng lái de sēng lǚ xué shēng tí gōng liǎo kāng kǎi de juān kuǎn”。
　　
　　 cóng shàng shù shì shí zhōng， kě yǐ kàn chū dá lài lá má hé má yuán zhī jiān， duǎn duǎn jǐ nián， jiù láo gù jiàn lì liǎo zōng jiào shàng de shī tú guān xì， jīng jì shàng de hù huì hù lì guān xì，“ shì yè” shàng de xié zuò zhī chí guān xì。 dé guó《 jiāo diǎn》 zhōu kān shuō“ méi yòu dá lài lá má de zhī chí， má yuán gēn běn bù kě néng jiàn lì qǐ tā de jiào pài dì guó。 tā cóng yī gè jiāng hú yī shēng hé xiǎo xiǎo de xíng shì piàn zǐ， zài duǎn duǎn de jǐ nián nèi huǒ jiàn shì dì shàng shēng wéi rì běn yī gè jiào pài lǐng xiù yě bù huì rú cǐ shùn lì， zhè shì kě yǐ kěn dìng de。” huàn yī zhǒng shuō fǎ， zhèng shì dá lài lá má de dǐng lì“ zhī chí”， shǐ má yuán zhāng huàng cóng yī gè xiǎo xiǎo
　　 de piàn zǐ， shàng shēng wéi“ zōng jiào dǎo shī”， jī lěi liǎo fàng dú zī jīn， cóng 'ér biàn chéng kǒng bù jí tuán de tóu zǐ。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má · dān zēng jiā cuò zhè yàng zuò de mùdì hé zài？
　　
　　 fó jiào bǎ guī yǐ jì shì wéi jìn rù fó mén de yí shì， gèng yào qiú cóng sī xiǎng shàng yào quán xīn quán yì dì xìn yǎng hé yǐ lài sān bǎo， cáng chuán fó jiào mì zōng yào qiú gèng yán。 mì zōng shàng shī yìng jù bèi wǔ tiáo biāo zhǔn（ zì、 yǔ、 yì sān yè qīng jìng， duì zhòng shēng yòu dà bēi yuàn， fó fǎ xiū wù shàng yòu dà chéng jiù）； guī yǐ duì dì zǐ zài yì shí shàng yòu sì tiáo yào qiú（ zhī gǎi dé、 zhī chā bié、 zì shì 、 wú yú shī） hé xiū xíng shàng de sì tiáo yào qiú（ jìn shàn shì、 wén zhèng fǎ、 rú lǐ sī、 suí fǎ xíng）。 ér qiě yào qiú shàng shī hé dì zǐ yào hù xiāng kǎo chá， shèn zhòng xuǎn zé。 yìng yǐ jù dì zǐ de gēn jī chuán fǎ，“ duì xiǎo jī bù néng shuō dà fǎ”。 fó jiào hái yào qiú yán gé zūn shǒu jiè lǜ， zhù zhāng“ yǐ jiè wéi shī， wú jiè wú fǎ”。
　　
　　 zhè xiē guī dìng duì yú dá lài lá má zhè yàng de dà huó fó lái shuō yìng bǐ shuídōu gèng qīng chǔ。 nà me， tā wèishénme zài jiē shòu má yuán guī yǐ shí bù yán gé kǎo chá ní？ zài chuán shòu mì fǎ shí bù yán gé jué zé ní？ yòu wèishénme piān yào gěi zhè yàng de rén shòu yǐ“ fó jiào dǎo shī” de guì guān bìng chū jù bǎo zhèng shū ní？ má yuán zài qí xīn zhù《 zuì gāo zhǐ yǐn》 zhōng yī yǔ dào pò tiān jī： shì dá lài lá má“ wěi tuō” má yuán“ zài rì běn jìn xíng fó jiào gǎi gé”。
　　
　　 rì běn fó jiào yuán yuǎn liú cháng， xiǎn zōng mì zōng jù quán， yòu yòu nà me duō pō jù gāo shēn zào yì de zhǎnglǎo、 fǎ shī， ér dá lài què piān yòu wěi tuō má yuán zhè gè xíng shì zuì fàn qù jìn xíng suǒ wèi de“ gǎi gé”， zhè jì shì duì rì běn fó jiào jiè de qīng màn， yě bào lù liǎo dá lài lá má sī xiǎng shēn chù de xiǎn 'è tú móu。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má bù gān xīn zhōng hán rì sān guó fó jiào tuán tǐ zhī jiān“ huáng jīn niǔ dài” de huī fù hé jiāo wǎng rì shēn de shí dài cháo liú， chū yú“ bǎ xīzàng wèn tí guó jì huà” de xū yào， lǒngluò má yuán pò gé fēng shòu， wàng tú zài rì běn jiàn lì yī zhī wèitā xiào mìng de bié dòng duì。 zhǐ yīn tā men 'è yè shēn zhòng， zhāo zhì xiàn bào， luò dé gè má yuán“ yāo zhé”， dá lài diū chǒu de kě bēi xià chǎng。
　　
　　2. lì yòng dà fǎ huì cóng shì“ xīzàng dú lì” de zhèng zhì huó dòng
　　
　　 shí lún guàn dǐng， shì cáng chuán fó jiào mì zōng wú shàng yú gā bù zhōng jí wéi zhuāng yán de gāo shēn fǎ mén， zài lǐ lùn hé xiū chí fāng fǎ shàng， jù yòu hěn duō yǔ zhòng bù tóng de tè diǎn， yí guǐ yán jǐn。 cáng chuán fó jiào rèn wéi， tā yùn hán yǔ zhòu hé shēng mìng zài shí jiān zhōng de shēng miè guī lǜ， zhǎn shì tiān dào、 rén dào hé fó dào zhī jiān de shén mì lián xì。 rèn wéi tōng guò xiāng yìng de xiū chí fāng fǎ， kě yǐ gǎi biàn shēng sǐ guī lǜ， jìng huà chāo tuō， chéng jiù shí lún fó wèi。 shí lún fǎ de chuán chéng yuán yuǎn liú cháng， zōng kā bā dà shī duì qí gāo dù chēng zàn， liè wéi gé lǔ jiào pài yī dà fǎ mén， qīn zì chuán gěi kè zhū jié（ dì yī shì bān chán dà shī）。 kè zhū jié jīng yú cǐ fǎ， zhù yòu 200 duō wàn zì de kǎo zhèng zhù shì， chéng wéi gé lǔ jiào pài de shí lún zhù chuán rén， bèi yù wéi“ shí lún zhù huà shēn”。
　　
　　 shí lún guàn dǐng shǔ yú dà xíng guàn dǐng fǎ huì， qí xíng shì hé nèi róng jūn xū yán gé zūn xún yí guǐ， bù dé suí yì shān gǎi。 yào qiú guàn dǐng shàng shī yìng jù bèi jiào gāo fó jiào zào yì， guàn dǐng zhī qián hái bì xū bì guān jìng xiū shí lún běn zūn 1 zhì 6 gè yuè。 měi cì shí lún fǎ huì yuē xū shí bàn yuè zuǒ yòu。
　　
　　1980 nián yǐ lái， dá lài lá má · dān zēng jiā cuò pín pín xiàng jìng nèi wài xìn zhòng jǔ xíng shí lún guàn dǐng dà fǎ huì； tè bié shì 1996 nián jìng dá yī nián 4 cì de chéng dù！
　　
　　 rén men bù jìn yào wèn： dá lài lá má zhēn de shì zài zī zī bù juàn dì hóng yáng fó fǎ má？
　　
　　 shǒu xiān， wǒ men gū qiě bù tí shí lún fǎ de shí jiān gài niàn“ tiān dì shí jiān， yǐ nián wéi shí， sì jì jiāo tì， wàn wù shēng miè， zhōu 'ér fù shǐ， liú zhuǎn bù xī”。 dān cóng bì guān hé fǎ huì suǒ xū tiān shù jì， xiàng dá lài lá má zhè yàng shí cháng zhōu yóu liè guó， bài jiàn zhèng yào míng liú， jiǎng yǎn yóushuì， xún qiú tóng qíng de“ zhèng zhì dà máng rén”， néng yòu shí jiān 'ān xià xīn lái， àn yí guǐ jìn xíng guān xiū má？ xiǎn rán bù kě néng。 tā de yòng yì hé zài？ jǐn cóng tā 1985 nián zài shí lún guàn dǐng dà fǎ huì shàng jiǎng huà de nèi róng jiù kě yǐ qīng chǔ dì liǎo jiě。
　　
　　 zài zhè cì jiǎng huà zhōng， dá lài lá má chuī shī jiù xīzàng rén men rú hé 'ān jū lè yè， yǎn gài rén mín zài fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù xià de kǔ nán shēng huó， tóng shí wū miè xiàn zài“ xīzàng de zōng jiào hé wén huà jīhū miè jué”， shuō shí me：“ yī qiē de huò gēn lái zì hàn rén”，“ xiàn zài bù néng duì hàn rén bào shénme xī wàng”， bìng gōng rán gǔ chuī fēn liè：“ zǒng zhī， xīzàng jué bù shǔ yú zhōng guó”，“ xiàn zài wǒ men zài xuě yù guó de qí zhì xià， chū xiàn liǎo zhěng gè zàngzú tuán jié yī zhì de dà hǎo xíng shì， wǒ men yào zhēn xī tā”，“ wǒ men de mín zú méi yòu shénme zuò bù dào de”，“ wèiwǒ men de shì yè bù pà xī shēng， zhuī qiú zhēn lǐ， zhè cái shì zuì kě guì de”，“ dà jiā fàng xīn dà dǎn dì gǔ qǐ yǒng qì lái wéi shí xiàn wǒ men de dà yè 'ér fèn dǒu”！
　　
　　 qǐng kàn， dá lài lá má shì zài hóng yáng fó fǎ ní， hái shì zài lì yòng zōng jiào huó dòng gǔ chuī“ xīzàng dú lì”， shān dòng mín zú chóu hèn？！ zhèng shì tōng guò guàn dǐng huó dòng， tā zhù dòng sī xià liǎo“ fēi bào lì” hé“ rén quán wèi shì” de miàn shā， zài zōng jiào lǐng xiù zhù zhāng cí bēi píng děng pǔ dù zhòng shēng de wài yī xià， cóng shì lí jīng pàn jiào、 huò guó huò mín de huó dòng。
　　
　　3. jìn zhǐ xìn fèng hù fǎ shén， pò hài xìn zhòng
　　
　　 cáng chuán fó jiào xìn fèng jié qīn xiū dān hù fǎ shén。 jù zàngwén zī liào jìzǎi， cáng chuán fó jiào gé lǔ pài chuàng shǐ rén zōng kā bā dà shī zhù shì hóng fǎ de wǎn nián， yī cì yǔ shǒu xí bā dà dì zǐ xiāng jù yú lā sà sè lā sì dà shī qǐn gōng“ qū dāng”， shāng tǎo hóng fǎ shì yí。 dà shī tí chū， wéi shǐ gé lǔ pài miào fǎ cháng chuán bù tì， xū yòu yī gèng wēi yán de hù fǎ shǐ zhě。 dùn zěn · zhā bā jiān zàn zhàn qǐ shuō：“ rú zūn shī 'ēn zhǔn， wǒ yuàn dān cǐ zé rèn， yán chéng wēi hài wú pài zhī rén。”
　　
　　 dùn zěn zhuǎn shì huà shēn wéi bān qīn · suǒ lǎng zhā bā。 tā xiǎn mì róng tōng， zào yì gāo shēn， céng rèn zhé bàng sì、 sè lā sì fǎ tái、 gān dān sì zǒng fǎ tái yǔ sān shì dá lài zhī shī， yīn wèi gāo quán zhòng， yǐn qǐ cāi jì， ér bèi hài sǐ。 suì bù zài zhuǎn shì， ér bèi shè xiàng gòngfèng wéi jié qīn xiū dān hù fǎ shén。 duì zhè wèi hù fǎ shén， lì shì dá lài、 bān chán duō biǎo zūn chóng hé gòngfèng。 wǔ shì dá lài zhuān zhù“ chén guō” jīng， duì zhī dà jiā sòng zàn， hòu zhú jiàn zài huáng jiào sì miào hé mín jiān xìn tú zhōng pǔ jí。
　　
　　 shí sì shì dá lài lá má · dān zēng jiā cuò yuán yě gòngfèng jié qīn xiū dān。 dàn dào 70 nián dài， tū rán fǎn mù， xià lìng jìn zhǐ gòngfèng， bìng yīn 'ér yǔ jīng shī guān xì jǐn zhāng； yīn tīng cóng zhě shèn shǎo， dāng shí zhǐ dé bù liǎo liǎo zhī。 1994 nián， dá lài chóngtí cǐ shì， yòng duō zhǒng xíng shì dà jiā tǎo fá， shuō zhè wèi hù fǎ shén“ duì xīzàng de gēn běn dà yè bù lì， duì dá lài lá má de shēn shòu bù lì”， gèng mò míng qí miào dì gěi hù fǎ shén kòu shàng“ qīn hàn” de zuì míng。 1996 nián 3 yuè， dá lài jìn yī bù zài liǎng cì jiǎng jīng huì shàng， gōng rán xiàng yùhuì qún zhòng fā bù jìn lìng， yào qiú sì miào、 huó fó hé sēng sú qún zhòng bì xū zuò chū jué zé， fǒu zé jiāng shì wéi“ duì xīzàng gòng tóng shì yè de bèi pàn”， shì“ xī wàng dá lài lá má bù dé hǎo sǐ”， shèn zhì yáng yán， bù tīng cóng zhě yào liú xià míng zì， tā yào qīn zì dēng mén wèn zuì； ér qiě dà shēng hē chì， yào bù fàng qì xìn yǎng hù fǎ shén de rén lì jí tuì chū jīng chǎng。 jiē zhe liú wáng zǔ zhì jí xià céng jī gòu fēn fēn fā biǎo jué yì hé shēng míng， lì yòng xiàn dài méi tǐ dà zào yú lùn； gèng pài chū dǎ shǒu， chuǎng rù sì miào fó yíng、 jū mín zhù zhái， zá huǐ hù fǎ shén shén xiàng、 ōu dǎ xìn zhòng、 qiáng xíng shí shī。 duì réng bù zūn cóng zhě， sēng ní zhú chū sì miào， guān yuán kāi chú gōng zhí， xué shēng tíng zhǐ bǔ zhù， qún zhòng qīng chū shè tuán。
　　
　　 jìng wài xǔ duō sì miào、 huó fó jí cáng bāo， yīn zhí jiē shòu hài 'ér fǎn xiǎng qiáng liè， bù shǎo rén jiāng zhè wèi hù fǎ shén xiàng yǐn cáng zhuǎn yí， xiāo jí dǐ kàng； bù shǎo rén jù jué zài fàng qì xìn yǎng de bǎo zhèng shū shàng qiān míng； bù shǎo rén lì yòng xiàn dài chuán méi jìn xíng jiē lù、 kòng chāi； hái yòu rén zhì hán lián hé guó yòu guān jī gòu huò jū zhù guó lǐng dǎo， hūyù zhì zhǐ dá lài de zōng jiào pò hài hé qīn fàn rén quán xíng jìng； yě yòu rén xiàng jū zhù dì fǎ yuàn tí chū shēn sù， yào qiú yǐ fǎ jìn xíng zhuī jiū hé jǐyǔ péi cháng； gèng yòu chuàn lián jié shè， jí tǐ kàng yì， yóu xíng shì wēi de。
　　
　　 xiāo xī chuán dào guó nèi , xìn fèng zhè yī hù fǎ shén de huó fó gāo sēng、 sì miào fó táng hé sēng sú qún zhòng， gèng shì yī piàn huá rán。 yòu de gōng kāi shuō“ dá lài wū miè gòng chǎn dǎng méi yòu xìn yǎng zì yóu， wǒ kàn zhè dǐng mào zǐ dài dào tā de tóu shàng cái hé shì”； yòu de shuāng shǒu hé shí shuō， dá lài lá má zhè yàng zuò wán quán shì duì shén shèng de zōng kā bā dà shī hé dì wǔ shì dá lài lá má de bèi pàn， zuì guò 'ā zuì guò！ jiù lián yuán xì dá lài · dān zēng jiā cuò dì zǐ de zhù míng huó fó gāo sēng zhōng jiān， yě yòu xiàng bǐ zhě zhǎn shì tā men gòngfèng zài fó kān zhōng de zhè zūn hù fǎ shén xiàng de； yě yòu shén qíng níng zhòng dì shuō：“ dān jiù zōng jiào xìn yǎng 'ér lùn， wǒ de xīn yǐ jīng liáng lā！ duì dá lài lá má zài bù bào shénme xī wàng liǎo”。
　　
　　《 shì jiè rén quán xuān yán》 zhǐ chū， zài fǎ lǜ miàn qián rén rén píng děng， gè rén de zì yóu yǐ bù fáng 'ài tā rén de zì yóu wéi xiàn。 dá lài lá má zài hù fǎ shén shì jiàn shàng de suǒ zuò suǒ wéi， wán quán bào lù liǎo tā dà nóng nú zhù de běn lái miàn mù。
　　
　　4. wéi fàn bān chán zhuǎn shì zōng jiào yí guǐ hé lì shǐ dìng zhì
　　
　　 cáng chuán fó jiào dà huó fó de zhuǎn shì， yòu gù dìng de zōng jiào yí guǐ hé lì shǐ dìng zhì。
　　
　　 dá lài jí tuán zé tí chū，“ dá lài hé bān chán de míng hào bù shì qīng cháo cè fēng de”， lǐ yóu yī shì dá lài míng hào shì 'ǎn dá hàn zèng sòng de； èr shì fēng hào zhōng de dān cí， qí tā huó fó yě zài yòng。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má fēng hào zhōng de“ xī tiān dà shàn zì zài fó”，“ jīn gāng chí”、“ dá lài”、“ lá má”， què shí qí tā huó fó yě zài shǐ yòng， ér qiě zài zhōng guó hàn zú hé gè shǎo shù mín zú zhōng， zhè zhǒng xiàn xiàng yě bù hǎn jiàn； dàn dān cí hé wán zhěng de fēng hào shì liǎng mǎ shì， dān cí shuídōu kě yǐ yòng， méi yòu gù dìng de shǔ xìng； ér wán zhěng de fēng hào shì yòu gù dìng shǔ xìng de， bù néng luàn yòng。
　　
　　1578 nián， ǎn dá hàn gěi dì sān shì dá lài de zèng hào hé 1653 nián qīng cháo shùn zhì dì gěi dì wǔ shì dá lài de fēng hào， yòu gēn běn qū bié， bù néng xiāng tí bìng lùn：
　　
　　 dì yī， hán yì bù tóng。 ǎn dá hàn zèng hào de hán yì， zhǐ shuō míng dì sān shì dá lài zài fó jiào xiū chí shàng de chéng jiù； shùn zhì de fēng hào， bù jǐn shuō míng dì wǔ shì dá lài fó jiào de chéng jiù， gèng gěi liǎo dá lài fó hào hé“ suǒ lǐng tiān xià shì jiào” de quán lì， zhè zhǒng shòu gěi quán zhǐ yòu huáng dì cái yòu。
　　
　　 dì 'èr， liǎng shì dá lài de dì wèi bù tóng。 dì sān shì dá lài dāng shí zhǐ shì lā sà zhé bàng sì dì shí 'èr rèn fǎ tái hé sè lā sì dì shí sān rèn fǎ tái， dì wǔ shì dá lài dāng shí shì gé lǔ pài yǐ zhì cáng chuán fó jiào de lǐng xiù。
　　
　　 qí sān， gèng dà de qū bié， zài yú fēng zèng zhě dì wèi hé quán lì de bù tóng。 ǎn dá hàn shì qīng hǎi dì fāng de bù zú shǒu lǐng， wú quán chǔlǐ xīzàng shì wù， zhǐ néng zèng gěi míng hào； ér shùn zhì dì zé shì tǒng guǎn quán guó de guó jiā yuán shǒu， xīzàng shì qí guǎn xiá de yī bù fēn， jù yòu cè shòu fēng hào de quán lì； dá lài lá má zhèng shì jīng guò qīng cháo shùn zhì dì de cè fēng， cái shǐ tā de fēng hào、 dì wèi hé quán lì dé dào què dìng， bìng néng chéng xí xià lái。
　　
　　 zhè shì shāo yòu xīzàng lì shǐ cháng shí de réndōu néng dǒng dé de dào lǐ。 rú guǒ bǎ 'ǎn dá hàn de zèng hào hé shùn zhì dì de fēng hào duì lì qǐ lái， ér qiě zhǐ chéng rèn qián zhě bù chéng rèn hòu zhě， nà me， dá lài lá má zài fó jiào zhōng de dì wèi yòu shì rú hé qǔ dé de ní？
　　
　　 dá lài lá má děng rén shuō，“ jiē shòu jīn píng chè qiān zhì dù， shì wéi liǎo bù zāo shòu dāng shí de wài lái qīn lüè”。
　　
　　 shí jì qíng kuàng shì， kuò 'ěr kā duì xīzàng dì fāng de liǎng cì rù qīn， fā shēng yú 1788 nián 7 yuè hé 1791 nián 7 yuè。 qīng tíng suǒ pài fú kāng 'ān dà jūn fǎn jī shèng lì， jiē shòu tóu jiàng， shì 1792 nián 8 yuè， ér chè dìng dà huó fó zhuǎn shì líng tóng yòng de jīn píng， shì 1792 nián 12 yuè sòng dào lā sà de， kuò 'ěr kā tóu jiàng hé qiān dìng yǒng bù qīn fàn tiáo yuē yǐ yòu 4 gè yuè zhī jiǔ， zěn me néng shuō“ shì wéi liǎo bù zāo shòu dāng shí de wài lái qīn lüè” cái jiē shòu zhè yī zhì dù ní？
　　
　　 shì shí shàng， zhèng yīn wéi jīn píng chè qiān zhì dù jì fú hé fó jiào jiào yì， yòu duì zhěng zhì dāng shí xīzàng zhèng zhì、 zōng jiào shàng cún zài de shí bì shí fēn yòu lì， suǒ yǐ， jīn píng sòng dǐ lā sà shí， dì bā shì dá lài lá má zǎo zǎo xià shān yíng hòu， bìng biǎo shì“ tè bān jīn běn bā píng …… hù wèi fó mén， shí yǐ wú wēi bù zhì， wǒ shí gǎn dài nán míng。 sì hòu wéi yòu qīn zūn shèng xùn， zhǐ yì hū bì lè hǎn（ zhuǎn shì líng tóng） shí qián chéng sòng jīng， yú dà zhòng qián bǐng gōng niān dìng…… hé cáng sēng sú dǐng dài tiān 'ēn， wú bù gǎn jī”。 dì qī shì bān chán yě shuō：“ sòng jīn běn bā píng lái cáng， quán wéi bǎo hù huáng jiào…… shí zài gǎn jī tiān 'ēn……。” zuò wéi dì bā shì dá lài chuán rén de dì shí sì shì dá lài， què yī fǎn zǔ bèi yí xùn， zhì zào tuō cí， fǎn duì chè qiān， yòu zěn yàng jì chéng qián bèi de yī bō ní？
　　
　　 dá lài lá má děng rén yòu shuō，“ zhǐ yòu zài duì zhuǎn shì líng tóng chǎn shēng zhòng dà fēn qí shí， cái shǐ yòng jīn píng chè qiān。”
　　
　　 jīn píng chè qiān zhì dù xíng chéng yǐ lái， tōng guò jīn píng chè qiān rèn dìng dá lài、 bān chán děng dà huó fó de zhuǎn shì líng tóng zhēn shēn， yǐ chéng wéi cáng chuán fó jiào de zōng jiào yí guǐ hé lì shǐ dìng zhì； zhì yú tè shū qíng kuàng kě yǐ“ ēn zhǔn miǎn chè” yī shì， duì líng tóng yòu wú zhòng dà fēn qí bìng bù shì wéi yī yuán yīn； tóng shí， bù guǎn yòu shénme tè shū qíng kuàng， kě fǒu miǎn chè de quán lì， shǔ yú zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ， rèn hé dì fāng zhèng quán huò gè rén jūn wú quán jué dìng。
　　
　　 qǐng kàn dì shí shì dá lài lá má de rèn dìng shǐ liào： 1813 nián dì qī shì bān chán dà shī hé dài bàn shāng yè shì wù de dì mù hū tú kè tú děng， lián míng bào gào zhù cáng dà chén chēng， zhǐ zhǎo dào yī míng zhuǎn shì líng tóng， shí fēn cōng huì， gè dì zài yě zhǎo bù chū líng tóng hòu xuǎn rén， kěn qǐng miǎn yú chè qiān。 liǎng wèi dà chén yě chéng bào qīng cháo zhèng fǔ yào qiú miǎn chè。 shuō míng dì fāng shàng duì líng tóng méi yòu rèn hé fēn qí， dàn zhè què zāo dào jiā qìng dì de yán zé， bù zhǔn miǎn chè，“ zǒng xū zài dé qí 'èr， fāng kě jiāng sān rén zhī míng yī bìng jiān fēng rù píng，…… qí chè chū zhě fāng xì dá lài lá má zhēn hū bì lè hǎn”。 yīn 'ér zhí dào 9 nián zhī hòu de 1822 nián 2 yuè 14 rì cái jīng dào guāng dì pī zhǔn， cóng 3 míng hòu xuǎn líng tóng zhōng chè dìng lǐ táng de gé sāng jiān zàn wéi líng tóng zhēn shēn， bào dào guāng dì pī zhǔn jì rèn。 zàngwén《 dì shí shì dá lài lá má chuán》 chēng： zhè cì chè qiān shì yóu yú“ zhēn shí wú qī dì wán chéng liǎo chè qiān rèn dìng， suǒ yǐ zhòng réndōu jí wéi huān lè hé chóng xìn”。
　　
　　 dá lài liú wáng zǔ zhì de wén zhāng shuō：“ lì shǐ shàng jiù yòu dì bā shì dá lài rèn dìng dì qī shì bān chán、 dì liù shì bān chán rèn dìng dì bā shì dá lài de xiān lì。 tóng yàng， dì shí sì shì dá lài rèn dìng dì shí shì bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng shì zūn xún zhè zhǒng chuán tǒng， bìng méi yòu pò huài lì shǐ dìng zhì hé zōng jiào yí guǐ， yě bù shì fēi fǎ de”。
　　
　　 shì shí jiū jìng rú hé ní？
　　
　　 shǒu xiān， dá lài lá má suǒ jǔ xiān lì yǔ shǐ shí bù fú。 dì qī shì bān chán què rèn shì yóu zhā shí lún bù sì shǒu xiān kěn dìng hòu， yī miàn qǐng lā mù hù fǎ jiàng shén què rèn， yī miàn pài rén zhēng qiú dá lài yì jiàn， yīn 'èr zhě yī zhì， ér bào qǐng qián lóng dì pī zhǔn rèn dìng de。 dì bā shì dá lài shì qián lóng dì pài zhāng jiā guó shī lái cáng hé liù shì bān chán gòng tóng què dìng de xún fǎng fāng fǎ yǐ hòu， liù shì bān chán bǎ tā yī biǎo dì zuò wéi líng tóng xiàn suǒ tí gōngjǐ dì mù， dì mù pài rén liǎo jiě yàn zhèng， zhù cáng dà chén fù hé， bào qǐng qián lóng dì pī zhǔn rèn dìng de。
　　
　　 qí cì， huó fó zhuǎn shì de zōng jiào yí guǐ hé lì shǐ dìng zhì , shì suí zhe lì shǐ de fā zhǎn bù duàn wán shàn， ér yóu《 qīn dìng cáng nèi shàn hòu zhāng chéng 'èr shí jiǔ tiáo》 zuì zhōng què dìng de。 xiǎng yòng xiān qián de， bìng bù zhēn shí de shǐ liào， lái fǒu dìng hòu lái xíng chéng de zhì dù de zuò fǎ， jìng chū zì jīng tōng luó ji xué bìng kǎo qǔ dà gé xī xué wèi de dá lài zhī shǒu， zhǐ néng shǐ rén gǎn dào jīng yà！
　　
　　 dì sān， zhèng yīn wéi 18 shì jì zhōng yè rèn dìng zhuǎn shì líng tóng shàng de zhū duō bì duān， cái zào chéng liǎo yǐ dì bā shì dá lài wéi hé xīn， dì qī shì bān chán wéi qí táng dì， duō jí pà mǔ wéi qí táng mèi， dì shí shì hóng mào huó fó hé zhā sì zhòng bā hū tú kè tú wéi qí táng shū， dì wǔ shì zhé bù zūn dān bā wéi qí táng zhí， xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ shǒu xí gá lún duō rén wéi qí táng zhí nǚ xù de yǐ qīn zú yīn yà dì chuán xí， shù shí nián jiān yī jiā lǒng duàn xīzàng dì fāng zhèng jiào， qiě yīn nèi bù máo dùn dǎo zhì wài dí rù qīn， wēi jí guó jiā 'ān quán de yán zhòng jú miàn。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má chóngtí zhè duàn lì shǐ， bù jǐn bù néng wèitā de fēi fǎ xíng wéi kāi tuō， qià hǎo zhèng shí liǎo jīn píng chè qiān zhì dù de bì yào hé zhèng què。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má shēng chēng， tā yòu xún fǎng hé rèn dìng bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng de quán lì。 guǒ zhēn rú cǐ má？
　　
　　 cóng tǐ zhì shàng kàn。 1713 nián de《 qīng shí lù》 jìzǎi：“ zhù zhào fēng dá lài lá má zhī lì fēng bān chán 'é 'ěr dé ní”。 kāng xī huáng dì chì yù zhōng chēng：“…… wéi bǎo zhàng zhā shí lún bù xīn shǔ sì miào yuán zhēng fù shuì yǒng bùwèi tā rén qīn zhàn， cí fēng bān chán hū tú kè tú wéi bān chán 'é 'ěr dé ní……。” 1793 nián de《 qīn dìng cáng nèi shàn hòu zhāng chéng 'èr shí jiǔ tiáo》 gèng míng què guī dìng zhù cáng dà chén dū bàn cáng nèi shì wù， yìng yǔ dá lài lá má、 bān chán 'é 'ěr dé ní píng děng。 kě jiàn qīng cháo zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ zài zhèng zhì shàng、 zōng jiào shàng、 jīng jì shàng dōushì bǎ dá lài hé bān chán zhì yú hù bù lì shǔ de píng děng dì wèi。 shì wèn： zuò wéi zhōng yāng zhèng quán lǐng dǎo xià dì wèi píng děng de liǎng gè dì fāng shǒu lǐng， zěn me néng yòu rèn dìng duì fāng de quán lì ní？
　　
　　 cóng xún fǎng lì shǐ kàn。 qīng cháo zhōng yāng cè fēng dì wǔ shì bān chán yǐ lái， dì liù shì bān chán shì yóu zhā sì zǔ zhì xún fǎng， yóu pō luó nài jùn wáng zhù chí jiàng shén rèn dìng， bào qián lóng huáng dì pī zhǔn jì wèi de。 dì qī shì bān chán de rèn dìng， qián yǐ shù jí bù zài chóngfù。 dì bā shì bān chán shì yóu zhā sì zǔ zhì xún fǎng jīng jīn píng chè qiān rèn dìng， bào xián fēng huáng dì pī zhǔn jì wèi de。 dì jiǔ shì bān chán yě shì yóu zhā sì zǔ zhì xún fǎng， jīng jīn píng chè qiān rèn dìng， bào guāng xù huáng dì pī zhǔn jì wèi de。 dì jiǔ shì bān chán jiān chí 'ài guó 'ài jiào chuán tǒng， bèi xīzàng qīn dì shì lì bī zǒu zǔ guó nèi dì， zhā sì zhèng jiào quán lì bèi fēi fǎ qīn zhàn。 qí zhuǎn shì líng tóng yóu bān chán kān bù huì yì tīng zǔ zhì xún fǎng， yīn qīn dì shì lì zǔ zhǐ jīn píng chè qiān， ér yóu mín guó zhèng fǔ dài zǒng tǒng lǐ zōng rén pī zhǔn miǎn chè jì wèi de。 yǐ shàng wǔ shì bān chán zhōng， nǎ yī shì yě bù shì dá lài zǔ zhì xún fǎng bān zǐ xún fǎng rèn dìng de。
　　
　　 cóng zōng jiào shàng kàn。 bān chán hé dá lài shì cáng chuán fó jiào gé lǔ pài de liǎng dà huó fó， ér gé lǔ pài sì miào pǔ biàn gòngfèng de“ shī tú sān zūn” zhōng què zhǐ yòu bān chán 'ér wú dá lài。 ér qiě 'àn cáng chuán fó jiào huà shēn zhuǎn shì de shuō fǎ， bān chán shì wú liàng guāng fó huà shēn， ér dá lài shì guān shì yīn pú sà huà shēn。 kě jiàn zōng jiào shàng bān chán hái yào lüè gāo yú dá lài， gēn běn bù cún zài dá lài líng jià yú bān chán zhī shàng， kě yǐ rèn dìng bān chán de wèn tí。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má yòu bān chū“ shī tú guān xì” lái méng bì shì rén。 shì shí shàng， yǐ wǎng 10 shì bān chán zhōng zhǐ yòu 3 shì céng bài dá lài wéi shī， ér 14 shì dá lài zhōng què yòu 8 shì bài bān chán wéi shī（ wèi hán shī cóng yī shì bān chán xué jīng duō nián de yī shì dá lài）。 shī tú guān xì bìng bù shì zì shǐ zhì zhōng dōuyòu de， zhǐ shì suí yuán 'ér qǐ、 shí duàn shí xù de， bìng fēi zōng jiào yí guǐ。 gèng hé kuàng dì shí shì bān chán hé dì shí sì shì dá lài gēn běn jiù méi yòu shī tú guān xì。 zhōng guó fó jiào xié huì huì cháng zhào pǔ chū lǎo xiān shēng duì cǐ jìn xíng fēn xī yán jiū de jié lùn shì：“ dá lài lá má zài xún fǎng rèn dìng shí shì bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng wèn tí shàng， gēn běn méi yòu fā yán quán， méi yòu zhǐ dǎo quán， gèng méi yòu rèn dìng quán。”
　　
　　1989 nián 8 yuè， guó wù yuàn pī zhǔn liǎo yǐ dì shí shì bān chán dà shī jīng shī jiā yǎ huó fó wéi shǒu， yòu zhā sì huó fó kān bù、 gāo sēng jí dà shī jìn shì rén yuán cān
　　 jiā de zhuǎn shì líng tóng xún fǎng bān zǐ； zǔ chéng liǎo yǐ zhōng guó fó jiào xié huì huì cháng zhào pǔ chū hé fù huì cháng、 fó xié xīzàng fēn huì míng yù huì cháng pà bā lā · gé liè lǎng jié wéi zǒng gù wèn， yòu gè dì cáng chuán fó jiào zhù míng huó fó、 gāo sēng zǔ chéng de gù wèn bān zǐ， àn zōng jiào yí guǐ， rú fǎ rú yí dì jìn xíng sòng jīng qí dǎo， cháo hú guān yǐng， mì mì xún fǎng， yàn zhèng lín xuǎn děng yī xì liè jiān kǔ xì wēi de gōng zuò， qǔ dé liǎo zhòng dà chéng jiù， zhuǎn shì gōng zuò jìn rù liǎo jué dìng xìng jiē duàn。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má jì méi yòu xún fǎng rèn dìng bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng de quán lì， liú wáng tā xiāng yòu shǐ tā sàng shī liǎo bì xū jù bèi de kè guān tiáo jiàn， dàn chū yú fēn liè zǔ guó， huò cáng luàn jiào de xū yào， wàng tú gǎi biàn bān chán shì xì 'ài guó 'ài jiào de chuán tǒng， gòu jié bài lèi， nòng xū zuò jiǎ， qī piàn qún zhòng。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má cóng qià zhā chù dé dào chū bù xún fǎng qíng kuàng hòu， 1994 nián 5 yuè cóng zhōng xuǎn zhōng yī míng 'ér tóng， xìn gào qià zhā， yào qiú zài cì guān hú wéi rèn dìng zhì zào yǐ jù。 qià zhā bù gù jiā yǎ huó fó shì jì qián“ guān hú yǐ jīng jié shù” de zhǐ shì hé tā zì jǐ yī gè yuè qián duì jì zhě de tóng yàng jiǎng huà， bēizhe xún fǎng xiǎo zǔ duō shù chéng yuán， yú shì nián 10 yuè zài cì mì mì cháo hú， wěi zào“ yǐ jù”。
　　
　　1995 nián 1 yuè xià xún， xún fǎng xiǎo zǔ kāi huì， lín xuǎn zhòng diǎn 'ér tóng shí， qià zhā bù gù duō shù rén de fǎn duì， jiāng cǐ 'ér tóng qiáng xíng sài jìn zhòng diǎn míng dān。
　　
　　1995 nián 2 yuè chū， yòu guān lǐng dǎo yào tí chū 3 míng hòu xuǎn líng tóng， zhǔn bèi jīn píng chè qiān shí， qià zhā jiè gù tuō yán， shèn zhì duì yòu guān lǐng dǎo shuō：“
　　 wǒ méi yòu pàn duàn bān chán dà shī zhuǎn shì líng tóng de wù xìng hé běn lǐng。” gāng gāng guò liǎo sān tiān， yóu yú jiē dào liǎo dá lài kě yǐ rèn dìng zhè míng 'ér tóng de xìn jiàn， tā yòu mǎ shàng huì bào shuō yǐ jīng fā xiàn kě yǐ rèn dìng de zuì líng 'ér tóng。 wèn tā shì zěn yàng rèn dìng de？ tā shuō shì zài dì shí shì bān chán dà shī líng tǎ qián qiān wán wèn bǔ rèn dìng de。 shí jì shàng， 11 tiān hòu tā cái jìn xíng wèn bǔ， ér qiě zài wèn bǔ qián hòu dōubù ràng bié rén kàn qiān wán zhōng de míng tiáo， wán quán yóu tā yī rén shuō liǎo suàn。 ér xún fǎng xiǎo zǔ chéng yuán dōuzhī dào zhè gè 'ér tóng shēng rì bèi jiāzhǎng yī zài tuī chí， shàng xū chá zhèng。 yòng zhè qī piàn shǒu duàn zhì zào jiǎ de líng tóng， qǐ bù shì duì“ fó yòu sān shēn” hé“ suí yuán zhuǎn shì” jiào yì de zuì dà xiè dòu hé bèi pàn。 shàn yòu shàn bào， è yòu 'è bào。 dá lài hé qià zhā zhè yī piàn jú de bào lù hé shī bài， yǐ jí qià zhā de zhā sì mín guǎn huì hé liǎng jí zhèng xié zhí wù de chè xiāo， zhèng rú cáng chuán fó jiào jiè gāo sēng men suǒ shuō：“ zhè zhèng shì 'ài guó 'ài jiào de dì shí shì bān chán dà shī xiǎn líng， yě shì fó pú sà niè sān dé zhēn dì、 zhēn xiāng、 zhēn yòng de tǐ xiàn。” shì rén xīn suǒ xiàng de hǎo shì。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má wèishénme yào fǎn duì jīn píng chè qiān ní？
　　
　　 zài dà zhāo sì yìng gōng shū shèng de shì jiā móu ní xiàng qián， yòng jīn píng chè qiān rèn dìng dà huó fó de zhuǎn shì líng tóng zhēn shēn， jì shì zuì gōng kāi、 zuì gōng píng de bàn fǎ， yòu wán quán néng tǐ xiàn fó zǔ de cí bēi jiā chí hé zhì huì fǎ duàn， yě fú hé dì shí shì bān chán dà shī shēng qián de yí yuàn。 zǎo zài 1989 nián 2 yuè 3 rì 'ā pèi · ā wàng jìn měi fù wěi yuán cháng jiù shuō， dà shī zhuǎn shēng zài shénme dì fāng， gè cáng qū dū huì yòu zì jǐ de kàn fǎ， zhè méi guān xì， zuì hòu zài dà zhāo sì shì jiā móu ní xiàng qián yóu“ jīn píng chè qiān” rèn dìng， shuí yě tí bù chū yì jiàn。 cān jiā quán guó rén dà、 quán guó zhèng xié huì yì de huó fó gāo sēng zài cì fēn fēn yào qiú tōng guò jīn píng chè qiān rèn dìng zhuǎn shì líng tóng zhēn shēn， dài biǎo liǎo guǎng dà qún zhòng de hū shēng。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má chū yú fēn liè zǔ guó de zhèng zhì xū yào， lì yòng guó wài cáng bāo duì jīn píng chè qiān yóu lái de bù liǎo jiě， zài zhǐ shì qià zhā fǎn duì jīn píng chè qiān de tóng shí， gōng rán cuàn gǎi lì shǐ， zào yáo huò zhòng， hú shuō shénme“ jīn píng chè qiān bù fú hé fó jiào jiào yì”， cóng lái jiù méi yòu shí xíng guò，“ dá lài yòu quán gǎi biàn zōng jiào yí guǐ”，“ dá lài yòu quán jué dìng xū bù xū yào chè qiān” děng děng， zài xìn jiào qún zhòng zhōng zhì zào hùn luàn。
　　
　　 zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ wéi bǎo hù zōng jiào jiè rén shì hé guǎng dà xìn jiào qún zhòng de zōng jiào gǎn qíng hé zhèng dāng quán yì， wéi hù zōng jiào yí guǐ， cǎi yòng jīn píng chè qiān fāng shì lái rèn dìng líng tóng zhēn shēn， wán quán shì tǐ xiàn mín xīn， shùn hū mín yì de。
　　
　　 dá lài yǎn kàn tā yī shǒu cèhuà hé kǔ xīn jīng yíng de yīn móu jí jiāng pò chǎn shí， bù xī yǐ tā“ zōng jiào lǐng xiù de gǎn zhào lì” zuò dǔ zī， gū zhù yī zhì， shàn zì fēi fǎ rèn dìng“ bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng”， gōng kāi xiàng cáng chuán fó jiào jiè hé zàngzú rén mín tiǎo zhàn， xiàng zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ shì wēi。
　　
　　 xiāo xī chuán dào guó nèi， lì jí yǐn qǐ gōng fèn hé shēng tǎo。 shǒu xiān shì zhèng zài lā sà cān jiā xīzàng zì zhì qū rén dà hé zhèng xié huì yì dài biǎo、 wěi yuán de jiān jué fǎn duì， pà bā lā · gé liè lǎng jié fā biǎo tán huà， yán zhèng shēng míng： dá lài dān fāng miàn xuān bù shí shì bān chán dà shī“ zhuǎn shì líng tóng” de zuò fǎ shì fēi fǎ de、 wú xiào de， wǒ men zhǐ chéng rèn 'àn zhào zōng jiào yí guǐ hé lì shǐ guàn lì jìn xíng xún fǎng、 bìng jīng zhōng yāng pī zhǔn de dì shí shì bān chán dà shī zhuǎn shì líng tóng。 zhā sì bā dà huó fó zhī yī、 xún fǎng xiǎo zǔ chéng yuán shēng qīn · luò sāng jiān zàn shuō：“ dá lài lá má zhì zhōng yāng zhèng cè yú bù gù， shàn zì xuān bù rèn dìng bān chán dà shī zhuǎn shì líng tóng， gōng rán wéi bèi jiào guī， shāng hài liǎo guǎng dà xìn jiào qún zhòng de gǎn qíng。” bǐ lóng · bái mǎ dān zēng huó fó shuō：“ wǒ zuò wéi bān chán zhù sì zhā sì lún bù de yī míng huó fó， wán quán yòu zī gé zhèng míng， lì shì bān chán dà shī dōushì yóu zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ pī zhǔn de， dá lài wú quán shàn zì rèn dìng bān chán dà shī de zhuǎn shì líng tóng。” zhā sì mín guǎn huì cháng wù fù zhù rèn píng lā xuān bù：“ wǒ běn rén hé zhā sì mín zhù guǎn lǐ wěi yuán huì， duì cǐ wú fǎ chéng rèn， bù néng jiē shòu。”
　　
　　 xīzàng zì zhì qū rén dà hé zhèng xié huì yì yǐ jí fó xié xīzàng fēn huì fēn bié tōng guò jué yì hé shēng míng， jiān jué fǎn duì dá lài lá má de bù fǎ xíng wéi， qiǎn zé dá lài lá má lì yòng zōng jiào， fēn liè zǔ guó tǒng yī， pò huài mín zú tuán jié， sǔn hài rén mín lì yì， wéi fàn guó jiā fǎ lǜ， miǎo shì xīzàng fó jiào jiè yīngyǒu de quán lì hé zūn yán， jiàn tà sēng ní hé xìn jiào qún zhòng de zōng jiào gǎn qíng。 yào qiú dá lài lá má duì tā de suǒ zuò suǒ wéi chéng dān zé rèn， jué xīn tóng fēn liè jí tuán dǒu zhēng dào dǐ。
　　
　　1995 nián 11 yuè 29 rì， shì cáng chuán fó jiào shǐ shàng yīnggāi yǒng zhì bù wàng de yī tiān， shì xīn zhōng guó chéng lì yǐ lái dì yī cì yòng jīn píng chè qiān rèn dìng cáng chuán fó jiào jié chū lǐng xiù dì shí shì bān chán dà shī zhuǎn shì líng tóng zhēn shēn de yī tiān。
　　
　　 pái chú liǎo dá lài jí tuán de gān rǎo pò huài， bān chán zhuǎn shì gōng zuò yòu huí dào liǎo yán gé zūn xún zōng jiào yí guǐ hé lì shǐ dìng zhì jiàn kāng fā zhǎn de guǐ dào。
　　
　　 tiáozhěng hòu de líng tóng xún fǎng xiǎo zǔ， jīng zài sān hé chá yàn zhèng， tí chū liǎo 3 míng hòu xuǎn líng tóng， zhēng dé guó nèi cáng chuán fó jiào jiè huó fó gāo sēng de guǎng fàn zàn tóng， jīng zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ pī zhǔn， yóu guó wù yuàn dài biǎo luó gān hé tè pài zhuān yuán jiāng cūn luó bù、 yè xiǎo wén zhù chí， 11 yuè 29 rì zài lā sà dà zhāo sì shū shèng de shì jiā móu ní xiàng qián， zhōng guó fó jiào sān dà chuán chéng tǐ xì de dà dé gāo sēng hé gè jiè dài biǎo qiān yú rén huān jù yī táng， jǔ xíng liǎo guī mó kōng qián， tiān rén xiāng yìng， miào yuán shū shèng， fǎ xǐ chōng yíng de jīn píng chè qiān yí shì， yǎng zhàng fó zǔ zhì huì fǎ duàn， rèn dìng jiā lí xiàn chū shēng de jiān zàn nuò bù wéi dì shí shì bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng zhēn shēn , yóu dé gāo wàng zhòng de dài lǐ gān dān chì bā bō mǐ · qiáng bā luò zhū huó fó gěi líng tóng tì dù， qǔ fǎ míng wéi jí zūn · luò sāng qiáng bā lún zhū què jí jié bù · bái sāng bù（ yì wéi wàn zhòng zūn chóng fǎ lì wú biān rén cí xiáng hé de fó fǎ zhī wáng）。
　　
　　1995 nián 11 yuè 30 rì， rì kā zé shì hé zhā shí lún bù sì zài cì pī shàng jié rì shèng zhuāng， qún zhòng mǎn huái xǐ yuè jī qíng， shǒu chí hǎdá hé xiān huā， yǒng xiàng jiē tóu， zài gē zài wǔ， qián chéng gōng yíng yǐ jīng kuò bié 6 nián， jīng zhōng yāng pī zhǔn jì wèi de xīn yī shì hù zhù dì shí yī shì bān chán 'é 'ěr dé ní · què jí jié bù chéng yuàn zài lái， hóng fǎ lì shēng。 qún zhòng qīng chǔ dì kàn dào， dāng chē duì xíng jìn shì jiāo huān yíng zhàng péng shí， yī dào yáng guāng chōng pò yún céng， duān duān zhào shè zài zhè wèi wú liàng guāng fó huà shēn chéng zuò de huáng sè wò chē shàng， duō me jí xiáng de zhēng zhào， rén qún zhōng xiǎng qǐ liǎo yī piàn chóng jìng zàn měi zhī shēng。
　　
　　 jí xiáng de 1995 nián 12 yuè 8 rì qīng chén， dāng dì yī lǚ hé xù de yáng guāng zhào shè dào rì guāng shān fēng shí， zhèn zhèn zhèn hàn rén xīn de fǎ gǔ shēng hé yōu yáng yuè 'ěr de fó lè， xiǎng chè zhā sì hé rì kā zé shàng kōng， zài guó wù yuàn dài biǎo lǐ tiě yìng hé tè pài zhuān yuán jiāng cūn luó bù、 yè xiǎo wén de zhù chí zhào hù xià， dì shí yī shì bān chán zhuāng zhòng dì dēng shàng liǎo yì gā qún zēng diàn nèi chuán tǒng de gēn běn fǎ chuáng。
　　
　　 zài lóng zhòng de zuò chuáng diǎn lǐ shàng， lǐ tiě yìng xuān dú liǎo guó wù yuàn tóng yì zuò chuáng de pī fù， dài biǎo guó wù yuàn xiàng dì shí yī shì bān chán bān shòu liǎo jīn cè jīn yìn， zhǎn shì liǎo jiāng zé mín zhù xí tí zèng zhā sì de“ hù guó lì mín” jīn zì biǎn shǒu gǎo。 quán guó fó jiào jiè gāo sēng dà dé、 sì yuàn dài biǎo xiàng xīn yī shì bān chán jìng xiàn màn zhā， dǐng lǐ kòu bài， biǎo dá liǎo chéng xīn guī yǐ hé wú xiàn chóng jìng de xīn yuàn。 qún zhòng dài biǎo pái zhe cháng duì， fèng xiàn fēng shèng hè lǐ， jiē shòu mó dǐng cì fú。 tǐ xiàn liǎo bǎi wàn xìn zhòng de qián chéng xìn yǎng hé wú bǐ yōng dài。
　　
　　 zhè zhēn shì“ xuě yù yǒng xiáng yún fó guāng xiàn ruì， fó mén féng shèng shì bǎo náo zēng huī”！
　　
　　 shì lì mín， hái shì hài mín
　　
　　 liú wáng hǎi wài hòu， shí sì shì dá lài lá má · dān zēng jiā cuò。 zǒng xǐ huān bǎ zì jǐ dǎ bàn chéng xīzàng rén mín jiù xīng de yàng zǐ， bǎ zì jǐ zuò de shì qíng， shuō chéng shì“ wèile xīzàng rén mín de xìng fú”， shèn zhì hái shuō：“ zhǐ yào wǒ dá lài lá má huó zài zhè gè shì jiè shàng， wǒ jiù yào wéi cáng rén de lì yì jié jìn quán lì !” zhēn de shì zhè yàng má ? zàngzú yòu jù yàn yǔ：“ kǒu shuō shì shuǐ pào， shí zuò shì huáng jīn。” yì sī shì shuō： kǒu lǐ jiǎng dé zài hǎo yě méi yòu yòng， hái dé kàn shí jì xíng dòng rú hé。 bǐ zhě xiǎng jǔ chū xīzàng 30 duō nián lái de yī xiē shì qíng， ràng shì rén kàn kàn dá lài lá má dào dǐ wéi xīzàng rén mín zuò liǎo xiē shénme ? tā de suǒ zuò suǒ wéi， dào dǐ duì xīzàng lǎo bǎi xìng yòu lì hái shì yòu hài ?
　　
　　1. shì tú wéi hù fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù
　　
　　1959 nián 3 yuè 10 rì， dá lài jí tuán zài lā sà gōng kāi fā dòng wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn。 3 yuè 17 rì yè lǐ， dá lài lá má běn rén cōng máng chū táo， 26 rì dǐ dá shān nán zhòng zhèn lóng zǐ zōng， pò bù jí dài dì xuān bù：“ xīzàng dú lì liǎo”。 4 yuè 18 rì， tā tōng guò xǐ mǎ lā yǎ shān kǒu dào dá yìn dù 'ā sà mǔ bāng de tí sī pǔ 'ěr， xiàng jù jí cǐ dì de gè guó jì zhě sàn fā liǎo《 dá lài lá má shēng míng》， quán pán fǒu dìng《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》， gǔ chuī“ xīzàng dú lì”。 4 yuè 25 rì， xīzàng fēn liè zhù yì fènzǐ tóu mù zài yìn dù chéng shì mù suǒ lǐ zhào kāi huì yì， chóu zǔ“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ”。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má gōng kāi gǎo pàn luàn、 gǎo fēn liè zuì hé xīn de yī diǎn， shì tā xiǎng zài xīzàng yǒng yuǎn bǎo chí fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù。 dāng rán yǔ xī fāng dì guó zhù yì de tiǎo suō yě yòu mìqiè de guān xì。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má tǒng zhì xià de jiù xīzàng， běn lái shì shì jiè shàng zuì méi yòu rén quán de dì fāng， kě shì， dào liǎo 20 shì jì 80 nián dài， zhè wèi fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù de zǒng dài biǎo què zài yī yè zhī jiān chéng liǎo suǒ wèi de“ rén quán wèi shì”， zài gè zhǒng chǎng hé gǎn qíng jī dòng dì gōng jī zhōng guó zhèng fǔ wéi bèi rén quán， huò zhě kòng sù dāng dài xīzàng rú hé rú hé bù jiǎng rén quán。 xiàn zài shì jiè shàng yòu xiē shì qíng yě bǐ jiào guài， guài dé wǒ mendōu nán yǐ lǐ jiě， dá lài lá má suǒ dài biǎo de xīzàng fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù， běn lái shì jí cán kù jí yě mán de， zǎo yǐ bèi rén lèi lì shǐ suǒ tuò qì de， dá lài lá má zhè jǐ nián yě yòu jīng yàn liǎo， tā zǒng jué dé zì jǐ shì huó fó， bù guǎn zì jǐ shuō shénme， xī fāng rén jiù xiāng xìn shénme。 yú shì tū fā qí xiǎng， bǎ fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù shuō chéng yī duǒ huā， shuō chéng shì jiè shàng zuì měi hǎo zuì rén dào de zhì dù， rú tóng xī tiān de jí lè shì jiè。 1983 nián 3 yuè 10 rì， tā zài yìn dù dá lán sà lā jū rán zhè yàng jiǎng：“ guò qù， wǒ men xuě yù xī cáng zài fó guāng de zhào yào xià， rén men 'ān jū lè yè。”“ wǒ men de nóng nú zhì dù bìng bù tóng yú qí tā de nóng nú zhì dù， zhè shì yīn wéi xī cáng dì guǎng rén xī， fó jiào wéi zhòng shēng móu fú lì， gào jiè rén men xiāng hù yào rén 'ài。 yīn cǐ wǒ men de shè huì suī rán shí xíng de shì nóng nú zhì dù， dàn tā shì yī zhǒng yǐ fó jiào wéi jī chǔ、 jù yòu gāo shàng hé lì tā rén zhī xīn de nóng nú zhì dù。”
　　
　　 xīzàng de fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù， dào dǐ shì shénme yàng zǐ ní？ lā sà xī běi 50 gōng lǐ chù de duī lóng dé qìng xiàn sè xīn cūn， mín zhù gǎi gé qián shì shí sì shì dá lài lá má jiā de zhuāng yuán。 cūn lǐ de lǎo rén men， zhì jīn méi yòu wàng jì dá lài lá má jiājǐ tā men dài lái de tòng kǔ hé bù xìng。 dāng shí zhuāng yuán lǐ 20 hù chā bā ( nóng nú )， měi tiān dōuyào pài chū zhù yào láo lì zì dài gōng jù、 kǒu liáng dào zhuāng yuán de tǔ dì shàng wú cháng dì fú láo yì。 dá lài lá má jiā de xī duī（ zhuāng yuán guǎn shì） lái běn（ jiān gōng）， tí zhe pí biān、 gùn bàng， jiān dū tā men láo dòng， měi tiān yào gān shí wǔ liù gè xiǎo shí， nóng máng jì jié dá dào 20 gè xiǎo shí zuǒ yòu。 nóng nú men shāo shāo chí dào huò zhě yòu yī diǎn diǎn bù mǎn de biǎo shì， shèn zhì yīn bìng huò bǔ yù yīng 'ér， dū huì lì jí zāo dào quán dǎ jiǎo tī， shí tóu gùn bàng jiāo jiā， quán zhuāng yuán nóng nú chú yī gè shuǐ mó guǎn lǐ rén wài， wú yī xìng miǎn。 nóng nú men bǎ dá lài jiā tǒng zhì de sè xīn zhuāng yuán bǐ zuò rén jiān dì yù， jīng cháng duì tiān fā shì“ xià bèi zǐ zuò niú zuò mǎ yě bù zhān sè xīn de tǔ dì liǎo。” yóu yú quē chī shǎo chuān， láo dòng fán zhòng， biān dǎ hé líng rǔ jiǎn zhí shì jiā cháng biàn fàn， nóng nú men rěn wú kě rěn， zhǐ yòu táo páo。 1950 nián qiū tiān， 18 gè nóng nú hé nú lì jí tǐ táo páo liǎo， dá lài jiā tōng guò dì fāng zhèng fǔ jìn xíng tōng jī， táo páo zhě zài yǎ lǔ cáng bù jiāng biān bèi dài zhù， zhuāng yuán guǎn shì bǎ tā men yòng niú máo shéng kǔn bǎng， yòng pí biān hé gùn bàng chōu dǎzháo bǎ tā men yā huí zhuāng yuán， rán hòu bǎng zài liǔ shù shàng， měi rén xiān dǎ liǎo 100 bàng， yòu yòng tiě liào kào zhù shuāng jiǎo， guān jìn sī shè de láo fáng， jìn xíng biān dǎ hé kǎo wèn。 dāng shí zhèng shì qiū shōu shí jié， zhuāng yuán lǐ láo dòng lì bù gòu， hái qiǎngpò tā men dài zhe jiǎo liào qù shōu gē qīng kē…… sè xīn cūn de lǎo rén men huí yì shuō， dá lài lá má jiā guǎn lǐ sè xīn zhuāng yuán de 10 nián jiān， bèi dǎ shāng zhì cán de yòu 11 rén， zhòng shāng zhì sǐ de 5 rén。 zhè bù shì shén huà， yě bù shì gù shì， zhè shì 40 nián qián fā shēng zài zhè kuài tǔ dì shàng de shí shí zài zài de shì shí， dāng nián táo páo 'ér bèi zhuā huí de nóng nú hái yòu hǎo jǐ wèi huó zhe， tā men shēn shàng hái dài zhe lěi lěi de shāng bā， tā men jué bù huì rèn wéi， nóng nú zhì dù shì rén dào zhù yì de lè yuán。 shì mín zhù gǎi gé cái chè dǐ gǎi biàn liǎo tā men de mìng yùn， zhēn zhèng yòu liǎo rén shēn zì yóu， yě cái zhēn zhèng de fù yù liǎo qǐ lái。
　　
　　 zài xīzàng fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù xià， yī qiē cái fù、 quán lì guī nóng nú zhù， ér guǎng dà de nóng nú hé nú lì， yī pín rú xǐ， yī wú suǒ yòu， lián zuò rén de qǐ mǎ quán lì yě méi yòu。 tā men shì shì dài dài wéi guì zú、 sì yuàn、 guān fǔ zhī fù wú qióng wú jìn de wū lā chāiyì， chéng fù zhe rén lèi hǎn jiàn de chén zhòng láo dòng， què guò zhe rén lèi hǎn yòu de bēi cǎn shēng huó。 tā men méi yòu rèn hé rén shēn zì yóu kě yán， lǐng zhù kě yǐ rèn yì wǔ rǔ、 zhé mó、 mǎi mài、 zèng sòng、 biān dǎ shèn zhì cán shā nóng nú hé nú lì。 tā men yī bù bì tǐ， shí bù guǒ fù， 90 ％ yǐ shàng de réndōu shì wén máng。 shēng bìng dé bù dào zhì liáo， tiān huā、 shǔ yì、 huò luàn děng liú xíng bìng duó qù chéng qiān shàng wàn rén de shēng mìng， ér tóng sǐ wáng shuài gāo guò 60％， rén men de píng jūn shòu mìng zhǐ yòu 35 suì。 zhè gè zhì dù shì rú cǐ de bù gōng píng、 bù hé lǐ、 bù rén dào， fán yòu liáng zhī de rén 'ěr wén mù dǔ zhī hòu wú bù biǎo shì jí dà de zhèn jīng hé fèn kǎi。 tā hé 'ōu zhōu yǐ jí 'é luó sī zhōng shì jì hēi 'àn de nóng nú zhì yòu guò zhī 'ér wú bù jí， nà lǐ de nóng nú zhì dù zǎo yǐ jīng fèi chú jǐ bǎi nián liǎo， tā zài hòu dài rén de xīn mù zhōng chéng liǎo yě mán yǔ luò hòu de dài míng cí。
　　
　　 kǎo lǜ dào xīzàng lì shǐ hé shè huì de tè shū qíng kuàng， 1951 nián zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ hé xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ qiān dìng de hé píng jiě fàng xīzàng shí qī tiáo xié yì dì shí yī tiáo guī dìng：“ yòu guān xīzàng de gè xiàng gǎi gé shì yí， zhōng yāng bù jiā qiǎngpò， xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ yìng zì dòng jìn xíng gǎi gé， rén mín tí chū gǎi gé yào qiú shí， dé cǎi qǔ yǔ xīzàng lǐng dǎo rén yuán xié shāng de fāng fǎ jiě jué zhī。” 1956 nián 4 yuè， xīzàng zì zhì qū chóu bèi wěi yuán huì chéng lì， jiàn yú lín jìn jǐ shěng cáng qū jìn xíng gǎi gé de xiāo xī chuán dào dào xīzàng， gè dì qún zhòng fēn fēn tí chū gǎi gé de qǐng qiú， shí shì bān chán 'é 'ěr dé ní yě biǎo shì yuàn yì zài tā de shǔ qū jìn xíng shì diǎn。 dāng shí xīzàng què yòu gǎi gé shì diǎn de dǎ suàn， zhōng yāng zài chōng fēn tīng qǔ liǎo dá lài lá má de yì jiàn zhī hòu， jué dìng gǎi gé tuī chí jìn xíng， gǎi gé shì diǎn yě tíng zhǐ， zài guì zú shàng céng guān yuán méi yòu 'ān zhì hǎo yǐ qián bù tán gǎi gé。 1956 nián 8 yuè 18 rì， máo zé dōng zhù xí qīn zì fù xìn dá lài lá má， shuō xiàn zài hái bù shì gǎi gé de shí hòu。 jiē zhe zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ sān cì yǔ dá lài lá má tán huà， zhuǎn dá máo zhù xí de yì sī， xīzàng 6 nián nèi bù gǎo gǎi gé， 6 nián yǐ hòu gǎi bù gǎi， hái shì yóu dá lài lá má jué dìng。 dàn shì， dá lài lá má hé xīzàng yī xiē nóng nú zhù， hái shì fā dòng liǎo quán miàn de gōng kāi de wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn， yīn wéi tā men xū yào de bù shì tuī chí gǎi gé， ér shì yǒng yuǎn bù gǎi， yǒng yuǎn zài xīzàng bǎo chí bù hé lǐ、 bù rén dào de fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù。
　　
　　 dá lài jí tuán fā dòng wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn， gōng kāi sī huǐ liǎo hé píng jiě fàng xīzàng de shí qī tiáo xié yì， yī dù yīn wéi dá lài lá má fǎn duì 'ér yī zài tuī chí de mín zhù gǎi gé， lǐ suǒ dāng rán dì zài xīzàng gè dì kāi zhǎn liǎo qǐ lái。 zǔ zǔ bèi bèi dāng niú zuò mǎ de nóng nú， fān shēn jiě fàng， dāng jiā zuò zhù， chéng liǎo guó jiā de zhù rén， shè huì de zhù rén， yě chéng liǎo zì shēn zhù rén。 dào 1960 dǐ， xīzàng 87 wàn rén kǒu de nóng yè qū jī běn shàng wán chéng liǎo mín zhù gǎi gé， 20 wàn hù nóng mín lǐng dào liǎo tǔ dì suǒ yòu zhèng。 jīng guò mín zhù gǎi gé， fèi chú liǎo nóng nú duì nóng nú zhù de rén shēn yǐ fù guān xì， què lì liǎo nóng mín gè tǐ suǒ yòu zhì， nóng nú hé nú lì fēn dé liǎo tǔ dì、 shēng chù hé qí tā shēng chǎn zī liào， jiā nú 'ān liǎo jiā， shì shì dài dài mèng mèi yǐ qiú de tǔ dì， biàn chéng liǎo huó shēng shēng de xiàn shí。 dāng xióng xióng de liè huǒ fén shāo gāo lì dài zhài quàn de shí hòu； dāng nóng nú fēn dào liǎo tǔ dì、 fáng wū hé shēng chù de shí hòu； dāng tā men lǐng dào tǔ dì zhèng de shí hòu， rén men wéi zhe gōu huǒ chàng gē tiào wǔ， hē jiǔ kuáng huān， yòu de rén pěng zhe tǔ dì zhèng rè lèi cháng liú， yòu de rén zài xīn fēn de tǔ dì shàng dǎ gǔn， yòu de rén bào zhe shēng chù qīn wěn， nà zhēn shì gāo yuán mín zú zuì wéi shèng dà zuì wéi gǎn rén de jié rì。
　　
　　1960 nián de chūn tiān， xīzàng nóng mín dì yī cì zài zì jǐ de tǔ dì shàng bōzhòng xiǎo mài hé qīng kē， tā men yǐ qián suǒ wèi yòu de rè qíng shī féi hé zhōng gēng， qiū tiān huò dé liǎo fēng shōu。 jù bù wán quán tǒng jì， 1960 nián xīzàng liáng shí zǒng chǎn liàng dá dào 205934 dūn， bǐ shuí zhǒng shuí shōu de 1959 nián yòu zēngzhǎng liǎo 12％。 jiē zhe xīzàng chéng xiāng jìn xíng mín zhù pǔ xuǎn， guò qù nóng nú lián zuò rén de quán lì yě méi yòu， cóng lái méi tīng shuō guò shénme xuǎn jǔ quán hé bèi xuǎn jǔ quán， xiàn zài cūn cháng、 xiāng cháng、 xiàn cháng dōushì lǎo bǎi xìng zì jǐ xuǎn。 nóng nú men bù huì xiě zì， biàn zài hòu xuǎn rén bèi hòu fàng yī gè mù wǎn， dà jiā wǎng lǐ miàn tóu dòu zǐ， dòu zǐ zuì duō de dāng xuǎn。 jù 1965 nián 7 yuè tǒng jì， quán xīzàng 1359 gè xiāng、 zhèn jìn xíng liǎo jī céng xuǎn jǔ， yòu 567 gè xiāng、 zhèn kāi liǎo rén mín dài biǎo huì yì， dài xíng rén mín dài biǎo dà huì zhí quán， yòu 54 gè xiàn zhào kāi liǎo rén mín dài biǎo dà huì， xuǎn jǔ chū zhèng、 fù xiàn cháng， jiàn lì liǎo xiàn rén mín wěi yuán huì。 1965 nián 9 yuè 1 rì xīzàng zì zhì qū zhèng shì chéng lì， xuǎn jǔ 'ā pèi · ā wàng jìn měi wéi zì zhì qū rén mín wěi yuán huì zhù xí， biāo zhì zhe xīzàng jìn rù liǎo rén mín dāng jiā zuò zhù de xīn shí qī。
　　
　　 zài xīzàng shì bǎo chí fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù hǎo， hái shì jìn xíng mín zhù gǎi gé hǎo ? shì ràng lǎo bǎi xìng dāng niú zuò mǎ hǎo， hái shì dāng jiā zuò zhù hǎo ? zhè shì yī gè zuì jiǎn dān bù guò de wèn tí。 fèi chú rén bō xuē rén de zhì dù， méi yòu tǔ dì de rén yòu liǎo tǔ dì， méi yòu fáng zǐ de rén yòu liǎo fáng zǐ， méi yòu niú yáng de rén yòu liǎo niú yáng， zhè shì zàngzú rén mín zǔ zǔ bèi bèi pàn wàng yǐ jiǔ de hǎo shì qíng。 yī zhí biāo bǎng“ wèile cáng rén de xìng fú 'ér fèn dǒu” de dá lài lá má， rú guǒ zhēn de guān xīn lǎo bǎi xìng jí kǔ， duì tā men cí bēi wéi huái， duì zhè yàng zào fú xīzàng rén mín de hǎo shì， lǐ yìng jǔ shǒu zàn chéng。 dàn shì， tā de tài dù bìng fēi rú cǐ。 tā hěn bù xǐ huān xīzàng de mín zhù gǎi gé， yě hěn bù gāo xīng lǎo bǎi xìng fān shēn jiě fàng， tā zài guó wài tiān tiān shuō xīzàng lǎo bǎi xìng fēn tián fēn dì huài jí liǎo、 zāo tòu liǎo。 hái tōu tōu dì pài rén qián rù xīzàng gè dì gǎo pò huài， sàn fā chuán dān， zhāng tiē biāo yǔ， sàn bù yáo yán， pò huài mín zhù gǎi gé。 tā bǎ bèi dǎ dé qī líng bā luò de sì shuǐ liù gǎng wèi jiào jūn， chóngxīn zǔ zhì qǐ lái， qǐng měi guó zhōng yāng qíng bào jú bāng zhù jìn xíng xùn liàn， fēn qī fēn pī yùn sòng dào ní bó 'ěr jìng nèi de mù sī táng dì qū， cóng zhè lǐ chū fā gǎo huí cuàn， qiǎng lǎo bǎi xìng de niú yáng， nòng dé xīzàng xī bù hǎo jǐ gè xiàn hěn bù 'ān níng， zhōng ní biān jìng mào yì yě shòu yǐng xiǎng。 ní bó 'ěr guó wáng hěn shì qì fèn， pài jūn duì qù wéi jiǎo， wèi jiào jūn méi yòu bàn fǎ， yòu de tóu jiàng， yòu de bèi xiāo miè liǎo。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má zhè yàng zuò， jiū jìng duì xīzàng lǎo bǎi xìng yòu shénme hǎo chù ní ?
　　
　　2. shì shuí zhēn zhèng guān xīn bǎi xìng de shēng huó？
　　
　　 yǎ lǔ cáng bù jiāng qū qū wān wān， qián jìn de dào lù bìng bù píng tǎn。 cóng 1966 nián kāi shǐ de“ wén huà dà gé mìng”， gěi zhěng gè zhōng guó dài lái liǎo zāinàn， dì chù shì jiè wū jǐ de xīzàng yě wèi néng xìng miǎn。 1976 nián 10 yuè， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng qīng chú liǎo rén rén tòng hèn de“ sì rén bāng”。 1978 nián 12 yuè zhào kāi liǎo dǎng de shí yī jiè sān zhōng quán huì， yǐ dèng xiǎo píng wéi dài biǎo de zhōng guó lǐng dǎo rén zhí xíng gǎi gé kāi fàng、 fù guó fù mín de lù xiàn， zhōng guó jìn rù liǎo jiàn shè shè huì zhù yì xiàn dài huà de xīn shí qī。
　　
　　1980 nián 3 yuè， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng jǔ xíng liǎo dì yī cì xīzàng gōng zuò zuò tán huì， tí chū liǎo jiān jué shí xíng xiū yǎng shēng xī， jiǎn qīng qún zhòng fù dān， shí xíng tè shū líng huó de zhèng cè， cù jìn jīng jì de fā zhǎn； bǎ guó jiā zhī yuán xīzàng de jīng fèi yòng yú fā zhǎn nóng mù yè yǐ jí zàngzú rén mín rì cháng pò qiē xū yào de fāng miàn； dà lì dì chōng fēn dì fā zhǎn zàngzú kē xué wén huà shì yè ; jiā qiáng cáng hàn gànbù de qīn mì tuán jié děng jí xū bàn hǎo de liù jiàn dà shì， yě shì liù jiàn hǎo shì。
　　
　　 zài zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo rén de zhí jiē guān xīn hé zhǐ dǎo xià， xīzàng mín zú、 zōng jiào hé wén huà zhèng cè， háo bù hán hú dì dé dào luò shí； nóng mù mín fù dān zài hěn duǎn shí jiān nèi dé dào jiǎn qīng， nóng cūn mù qū hěn kuài dì chū xiàn liǎo ràng rén gāo xīng de xīn qì xiàng。 xīzàng de xíng shì hěn lìng rén huān xīn gǔ wǔ， wú lùn chéng shì hái shì nóng cūn， mù qū hái shì biān dì， rén men xīn qíng shū chàng， dào chù qì fēn huó yuè， zhèn fèn rén xīn de shì qíng měi tiān dōuzài fā shēng， dà jiā duì xīzàng de wèi lái chōng mǎn liǎo měi hǎo de chōng jǐng。 xīzàng shàng céng rén shì chóngxīn cān zhèng yì zhèng， chōng fēn fā huī tā men de jī jí zuò yòng， wén gé zào chéng de yuān jiǎ cuò 'àn dé dào píng fǎn， tā men chóngxīn huò dé liǎo shè huì de zūn zhòng。 cóng 1980 nián dào 1988 nián de 9 nián lǐ， xiān hòu yòu 1700 duō wèi mín zú zōng jiào shàng céng rén shì dāng xuǎn wéi quán guó hé xīzàng gè jí rén dà dài biǎo、 zhèng xié wěi yuán， yòu de jìn rù gè jí guó jiā jī guān dān rèn zhí wù， yī pī jù yòu zhuān yè tè cháng de rén shì bèi pìn qǐng dào xué xiào、 yī yuàn、 xīn wén chū bǎn、 wén wù kǎo gǔ、 shè huì kē xué hé wén huà yì shù bù mén， cóng shì jiào xué、 yī liáo、 biān ji、 kē yán gōng zuò， tā men zhōng jiān hěn duō réndōu dāng shàng liǎo jiào shòu、 yán jiū yuán、 biān shěn， yòu de hái bèi guó jiā hé zì zhì qū shòu yú yòu tè shū gòng xiàn de zhuān jiā chēng hào。
　　
　　 mín zhù gǎi gé shí guī dìng duì wèi pàn lǐng zhù hé dài lǐ rén shí xíng shú mǎi zhèng cè， wén huà dà gé mìng qī jiān yī dù tíng zhǐ， xiàn zài chóngxīn bǔ fā， zǒng gòng gěi 2300 wèi shàng céng rén shì bǔ fā shú mǎi jīn 770 duō wàn yuán。 1959 nián cān jiā pàn luàn hái zài yā de rén yuán， quán bù kuān dà shì fàng， zhāi diào pàn luàn mào zǐ， jǐyǔ gōng mín quán。 duì zài nóng mù qū shè huì zhù yì gǎi zào zhōng bèi huá wéi fù nóng、 fù mù de hù， yī lǜ gǎi zhèng； zài chéng zhèn bèi huá wéi zī běn jiā de， yī lǜ huī fù yuán lái de chéngfèn。 zài cháng qī de shè huì zhù yì gé mìng hé jiàn shè de shí jiàn zhōng， yuán lái de shàng céng rén shì dé dào liǎo shēn kè de jiào yù， zǒu shàng liǎo 'ài guó jìn bù de dào lù， yòu de hái chéng wéi gè jí rén dà、 zhèng xié de chéng yuán。
　　
　　 shì shì dài dài xìn yǎng cáng chuán fó jiào de xīzàng rén mín， rú jīn yòu chóngxīn xiǎng shòu zhe zōng jiào xìn yǎng de zì yóu。 guó jiā bō chū shù yǐ yì jì de jù kuǎn， wéi xiū fó jiào sì miào hé zōng jiào chǎng suǒ， bā jiǎo jiē zhuǎn jīng de rén cóng zǎo dào wǎn luò yì bù jué， gè jiào pài sì miào xiāng huǒ wàng shèng。 sēng rén hé ní gū xí jīng xiū fǎ lǐ bài shén fó， gè zhǒng fǎ shì huó dòng huī fù， xiàng guǎng dà xìn jiào qún zhòng kāi fàng。 xiàn zài xīzàng gòng yòu sì miào、 shén diàn、 jìng xiū yuàn 1787 zuò， jīhū měi gè xiāng píng jūn yòu yī zuò； zài sì sēng ní 46000 rén， àn xīzàng xiàn yòu rén kǒu 200 wàn jì suàn， jīhū měi 40 gè rén zhōng jiù yòu yī gè rén chū jiā xiū xíng。 zài gè xíng gè yè dōuhěn fā zhǎn de xiàn dài shè huì， xīzàng sēng ní de bǐ lì què shí shì hěn gāo de， wú lùn shì sì miào hái shì sēng ní， dū wán quán néng gòu mǎn zú guǎng dà xìn jiào qún zhòng de xū yào。 gè jí fó jiào xié huì chóngxīn kāi zhǎn gōng zuò， zōng jiào shàng céng rén shì dé dào tuǒ shàn 'ān pái， gè dì jù yòu dài biǎo xìng de zōng jiào jié rì zhú bù huī fù， lì rú lā sà dà zhāo sì de chuán zhào dà fǎ huì、 rì kā zé de xī mò qīng bō jié、 jiāng zī dá mǎ jié、 gān dān sì zhǎn fó jié、 zhé bàng sì de xuě dùn jié、 sè lā sì de jīn gāng jué jié、 rè zhèn sì、 sāng yé sì、 chǔ bù sì、 sà jiā sì、 zhí gòng sì de shén wǔ jié děng děngdōu yǐ huī fù。 mǎ nián zhuǎn gǎng dǐ sī shān， yáng nián zhuǎn nà mù cuò hú， hóu nián zhuǎn dé zhōng bǎo shān děng， guī mó shèng dà lóng zhòng rè liè。 lā sà hé rì kā zé děng dì chóngxīn jiàn lì liǎo yìn jīng yuàn， mín jiān yìn jīng gèng shì fēi cháng pǔ biàn， xìn jiào qún zhòng jié rì guà fān， zǎo wǎn wēi sāng， wéi rào shèng dì zhuǎn jīng， jìn sì miào cháo fó， jí xiáng shí rì qǐng lá má niàn jīng， rén sǐ hòu dào niàn qī qī sì shí jiǔ tiān， zhè xiē dōuyǐ chéng wéi xīzàng rén rì cháng zōng jiào shēng huó de zǔ chéng bù fēn。
　　
　　 guó jiā fēi cháng zhòng shì xīzàng de chuán tǒng wén huà， zǔ zhì rén lì、 wù lì、 cái lì jìn xíng qiǎng jiù、 bǎo hù hé fā zhǎn， yīnggāi shuō 20 shì jì 80 nián dài， kāi shǐ liǎo xīzàng chuán tǒng wén huà yòu yī gè chūn tiān。 zàngyǔ wén dé dào liǎo pǔ biàn shǐ yòng， zì zhì qū rén mín dài biǎo dà huì zhì dìng fǎ lǜ， guī dìng huì yì wén jiàn、 zhèng fǔ gōng wén、 mén pái hào mǎ， shèn zhì pāi fā diàn bào， dū dé shǐ yòng zàngyǔ wén。 zàngwén bào zhǐ、 zá zhì、 zàngyǔ guǎng bō、 diàn shì， dà jiā tiān tiān kàn， tiān tiān tīng。 zàngwén shū jí dà liàng chū bǎn， chāo guò liǎo lì shǐ shàng rèn hé yī gè shí qī， bù dàn chū bǎn liǎo dà liàng dāng dài rén xiě de zàngwén shū hé zàngwén jiào kē shū， gǔ dài de mì běn、 gū běn， jīng guò zhuān jiā zhěng lǐ， chóngxīn dé yǐ wèn shì， zhè zài guò qù shí dài shì bù kě xiǎng xiàng de。 cáng yī zàngyào shēng yù yī tiān bǐ yī tiān gāo， chuán tǒng zàngxì gè dì dōuzài yǎn， mù qū de“ guǒ cháo”、 nóng qū de“ guǒ xié”、 kāng qū de“ guō zhuāng”、“ xián zǐ”、 qián cáng hé hòu cáng de“ duī xié” hé“ lǎng mǎ” děng chuán tǒng wǔ dǎo， wú lùn zài jié rì， hái shì píng shí dū tiào dé rè nào， xīzàng yǐ chéng wéi gē wǔ zhī xiāng、 huān lè zhī xiāng。 fēng fù duō cǎi de xīzàng mín gē、 mín jiān gù shì、 yàn yǔ、 shuō chàng， tè bié shì yīng xióng shǐ shī“ gé sà 'ěr wáng chuán”， chóngxīn zài jìn xíng yǎn chànghè jiǎng shù， bìng qiě dé dào shōu jí、 zhěng lǐ、 chū bǎn hé bǎo cún。 xīzàng de zhuān yè hé mín jiān yì shù jiā zǒu biàn liǎo shì jiè， chàng xī cáng gē， tiào xī cáng wǔ， bǎ xuě yù chuán tǒng yì shù dài gěi shì jiè rén mín， wài guó rén kàn liǎo zàn bù jué kǒu， tā men shuō：“ dá lài lá má bù shì shuō xīzàng wén huà dū xiāo miè liǎo má ? zhè huà bù duì bā， háo wú yí yì zài xīzàng bǎo cún liǎo quán shì jiè zuì měi hǎo de yì shù。”
　　
　　 cóng 70 nián dài mò qī kāi shǐ， zǔ guó hé rén mín yòu bǎ guān zhù de mù guāng zhuànxiàng liú wáng hǎi wài de zàngzú tóng bāo， duì tā men cǎi qǔ jì wǎng bù jiù， ài guó bù fēn xiān hòu， lái qù zì yóu de zhèng cè， huān yíng tā men huí guó dìng jū、 tàn qīn fǎng yǒu huò zhě cān guān fǎng wèn。 duì yú tā men liú zài guó nèi de qīn shǔ， yī gè yī gè de diào chá liǎo jiě， luò shí zhèng cè， jīng jì shàng gāi tuì péi de jiān jué tuì péi， shēng huó shàng yòu kùn nán de jǐyǔ zhào gù。 zhè xiē hǎo xiāo xī chuán dào yìn dù、 ní bó 'ěr， chuán dào 'ōu zhōu cáng rén jū zhù qū， liú luò hǎi wài de cáng rén fēi cháng gāo xīng !20 duō nián lái tā men shēng huó zài tā xiāng yì yù， zuò mèng dōuzài xiǎng huí qù kàn kānjiā xiāng， kàn kàn qīn rén， xiàn zài zhè zhǒng mèng xiǎng yǐ jīng chéng wéi xiàn shí liǎo。 guó nèi wài cáng bāo hù xiāng xún zhǎo、 hù xiāng lián luò、 hù xiāng tàn fǎng yī shí xíng chéng rè cháo， zài zhōng ní biān jìng de yǒu yì qiáo tóu， chū guó hé huí guó de cáng bāo nǐ lái wǒ wǎng， qíng xíng hěn lìng rén gǎn dòng。 xīzàng、 sì chuān、 qīng hǎi、 gān sù、 yún nán děng shěng、 zì zhì qū hé suǒ xiá de cáng qū zhōu xiàn， xiān hòu chéng lì liǎo guó wài cáng bāo jiē dài zhàn， fán shì guī guó cáng bāo yī lǜ rè qíng jiē dài， bǎo zhèng lái qù zì yóu。 bìng zài jiāo tōng shí sù fāng miàn tí gōng fāng biàn。 jù bù wán quán tǒng jì， cóng 1979 nián yǐ lái， huí xīzàng hé qí tā cáng qū tàn qīn fǎng yǒu de cáng bāo chāo guò 20000 rén cì， dìng jū de cáng bāo yě dá 2000 rén zhī duō。
　　
　　 nà xiē nián， dá lài lá má zài guó jì shàng yù dào liǎo xǔ duō kùn nán。 70 nián dài chū qī， měi guó ní kè sōng zhèng fǔ tiáozhěng liǎo quán qiú zhàn lüè hé duì huá zhèng cè。 jī xīn gé、 ní kè sōng yī gè jiē zhe yī gè fǎng huá， zhōng měi guān xì zǒu xiàng huǎn hé。 1972 nián měi guó bù fēn tíng zhǐ liǎo duì dá lài jí tuán de zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 jūn shì yuán zhù； 1974 nián， mù sī táng sì shuǐ liù gǎng wèi jiào jūn yòu zài ní bó 'ěr zāo dào cǎn bài。 dá lài lá má liú wáng guó wài 20 nián， méi yòu rèn hé yī gè guó jiā chéng rèn tā de“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ”。 zài zhè zhǒng chǔjìng gū lì de qíng kuàng xià， tā jiàng dī liǎo“ xīzàng dú lì” de diào mén， biàn huàn fēn liè zǔ guó de shǒu fǎ， jiǎ zhuāng yào zhòng xīn kǎo lǜ zì jǐ de lì chǎng， qǐng qiú zhōng yāng tóng yì tā pài rén dào běi jīng huì bào qíng kuàng hé jìn xīzàng cān guān fǎng wèn， zhōng yāng jiē shòu liǎo tā de qǐng qiú， dèng xiǎo píng xiān shēng shuō dé hěn míng què：“ dá lài kě yǐ huí lái， dàn tā yào zuò wéi zhōng guó gōng mín。”“ wǒ men de yào qiú jiù shì yī gè 'ài guó， ér qiě wǒ men tí chū 'ài guó bù fēn xiān hòu。”
　　
　　 cóng 1979 nián dào 1980 nián， dá lài lá má xiān hòu pài liǎo wǔ pī rén dào xīzàng cān guān fǎng wèn， bù guǎn tā men dào liǎo shénme dì fāng， dāng dì zhèng fǔ hé rén mín dū bǎ tā men dàngchéng zì jǐ de tóng bāo， jǐyǔ rè qíng zhōu dào de jiē dài。 qǐng tā men dào gè chù cān guān， jì ràng tā men kàn hǎo de， yě ràng tā men kàn chā de， yòu shénme kàn shénme。 dàn shì zhè xiē rén bìng bù shì nà me shàn liáng， lái zhě bù shàn， shàn zhě bù lái， tā men gān liǎo hěn duō jiàn bù dé rén de gòu dāng。 tā men bìng bù shì“ cān guān fǎng wèn”， ér shì lái“ cì tàn qíng bào”； bìng bù shì lái kàn wàng xiāng qīn， ér shì lái tiǎo qǐ mín zú jiū fēn， líjiàn hàn cáng guān xì， shān dòng zōng jiào kuáng rè。 lì rú yóu zhān dōng · dān zēng lǎng jié shuài lǐng de dì 'èr pī cān guān tuán， xià liǎo qì chē biàn dào dà zhāo sì mén kǒu fā biǎo gǔ huò rén xīn de yǎn shuō， yòu zài gān dān sì zǔ zhì fēi fǎ jù huì， gǔ dòng“ kāng bā、 ān duō、 qián cáng、 hòu cáng rén tuán jié yī zhì， wéi gòng tóng de shì yè fèn dǒu”；“ xīzàng dú lì bù néng zhǐ guà zài zuǐ biān， yào jì zài xīn shàng”， shān dòng yùhuì qún zhòng gǎo cáng dú， yī shí nào dé lā sà rén xīn huáng huáng， wū yān zhàng qì。 duì tā men de suǒ zuò suǒ wéi， lā sà gànbù qún zhòng fēi cháng qì fèn， zì zhì qū zhèng fǔ rěn wú kě rěn， xuān bù tā men wéi“ bù shòu huān yíng de rén”， xiàn lìng tā men tí qián lí kāi lā sà。 zhōng yāng cǎi nà liǎo gè dì cáng qū gànbù qún zhòng de yì jiàn， jué dìng zàn shí zhōng zhǐ dá lài pài rén huí guó“ cān guān fǎng wèn”。 dá lài kàn pài cān guān tuán bù xíng liǎo， yòu tí chū guó wài huó fó huí guó tàn qīn， kàn wàng yuán lái de sì miào hé sēng rén。 yī gè huó fó huí lái， dài zhe jīng shī、 guǎn jiā、 qīn juàn hé shì cóng yī dà qún， tā men zài yuán jí huò yuán sì， jū zhù shǎo zé shù yuè， duō zé shàng nián。 yòu de huó fó shòu dá lài pài qiǎn， dài yòu tè shū shǐ mìng， duì dāng dì qíng kuàng jìn xíng xiáng xì diào chá， tóng shí tōng guò jiǎng jīng shuō fǎ， tì dù sēng zhòng， rèn dìng zhuǎn shì huó fó， yǐng xiǎng yī fāng qún zhòng。 dá lài lá má shuō guò：“ rèn dìng yī gè huó fó， jiù néng zhǎng wò yī gè sì miào； zhǎng wò yī gè sì miào， jiù néng kòng zhì yī gè dì fāng”。 tā men jiù shì zhè yàng zuò de。
　　
　　 zài zhè yī duàn shí qī， dá lài lá má hái shuǎ liǎo hěn duō liǎng miàn shǒu fǎ， dāng miàn yī tào， bèi hòu yī tào， jīn tiān zhè yàng shuō， míng tiān yòu nà yàng shuō， zuò wéi yī gè fó jiào tú， shì hěn bù yīnggāi de， yīn wéi zài fó jiào de jiè lǜ lǐ， jiù yòu bù wàng yǔ， bù liǎng shé de jiè yán。 tā yī biān shuō：“ zhǐ yào jiā xiāng xìng fú， shuí dāng guó wáng dū yī yàng， wǒ méi yòu yì jiàn。”“ rú guǒ xīzàng rén mín xìng fú， wǒ jiù fàng qì xīzàng dú lì de zhù zhāng。” yī biān yòu shuō：“ wǒ men xīzàng rén de wèn tí， shì bù shì shēng huó dé dào zàn shí de gǎi shàn hé néng gòu zhuǎn jīng kē tóu jiù xíng liǎo ní？ nà shì jué duì bù xíng de !”“ bù guǎn hàn rén de tài dù ruǎn yìng rú hé， xīzàng guǎng dà rén mín shǐ zhōng tuán jié yī xīn， wéi zì jǐ mín zú quán lì 'ér dǒu zhēng， zhè shì liǎo bù qǐ de shì。”（ 1989 nián 3 yuè 10 rì zài dá lán sà lā jí huì shàng de jiǎng huà）。 tā yī fāng miàn shuō：“ rú guǒ běi jīng yāo qǐng wǒ fǎng wèn lā sà hé xīzàng bù fēn dì qū， wǒ jiāng lè yì jiē shòu； rú guǒ wǒ 'ěr wén mù dǔ xīzàng rén mín zài zhōng guó tǒng zhì xià shēng huó xìng fú， wǒ jiù fàng qì xīzàng dú lì de yào qiú。”（ 1978 nián 5 yuè duì《 bàng guān zhě bào》 jì zhě de tán huà）“ rú guǒ néng jiě jué wèn tí， wǒ zhǔn bèi qù zhōng guó； tóng zhōng fāng jìn xíng xié shāng， yě xǔ míng nián jiù chéngháng。” (1980 nián 9 yuè 20 rì tóng rì běn jì zhě de tán huà )。 dàn shì， jīhū yǔ cǐ tóng shí， tā shēn biān de rén háo bù yǐn huì dì dào chū liǎo dá lài huí cáng de gēn běn mùdì：“ dá lài lá má cǐ xíng jiāng shì xīzàng rén mín lì shǐ shàng de zhuǎn zhé guān tóu， shì xīzàng de yīcháng zhèng zhì dì zhèn。 zhèng rú luó mǎ jiào huáng liǎng cì fǎng wèn gù guó bō lán， jí dà dì zhèn fèn liǎo qiān bǎi wàn bō lán hé shì jiè tiān zhù jiào tú yī yàng， dá lài fǎng cáng jiāng zhòng zhèn xīzàng rén mín díshì qì， huàn qǐ tā men de zhèng zhì rè qíng bìng xiān qǐ fó jiào rè cháo。”“ yòu rén shuō wǒ men yīnggāi jì xù děng dài， zhí dào fā shēng mǒu zhǒng biàn gé。 qí jì yòu kě néng fā shēng， dàn wǒ men hái yào děng dài dào shénme shí hòu ní ?” zhè， jiù shì dá lài lá má xīn lǐ de shēng yīn。
　　
　　 zhōng guó zhèng fǔ zhēn xīn shí yì dì zài xīzàng luò shí mín zú zhèng cè hé zōng jiào zhèng cè， zhēn xīn shí yì dì bǎo hù hé hóng yáng xīzàng mín zú chuán tǒng wén huà， zhēn xīn shí yì dì fā zhǎn xīzàng jīng jì hé tí gāo cáng rén shēng huó， yě zhēn xīn shí yì dì huān yíng guǎng dà liú wáng hǎi wài de cáng bāo huí lái， gòng tóng jiàn shè tuán jié、 fù yù wén míng de xīn xīzàng。 ér dá lài lá má què bǎ zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ de rén cí kuān hòu zhī jǔ， dàngchéng“ yòu jī kě chéng”； lì yòng lái qù zì yóu de zhèng cè， àn zhōng pài rén jìn lái gǎo pò huài， yǐng xiǎng xīzàng shè huì de 'ān dìng， pò huài cáng qū jīng jì jiàn shè de fā zhǎn， zǔ náo xīzàng rén mín shēng huó de gǎi shàn。 jiū jìng shì zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ guān xīn xīzàng de lǎo bǎi xìng ? hái shì dá lài lá má guān xīn lǎo bǎi xìng ? jiū jìng shì zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ de zuò fǎ duì xīzàng yòu lì， hái shì dá lài lá má de zuò fǎ duì xīzàng yòu lì？ fán shì jīng lì liǎo dāng shí zhè yī lì shǐ jiē duàn de rén， dōunéng zuò chū zhèng què de pàn duàn。
　　
　　3. xīzàng de fán róng wěn dìng lìng dá lài lá má bù kuài
　　
　　1984 nián chūn tiān， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng zài běi jīng zhào kāi liǎo dì 'èr cì xīzàng gōng zuò zuò tán huì， tí chū yào chōng fēn zhòng shì xīzàng de tè shū xìng， jí qí zhòng shì hé qièshí zuò hǎo mín zú、 zōng jiào、 tǒng zhàn gōng zuò， jìn yī bù fàng kuān zhèng cè， cù jìn nóng mù yè hé mín zú shǒu gōng yè de xùn sù fā zhǎn， jìn kuài gǎi shàn xīzàng gè zú rén mín de shēng huó。
　　
　　 wèile jìn kuài gǎi shàn xīzàng dì qū de miàn mào， zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ jué dìng yóu běi jīng、 shàng hǎi、 tiān jīn、 jiāng sū děng jiǔ shěng shì bāng zhù xīzàng jiàn shè 43 xiàng zhōng xiǎo xíng gōng chéng， zhè xiē gōng chéng dōushì fā zhǎn xīzàng jīng jì、 gǎi shàn cáng rén shēng huó pò qiē xū yào de， lì rú diàn zhàn、 xué xiào、 yī yuàn、 wén huà zhōng xīn、 shì zhèng shè shī、 bīn guǎn fàn diàn děng děng。 gōng chéng 1984 nián quán miàn qǐ dòng， 2 wàn duō míng nèi dì gōng chéng jì shù rén yuán jìn cáng shī gōng， tā men yuǎn lí jiā xiāng， yuǎn lí qīn rén， zài gāo hán quē yǎng de shì jiè wū jǐ shàng hěn nǔ lì dì gànhuó， yòu de rén wèile xīzàng jiàn shè shèn zhì xiàn chū liǎo bǎo guì de shēng mìng。 1985 nián 8 yuè， dà bù fēn gōng chéng rú qī wán gōng， yàoshì jiāo dào liǎo xīzàng de shǐ yòng dān wèi shǒu lǐ， tā men hái shǒu bǎ shǒu dì bǎ gōng chéng jì shù hé guǎn lǐ fāng fǎ chuán gěi zàngzú tóng xíng。 zhèng shì zài zhè jǐ nián， lā sà jiàn shè xùn sù fā zhǎn， gǔ lǎo de chéng shì kāi shǐ xiàn dài huà qǐ lái liǎo。 quán chéng xīn xiū bǎi yóu mǎ lù 15 tiáo， quán cháng 70 gōng lǐ， lā sà jiē dào biàn dé píng tǎn kuān kuò liǎo； pū shè shàng xià pái shuǐ guǎn dào 48 gōng lǐ， fú wù miàn jī 20 píng fāng gōng lǐ， lā sà zài yě bù shì xià yǔ mǎn chéng shuǐ mǎn chéng ní liǎo； xīn jiàn zì lái shuǐ chǎng liǎng gè， pū shè shuǐ guǎn 70 gōng lǐ， gōng shuǐ miàn jī zhàn chéng qū de 60％， lā sà rén cóng cǐ néng hē shàng xīn xiān qīng jié de zì lái shuǐ liǎo。 cóng lā sà dào xīzàng gè dì yóu lù chàng tōng， diàn huà kě yǐ zhí bō xīzàng gè dì、 quán guó gè chéng zhèn bìng qiě kě yǐ yǔ quán shì jiè 180 gè guó jiā hé dì qū zhí jiē tōng huà。 xīzàng diàn shì tái hé lā sà diàn shì tái， yòng cáng hàn liǎng zhǒng yǔ yán tōng guò duō gè pín dào bō fàng， lā sà 75％ de jiā tíng yōng yòu cǎi sè diàn shì jī， shōu lù jī de yōng yòu zhě gèng jiā pǔ biàn。 lā sà yòu dà xué liǎng suǒ， zhōng zhuān 9 suǒ， zhōng xué 12 suǒ， qīng shàonián kě yǐ zì yóu dì jìn rù gè lèi xué xiào xué xí； hái yòu yī yuàn、 yī liáo jī gòu 14 gè， dà zhōng xíng yī yuàn 7 gè， cáng hàn zú yī shēng 1520 míng， bìng chuáng 1100 zhāng， lā sà rén kàn bìng nán de wèn tí jī běn jiě jué liǎo。 yīn lěng cháo shī de lǎo fáng zǐ dé dào gǎi zào， rén jūn zhù fáng miàn jī 9 píng fāng mǐ， hái zài shì qū hé jìn jiāo xīn jiàn liǎo 25 gè xiǎo qū hé xīn cūn， rén jūn zhù fáng miàn jī 22 píng fāng mǐ， lā sà rén zhù fáng nán de wèn tí chū bù jiě jué liǎo。 jīng guò shí yú nián de zhí shù zào lín， chéng lǐ de lín kǎ， yīn wéi jiàn shè suī yòu jiǎn shǎo， dàn shì chéng shì zhōu wéi lǜ huà dì dà dà zēng jiā， rén jūn lǜ huà miàn jī dá dào 12 píng fāng mǐ， zhè lǐ de fēng shā bǐ guò qù dà dà jiǎn shǎo liǎo。 jīng guò zhè xiē jiàn shè， lā sà què shí biàn liǎo， biàn měi liǎo， biàn xīn liǎo， biàn dé shū fú liǎo。 xīn jiàn zhù， gǔ jiàn zhù， hù xiāng yìng chèn， ràng rén 'ěr mù yī xīn。 guó nèi wài yóu kè hé fó jiào tú， zhēng xiāng qián lái cān guān yóu lǎn、 zhuǎn jīng cháo bài， lā sà chéng liǎo yī zuò wén míng quán qiú de lǚ yóu chéng。
　　
　　1984 nián 4 yuè 27 rì， xīzàng zì zhì qū zhèng fǔ zhāng tiē bù gào， tuī chū jiǔ tiáo jì xù fàng kuān nóng mù yè zhèng cè， jiǎn qīng nóng mù mín fù dān， cù jìn nóng mù qū jīng jì fā zhǎn de cuò shī， zhè xiē cuò shī měi yī tiáo， měi yī xiàng， dōushì tì xīzàng rén mín zhuóxiǎng， bāng xīzàng rén mín zhì fù de hǎo shì qíng。 bǐ zhě bù yàn qí fán， jiāng quán wén chāo zhāi rú xià：
　　
　　 xīzàng zì zhì qū rén mín zhèng fǔ bù gào
　　
　　 wèile jì xù ràng qún zhòng xiū yǎng shēng xī， zēng jiā shí jì shōu rù， yǐ lì yú bǎ xīzàng de jīng jì gǎo shàng qù， shǐ rén mín jìn kuài fù yù qǐ lái， xiàn jiāng nóng mù qū yòu guān zhèng cè guī dìng bù gào rú xià：
　　
　　 yī、 miǎn zhēng nóng mù yè shuì shōu zhèng cè yán cháng dào yī jiǔ jiǔ 0 nián。
　　
　　 èr、 tǔ dì、 shēng chù de chéng bāo qī wǔ shí nián bù biàn， jí tǐ guǒ shù、 jí tǐ lín mù、 huāng shān、 huāng tān、 huāng dì de chéng bāo qī wǔ shí nián bù biàn， kě yǐ zhuǎn bāo。 huāng shān、 huāng tān、 huāng dì de kāi fā xìng jīng yíng， yǔn xǔ jì chéng。
　　
　　 sān、 qǔ xiāo liáng shí、 sū yóu、 ròu lèi de jìhuà shōu gòu huò biàn xiāng jìhuà shōu gòu。 cháng nián kāi fàng nóng、 mù、 fù chǎn pǐn（ chú guó jiā guī dìng de shǎo shù guì zhòng yào cái wài） shì chǎng， shí xíng zì yóu mǎi mài， zì yóu jiāo huàn。
　　
　　 sì、 rèn hé dān wèi、 rèn hé gè rén bù dé xiàng qún zhòng tān pài hé tí qǔ rèn hé cái wù。
　　
　　 gōng shè（ xiāng）、 shēng chǎn duì（ cūn） gànbù de bǔ tiē， yóu dì fāng cái zhèng kāi zhī。 wǔ bǎo hù de shēng huó fèi yòng yóu shè huì jiù jì jīn jiě jué。
　　
　　 wǔ、 bǎo zhàng nóng mù mín zài shēng chǎn hé jīng yíng shàng de zì zhù quán， jué bù xǔ qiǎngpò qún zhòng zuò shí me huò bù zuò shénme。 bù zài xià dá huò biàn xiāng xià dá zhòngzhí hé yǎng zhí jìhuà。
　　
　　 liù、 xiàn、 qū bàn de zhōng、 xiǎo xué， quán bù shí xíng jì sù zhì， bāo chī、 bāo chuān、 bāo zhù， suǒ xū jīng fèi yóu guó jiā kāi zhī。
　　
　　 qī、 gǔ lì fā zhǎn duō zhǒng jīng yíng， fú chí、 bāng zhù gè zhǒng zhuān yè hù、 zhòng diǎn hù。 tí chàng nóng mù mín fā zhǎn duō zhǒng xíng shì de lián yíng、 jí tǐ jīng yíng hé gè tǐ jīng yíng de mín zú shǒu gōng yè、 shāng yè、 fú wù yè、 xiū lǐ yè、 yùn shū yè、 jiàn zhù yè。 yǔn xǔ gù qǐng bāng gōng、 zhāo pìn jì shī hé xué tú， gōng zī dài yù yóu shuāng fāng yì dìng。
　　
　　 bā、 yǔn xǔ nóng mù mín chuàn xiāng、 kuà xiàn huò dào qū wài cóng shì shāng yè hé qí tā jīng yíng huó dòng。 gǔ lì cháng tú fàn yùn， duì jí tǐ huò gè tǐ cóng shì nóng、 mù、 fù yè shēng chǎn hé yùn shū yè de qì chē、 tuō lā jī， jì xù miǎn shōu yǎng lù fèi。
　　
　　 jiǔ、 huān yíng qí tā shěng、 shì、 qū de gè tǐ láo dòng zhě、 jí tǐ hé guó yíng qǐ yè lái cáng shè diàn、 jiàn chǎng， cān jiā wù zī jiāo liú huì， jǔ bàn zhǎn xiāo huì， cóng shì jiā gōng、 yùn shū、 jiàn zhù yǐ jí fú wù xìng huó dòng， wèitā men tí gōng fāng biàn， bǎo hù qí hé fǎ lì yì。
　　
　　　　 cǐ bù
　　
　　
　　 xīzàng zì zhì qū rén mín zhèng fǔ
　　 yī jiǔ bā sì nián sì yuè 'èr shí qī rì
　　
　　 zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ tì xīzàng rén mín xiǎng dé hěn zhōu dào， hěn quán miàn， hěn zǎi xì， xīzàng lǎo bǎi xìng shēn shòu qí fú， nóng cūn mù qū dào chù xiān qǐ zhòngdì rè， zhèng qián rè， gài fáng rè。 xīzàng lǎo bǎi xìng guò qù hěn shǎo néng zuò shàng qì chē huò zhě tuō lā jī， xiàn zài mǎi qì chē， mǎi tuō lā jī chéng liǎo rè mén， quán xīzàng de nóng mù mín hé shì mín yōng yòu qì chē、 tuō lā jī de duō dá yī wàn duō liàng， zhè gè shù zì shì fēi cháng jīng rén de。 zǒng zhī， zhōng yāng xiǎng liǎo xǔ xǔ duō duō de fù mín bàn fǎ， shǐ xīzàng de qióng kùn miàn yī nián bǐ yī nián jiǎn shǎo， fù yù hù、 fù yù cūn、 fù yù xiāng yī nián bǐ yī nián zēng jiā。 lì rú lā sà xī jiāo de dōng gā xiāng， shì bǐ zhě zài xīzàng 'èr sān shí nián jiān jīng cháng qù de dì fāng， kě yǐ shuō duì dà bù fēn nóng jiādōu bǐ jiào shú xī， dāng shí wǒ qīn shēn gǎn shòu dào dōng gā xiāng biàn dé hěn kuài， fù dé yě hěn kuài。 wǒ zuò liǎo yī gè diào chá， quán xiāng 330 hù， 1751 rén， gēng dì 2434 mǔ， měi nián liáng shí zǒng chǎn liàng dá dào 160 wàn jīn zuǒ yòu， píng jūn mǔ chǎn 680 jīn， rén jūn liáng shí 1233 jīn， rén jūn shōu rù 1280 yuán。 quán xiāng yōng yòu qì chē、 tuō lā jī 41 liàng， píng jūn 8 hù rén jiā yī liàng； yōng yòu cǎi sè diàn shì jī 231 tái， hé 3 hù rén jiā liǎng tái。 xiàn zài liáng shí duō liǎo， qián duō liǎo， yǎn guāng yě yuǎn dà liǎo。 guò qù pà 'ái’è， zǒng bǎ liáng shí cún qǐ lái， xiàn zài mài diào liáng shí zài shēng chǎn， sòng 'ér nǚ shàng xué dú shū。 yáng lè cūn nóng mín píng cuò cì rén， tōng guò zhòngdì、 zhǒng shū cài、 kāi shāng diàn、 bàn hǎdá chǎng fā liǎo cái， dà bù fēn shōu rù yòng lái sòng 'ér nǚ shàng xué， tā yòu sì gè 'ér nǚ， yòu sān gè shàng liǎo dà xué。 bù guǎn zěn me shuō， xīzàng chéng shì nóng cūn hé mù qū què shí zài biàn， biàn hǎo liǎo， biàn fù liǎo， biàn piào liàng liǎo。 rén men chīde hǎo liǎo， chuān dé hǎo liǎo， zhù de fáng zǐ yě shū fú liǎo。 rén men xīn qíng shū chàng， xìn jiào zì yóu， dào sì miào cháo fó， qǐng lá má dào jiā lǐ niàn jīng zuò fǎ shì huó dòng， méi yòu rèn hé rén shuō bàn gè“ bù” zì， tā men shēng huó zì yóu liǎo， jīng shén yú kuài liǎo， jié rì yī gè lián zhe yī gè， cóng jù chǎng dào lín kǎ， cóng chéng shì dào nóng cūn mù qū， dào chù dōukě yǐ tīng dào xīzàng rén lè guān kāi lǎng de gē shēng， suǒ yòu zhè xiē， fán shì dào xīzàng lǚ yóu guān guāng de rén， méi yòu yī gè bù chéng rèn de。 dá lài lá má rú guǒ zhēn de 'ài xīzàng， ài xīzàng rén mín， lǐ yìng miàn dài wēi xiào， zhù fú jiā chí。 hěn yí hàn de shì jù wǒ men suǒ zhī， tā de tài dù bìng bù shì zhè yàng， shèn zhì qià qià xiāng fǎn， xīzàng de jiàn shè yuè shì fā zhǎn， tā yuè shì nǎo huǒ； cáng rén shēng huó yuè gǎi shàn， tā yuè shì tóu tòng。 yīn wéi xīzàng shè huì yuè lái yuè fā zhǎn liǎo， rén xīn yuè lái yuè wěn dìng liǎo， tā yào gǎo luàn xīzàng yuè lái yuè kùn nán liǎo， yú shì tā yī cì cì jǔ xíng shí lún jīn gāng dà fǎ huì， yī cì cì jiē dài jìng nèi chū lái de xīzàng rén， yī cì cì jiè zhù xī fāng xīn wén méi jiè fā biǎo yǎn shuō， biān zào xīzàng lì shǐ， wāi qū xīzàng xiàn shí， gōng jī zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ duì xīzàng de zhèng cè， gǔ lì cáng rén bù mǎn qíng xù， zǒng 'ér yán zhī wéi yǐ hòu chū xiàn de lā sà sāo luàn zuò liǎo hěn duō hěn duō de yú lùn zhǔn bèi gōng zuò。
　　
　　1983 nián 3 yuè 10 rì， tā zài dá lán sà lā fā biǎo jiǎng huà：“ zài 'èr sān shí nián yǐ hòu de jīn tiān， què shí fā zhǎn chéng wèimín zú máo dùn， xiàn zài bù guǎn shì jiān yù lǐ de fàn rén， hái shì xué xiào de xué shēng， hái shì jī guān gànbù， dōuhěn zì rán dì bǎ hàn cáng qū fēn kāi lái， xiāng hù jiànchū xiàn liǎo hóng gōu， fā zhǎn chéng wèimín zú dǒu zhēng。” 1985 nián 12 yuè， tā zài yìn dù duō jí dān jǔ xíng de“ shí lún jīn gāng dà fǎ huì” jiǎng jīng qī jiān， zhuān mén zhǎo jìng nèi qián qù tīng jīng de cáng rén zuò gōng zuò； 1986 nián 5 yuè， tā yòu zài lǚ 'ōu cáng bāo zhōng fā biǎo cháng piān yǎn shuō， tā shuō：“ jǐ shí nián lái， wǒ men de jiā yuán zāo dào liǎo kōng qián de zāinàn， jìn guǎn bāo kuò wǒ zài nèi de shí wàn cáng rén bèi pò lí kāi jiā yuán， liú luò tā xiāng， zāo shòu liǎo wú fǎ rěn shòu de tòng kǔ。 dàn shì， shǒu xiān shì jìng nèi de cáng bāo zài 'èr shí duō nián nèi rěn shòu de tòng kǔ， wǒ men zhè yī dài zàngmín zú shì zuì bù xìng de。” tā jìn 'ér gǔ dòng shuō：“ jìng nèi de cáng bāo hěn wán qiáng， hěn yǒng gǎn， zài shēn chén de kǔ nán hé hàn rén de qiāng kǒu xià， néng gòu wán qiáng dì shēng huó xià lái shì hěn liǎo bù qǐ de。” tā zài qí tā chǎng hé shuō de gèng jiā zhí jiē liǎo dāng：“ wǒ men gǎo xīzàng dú lì， bù jǐn yào kào jìng wài de cáng rén， gèng yào kào jìng nèi de cáng rén！”“ yào nèi wài jié hé， fā dòng suǒ yòu de zàngzú rén qǐ lái， cái néng tuī fān zhōng gòng tǒng zhì。” rú guǒ shuō zhè xiē jiǎng huà shì lā sà sāo luàn de dòng yuán lìng， kǒng pà bù shì méi yòu gēn jù de bā !
　　
　　1987 nián 9 yuè 21 rì， dá lài lá má zài měi guó guó huì tí chū“ wǔ diǎn hé píng jìhuà”。 24 rì， tā yòu zài yìn dì 'ān nà dà xué jǔ xíng jì zhě zhāo dài huì， gōng rán xuān chēng“ xīzàng bù shì zhōng guó de yī bù fēn， xīzàng shì yī gè dú lì guó jiā。” zhè xiē xiāo xī hěn kuài tōng guò gè zhǒng qú dào chuán dào xīzàng， guǒ rán lā sà shǎo shù fēn liè zhù yì fènzǐ， biàn jǔ xíng liǎo cè yìnghè zhī chí dá lài“ wǔ diǎn hé píng jìhuà” de shì wēi yóu xíng， zhè jiù shì 80 nián dài mò yī xì liè sāo luàn dòng dàng de kāi shǐ， cǐ hòu yī liǎng nián lǐ， nào shì yī zhí méi yòu xiāo tíng。 lā sà sāo luàn yǔ dá lài lá má yòu zhe bù kě fēn gē de lián xì。
　　
　　 lā sà shì xīzàng zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà zhōng xīn， yě shì jǔ shì zhǔ mùdì zōng jiào shèng dì， dá lài jí tuán bǎ tā zuò wéi gǎo luàn xīzàng de tū pò kǒu， rèn wéi gǎo luàn liǎo lā sà yě jiù gǎo luàn liǎo xīzàng， xīzàng dú lì de rì zǐ jiù wéi qī bù yuǎn liǎo。 zhèng shì chū yú zhè zhǒng yòng xīn， tā men zài lā sà zhì zào liǎo duō cì sāo luàn shì jiàn， qí zhōng zuì yán zhòng de yòu 3 cì。 měi cì sāo luàn de fāng shì dōudà tóng xiǎo yì， xiān shì jǐ gè lá má hé ní gū dǎzháo xuě shān shī zǐ qí， wéi rào bā jiǎo jiē hǎn zhe“ xīzàng dú lì” de kǒu hào， zhāo yǐn rén men wéi guān， jiē zhe jù zhòng nào shì， chōng jī zhèng fǔ jī guān， ōu dǎ gōng 'ān gànjǐng。 zá huài qì chē， qiǎng jié cái wù， fén shāo shāng diàn hé gōng gòng jiàn zhù。 1987 nián 10 yuè 1 rì， sāo luàn fènzǐ fén shāo qì chē 7 liàng， wéi gōng pài chū suǒ yī tiān； 1988 nián 3 yuè， chōng jī fó xié chuán zhào bàn gōng shì， gōng jī zì zhì qū lǐng dǎo gànbù， dǎ sǐ zàngzú wǔ jǐng bān cháng， dǎ shāng wǔ jǐng hé qí tā gōng zuò rén yuán 399 rén， xǐ jié liǎo běi jīng lù shàng de fàn guǎn hé shāng diàn， pò shǐ cáng chuán fó jiào zuì zhuāng yán de zōng jiào fǎ huì lā sà chuán zhào dà fǎ huì wú fǎ jìn xíng。 1989 nián 3 yuè， sāo luàn huó dòng zài cì shēng jí， liǎng tiān zhōng sǐ 10 rén， shāng 100 duō rén， yòu 900 duō jiā guó yíng hé gè tǐ shāng diàn bèi qiǎng jié hé zá làn； chōng jī liǎo 24 gè zhèng fǔ jī guān、 qǐ yè hé xué xiào， zá làn hé dǎo huǐ dà xiǎo qì chē 20 duō liàng， zào chéng zhí jiē jīng jì sǔn shī 1000 duō wàn yuán。 wèile wéi hù lā sà de shè huì wěn dìng， bǎo zhàng rén mín qún zhòng de 'ān quán， shǐ guó jiā cái chǎn bù shòu sǔn shī， guó wù yuàn bù dé bù xuān bù zài lā sà shí xíng jiè yán。
　　
　　 lā sà sāo luàn shì dá lài jí tuán cèhuà hé fā dòng de， zhè jǐ nián jīng guò gè zhǒng xīn wén méi jiè de pī lù， cǐ zhōng de nèi mù gèng jiā qīng chǔ liǎo。 zǎo zài 1986 nián， dá lài jí tuán zài dá lán sà lā pín fán zhào kāi gè zhǒng huì yì， dòng yuán bù zhì cè dòng lā sà sāo luàn wèn tí， bāo kuò“ zàngqīng huì” dì liù jiè huì yì，“ xīzàng fù nǚ xié huì” dì yī cì gōng zuò wěi yuán huì，“ xīzàng dú lì yùn dòng” gōng zuò yán tǎo huì，“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ” shuāng nián huì， jiǔ pǐn yǐ shàng guān yuán tè bié zhèng zhì jiào yù huì， děng děng。 zhè xiē huì yì de zhù tí dōushì“ yào wéi zhēng qǔ xīzàng dú lì cǎi qǔ jù tǐ xíng dòng”，“ fā dòng jìng nèi 600 wàn cáng rén qǐ lái fǎn kàng zhōng guó bào zhèng。” 1987 nián 4 yuè， dá lài jí tuán yòu zài dá lán sà lā zhào kāi gāo céng huì yì， fēn xī guó nèi wài xíng shì， nǐ dìng zài jìng nèi jìn xíng fēn liè huó dòng、 zǔ zhì yóu xíng shì wēi、 zhì zào shè huì dòng luàn de xíng dòng jìhuà， zhī hòu“ zàngqīng huì” bù duàn pài rén qián rù lā sà hé xīzàng gè dì， yǔ dāng dì fēn liè zhù yì fènzǐ mì móu zhì zào dòng luàn。“ zàngqīng huì” hái pài rén dào ní bó 'ěr cáng bāo zhōng huó dòng， zǔ zhì lì liàng 9、 10 yuè fèn zài xīzàng dàgàn yīcháng。
　　
　　 wǒ men hái zhù yì dào， měi cì sāo luàn jié shù， dá lài lá má dōuyào gǔ lì yī fān， bìng qiě yào qiú fēn liè zhù yì fènzǐ zài jiē zài lì dì gān qù。 1987 nián 10 yuè 7 rì， dá lài lá má zài yìn dù dá lán sà lā fā biǎo jiǎng yǎn， biǎo shì duì lā sà sāo luàn“ wán quán zhī chí”， hào zhào fēn liè zhù yì fènzǐ“ bù yào fú cóng”。 1988 nián 3 yuè 5 rì lā sà sāo luàn guò hòu de dì wǔ tiān， tā yòu zài jí huì shàng duì lā sà sāo luàn bèi jiā zàn yáng：“ jìng nèi zàngmín dǒu zhēng wàng shèng， jué xīn hěn dà， gǎn yú liúxuèxīshēng !” tā zài tóng yī tiān de shū miàn shēng míng zhōng yòu shuō：“ xīzàng jìng nèi yīng xióng de tóng bāo men， bù wèi qiáng bào de zhōng guó jūn duì de zhèn yā， jìn xíng zhe yǒng gǎn de fēi bào lì de dǒu zhēng…… zhè yě shì fó jiào jīng shén hé wǒ men mín zú jīng shén tǒng yī de jiàn zhèng”。 tā hūyù“ wǒ men měi gè rén zài zhè yī nián lǐ jié jìn quán lì dì wéi shí xiàn wǒ men zhèng yì de shì yè héng héng yī gè shǔ yú xīzàng rén de xīzàng 'ér fèn dǒu。”
　　
　　 huí gù 80 nián dài hòu de zhè yī duàn lì shǐ： zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ zài xīzàng gǎo jiàn shè， dá lài zài xīzàng gǎo dòng luàn， dào dǐ shì jiàn shè duì xīzàng rén mín yòu lì ní ? hái shì sāo luàn duì xīzàng rén mín yòu lì ? xīzàng rén mín dào dǐ shì huān yíng jiàn shè ní ? hái shì huān yíng dòng luàn ní ? jù bǐ zhě suǒ zhī， jué dà duō shù cáng réndōu fǎn duì dòng luàn， shǎo shù cān jiā guò dòng luàn de rén shì hòu yě hěn hòu huǐ。“ dòng luàn bù dé rén xīn”， zhè bìng bù shì yī jù kōng huà， ér shì fǎn yìng liǎo dāng shí xīzàng hé lā sà hěn duō rén de sī xiǎng。 bǐ zhě dāng nián jiù zhè gè wèn tí， wèn guò hǎo xiē lā sà de péng yǒu， tā men jīhū yì kǒu tóng shēng dì shuō：“ nào shì， yī hài guó jiā， èr hài shè huì， sān hài zì jǐ， wǒ men yī bù zhī chí， èr bù cānyù！” yī wèi 50 nián dài wéi luó bù lín kǎ dá lài xīn gōng huì guò huà de zhù míng huà shī gào sù wǒ：“ zhǐ yào jiē tóu yòu diǎn bù duì jìn， wǒ jiù bǎ tú dì hé 'ér nǚ men zhào huí lái， bù ràng tā men qù càn hū！” lā sà xī jiāo dōng gā xiāng yī wèi
　　 nóng mín jiǎng dé hěn zhí shuài：“ xiàn zài lā sà yòu xiē rén， zhēn shì dù zǐ chī de tài bǎo liǎo， shēn shàng chuān de tài nuǎn liǎo， chī bǎo chuān nuǎn méi shì gān， páo dào jiē shàng qù nào shì， wǒ men nóng mín shì bù huì gēn zhe tā men zǒu de， wǒ men fā cái zhì fù gǎo shēng chǎn hái máng bù guò lái ní !”
　　
　　4. zài bèi lí zǔ guó hé xīzàng rén mín de dào lù shàng yuè zǒu yuè yuǎn
　　
　　1989 nián dào 1991 nián， shì jiè shàng fā shēng liǎo hǎo duō dà shì， sū lián jiě tǐ liǎo， dōng 'ōu jù biàn liǎo。 yǐ měi guó wéi shǒu de xī fāng fǎn huá shì lì， bǎ hé píng yǎn biàn de zhòng diǎn zhuǎn yí dào jiān chí shè huì zhù yì de zhōng guó tóu shàng。 1989 nián 6 yuè， běi jīng fā shēng liǎo tiān 'ān mén shì jiàn， guó jì fǎn huá shì lì yī wō fēng dì duì wǒ guó jìn xíng zhèng zhì gū lì、 jīng jì zhì cái hé yú lùn gōng jī。
　　
　　 dāng shí huò dé liǎo nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng de dá lài lá má， sì hū hē liǎo yī diǎn qīng kē jiǔ， yòu diǎn piāo piāo rán liǎo， kàn dào rú cǐ zhè bān de guó jì xíng shì， hěn shì yòu diǎn dé yì wàng xíng。 tā páo biàn liǎo xī fāng hé dōng 'ōu， wéi sū lián jiě tǐ hé dōng 'ōu jù biàn jiào hǎo， tóng shí fā bù gè zhǒng gè yàng de yù yán， sì hū tā yǐ bù shì huó fó， ér shì zhàn bǔ jí xiōng、 yù yán huò fú de wū shī shén hàn liǎo， tā yī cì yòu yī cì fā bù yù cè， shuō shí me 5 nián dào 10 nián zhī nèi，“ xīzàng huì dú lì”，“ zhōng gòng yào kuǎ tái”。 1989 nián 12 yuè， tā duì fǎ guó fèi jiā luó bào jì zhě xīng zāi lè huò dì shuō：“ mǎ kè sī zhù yì shì zài běn shì jì dàn shēng de， hěn kě néng zài běn shì jì jié shù yǐ qián sǐ wáng， mǎ kè sī zhù yì shòu mìng hěn duǎn， zhè shì duō me kě bēi de jié jú 'ā！” 1990 nián 6 yuè， tā zài xī bān yá mà zhōng guó：“ zhōng guó dà lù de zhú mù bù jiǔ jiāng rú bólín qiáng bān de xiāo shī。”“ zhōng guó de gòng chǎn zhù yì zhì dù bù jiǔ jiāng kuǎ tái。” 1991 nián 8 yuè tā zài bā lí yù yán：“ zhōng guó zhèng fǔ xiàn zài jiù rú kuài luò shān de tài yáng， zhōng gòng zhèng quán mò rì kě shù， bù chū 10 nián， zhōng guó bì rán fā shēng lèi sì sū lián de biàn huà。” hái shuō“ 3 nián nèi yī dìng yào bǎ xīzàng gǎo chéng dú lì guó jiā。”“ xīzàng rén jué bù néng xiàng xiàn zài zhè yàng jìn rù 21 shì jì。” 1995 nián tā yòu yù yán：“ zhōng guó kě néng fā shēng fēn liè， wǎ jiě hé quán miàn bēng kuì。”“ zhōng guó jīn nián (1995 nián ) hé míng nián yào fā shēng jù biàn”。“ 1995 nián hé 1996 nián zhōng guó jiāng yòu dà biàn dòng。”“ wǒ gè rén de guān chá hé zhàn bǔ yě xiǎn shì chū jiāng yòu yī xiē lè guān de fā zhǎn， ér yìn dù zhàn xīng jiā yě zuò tóng yàng de yù yán。”
　　
　　 dá lài lá má cuò wù dì gū jì liǎo shì jiè hé zhōng guó de jú shì， rèn wéi zhōng guó zhèng fǔ mǎ shàng jiù yào kuǎ tái liǎo， bù néng zài hé tā men dǎ jiāo dào liǎo， tā jué dé shuì yī jué xǐng lái，“ xīzàng dú lì” de píng guǒ jiù huì guāi guāi dì diào jìn zì jǐ de huái lǐ。 suǒ yǐ tā de kǒu qì yě biàn liǎo， xuān bù：“ yào zhòng xīn tiáozhěng yǔ běi jīng de guān xì”，“ shōu huí wǔ diǎn hé píng jìhuà hé wǔ diǎn xīn jiàn yì”，“ bù yǔ zhōng guó zhèng fǔ dǎ jiāo dào”，“ jiāng xuān bù xīzàng tuō lí zhōng guó， chè dǐ dú lì”。 bù guò， yù yán bì jìng shì yù yán， xiàn shí hái shì xiàn shí。 shè huì zhù yì de zǔ guó， bù yīn dá lài lá má de zhòu mà 'ér kuǎ tái； shè huì zhù yì de xīzàng， yě méi yòu yīn wéi dá lài de zhòu shù 'ér chóngxīn huī fù nóng nú zhì dù。 xuě shān dǐng shàng de tiān kōng zhào yàng hái shì nà me lán， yún cǎi zhào yàng hái shì nà me bái， nóng mín men zhào yàng hái zài zì jǐ de tǔ dì shàng gēngzhòng， mù rén men zhào yàng hái zài zì jǐ de cǎo chǎng fàng mù。 zhōng guó dǐng zhù liǎo lái zì xī fāng de zhèng zhì yā lì hé jīng jì zhì cái， biàn dé gèng jiā qiáng dà， gèng jiā fán róng， gèng jiā fù yù。 zhěng gè guó jiā shè huì wěn dìng、 mín zú tuán jié、 zhèng tōng rén hé、 jīng jì fā zhǎn， rén mín 'ān jū lè yè， zōng hé guó lì rì yì zēng qiáng， nà xiē céng jīng qiān fāng bǎi jì fēng suǒ、 zhì cái、 gū lì zhōng guó de xī fāng guó jiā， yě bù dé bù chóngxīn yǔ zhōng guó duì huà， gǎi shàn yǔ zhōng guó de guān xì， hé zhōng guó zuò shēng yì。 dá lài lá má de“ yù yán” chéng liǎo kōng huà， tā suǒ wèi de“ xīn xī wàng” chéng liǎo“ xīn shī wàng”。 dá lài lá má hěn diū liǎo yī xiē liǎn， yīn wéi tā zài shì rén miàn qián fàng liǎo kōng pào， chū liǎo yáng xiāng。 zì jǐ niàng de kǔ jiǔ， hái dé zì jǐ qiāoqiāo mì mì dì tūn xià。 jīng guò yī zhèn gān gà zhī hòu， tā de kǒu qì yòu biàn liǎo yī diǎn， 1992 nián 7 yuè 23 rì， tā chóngxīn tí chū“ wú xiān jué tiáo jiàn dì hé zhōng guó tán pàn”。 1996 nián tā zài fǎng wèn 'ào dà lì yà de shí hòu xuān chēng：“ wǒ bù yào qiú xīzàng dú lì， ér shì zì zhì。” dàn shì， zhèng shì tā jiǎng zhè xiē huà de shí hòu， yī diǎn yě méi yòu fàng sōng gōng jī zhōng guó、 zhēténg xīzàng。 zǔ zhì suǒ wèi“ xiàng xīzàng hé píng jìn jūn”， cèhuà suǒ wèi jiù“ xīzàng dì wèi wèn tí jìn xíng quán mín gōng jué”； tā wéi bèi lì shǐ dìng zhì hé zōng jiào yí guǐ， fēi fǎ rèn dìng bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng。 yī jù huà， tā zài bèi lí zǔ guó hé xīzàng rén mín de dào lù shàng yuè zǒu yuè yuǎn liǎo。
　　
　　1994 nián 7 yuè， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng、 guó wù yuàn zài běi jīng zhào kāi liǎo dì sān cì xīzàng gōng zuò zuò tán huì， huì shàng luò shí liǎo zhōng yāng hé quán guó gè shěng shì zì zhì qū yuán zhù xīzàng xīng jiàn 62 xiàng jiàn shè gōng chéng， yuán jìhuà tóu zī 23.8 yì yuán， shí jì tóu zī 33.66 yì yuán。 jīng guò 15 nián de gǎi gé kāi fàng， zhōng guó de guó lì zhú jiàn zēng qiáng， gè shěng shì zì zhì qū tè bié shì yán hǎi dì qū jīng jì yòu liǎo bù tóng chéng dù de fā zhǎn， dà jiā méi yòu wàng jì xīzàng， yě méi yòu wàng jì zàngzú tóng bāo， dū yuàn yì ná chū rén lì、 wù lì hé cái lì， bāng zhù xīzàng rén mín fā zhǎn shēng chǎn， gǎi shàn shēng huó。“ zhōng yāng guān xīn xīzàng， quán guó zhī yuán xīzàng”， chéng liǎo zhōng guó gè mín zú gòng tóng de xíng dòng。 qīng hǎi、 níng xià、 guì zhōu děng shěng、 zì zhì qū， zì jǐ yě bù fù yù， què háo wú bǎo liú dì yào gěi xīzàng rén mín zuò yī fèn gòng xiàn。 1995 nián 9 yuè， xīzàng zì zhì qū chéng lì 30 zhōu nián de shí hòu， 62 xiàng gōng chéng jué dà bù fēn yǐ jīng wán gōng， kāi shǐ wéi xīzàng rén mín zào fú， xīzàng rén yòu yī cì gǎn shòu dào zǔ guó de guān huái hé gè mín zú de yǒu yì hé wēn nuǎn。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， lā sà bù dá lā gōng wéi xiū shèng lì jùn gōng， yī jiāng liǎng hé de kāi fā jìn zhǎn shùn lì， shí shì bān chán dà shī de zhuǎn shì líng tóng 'àn zhào lì shǐ guàn lì hé zōng jiào yí guǐ yuán mǎn dì rèn dìng hé zuò chuáng， xīzàng quán qū 80% yǐ shàng de nóng mù mín yǐ jīng néng gòu chī bǎo chuān nuǎn， zhèng zài bù rù xiǎo kāng。 cóng mín zhù gǎi gé dào xiàn zài， xīzàng rén de píng jūn shòu mìng， yǐ yóu 35 suì zēng jiā dào 65 suì； xīzàng rén kǒu yóu 105 wàn rén zēng jiā dào 232 wàn rén； xīzàng xué shēng cóng 3000 rén zēng jiā dào 17.5 wàn rén。 zhōng yāng hé xīzàng zì zhì qū zhèng fǔ zhì dìng jù tǐ fāng 'àn， yào zài běn shì jì yǐ nèi xiāo miè pín kùn， quán tǐ xīzàng rén mín dōunéng guò shàng fù yù wén míng shēng huó de rì zǐ yǐ jīng wéi qī bù yuǎn liǎo。
　　
　　 shí dài zài fā zhǎn， lì shǐ zài qián jìn， rén mín qún zhòng cái shì lì shǐ de zhēn zhèng píng pàn zhě， cái shì lì shǐ de zhēn zhèng zhù rén。 yuǎn de bù shuō， cóng 1959 nián dá lài lá má pàn táo guó wài zhì jīn yǐ yòu 38 nián。 xīzàng rén mín kàn liǎo 38 nián， duì bǐ liǎo 38 nián， zhēn zhèng rèn shí dào zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ jǐyǔ xīzàng de shì shè huì 'ān dìng、 jīng jì fán róng、 wén huà tí gāo、 shēng huó fù yù。 ér dá lài lá má dào dǐ wéi xīzàng rén mín zuò liǎo xiē shénme， chú liǎo zhì zào yáo yán， cè dòng sāo luàn， nòng de xīzàng rén mín hěn bù 'ān níng yǐ wài， wǒ xiǎng bù chū tā wéi xīzàng rén mín zuò liǎo shénme hǎo shì。 zhè xiē bù shì rén men suí yì xiǎng xiàng de， ér shì dá lài lá má běn rén de yán yǔ xíng dòng suǒ xiě chéng， zhè yī diǎn guó nèi wài hěn duō cáng bāo dū kàn qīng chǔ liǎo， quán shì jiè bù shǎo réndōu kàn qīng chǔ liǎo。 suí zhe shí jiān de liú shì， tā jiāng bèi gèng duō de rén suǒ kàn qīng。
　　
　　 shì lì cáng , hái shì huò cáng
　　
　　 xīzàng zì yuán dài yǐ lái， jí shì zhōng guó lǐng tǔ bù kě fēn gē de yī bù fēn， zàngzú shì zhōng huá mín zú dà jiā tíng zhōng de zhòng yào yī yuán。 suǒ wèi“ xīzàng wèn tí” bù shì xīzàng běn shēn chǎn shēng de， ér shì běn shì jì chū dì guó zhù yì qīn lüè zhōng guó xīzàng de chǎn wù， shì dì guó zhù yì yī shǒu zào chéng de。 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó chéng lì yǐ hòu， cóng 1949 nián zhì 1959 nián， wéi rào hé píng jiě fàng xīzàng“ shí qī tiáo xié yì” de qiān dìng、 zhí xíng、 zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn jìn jūn xīzàng、 xīzàng shàng céng fǎn dòng jí tuán xù móu sī huǐ“ shí qī tiáo xié yì”、 fā dòng wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn、 rén mín jiě fàng jūn píng xī wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn děng děng， dū shèn tòu zhe fēn liè yǔ fǎn fēn liè de dǒu zhēng。 1959 nián 3 yuè， dá lài fēn liè zhù yì jí tuán zài guó jì fǎn huá shì lì de zhī chí hé bāng zhù xià， zài lā sà hàn rán fā dòng quán miàn wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn shī bài hòu， dá lài lá má táo wáng yìn dù。 cǐ hòu 30 duō nián jiān， tā jiān chí fēn liè zǔ guó， jiān chí“ xīzàng dú lì” de lì chǎng， qǐng kàn dá lài lá má de suǒ zuò suǒ wéi， jiū jìng shì yòu lì yú xīzàng shè huì de fā zhǎn， hái shì zǔ náo hé pò huài xīzàng de shè huì fā zhǎn ?
　　
　　1. zǔ 'ài hé pò huài《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》 de zhí xíng
　　
　　50 nián dài chū qī， shè zhèng dà zhá xià tái， shí sì shì dá lài lá má qīn zhèng。 1951 nián 2 yuè， dá lài lá má wěi pài 'ā pèi · ā wàng jìn měi wéi shǒu xí dài biǎo， tǔ dēng liè mén、 sāng pō · dēng zēng dùn zhū wéi dài biǎo zhí jiē yóu chāng dū lái běi jīng。 tóng shí， cóng yà dōng pài chū kǎi mò · suǒ 'ān wàng duī、 tǔ dān dàn dá wéi dài biǎo jīng yìn dù qù běi jīng。 dá lài lá má gěi měi gè dài biǎo bān fā liǎo yī fèn gài yòu yìn zhāng de zhèng shū， yóu shàng shù wǔ wèi dài biǎo quán quán chǔlǐ yǔ zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ de tán pàn shì yí。
　　
　　 xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ hé tán dài biǎo qí jù běi jīng hòu， zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ dāng jí zhǐ pài lǐ wéi hàn wéi shǒu xí dài biǎo， zhāng jīng wǔ、 zhāng guó huá、 sūn zhì yuǎn wéi quán quán dài biǎo， yú 4 yuè 29 rì yǔ xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ de quán quán dài biǎo zài yǒu hǎo de jī chǔ shàng， kāi shǐ jìn xíng tán pàn。 shuāng fāng jīng guò duō cì qià shāng jiù yòu guān hé píng jiě fàng xīzàng de suǒ yòu wèn tí dá chéng xié yì。 1951 nián 5 yuè 23 rì《 zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ hé xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ guān yú hé píng jiě fàng xīzàng bàn fǎ de xié yì》 jí《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》 zhèng shì qiān dìng， zhè shì zhōng guó rén mín de wěi dà shèng lì， shì dì guó zhù yì fēn liè wǒ guó xīzàng yīn móu de chè dǐ shī bài， shì xīzàng mín zú lì shǐ fā zhǎn de yī gè huàshídài de zhuǎn zhé diǎn。
　　
　　 gēn jù《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》 de guī dìng， zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn hé gōng zuò rén yuán jìn rù xīzàng， yán gé dì、 rèn zhēn dì zhí xíng《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》， yǐ zì jǐ de mó fàn xíng dòng， yíng dé xīzàng sēng sú rén mín hé 'ài guó shàng céng rén shì de yōng hù hé chēng zàn。 ér dì guó zhù yì hé xīzàng qīn dì fēn liè shì lì bù gān xīn tā men de shī bài， jì xù jìn xíng zhǒng zhǒng yīn móu huó dòng， fǎn duì hé pò huài《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》。 cóng《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》 qiān dìng de zuì chū rì zǐ qǐ， wéi rào zhe zhí xíng hái shì pò huài zhè gè xié yì zhǎn kāi liǎo fù zá de dǒu zhēng。
　　
　　《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》 míng què guī dìng：“ xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ jī jí xié zhù rén mín jiě fàng jūn jìn rù xīzàng， gǒng gù guó fáng。” xié yì qiān zì de mò jì wèi gān， dāng shí shēn rèn sī cáo de lǔ kāng wá jiù gōng rán yáng yán“ è zǒu jiě fàng jūn”， xià lìng jìn zhǐ mài gěi jiě fàng jūn liáng mò。 1952 nián 3、 4 yuè jiān， zài lǔ kāng wá hé luò sāng zhā xī liǎng sī cáo 'àn zhōng cè dòng、 zhī chí xià， fā shēng liǎo wěi“ rén mín huì yì” shì jiàn。 tā men cè dòng hé zǔ zhì bù fēn cáng jūn、 lá má、 liú máng děng zài lā sà jìn xíng qǐng yuàn hé wǔ zhuāng sāo luàn， bāo wéi zhōng yāng dài biǎo zhāng jīng wǔ zhù dì hé gá lún 'ā pèi · ā wàng jìn měi de zhù zhái， fǎn duì《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》， fǎn duì zǔ guó。 tā men zuòde tài guò fēn liǎo， shū guāng liǎo dào lǐ。 jīng guò yòu lǐ、 yòu lì、 yòu jié de dǒu zhēng， dá lài lá má bù dé bù xuān bù jiě sàn liǎo wěi“ rén mín huì yì”， bìng chè xiāo liǎo liǎng sī cáo de zhí wù。
　　
　　1954 nián dá lài lá má lái běi jīng chū xí dì yī jiè quán guó rén mín dài biǎo dà huì dì yī cì huì yì hòu， cóng běi jīng fǎn huí xīzàng shí， wěi“ rén mín huì yì” de dài biǎo rén wù dào kāng dìng、 yǎ 'ān yíng jiē， bìng shàng shū dá lài lá má， yào qiú huī fù wěi“ rén mín huì yì” de míng yì， chè xiāo duì liǎng sī cáo de chǔfèn。 zhè zhǒng fǎn duì xié yì de xíng jìng， què shòu dào xīzàng shǎo shù shàng céng fǎn dòng fènzǐ de tǎn hù hé bāo bì。
　　
　　1956 nián 4 yuè， xīzàng zì zhì qū chóu bèi wěi yuán huì chéng lì， zhè shì xīzàng shí xíng mín zú qū yù zì zhì de zhòng dà bù zhòu， yě shì《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》 zhōng de jī běn yuán zé zhī yī。 jiù zài chóu wěi huì chéng lì qián hòu， wěi“ rén mín huì yì” fènzǐ yòu huī fù huó dòng， dào chù shàng shū qǐng yuàn， fǎn duì zì zhì qū chóu wěi huì， fǎn duì mín zhù gǎi gé。 zhè zhǒng fǎn dòng huó dòng， yòu yī cì dé dào xīzàng shǎo shù shàng céng fǎn dòng fènzǐ de zòng róng hé zhī chí。
　　
　　1956 nián 11 yuè， dá lài lá má yìng yāo qù yìn dù cān jiā shì jiā móu ní niè 2500 zhōu nián jì niàn huó dòng。 shì fǒu yìng yāo qián wǎng， zhōng yāng míng què zhǐ shì， yóu dá lài lá má zì xíng jué dìng。 dá lài lá má yī dào yìn dù， jiù bèi xīzàng de nèi wài fǎn dòng shì lì hé fēn liè fènzǐ bāo wéi， yǐn yòu dá lài lá má liú zài yìn dù， gǎo suǒ wèi“ xīzàng dú lì”， dá lài lá má jí qí suí xíng de bù fēn zhù yào guān yuán chǎn shēng dòng yáo。 duì cǐ， zhù cáng rén mín jiě fàng jūn zuò liǎo bì yào de yìng biàn zhǔn bèi， bìng tóng xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ lǐng dǎo rén hé gè jiè rén shì yī dào， duì fǎn dòng fènzǐ jìn xíng zhèng zhì dǒu zhēng。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， dǎng zhōng yāng、 máo zé dōng zhù xí zuò chū zhòng dà jué cè， míng què xuān gào， dì 'èr gè wǔ nián jìhuà qī jiān， jí zài 6 nián nèi xīzàng bù jìn xíng mín zhù gǎi gé， dì sān gè wǔ nián jìhuà qī jiān shì fǒu gǎi gé， yě yào dào nà shí kàn qíng kuàng zài dìng， ràng xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ hé shàng céng rén shì yòu yī gè chōng fēn kǎo lǜ de shí jiān， yǐ shǐ wǒ men duì xīzàng shàng céng zài zhèng zhì shàng、 shēng huó shàng zhú bù zuò hǎo 'ān pái， yǐ lì yú tiáo jiàn chéng shú shí hé píng dì、 wěn tuǒ dì shí xiàn gǎi gé。 zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ zài fǎng wèn yìn dù de guò chéng zhōng， xiàng dá lài lá má jí qí suí xíng guān yuán chuán dá liǎo zhōng yāng zhè yīchóng dà jué cè， bìng yǐ tuī xīn zhì fù de tài dù fēn bié duì tā men jìn xíng nài xīn、 xì zhì de gōng zuò。 zhēn duì qí zhōng yī bù fēn rén yě xiǎng zǔ liú dá lài lá má， zài yìn dù gǎo“ dú lì” de xiǎng fǎ， zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ yán zhèng zhǐ chū： dá lài kě yǐ liú zài yìn dù， dàn xīzàng bù kě néng bān lái yìn dù。 bìng zhǐ chū bǎ dá lài liú zài yìn dù de xiǎng fǎ shì hài dá lài， yě shì hài liǎo xīzàng， rú guǒ bǎ dá lài liú xià lái， xīzàng de gōng zuò bù huì yīn 'ér tíng zhǐ…… dàn dà mén shì kāi zhe de， dá lài shénme shí hòu huí xīzàng， shénme shí hòu dū huān yíng。 zhè cái shǐ dá lài lá má de lì chǎng fā shēng zhuǎn biàn， yú 1957 nián 4 yuè 1 rì fǎn huí lā sà。
　　
　　2. sī huǐ xié yì， fā dòng quán miàn pàn luàn， dá lài lá má chū táo
　　
　　 zhí dào 50 nián dài mò， dá lài jí tuán zǔ náo、 pò huài《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》 de huó dòng shǐ zhōng méi yòu tíng zhǐ guò。 tā men xiān hòu zài chāng dū、 dīng qīng、 nà qū、 shān nán děng dì cè dòng wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn， jìn xíng wǔ zhuāng cuàn rǎo， shèn zhì gōng kāi zài shān nán dì qū chéng lì pàn luàn wǔ zhuāng“ wèi jiào jūn”， jiàn lì pàn luàn“ gēn jù dì”， bìng pò huài guó fáng gōng lù yùn shū xiàn， bāo wéi、 jìn gōng zì zhì qū chóu bèi wěi yuán huì zài gè dì de bàn gōng jī guān。 dào 1959 nián 3 yuè 10 rì， dá lài jí tuán zhōng yú sī huǐ《 shí qī tiáo xié yì》， zài lā sà hàn rán fā dòng quán miàn wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn， zǒu shàng bèi pàn zǔ guó de dào lù。 1959 nián 3 yuè 17 rì yè wǎn， dá lài jí tuán wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn shī bài， mì mì dì cāng huáng lí kāi lā sà chū táo。 4 yuè 18 rì dá lài lá má yuè jìng dǐ dá yìn dù tí sī pǔ 'ěr， tà shàng yì guó guó tǔ， jiù yóu yìn dù wài jiāo guān sàn fā liǎo yòng yīng wén shū xiě de《 dá lài lá má shēng míng》， guǐ chēng：“ zōng zhù quán shì hàn rén qiáng jiā zài xīzàng rén shēn shàng de”。 cǐ shí jīng hún wèi dìng de dá lài lá má jiù pò bù jí dài dì pāo chū shū miàn shēng míng， ér shēng míng de yǔ yán tóng dì guó zhù yì zhě fēn liè zhōng guó xīzàng guàn yòng de qiāng diào xiāng sì， cóng cǐ dá lài lá má kāi shǐ liǎo zài yì guó guó tǔ shàng fēn liè zǔ guó de huó dòng。 6 yuè 20 rì， dá lài lá má zài mù suǒ lǐ dì yī cì gōng kāi lòumiàn jǔ xíng jì zhě zhāo dài huì， xuān chēng：“ yào huī fù 1950 nián zhōng guó rù qīn yǐ qián xīzàng tè yòu de zì yóu hé dú lì dì wèi”。 1991 nián 3 yuè， dá lài lá má fǎng wèn yīng guó shí xiàng bào jiè xuān chēng： xīzàng“ shì dāng jīn shì jiè shàng bèi zhàn lǐng de yī gè zuì dà de guó jiā”。 dá lài lá má jiù shì zhè yàng cóng pàn táo zhī rì qǐ， bù gù xīzàng zì gǔ yǐ lái jiù shì zhōng guó bù kě fēn gē de yī bù fēn， 700 duō nián lái， lì dài zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ yī zhí duì xīzàng xíng shǐ zhe yòu xiào zhù quán guǎn xiá de lì shǐ， gōng kāi gǔ chuī“ xīzàng shì dú lì guó jiā。”
　　
　　3. chéng lì fēi fǎ de“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ”
　　
　　60 nián dài chū qī， dá lài lá má tóu kào xī fāng， kào xī fāng bì hù、 nǔ lì zhàn wěn jiǎo gēn， chéng lì suǒ wèi“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ”。
　　
　　1960 nián 9 yuè， dá lài lá má zài yìn dù dá lán sà lā， dǎzháo“ xīzàng dú lì” de qí hào， shōu luó wài táo de xīzàng dì fāng zhèng fǔ guān yuán guì zú、 qí tā cáng qū de tǔ sī tóu rén， shàng céng sēng lǚ、 pàn luàn tóu mù， zhào kāi liǎo suǒ wèi“ dì yī jiè xīzàng rén mín dài biǎo huì yì”。 chéng lì“ xīzàng gáxià zhèng fǔ”， hòu gǎi wéi“ dà xuě guó zhèng fǔ”（ zàngyǔ jiào“ gǎng qīn jí xióng”） jí“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ”， bān bù liǎo“ xīzàng guó xiàn fǎ dà gāng”（ cǎo 'àn）
　　， guī dìng dá lài lá má wéi“ zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo”。 zhī hòu， yú 1963 nián zhèng shì bān bù“ xīzàng guó xiàn fǎ”， 1991 nián xiū gǎi hòu gōng bù wéi“ liú wáng cáng rén xiàn fǎ”， guī dìng：“ dá lài rèn guó jiā shǒu nǎo”，“ dá lài lá má kě yǐ zhí jiē tōng guò xià shǔ guān yuán fā bù mìng lìng”， kě“ zhǐ lìng dà chén”、“ bān shòu xūn zhāng hé jué wèi”， gáxià huì yì shì zài dá lài lá má lǐng dǎo xià fù zé zhèng fǔ shì wù de， shǒu xí gá lún hé zhū gá lún、“ rén mín huì yì” huì cháng、 fù huì cháng、 dà fǎ guān jiù zhí qián jūn yào xiàng dá lài lá má“ xuān shì”， jūn chén huì yì yóu dá lài lá má zhù chí”、“ dá lài lá má kě yǐ gēnghuàn bāo kuò shǒu xí gá lún zài nèi de quán tǐ gá lún” děng děng。 dá lài zài qí“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ” nèi， shè lì 'ān quán、 wài jiāo（ hòu gǎi wéi guó jì guān xì jì xuān chuán） děng bù mén。 zài 10 duō gè guó jiā shè lì dá lài lá má bàn shì chù huò lián luò chù， biān ji、 chū bǎn hé fā xíng dà liàng xuān yáng“ xīzàng dú lì” de kān wù hé shū jí。 zài guó wài cáng bāo qīng nián rén zhōng chéng lì“ xīzàng qīng nián dà huì”、“ xīzàng fù nǚ xié huì” děng jī jìn zǔ zhì， zǔ jiàn“ xīzàng dà huì dǎng”、 shōu qǔ cáng rén“ dú lì juān” děng děng。 suǒ yòu zhè xiē jiù míng bái xiàng shì rén xuān gào， dá lài lá má jí qí“ liú wáng zhèng fǔ” shì yī gè zhǐ zài fēn liè zǔ guó， wàng tú shí xiàn“ xīzàng dú lì” de zhèng zhì jí tuán， dá lài shì zhè gè fēn liè zhù yì zhèng zhì jí tuán de zǒng dài biǎo、 zǒng tóu zǐ。 gù 'ér， rén men chēng zhī wéi“ dá lài jí tuán”。
　　
　　 dá lài jí tuán wèile dá dào fēn liè zǔ guó， wàng tú shí xiàn“ xīzàng dú lì” de zhèng zhì mùdì， zài guó wài fǎn huá shì lì de zhī chí hé yuán zhù xià， chóngxīn zǔ jiàn liǎng zhī pàn luàn wǔ zhuāng。 1960 nián 9 yuè zài ní bó 'ěr běi bù de mù sī táng dì qū chóngxīn zǔ jiàn liǎo“ sì shuǐ liù gǎng wèi jiào jūn”（ zàngyǔ chēng“ qū xì gǎng zhū”），“ sì shuǐ” zhǐ jīn shā jiāng、 lán cāng jiāng、 nù jiāng、 yǎ lóng jiāng；“ liù gǎng” zhǐ cā wǎ gǎng、 máng kāng gǎng、 má zé gǎng、 mù yǎ rào gǎng、 sè mò gǎng、 zé gòng gǎng， zhù yào dài biǎo sì chuān cáng qū。 1962 nián zǔ jiàn liǎo yǐ cáng rén wéi zhù de“ yìn cáng tè zhǒng biān jìng bù duì”。“ sì shuǐ liù gǎng wèi jiào jūn” bù jǐn zài wǒ guó biān jìng jìn xíng jūn shì xí rǎo huó dòng， wēi jí wǒ guó biān fáng hé biān mín de shēng chǎn yǔ shēng huó de 'ān níng， ér qiě sāo rǎo ní bó 'ěr jū mín bǎi xìng， qiáng zhàn cǎo chǎng、 tǔ dì、 lè suǒ cái wù， wú 'è bù zuò， chéng wéi ní bó 'ěr zhèng fǔ xīn fù zhī huàn。 zhè zhī fǎn dòng wǔ zhuāng， shǒu rèn zǒng zhǐ huī 'ēn zhū cāng · gōng bù zhā xī zài qí huí yì lù《 sì shuǐ liù gǎng》 zhōng xiě dào：“ zǔ zhì liǎo yī xì liè xiàng zhōng guó shào suǒ de jìn gōng”、“ yòu shí， yī、 èr bǎi rén de xīzàng yóu jī duì de huó dòng shēn rù zhōng guó zhàn lǐng qū dá yī bǎi yīng lǐ。” dá lài lá má zhuàn wén duì gōng bù zhā xī dà sì zàn yáng。“ sì shuǐ liù gǎng wèi jiào jūn” bù duàn sāo rǎo zhōng ní liǎng guó biān jìng dì qū， 1974 nián ní bó 'ěr zhèng fǔ chū dòng bù duì zuì zhōng jiě chú qí wǔ zhuāng。 zài ní bó 'ěr cán cún liǎo 14 nián zhī jiǔ de zhè zhī pàn luàn wǔ zhuāng zuì zhōng bèi chè dǐ jiān miè。 dá lài jí tuán hái bù duàn pài rén dào měi guó zhōng yāng qíng bào jú xué xí“ yóu jī zhàn shù”， jiē shòu“ tè shū xùn liàn”， péi yǎng shù yǐ bǎi jì de tè gōng rén yuán。 1961 nián， měi guó pài liǎng jià fēi jī gěi mù sī táng de sì shuǐ liù gǎng wèi jiào jūn kōng yùn liǎo néng zhuāng bèi 475 rén de qiāng xiè yào pǐn shí wù， hái yòu 10200 lú bǐ xiàn jīn。 tóng shí kōng tóu liǎo zài hǎi 'ěr yíng dì shòu xùn de 38 míng pàn luàn fènzǐ zhōng de 26 rén。 1965 nián zhì 1966 nián， měi guó zhōng yāng qíng bào jú zài ní bó 'ěr xiū jiàn liǎo zhuān yòng fēi jī chǎng， pài chū yī jià yùn shū jī hé liǎng jià zhí shēng jī zhuān mén gěi zhè zhī pàn luàn wǔ zhuāng kōng tóu wǔ qì zhuāng bèi、 liáng shí hé bèi fú děng wù zī。 fán cǐ zhǒng zhǒng wán quán bào lù liǎo dá lài jí tuán zài zhèng zhì shàng、 zǔ zhì shàng hé wǔ zhuāng lì liàng shàng fēn liè zǔ guó de zhēn shí miàn mù。
　　
　　4. chǔjìng gū lì
　　
　　70 nián dài chū， měi guó hé sū lián liǎng gè chāo jí dà guó zhēng duó shì jiè bà quán máo dùn rì qū jī huà， xī fāng guó jiā tiáozhěng duì huá zhèng cè， dá lài jí tuán de zhàn lüè dì wèi zuò yòng jiàng dī。 měi guó ní kè sōng zhèng fǔ wéi 'è zhì sū lián， tuī xíng“ xiàn shí wēi xié” zhàn lüè， tiáozhěng duì huá zhèng cè， cǎi qǔ bù zhòu gǎi shàn zhōng měi guān xì。 měi guó wéi xiāo chú zhàng 'ài， yú 1972 nián ní kè sōng fǎng huá qián xī， tíng zhǐ duì dá lài jí tuán zài zhèng zhì shàng de gōng kāi zhī chí hé jūn shì shàng、 jīng jì shàng de yuán zhù， guān bì liǎo lián hé guó nànmín jiù jì zǒng shǔ zhù jiā dé mǎn dū bàn shì chù， bù zài zhí jiē duì cáng rén tí gōng yuán zhù， diào xiāo liǎo fā gěi“ xīzàng gē wǔ tuán” fǎng měi de qiān zhèng， zhí dào 1977 nián， yī zài jù jué dá lài lá má fǎng měi de qiān zhèng。 dàn shì， měi guó zhōng yāng qíng bào jú bìng wèi wán quán fàng qì duì dá lài jí tuán de lì yòng hé zhī chí。
　　
　　 jiù zài ní bó 'ěr zhèng fǔ diào dòng liǎo jūn duì xiāo miè liǎo pán jù zài mù sī táng de“ sì shuǐ liù gǎng wèi jiào jūn” de tóng shí， bù dān zhèng fǔ dài bǔ liǎo dá lài lá má pài qù de gǔgàn fènzǐ， xiàn dìng zài bù dān de cáng rén jiā rù bù dān guó jí， fǒu zé qū zhú chū jìng。 cǐ shí， dá lài jí tuán sǔn bīng zhé jiāng， chǔjìng gū lì， dá lài yī shí biǎo xiàn chén mò， bèi gǎn lěng luò、 jué wàng。 1980 nián 3 yuè， dá lài lá má shuō， liú wáng cáng rén bì xū tóng hàn rén jiē chù， méi yòu qí tā bàn fǎ， quàn cáng rén jiē shòu zhōng guó shì yī gè wěi dà guó jiā， tā jiān xìn gòng chǎn zhù yì hé fó jiào yòu gòng tóng jī chǔ。 bìng biǎo shì rú guǒ xīzàng rén xìng fú， tā kě yǐ fàng qì xīzàng dú lì de zhù zhāng。 zài cǐ qī jiān tā zài gōng kāi chǎng hé hěn shǎo zài tí xīzàng dú lì， bìng duō cì zàn sòng zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng hé guó jiā lǐng dǎo rén， tǎo hǎo zhōng guó zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ。 bìng shēng chēng yào huí xīzàng kàn kàn， dǎ suàn kāi shǐ yǔ zhōng guó zhèng fǔ huī fù jiē chù。
　　
　　5. tí chū“ wǔ diǎn jìhuà” hé“ qī diǎn xīn jiàn yì”
　　
　　80 nián dài zhōng hòu qī yǐ lái， yǐ měi guó wéi shǒu de xī fāng guó jiā tuī xíng duì shè huì zhù yì guó jiā hé píng yǎn biàn de zǒng zhàn lüè， tè bié shì sū lián jiě tǐ， dōng 'ōu jù biàn， guó jì gé jú gǎi biàn， lěng zhàn zhōng jié。 1989 nián běi jīng“ liù sì” zhèng zhì fēng bō zhī hòu， mǒu xiē xī fāng guó jiā bǎ zhù yào máo tóu duì zhǔn zhōng guó， wàng tú jiāng“ xīzàng wèn tí” zuò wéi fēn liè zhōng guó， gǎo luàn zhōng guó de tū pò kǒu， yú shì chóngxīn zhī chí dá lài jí tuán， lì yòng dá lài lá má。 guó jì fǎn huá shì lì yī fāng miàn chóngxīn jǐyǔ dá lài jí tuán dà liàng zī zhù， yī fāng miàn bǎ nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng shǎng gěi dá lài。 dá lài jí tuán yī gǎi jǐ nián lái de qiú hǎo tài dù， duì guó nèi jiā jǐn shèn tòu， zhì zào duō qǐ sāo luàn， zài guó wài tuī xíng xīzàng wèn tí guó jì huà。 zhè qī jiān， dá lài bù duàn yǐ suǒ wèi“ xīzàng zōng jiào lǐng xiù”、“ hé píng wèi shì”、“ rén quán huó dòng jiā”、“ nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng huò dé zhě” tóu xián， pín pín chū fǎng 'ōu měi hé yà zhōu yī xiē guó jiā， huì jiàn gè guó zhèng yào、 yì yuán， jǔ xíng jì zhě zhāo dài huì， fā biǎo jiǎng yǎn， yǐ jí lì yòng lián hé guó rén quán huì yì děng zhòng yào guó jì huì yì， gè zhǒng guó jì xué
　　 shù yán tǎo huì děng jiǎng tái， dà sì jìn xíng“ xīzàng dú lì” xuān chuán， bǐng chéng guó jì fǎn huá shì lì de zhǐ yì， zài guó wài tuī xíng xīzàng wèn tí guó jì huà。 jù bù wán quán tǒng jì， 30 duō nián lái， dá lài lá má chū fǎng 50 duō gè guó jiā， dá 120 duō cì， qí huó dòng guó jiā hé dì qū yuè lái yuè duō， qí fā biǎo yán lùn yě yuè lái yuè duō。 ér qí zhōng zuì tū chū、 yǐng xiǎng zuì dà de shì 1987 nián dá lài lá má fǎng měi， zài měi guó guó huì rén quán xiǎo zǔ huì shàng fā biǎo fēn liè zhōng guó de“ wǔ diǎn jìhuà”， 1988 nián 6 yuè zài fǎ guó sī tè lā sī bǎo 'ōu zhōu yì huì dà shà de yī gè huì yì tīng jǔ xíng jì zhě zhāo dài huì sàn fā de wàng tú biàn xiāng gǎo xīzàng dú lì de“ qī tiáo jiàn yì”。 dá lài de suǒ wèi“ wǔ diǎn hé píng jìhuà”， jí：
　　
　　1、 shǐ zhěng gè xīzàng biàn chéng yī gè hé píng qū。
　　 jí jiāng bāo kuò dōng bù de kāng shěng（ chāng dū dì qū） hé 'ān duō shěng， biàn chéng yī gè 'ā xī mǔ sà（ hé píng） qū。
　　
　　2、 zhōng guó fàng qì xiàng xīzàng dì qū yí zhí rén kǒu zhèng cè， yīn wéi zhè wēi xié zhe xīzàng mín zú de gēn běn shēng cún。
　　
　　3、 zūn zhòng xīzàng rén mín de gēn běn rén quán hé mín zhù quán lì。
　　
　　4、 huī fù hé bǎo hù xīzàng de zì rán huán jìng hé zhōng guó fàng qì zài xīzàng shēng chǎn hé wǔ qì hé duī fàng hé fèi liào jìhuà。
　　
　　5、 jiù xīzàng wèi lái de dì wèi yǐ jí xīzàng rén mín hé zhōng guó rén mín zhī jiān de guān xì wèn tí jǔ xíng chéng zhì de tán pàn。
　　
　　 zhè gè” wǔ diǎn jìhuà” běn lái jiù shì wài guó rén bāng zhù qǐ cǎo de， gēn běn bù shì wèile xīzàng de hé píng yǔ 'ān quán， ér shì tōng guò měi guó guó huì zhè gè duì xī fāng yòu jiào dà yǐng xiǎng de jiǎng tán， chóngtí“ xīzàng dú lì” de chén cí lǎo diào， shì shuō gěi xī fāng rén tīng de。“ wǔ diǎn jìhuà” de hé xīn dì yī tiáo“ shǐ xīzàng biàn chéng yī gè hé píng qū”、“ huǎn chōng guó”，“ yào bǎ qí jūn duì hé jūn shì shè shī cóng zhè gè guó jiā chè zǒu”。 shuō chuān liǎo， jiù shì yào shǐ xīzàng chéng wéi yī gè“ dú lì guó”。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má suǒ wèi de“ qī diǎn jiàn yì” jí：
　　
　　 yī、 xīzàng yīngdāng chéng wéi yī gè yóu tā zì jǐ zhī pèi de mín zhù de zhèng zhì shí tǐ， tóng zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó bǎo chí ［ lián méng ］ de guān xì；
　　
　　 èr、 yóu zhōng guó zhèng fǔ fù zé xīzàng wài jiāo shì wù， dàn shì xīzàng zhèng fǔ zài guó wài kě yǐ shè lì zōng jiào、 wén huà děng fāng miàn de wài jiāo bàn shì chù；
　　
　　 sān、 xīzàng zhèng fǔ jiā rù shì jiè rén quán xuān yán；
　　
　　 sì、 xīzàng zhèng fǔ yīnggāi yóu tōng guò quán mín tóu piào xuǎn jǔ chū zhí xíng shǒu nǎo、 duì cái zhèng lì fǎ hé dú lì de sī fǎ tǐ xì zǔ chéng， zhèng fǔ suǒ zài dì shì lā sà；
　　
　　 wǔ、 xīzàng jīng jì、 shè huì tǐ zhì yìng gēn jù xīzàng rén mín de yì yuàn lái jué dìng；
　　
　　 liù、 xīzàng jìn zhǐ hé wǔ qì huò qí tā wǔ qì de zhì zào、 shì yàn、 chǔ cún， yǐ jí hé néng de lì yòng；
　　
　　 qī、 yīnggāi zhào kāi dì qū hé píng huì yì lái bǎo zhèng shǐ xīzàng tōng guò fēi jūn shì huà 'ér chéng wéi hé píng de shèng dì， zài zhè gè huì yì zhào kāi hé fēi jūn shì huà、 fēi hé huà shí xiàn zhī qián， zhōng guó kě yǐ yòu quán zài xīzàng bǎo chí yǐ fáng yù wéi mù de de、 yòu xiàn liàng de jūn shì shè shī de cún zài。
　　
　　 zhè gè“ qī tiáo jiàn yì” yǔ“ wǔ diǎn jìhuà” xiāng bǐ， diào zǐ yòu suǒ biàn huà， dàn qí shí zhì yǐ rán shì fēn liè zhōng guó， tí chū“ zhōng guó zhèng fǔ fù zé xīzàng de wài jiāo shì wù”，“ zhōng guó kě yǐ yòu quán zài xīzàng bǎo chí yǐ fáng yù wéi mùdì、 yòu xiàn liàng de“ jūn shì shè shī”。 qí shí zhì xiǎn rán fǒu dìng zhōng guó zhèng fǔ duì xīzàng yōng yòu de shén shèng zhù quán， bìng qiě qǐ tú bǎ zhōng yāng hé xīzàng dì fāng de lì shǔ guān xì， biàn chéng lèi sì xī fāng de zōng zhù guó yǔ fù yōng guó、 bǎo hù guó yǔ bèi bǎo hù guó de guān xì， cóng 'ér gǎi biàn xīzàng de fǎ lǜ dì wèi。 dá lài bǎ zhè gè“ qī tiáo jiàn yì” chēng zhī wéi“ xīn jiàn yì”， qí shí zhè gè tí fǎ， bìng fēi shénme xīn dōng xī， ér shì yīng、 é dì guó zhù yì guó jiā zài běn shì jì chū wàng tú bǎ xīzàng fēn liè chū zhōng guó， ér páozhì de guān yú“ zhōng guó zài xīzàng zhǐ yòu zōng zhù quán 'ér bù shì yōng yòu zhù quán” de shuō fǎ zài xīn de lì shǐ tiáo jiàn xià de fān bǎn。
　　
　　 dá lài lá má de zhè gè“ jìhuà” hé“ jiàn yì” bù bù dōuzài wéi rào“ xīzàng dú lì” dōu juàn zǐ， duì zhōng guó zhèng fǔ jìn xíng zào yáo hé wū miè， duì xīzàng lì shǐ hé xiàn zhuàng jìn xíng wāi qū， zhè lǐ yú yǐ pōu xī hé bó zhèng。
　　
　　 yī、 dá lài lá má tí chū：“ bǎ zhěng gè xīzàng， bāo kuò dōng bù de kāng shěng（ chāng dū dì qū） hé 'ān duō shěng， biàn chéng yī gè 'ā xī sà mǔ（ hé píng qū）。” yòu shuō“ xīzàng yīngdāng chéng wéi yī gè yóu tā zì jǐ zhī pèi de mín zhù de zhèng zhì shí tǐ， tóng zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó bǎo chí（ lián méng） de guān xì。” děng zhèng zhì zhù zhāng。 zhè shì shí fēn huǎng miù de。 shǒu xiān， tōng guò suǒ wèi fēi jūn shì huà hé zhōng lì huà jiāng xīzàng biàn chéng hé píng qū hé dà guó zhī jiān de huǎn chōng guó de shuō fǎ， shì gù yì hùn xiáo zhōng yìn guān xì zhōng de wèn tí， shì shè jí dào zhōng guó duì xīzàng de zhù quán guǎn xiá yǔ lǐng tǔ wán zhěng de wèn tí。 rú guǒ jiāng zhōng guó de xīzàng ná chū lái yǔ yìn dù qù jiàn lì hé píng qū huò zhōng lì qū， qí jiēguǒ zhǐ néng shì pò huài zhōng guó lǐng tǔ de wán zhěng。 qí cì， xīzàng yìng chéng wéi yī gè mín zhù de zhèng zhì shí tǐ， tóng zhōng guó bǎo chí lián méng de guān xì de zhù zhāng， xiǎn rán dá lài zhè yī zhù zhāng jū xīn pǒ cè 'ér yòu wú zhī， shí zhì shì tú móu zhī jiě、 fēn liè cháng qī lì shǐ xíng chéng de duō mín zú tǒng yī de zhōng guó， shǐ xīzàng biàn xiāng dú lì tuō lí zhōng guó。 rán 'ér dá lài lá má zhè zhǒng fǒu dìng zhōng guó duì xīzàng zhù quán， biàn xiāng gǎo xīzàng dú lì de lì chǎng zhì jīn sī háo méi yòu biàn huà。 1993 nián 7 yuè， dá lài lá má de sī rén dài biǎo xiàng zhōng yāng chéng sòng de xìn jiàn tí chū jiě jué xīzàng wèn tí de yì jiàn， réng rán yào wàng tú jiàn lì“ dàzàng zú zì zhì qū” huò yuē“ gāo dù zì zhì de dàzàng zú xíng zhèng qū”。 zhè xiē shuō fǎ， qí shí zhì zhèng shì tā de“ wǔ diǎn jìhuà” de dì yī tiáo。 dá lài lá má shuō：“ zhěng gè xīzàng， bèi chēng zuò cáng qū sān bù（ wèi cáng、 kāng bā、 ān duō）， yīnggāi chéng wéi yī gè gēn jù fǎ lǜ、…… tóng zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó yòu lián xì de mín zhù huò zì zhì shí tǐ”。 zài《 dá lài zìzhuàn》 zhōng de yī fú suǒ wèi“ dàzàng zú qū” dì tú， bù jǐn náng kuò liǎo xiàn jīn xīzàng zì zhì qū hé sì chuān、 qīng hǎi、 gān sù、 yún nán děng sì shěng de 10 gè zàngzú zì zhì zhōu hé liǎng gè zàngzú zì zhì xiàn， ér qiě jìng rán bǎ qīng hǎi shěng de xī níng shì、 gān sù shěng dōng xiāng zú zì zhì xiàn hé yún nán shěng nù jiāng lì sù zú zì zhì zhōu děng xǔ duō dì qū yě bāo kuò jìn qù liǎo， zǒng miàn jī yuē zhàn zhōng guó lǐng tǔ de sì fēn zhī yī。 dá lài jí tuán jí qí zhī chí zhě men wèihé bù xiǎng yī xiǎng， ① běn shì jì chū de běi yáng zhèng fǔ shàng qiě bù tóng yì fàng qì“ mài kè mǎ hóng xiàn” yǐ nán de jiǔ wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ zhōng guó lǐng tǔ， ér jīn qiáng dà de shè huì zhù yì zhōng guó， zěn néng ràng yòu 120 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ de xīzàng zì zhì qū jí qí tā shěng de cáng qū 100 duō wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ de lǐng tǔ fēn liè chū qù？ ② xiàn zài quán guó 459 wàn zàngzú rén kǒu zhōng， 54％ yǐ shàng fēn sàn jū zhù zài sì chuān、 qīng hǎi、 gān sù hé yún nán shěng jìng nèi， yóu yú cháng qī lì shǐ yǎn biàn de jiēguǒ， tā men tóng zhè xiē dì qū de hàn、 qiāng、 huí、 mǎn、 měnggǔ、 bǎo 'ān、 yù gù、 nà xī、 yí、 pǔ mǐ děng mín zú zá jū， gè mín zú róng qià dì shēng huó zài yī qǐ， xíng chéng liǎo bù tóng mín zú dì qū de quǎn yá jiāo cuò， zài jīng jì、 zhèng zhì、 wén huà děng gè fāng miàn xiāng hù yǐ cún， bù kě fēn gē de guān xì。 dá lài wàng tú bǎ yóu yú dì lǐ tiáo jiàn de xiàn zhì， gāo shān dà chuān de zǔ gé xíng chéng de sān gè rú cǐ guǎng dà de dì qū， shù bèi yú xīzàng rén kǒu de 20 duō gè mín zú náng kuò zài tā men xiǎng xiàng zhōng de“ dàzàng zú zì zhì qū” zhī nèi， shì jué duì bù kě néng de。 ③ zì yuán yǐ lái， cháng dá 700 duō nián de lì shǐ jìn chéng zhōng， zhè xiē dì qū dū guī lì dài zhōng yāng cháo tíng、 zhèng fǔ tǒng yī lǐng dǎo xià de gè gè suǒ zài xíng zhèng qū guǎn xiá， xíng zhèng shàng yǔ xīzàng dì fāng gēn běn méi yòu tǒng shǔ guān xì。 ④ zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó chéng lì hòu， guó jiā shí xíng mín zú qū yù zì zhì zhì dù。 gēn jù cáng qū de jù tǐ qíng kuàng fēn bié jiàn lì liǎo zì zhì qū、 zì zhì zhōu hé zì zhì xiàn。 jì bǎo zhàng liǎo gè dì zàngzú rén mín de píng děng quán lì， yòu yòu lì yú zàngzú zì zhì dì fāng de xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ yǔ jīng jì wén huà de fā zhǎn， dé dào zàngzú zì zhì dì fāng rén mín de yōng hù。 dá lài lá má yào gǎo biàn xiāng dú lì shì bù yǔn xǔ de， yě shì xíng bù tōng de。
　　
　　 èr、 dá lài lá má shuō：“ hàn rén yí mín， zàngzú zài xīzàng chéng wéi shǎo shù”。“ hàn rén xiàng xīzàng yí mín 750 wàn rén， shǐ zàngzú chéng liǎo shǎo shù mín zú”。 dá lài jí tuán de“ xīzàng qīng nián dài biǎo dà huì” biān zào de shù jù gèng jiā sǒng rén tīng wén， tā men shuō hàn rén xiàng xīzàng yǐ yí mín 7000 wàn , hái jìhuà yí jìn 1 2 yì hàn rén， tóng huà zàngzú。 jiǎn zhí shì mí tiān dà huǎng。 gēn jù 1990 nián rén kǒu pǔ chá de tǒng jì， zài xīzàng de hàn zú rén jǐn yòu 81217 rén， shàng bù zú quán qū zǒng rén kǒu de 4％。 xīzàng hé qí tā shěng de 10 gè zàngzú zì zhì zhōu、 liǎng gè zàngzú zì zhì xiàn de zǒng rén kǒu， jiā zài yī qǐ yě zhǐ yòu jìn 600 wàn rén， qí zhōng zàngzú 459 wàn， réng rán zhàn dà duō shù。
　　
　　 zhōng guó zhèng fǔ cóng wèi zhì dìng hé shí xíng guò xiàng xīzàng“ yí mín” de jìhuà。 guó jiā gēn jù xīzàng jiàn shè de xū yào， xuǎn pài qù xīzàng fú wù de shǎo liàng hàn zú hé qí tā xiōng dì mín zú rén yuán， dà duō shì jù yòu jiào gāo wén huà shuǐ píng hé jì shù shuǐ píng de zhuān yè rén yuán hé jì shù gōng rén。 tā men yǔ zàngzú rén mín tóng gān gòng kǔ， qīn rú shǒu zú， gòng tóng wéi xīzàng de jīng jì、 wén huà jiàn shè zuò chū liǎo gòng xiàn， shòu dào liǎo xīzàng rén mín de huān yíng。 dèng xiǎo píng tóng zhì zhǐ chū：“ xīzàng shì rén kǒu hěn xī shǎo de dì qū， dì fāng dà dé hěn， dān kào 200 wàn zàngzú tóng bāo qù jiàn shè shì bù gòu de， hàn rén qù bāng zhù tā men méi yòu shénme huài chù， rú guǒ yǐ zài xīzàng yòu duō shǎo hàn rén lái pàn duàn zhōng guó de mín zú zhèng cè hé xīzàng wèn tí， bù huì dé chū zhèng què de jié lùn。”
　　
　　 jìn nián lái， suí zhe jīng jì fàng kāi gǎo huó， gǎi gé kāi fàng zhú bù shēn rù， yòu yī xiē hàn zú、 huí zú qún zhòng dào xīzàng zuò shēng yì huò zuò gōng jiàng。 wéi cù jìn xīzàng jīng jì de fā zhǎn， chuán shòu xiān jìn de jì shù hé guǎn lǐ fāng fǎ， gǎo huó liú tōng、 huó yuè shì chǎng dū qǐ dào liǎo jī jí de zuò yòng。
　　
　　 sān、 dá lài lá má shuō：“ xīzàng shì shì jiè shàng qīn fàn rén quán zuì yán zhòng dídí dì qū zhī yī。 xiàn zài xīzàng méi yòu mín zhù、 zì yóu。” zhè shì dá lài yíng hé guó jì fǎn huá shì lì zhèng zhì xū yào， bù gù shì shí biān zào de huǎng yán， duì zhōng guó zhèng fǔ de wú duān wū miè hé gōng jī。
　　
　　 zhè gè wèn tí dǎo shǐ rén xiǎng qǐ yī jiàn shì。 1990 nián 4 yuè， zài 'ōu zhōu yì huì jǔ xíng de yī cì huì yì shàng， yī wèi yì yuán xiān shēng xiàng dá lài lá má tí liǎo jǐ gè wèn tí， qí zhōng yòu yī gè wèn tí shì：“ dá lài lá má néng fǒu jù tǐ dì bǎ 1949 nián qián hòu xīzàng de zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà、 shè huì shēng huó děng gè gè fāng miàn zuò yī bǐ jiào， yīn wéi jù liǎo jiě， 1949 nián zhī qián， xīzàng shí xíng de shì bǐ fēng jiàn zhì dù hái yào luò hòu de jìn sì nú lì zhì dù de zhì dù。” kě shì， dá lài lá má duì zhè gè wèn tí què bì 'ér bù tán， zài huì chǎng zhōng yǐn qǐ bù mǎn。
　　
　　 shì shí běn lái hěn qīng chǔ， zhǐ yào jiāng xīn jiù xīzàng de mín zhù、 zì yóu、 rén quán zhuàng kuàng zuò yī gè duì bǐ， jiù bù nán dé chū zhèng què jié lùn。 jiù xīzàng， shì zhèng jiào hé yī de shàng céng sēng lǚ guì zú zhuān zhèng de fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì shè huì， cán kù、 yě mán de chéng dù bǐ zhōng shì jì 'ōu zhōu de nóng nú zhì dù hái yòu guò zhī 'ér wú bù jí。 nóng nú zhù zài zhèng zhì shàng xiǎng yòu zhì gāo wú shàng de tè quán， jīng jì shàng zhàn yòu chú quán bù shēng chù wài de quán bù shēng chǎn zī liào， bǎi wàn nóng nú rèn píng tā men bō xuē yā pò， lián rén shēn dōubù shǔ yú zì jǐ suǒ yòu， zì rán tán bù shàng shénme shēng cún quán hé fā zhǎn quán， gēn běn méi yòu shénme mín zhù、 rén quán。 rú guǒ yìng shuō shénme rén quán， zhǐ yòu nóng nú zhù zǎi gē nóng nú de rén quán， méi yòu nóng nú bù shòu bō xuē yā pò de rén quán， gèng méi yòu fǎn kàng de rén quán。
　　
　　 xīzàng shí xíng mín zhù gǎi gé hòu， fèi chú liǎo fēng jiàn nóng nú zhì dù， bǎi wàn nóng nú fān liǎo shēn， dì yī cì huò dé liǎo mín zhù、 zì yóu de quán lì。 zhè shì wán quán fú hé lián hé guó“ jìn nú gōng yuē” de， chè dǐ fèi chú liǎo yě mán cán rěn de kù xíng hé bù rén dào de dài yù， guǎng dà xīzàng rén mín cái zhēn zhèng yòu liǎo rén quán。 jīn rì xīzàng zài zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng hé zhōng yāng rén mín zhèng fǔ de zhí jiē lǐng dǎo xià， shí shī gǎi gé kāi fàng， dà gǎo jīng jì jiàn shè， shè huì bù duàn jìn bù， jīng jì wěn bù fā zhǎn。 jī běn jiě jué liǎo wēn bǎo， xiàn zài bù fēn dì fāng zhèng cóng wēn bǎo xíng jīng jì xiàng fù yù xíng fā zhǎn。 xīzàng rén mín yǐ dé dào zhōng guó xiàn fǎ hé mín zú qū yù zì zhì fǎ děng fǎ lǜ de quán lì bǎo zhàng， zhēn zhèng xiǎng shòu dào mín zhù zì yóu yǔ rén quán， yòu liǎo shēng cún quán yǔ fā zhǎn quán， yòu liǎo rén shēn zì yóu hé zhèng zhì shàng de gè zhǒng quán lì（ bāo kuò xuǎn jǔ quán yǔ bèi xuǎn jǔ quán děng）， yòu liǎo jīng jì quán、 shè huì quán、 wén huà quán、 shòu jiào yù quán、 sī fǎ quán、 zōng jiào xìn yǎng zì yóu quán、 shēng yù quán、 fù nǚ、 cán jí rén、 wèi chéng nián rén bǎo zhàng quán děng。 suí zhe jīng jì jiàn shè hé gǎi gé kāi fàng de jiā kuài、 kuò dà yǔ shēn huà， rén mín de quán lì hái huì fā zhǎn hé wán shàn。 zhè xiē zài jiù xīzàng shì wú fǎ bǐ nǐ de。 jù yòu fěng cì yì wèi de shì， dá lài lá má zuò wéi cáng chuán fó jiào gé lǔ pài dà huó fó zhī yī， dá lài lá má zài 1959 nián qián niàn jīng huó dòng hái yào yòng rén de tóu gài gǔ、 rén de tuǐ gǔ zuò fǎ qì de cán rěn de fēng jiàn nóng nú zhù jiē jí， sān dà nóng nú zhù de zǒng dài biǎo， hái tán shénme mín zhù、 zì yóu hé rén quán， shí zài lìng rén chǐ lěng。
　　
　　 sì、 dá lài lá má shuō， xīzàng huán jìng shòu dào wū rǎn。 zhè shì xù yì biān zào de wēi yán sǒng tīng de huǎng yán， zhuān mén shuō gěi xī fāng rén tīng de。 wǒ men zhī dào， qīngzàng gāo yuán shì shì jiè dì sān jí。 xīzàng gāo yuán shì dì qiú shàng yī piàn jù yòu tè sè de dì yù， shì shì jiè shàng hǎi bá zuì gāo de gāo yuán， qì shì hóng wěi， yòu zhe fù zá 'ér cuì ruò de shēng tài huán jìng， yī dàn zāo dào pò huài jiāng hěn nán huī fù。 zài jiā kuài jīng jì fā zhǎn de tóng shí， yào bǎo chí hǎo huán jìng， chéng wéi quán xīzàng zì zhì qū quán shè huì gòng tóng de nǔ lì mù biāo。 1990 nián， xīzàng zì zhì qū huán jìng bǎo hù wěi yuán huì chéng lì， qièshí jiā qiáng liǎo zhèng fǔ duì quán zì zhì qū huán jìng bǎo hù de tǒng yī lǐng dǎo。 tóng nián， guó jiā tóu zī 390 wàn yuán， jiàn chéng liǎo zì zhì qū huán jìng jiān cè zhàn。 jiān cè zhàn zài lā sà chéng qū jí lā sà hé de shàng、 zhōng、 xià yóu shè lì liǎo 3 gè dà qì cǎi yàng diǎn、 3 gè hé shuǐ jiān cè diǎn hé 27 gè jiāo tōng zào shēng jiān cè diǎn。 jiān cè jiēguǒ biǎo míng： lā sà shàng kōng dà qì zhōng duì rén tǐ yòu hài de 'èr yǎng huà liú de nóng dù， měi lì fāng mǐ shǎo yú 0 1 háo kè， dī yú guó jiā biāo zhǔn， dà qì zhōng bù cún zài yòu hài qì tǐ dàn yǎng huà wù。 dà qì zhōng de zǒng hán chén liàng zài měi lì fāng mǐ 0 4 háo kè yǐ xià。 tōng guò duì lā sà hé shàng yóu dá zī xiàn、 lā sà shì yǐ jí lā sà hé yǔ yǎ lǔ cáng bù jiāng de huì hé chù 3 gè diǎn de jiān cè， shuǐ de suān jiǎn dù、 yìng dù hé huà xué hào yǎng liàng zài 3 gè diǎn shàng jūn wú biàn huà。 hé shuǐ zhōng bù cún zài lǚ、 xīn、 tóng děng zhòng jīn shǔ wēi liàng yuán sù wū rǎn。 tǔ rǎng hé shuǐ yù méi yòu rèn hé rén wéi zào chéng de fàng shè xìng wū rǎn， gèng bù cún zài hé wū rǎn。
　　
　　 wéi bǎo hù shēng tài huán jìng， huán jìng bǎo hù bù mén cǎi qǔ liǎo yī xì liè cuò shī， rú duì zhèng zài xīng jiàn de yáng zhuó yōng hú diàn zhàn、 shān nán luó bù sà gè tiě kuàng děng yī pī dà zhōng xíng zhòng diǎn gōng chéng， yán gé yǐ zhào huán jìng bǎo hù fǎ jìn xíng jiān dū hé guǎn lǐ； bān qiān jù lā sà hé bù yuǎn de lā jī chǎng， yǐ jiǎn qīng duì lā sà hé de wū rǎn； jiàn lì wū shuǐ chǔlǐ chǎng děng。 mù qián， xīzàng zì zhì qū yǐ zhì dìng liǎo《 jiàn shè xiàng mù huán jìng bǎo hù guǎn lǐ bàn fǎ》、《 lā sà shì chéng shì huán jìng wèi shēng guǎn lǐ tiáo lì》、《 lā sà shì chéng shì lǜ huà guǎn lǐ tiáo lì》、《 xīzàng huán jìng bǎo hù tiáo lì》， shēng tài hé huán jìng bǎo hù yǐ zhú bù zǒu shàng liǎo yǐ fǎ guǎn lǐ de guǐ dào。
　　
　　 cǐ hòu， dá lài lá má chū fǎng pín fán， chuān suō yú xǔ duō guó jiā zhī jiān， zhōu xuán yú gè guó zhèng yào zhī mén tíng， shí 'ér zài jí huì shàng kāng kǎi chén cí， gēn yáng rén jiǎng yī tào， gēn cáng rén jiǎng de yòu shì yī tào， zhè gè“ jìhuà” nà gè“ jiàn yì” huā yàng fān xīn， biàn lái biàn qù , jiù shì bù yuàn fàng qì“ xīzàng dú lì”、“ biàn xiāng dú lì” huò“ bàn dú lì” de lì chǎng。
　　
　　 jié shù yǔ
　　
　　1979 nián， dèng xiǎo píng tóng zhì céng míng què dì duì dá lài lá má de sī rén dài biǎo shuō guò：“ gēn běn wèn tí， xīzàng shì zhōng guó de yī bù fēn， duì yǔ bù duì， yào yòng zhè gè biāo zhǔn lái pàn duàn。”
　　
　　1991 nián 5 yuè 19 rì， lǐ péng zǒng lǐ dá xīn huá shè jì zhě wèn shí， zài yī cì chóngshēn liǎo zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ de zhèng cè， zhǐ chū：“ wǒ men de gēn běn yuán zé zhǐ yòu yī tiáo， jí xīzàng shì zhōng guó bù kě fēn gē de yī bù fēn。 zài zhè gè gēn běn wèn tí shàng méi yòu rèn hé tǎo jià hái jià de yú dì。 zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ yī guàn biǎo shì yuàn yì tóng dá lài lá má jìn xíng jiē chù， dàn shì dá lài lá má bì xū tíng zhǐ cóng shì fēn liè zǔ guó de huó dòng， gǎi biàn ‘ xīzàng dú lì ’ de lì chǎng， chú liǎo‘ xīzàng dú lì’ bù néng tán， qí tā wèn tí dōukě yǐ tán。”
　　
　　1995 nián 11 yuè 10 rì， lǐ ruì huán tóng zhì《 zài bān chán zhuǎn shì líng tóng xún fǎng lǐng dǎo xiǎo zǔ dì sān cì huì yì shàng de jiǎng huà》 zhōng zhǐ chū：“ duì yú dá lài běn rén， zhōng yāng yī zhí xiǎo yǐ dà yì， gěi yǐ chū lù， zuò dào liǎo rén zhì yì jìn。 zhōng yāng duō cì chóngshēn， zhǐ yào tā chéng rèn xīzàng shì zhōng guó bù kě fēn gē de yī bù fēn， chè dǐ fàng qì‘ xīzàng dú lì’ de zhù zhāng， tíng zhǐ cóng shì fēn liè zǔ guó de huó dòng， wǒ men jiù kě yǐ tóng tā tán pàn， huān yíng tā huí dào zǔ guó， zài yòu shēng zhī nián zuò yī xiē duì xīzàng rén mín yòu yì de shì qíng。” jīn tiān， wǒ men réng rán jiān chí zhè yī zhèng cè。
　　
　　 jiāng zé mín zhù xí zài 1996 nián 7 yuè 13 rì hé 14 rì fēn bié jiē shòu dé guó diàn shì 'èr tái hé《 fǎ lán kè fú huì bào》 de jì zhě cǎi fǎng shí， huí dá xīzàng wèn tí shí shuō：“ zhǐ yào dá lài lá má chéng rèn xīzàng shì zhōng guó bù kě fēn gē de yī bù fēn， chè dǐ fàng qì‘ xīzàng dú lì’ de zhù zhāng， tíng zhǐ fēn liè zǔ guó de huó dòng， wǒ men jiù huān yíng tā， huí guī zǔ guó， wèiguó jiā de tǒng yī hé mín zú de tuán jié fù yù zuò xiē yòu yì de shì qíng。”
　　
　　 zhōng guó zhèng fǔ de yuán zé lì chǎng hé jī běn tài dù shì yī guàn de， shǐ zhōng méi yòu biàn huà。 dá lài lá má yīngdāng shěn shí duóshì， shùn yìng cháo liú， zuò chū zhèng què jué zé。

　　On the soul boy of the search, there is an information had this to say: look for soul boy, was in accordance with three kinds of instructions: First, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama passed away when facing east, suggesting the reincarnation Orient. Second, lowering the reincarnation of God directed the Northeast where the Han Chinese. Third, thermal vibration Sea View is a farm located in the road will be done and the front of a giant willow, collateral white horse, a woman holds children stand under a tree. Thermal Vibration (then Prince Regent) is seen in the sea scene, drawn in detail to find painter.
　　This is the fifth Dalai Lama. V 达赖罗桑嘉 wrong, was born in 1617 (the Ming Dynasty). Period identified in his collection of religious leaders and the Dalai Lama a political leader's power.
　　From this point onwards, Tibetan Buddhism's most famous a few pieces of sects: Flower Education, White Sect, the Yellow Sect sprang up. And the history of Tibet occupies an important position. Such as white education, but also the eleventh century (about Ancestor's) from the local people in Tibet Luozha Maba create. He had traveled to India, law and return to own a Tibetan religion, were Kagyupa (commonly known as the White Sect). This school is a Tantric, specializing in spit fire sword swallowing, physical soaring. Is said to complete their "Taketoshi fire", it can withstand hunger and cold. Flooding death, the fire also burned alive. Can in the air, such as ground cover (a bit like Lingboweibu, huh, huh). There are three branches of white education in the local ownership of the masses, and a regime and armed forces.
　　Here can tell a story, four-Dalai Lama goes wrong after the death of Dan Jia, according to the Yellow Sect of the rules, must find a reincarnation. However, Khan was zangba sick body, suspected to be the Dalai Lama on the curse. He explicitly the world, then the world does not allow the Dalai Lama. Fourth Panchen idea was cured of the disease zangba Khan. Life-saving grace is difficult to return ah, and a curse, said the Dalai Lama has offered no evidence. Zangba Khan considered for a long time, decided to found himself a new level, the so agree with the Panchen Lama's repeated plea to allow to find the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama.
　　From this point onwards, His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Tibet and Zao. But does not personally deal with political affairs, the Dalai Lama set up under the first Palestinian one, the Prime Minister political affairs. The people of Tibet, said the first Palestinian general as "king of the underworld."
　　In late November 1956, the Dalai Lama was invited to India to participate in the annual Buddhist Buddha Nirvana  2500 Act will, later stranded in India in recent months, separatist forces are under siege. As a result, he began to consciously or unconsciously manipulated by the separatists.
　　Book a large number of facts show the Dalai Lama walked the streets, but also exposed him to harm the country in recent years, chaos education, harm the people's act.
　　1. To support the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo
　　The answer can only seek the facts:
　　Fact 3, May 1989, the Dalai Lama issued a certificate and letters of recommendation Asahara, Asahara said a "very capable religious teacher" Aum is the "dissemination of Mahayana Buddhism," "promote the public good good "Tokyo petition the authorities to" allow the Aum sect should be exempt from taxation. " So that Asahara rapidly accumulated large amounts of funds, engaged in gas development and production.
　　The liar, by the "religious teacher" poisoning of funds accumulated to become the head of terrorist groups.
　　These provisions for the Dalai Lama is such a big Buddha should be better than anyone else. So, why did he accept the Asahara conversion in the strict inspection when it? In passing secret law without strict decisions? Why we seek to grant such a person as "Buddhist teachers," the title and issue to ensure the book? Asahara in his new book "Supreme Guide" This represents the mystery: the Dalai Lama, "commissioned" Asahara, "the reform of Buddhism in Japan."
　　2. Using Dafa may engage in "Tibet independence" in political activities
　　Since 1980, the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, the faithful frequently held to the inside and outside the Kalachakra initiation Dafa Association; particularly the 1996 level by as much as 4 times a year!
　　Tibetan Buddhists believe in God Custodian Dan decin repair. According to Tibetan historical records, Tsongkhapa, founder of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, the world preaching the old age living master, an eight disciples together with Chief Master Sera Monastery in Lhasa, the living quarters "song when" preaching to discuss matters. Master raised, for the Gelug Sect Lotus is not for regular mass, a more dignified to be the guardian angel. Cotton How Zaba stood Gyaltsen said: "If respecting the mapping, I would like to undertake this responsibility and punish the person against my school."
　　XIV Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso is also dedicated to decin repair the original Dan. But 70 years and suddenly enemies, ordered a ban on worship, and thus with the tension by the teacher; for those who rarely listen to, then had to let the matter rest. In 1994, the Dalai Lama revisit the subject, with a large increase in various forms crusade, said the protective deities, "the fundamental cause of Tibet negative, on the Dalai Lama, the adverse physical and life", but somehow fasten to protect the law of God " pro-Chinese "to the charges. March 1996, the Dalai Lama further two preaching conference, openly attended mass injunction to require temples, Buddha and the monks and lay people have to make choices, otherwise will be treated as "a betrayal of the common cause of Tibet" and " hope that the Dalai Lama Budehaosi, "and even threatened to leave the name of those who do not obey, he would personally condemn door; and yelled at, or else give up the belief in protecting the Law of God to immediately withdraw by the market. Then exile organizations and institutions have lower resolutions and statements issued, the use of modern media create public opinion; also sent thugs, broke into the Buddhist temple camp, residential buildings, smashing statues of protective deities, beating believers, to impose. Those who still fail to comply, monks and nuns out of the temple, officials dismissed from service for students to stop subsidies, the people and clear the community.
　　Many outside the temple, and Tibetan Living Buddha, but a strong response because of the direct victims, many people will hide the transfer of the Custodian of statues, passive resistance; many people refused to give up the faith of guarantee signed; many people use modern media to expose , controlled demolition; also sent a letter to United Nations agencies or country of residence led to appeal to stop the Dalai Lama's religious persecution and human rights abuses; It was also the residence of the Courts to require accountability and compensation according to law; more series of association, collective protest demonstrations.
　　4. Violation of the Panchen Lama reincarnation of religious rituals and historical conventions
　　Dalai Lama's title in the "Western Paradise Great Benevolent Self-Buddha," "King Kong holding," "Dalai Lama", "Lama" is really the other Living Buddhas are used, and the Han and minority nationalities in China, this phenomenon is not uncommon ; but the words and the full title are two different things, the word anyone can use, not a fixed property; and complete title is a fixed attribute, not indiscriminately use.
　　Second, the two Dalai Lama's status is different. The third Dalai Lama was only Drepung and Sera twelfth thirteenth any France and Taiwan either France and Taiwan, the Fifth Dalai Lama was the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism as well as the leader.
　　The Dalai Lama, who said, "accept the Institution and is not subject to foreign invasion at that time."
　　Dalai Lama, who said, "Only in the reincarnation significant differences only when the use of lot-drawing."
　　Dalai Lama in exile organizations, the article said: "The history of the eighth Dalai Lama had recognized the seventh Panchen Lama recognized the Sixth Panchen precedent Eighth Dalai Lama. Similarly, the 14th Dalai Lama finds the first Panchen reincarnation is to follow this tradition, and not undermine the history and religious rituals, nor is it illegal. "
　　Second, the Living Buddha reincarnation of religious rituals and historical conventions, along with the historical development of continuous improvement, and from "within the Imperial recovery possession statute 29" finally determined. Want to use the earlier, not real historical data, to deny the formation of the system was the practice, come out of the great master of logic and to obtain the hand of the Dalai Lama Geshe degree, only a surprise!
　　The Dalai Lama claimed that he had search and found the reincarnation of the Panchen right. Is it?
　　From the religious point of view. Panchen and Dalai Lama are the two major Tibetan Buddhist Lama, the Gelug Sect monasteries universal worship of the "partner 3" while only without the Dalai Lama. And according to the embodiment of the reincarnation of Tibetan Buddhism say, is immeasurable Guangfo incarnation of the Panchen Lama, the Dalai Lama is the incarnation of Guanyin Bodhisattva. See also slightly higher than the Dalai Lama religion, does not exist above the Panchen Lama on Dalai Lama, Panchen problems can be identified.
　　Added reincarnated body; formed the Buddhist Association of China Zhao Puchu and Vice President, Honorary President of the Buddhist Association Tibet Branch Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai as general counsel, a well-known around the living Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism, monks formed group of advisers, according to religious rituals, such as the law such as the instrument to carry out prayers, toward Lake viewing, secret search to verify the selection of a series of subtle work hard, made great achievements, has entered a decisive stage of reincarnation.
　　In late January 1995, look for group meetings, the selection of key children, Chadrel despite opposition from the majority, of children forced into the focus of this list.
　　Why does the Dalai Lama against the lot-drawing?
　　Central Government for the protection of religious people and religious sentiments of broad masses of believers and legitimate rights and interests of religious rituals, determined by lot-drawing approach to spiritual childhood body, completely embodies the popular wishes of the.
　　Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress and Political Consultative Conference and the Buddhist Association Tibet Branch of the resolutions and declarations were adopted and resolutely oppose the Dalai Lama's illegal, condemned the Dalai Lama's use of religion to split the unity of the motherland and undermining national unity, harm people's interests, in violation of national laws, contempt Tibetan Buddhist community rights and dignity, trampled monks and nuns and the religious feelings of religious believers. The Dalai Lama to take responsibility for his actions, determined to struggle with the separatist group in the end.
　　In the grand enthronement ceremony, Li Tieying read out the enthronement of the approval the State Council agreed, on behalf of the State Council, awarded to the 11th Panchen Lama gold and gold printed copies, showing the Temple bar President Jiang Zemin inscribed the "protect the country and ride out the" gold plaque manuscript. National Buddhist monk monks, the monastery presented on behalf of the new Panchen Lama I, Manza, bowed to the ground, expressed the sincere wish of conversion and profound admiration. Representatives of the masses lined, dedication Feng Sheng Heli, to accept Morocco to bless them. Reflects the deep faith of millions of believers and unparalleled support.
　　Exile, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso. Likes to present himself as the savior of the Tibetan people look to their own doing, as "for the Tibetan people," and even said: "As long as the Dalai Lama living in this world, I will for the possession of the interests of the utmost! "Is that true? Tibetan proverb:" I said blister actually do is gold. "The point is that: no matter how useless mouth speaks, will have to see how the action . I would like to give something over 30 years in Tibet, the Dalai Lama in the end let the world see what it has done for the Tibetan people? He did, in the end beneficial or harmful to the people of Tibet?
　　Dalai Lama openly engage in rebellion and split the most central point is that he wants to remain forever in the feudal serf system in Tibet. The instigation of the Western imperialism of course there are closely related.
　　Dalai Lama in old Tibet under the rule, had no human rights in the world where most, but, to the 20th century, 80's, the chief representative of the feudal serf system has overnight become the so-called "human rights defenders", in The emotion on many occasions attacked the Chinese government violated human rights, or complaints of human rights in contemporary Tibet, how to not speak. Now there are some things in the world more strange, strange that we are all difficult to understand, the Dalai Lama on behalf of the Tibetan feudal serf system, had a very very cruel barbaric, has long been cast aside by the history of mankind, the Dalai Lama in recent years have experiences, he always felt he was living Buddha, said to myself no matter what, the West will believe anything. So whim, to say the feudal serf system flower, said to the world's most beautiful system of the most humane, as west in Paradise. March 10, 1983, he actually say this in Dharamsala, India: "In the past, we in Buddhist Tibet, the shining snow, people live and work." "Our system is different from other serf serf system, which is Because Tibet is sparsely populated, Buddhism is the benefit of all beings, warned people to love each other. So although our society is practiced serfdom, but it is a Buddhist-based, and the benefit of others, noble heart of the serf system . "
　　Tibetan feudal serf system, in the end is like? 50 kilometers northwest of Lhasa Doilungdeqen County color Village, is the Fourteenth Dalai Lama before the democratic reform of the manor house. Village elders, home to the Dalai Lama has not forgotten their suffering and misfortune. Difference was the farm 20 bar (serfs), the main labor every day to send own tools, food rations to the manor of land without compensation to labor service. Dalai Lama's home in River reactor (manor steward) to the (supervision), carrying whips, sticks, supervise their work, six hours a day to dry 15, the busy season to 20 hours or so. Serfs were a little late or a little bit unhappy that even the sick or feeding babies will immediately kicked, stone sticks Cross, all but one water mill manager Zhuang Yuannong slaves, the spared. Serfs to the Dalai Lama ruled the color of new manor house than to hell, often on the day vowed to "my next life Chores do not stain the new land." As the lack and want, and labor heavy, whipping and abuse is simply routine, the serfs were unbearable and only escape. The fall of 1950, 18 collective escaped serfs and slaves, home through the local government wanted the Dalai Lama, to escape being caught in the Brahmaputra side, estate steward them with ox hair rope tied, beaten with whips and sticks with their charge Back to the manor, and then tied to a willow, on each first hit of the 100 sticks, they live in the feet with iron chains, locked kangaroo cell, were beaten and tortured. It was harvest season, the farm labor force is not enough, with leg irons and forced them to harvest barley ... ... color village of old people recalled that the Dalai Lama a new manor house color management 10 years, was wounded or disabled, 11 people, injured 5 people died. This is not a myth nor a story, it is 40 years ago in the land of the real facts, then fled the serfs there were recaptured several live them also with numerous scars that they Never think that serfdom humanitarian paradise. Is the only democratic reform completely changed their destiny, really have personal freedom, but also really rich up.
　　Under the feudal serf system in Tibet, all the wealth, power, serf owners owned, while the masses of serfs and slaves, destitute, nothing, not even the minimum power is not a man. They generations for the nobility, monasteries, endless Ural official paid servants, assume responsibility for the rare heavy human labor, but rarely live human misery. They do not have any personal freedom at all, lord can arbitrarily insult, harassment, sale, donation, whipped or even killed serfs and slaves. They are naked, starving, over 90% of people are illiterate. Untreated illness, smallpox, plague, cholera and other epidemics claimed thousands of lives, child mortality rates higher than 60% of the people's average life expectancy is only 35 years old. This system is so unfair, unreasonable, inhumane, where people of conscience are all seen and heard that after the great shock and indignation. It and the dark Middle Ages in Europe, and Russia is worse than serfdom, where serfdom was abolished hundreds of years earlier, it became the eyes of future generations synonymous with barbarism and backwardness.
　　In light of Tibetan history and the special circumstances of the community, in 1951 the central government and local government of Tibet's peaceful liberation of Tibet signed the agreement Article 17 provides that: "matters relating to various reforms in Tibet, did not force the central authorities, local government of Tibet should be carry out reforms when the people demand reform, may take the leading personnel of Tibet settled by way of consultation. "in April 1956, the Tibet Autonomous Region established the Preparatory Committee, in view of the provinces neighboring Tibet to spread the message of reform to Tibet, parts of people have pointed out the request, the amount of the tenth Panchen Lama also said he is willing to pilot areas. Tibet was indeed the intention of the pilot reform, central government listen to the Dalai Lama's opinion, the decision to postpone the reform carried out the pilot reform stopped, the nobility did not properly placed before the top officials talk about reform. August 18th, 1956, Chairman Mao Zedong response is the Dalai Lama, said now is not reform. Premier Zhou Enlai then talk with the Dalai Lama three times, to convey the meaning of Chairman Mao, Tibet, six years not to engage in reform, 6 years after the change or not change, or the decision by the Dalai Lama. However, some of the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan serf owners, or to launch a comprehensive open armed rebellion, because they need not delay the reform, but never changed, always keeping in Tibet unreasonable, inhuman feudal serf system.
　　Dalai clique launched an armed rebellion, openly tore up the peaceful liberation of Tibet 17 agreement, once the opposition has repeatedly postponed because of the Dalai Lama's democratic reforms, of course, carried out together in all parts of Tibet. Generations when the cattle and horses of the serfs, emancipation, masters, masters of the state, the masters of society, have become their own masters. To the end of 1960, 870,000 people in Tibet have basically completed the democratic reform of agricultural area, 200,000 farmers received their land ownership certificate. After democratic reform, the abolition of serfdom to the serf owners of personal attachment relationship, the establishment of individual ownership of the peasants, serfs and slaves divided got land, livestock and other means of production, slaves their home, dreaming of the land for generations, into a living reality. When the glow of the fire burning when the loan-shark debt; when the serf assigned to land, housing and livestock; as they received land certificates, people dancing and singing around the campfire, drinking binge, some people holding land certificates tears long stream, some people in the new sub-rolling land, some people hold animals kiss, then it is the most grand plateau nation's most impressive festivals.
　　Maintain the feudal serfdom in Tibet is a good system, good or democratic reform? Is to allow people to horses when cattle good, or masters of the good? This is a very simple question. Abolish the system of exploitation of people, who have no land in the land, no house of people had a house, cattle and sheep who do not have cattle and sheep, the Tibetan people for generations this is the long-awaited good thing. Has been advertised "for the happiness of the Tibetan struggle," the Dalai Lama is really concerned about people suffering, their compassion, to benefit the Tibetan people for such a good thing, should give its support. However, his attitude is not the case. He did not like the democratic reforms in Tibet, very unhappy people emancipation, he said the Tibetan people in foreign countries every day, dividing the land subdivision extremely bad, bad. Also secretly send people to sneak into Tibet and parts of sabotage, distributing leaflets, putting up posters, spreading rumors and undermining democratic reforms. He was beaten to pieces of the four rivers and six ranges army health education, re-organized, please help the CIA train, transport stages to Mustang in Nepal region, back out from here channeling, looting people's cattle and sheep, which makes several counties in west Tibet, very peaceful, and Nepal border trade is also affected. Nepal's king was very angry, sent troops to crush, there is no way the military health education, some surrendered, and some have been eliminated.
　　2. Who really cares about people's lives?
　　In the central leaders of the direct care and guidance, the Tibetan people, religious and cultural policy, implemented in no uncertain terms; farmers and herdsmen in a very short period of time to reduce the burden of the rural pastoral areas quickly emerged a new atmosphere of people happy . The situation in Tibet is very heartening, both urban and rural, pastoral, or frontier, people feel happy and full of lively, exciting things happen every day, all over Tibet's future is full of beautiful dream. Tibet's upper class in politics again, and give full play to their active role in miscarriages of justice caused by the Cultural Revolution, was rehabilitated, they regained the respect of society. From 1980 to 1988, 9 years, there have been more than 1,700 national and religious upper class elected to the national and the Tibetan People's Congresses and CPPCC members, and some positions in state organs at various levels, a group of people with expertise was hired to schools, hospitals, press, publishing, archaeological, social sciences and arts and culture sector, in education, health care, editing, research work, among them many people have become professors, researchers, editors, and some countries and also autonomous regions and granted the title of a special contribution to the experts.
　　Generations of the Tibetan Buddhist belief in the people, and now once again enjoying the freedom of religious belief. Countries to allocate hundreds of millions of huge sum of money, the maintenance of Buddhist temples and religious sites, Bajiaojie turning the endless stream of people from morning till night, the strong religious temple incense. Monks and nuns practice by amending the law, worship Buddha, various Buddhist activities to restore, open to the general religious people. Tibet now a total of temples, shrines, Retreat House 1787, an average of one in almost every village; to 46,000 monks and nuns who, according to Tibet's current population of 2 million calculations, almost one in every 40 individuals who monk. In all walks of life are the development of modern society, the proportion of Tibetan monks and nuns is very high indeed, both monks and nuns in monasteries, or are fully able to meet the needs of broad masses of believers. Buddhist Association at all levels to re-work, religious elites are properly arranged, a representative of the religious festivals around the gradual recovery, such as Summons Ceremony in Lhasa's Jokhang Temple, Shigatse Simo Green Wave Festival, Jiang Zi Dama Festival, Ganden Monastery Buddha Exhibition Festival Sour Milk Drinking Festival Drepung, Sera of King Kong peg section, Reting Monastery, Samye Monastery, the monastery, Sakya Monastery, temple of God and satin dance festival, being resumed. Post Transformation Tisi Year of the Horse, Year of the Ram turn Namtso Lake, Monkey switch to German Baoshan, grand grand and warm. Lhasa and Shigatse and other re-established a printing house, private printing is very common, a hanging holiday religious people, sooner or later, Sang simmer, turning around the shrine, pilgrims into the temple, monks chanting auspicious time please, someone dies, the mourning 77 49 days, the Tibetans have become an integral part of daily religious life.
　　Country attaches great importance to the traditional Tibetan culture, organizational manpower, material and financial resources to rescue, protection and development, it should be said 80 years of the 20th century, and began another spring of traditional Tibetan culture. Tibetan language has been widely used, autonomous regions and the people's congress to make laws, the provisions of papers, government documents, house number, and even sent telegrams, had to use the Tibetan language. Tibetan newspapers, magazines, Tibetan radio and television, we handle every day, every day to listen. A large number of Tibetan books published, more than any time in history, not only published a lot of possession, written by contemporary instruments and Tibetan books, the ancient secret of this, only existing copies, after finishing experts, to come out again, this time is unimaginable in the past of. Tibetan medicine and pharmacology reputation up every day, everywhere, the traditional Tibetan opera performances, pastoral "fruit toward" agricultural area "fruit harmony", Kang District, "Guo Zhuang", "Ny", Maekura and post-possession of the "heap Harmony "and" Langma "and other traditional dance at festivals, or usually have danced lively, Tibet has become a dance town, happy town. Colorful Tibetan folk songs, folk stories, proverbs, rap, particularly the heroic epic "King Gesar", re-doing concerts and talk about, and get the collection, collation, publication and preservation. Tibet's professional and folk artists traveled around the world, singing Tibetan songs, dance dance in Tibet, the snow-covered traditional art to the world people, foreigners looked full of praise, saying: "The Dalai Lama does not mean that eradication of Tibetan culture are it?'re wrong it, no doubt saved the world in Tibet, the best art. "
　　From the late 70s, the motherland and the people will pay attention again turned to the Tibetan people in exile, for them, let bygones be bygones, patriotic or late, policy of free movement, they are welcome to return home, visiting friends and relatives or to visit. For their relatives at home, one by one investigation, the implementation of policy, the economy firmly on the Compensation and restitution, to take care of daily life difficult. The good news spread to India, Nepal, Tibetan settlements spread to Europe, living overseas Tibetans are very happy! 20 years of their lives in an exotic foreign land, dreaming all want to go back to see home and see family, and now this dream has become reality. Tibetans at home and abroad to find each other, mutual contacts and mutual visits to the moment, boom, on the Nepal border friendship bridge, departure and return of Tibetans to their questions, the situation is very moving. Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan provinces, autonomous regions and counties under the jurisdiction of Tibet, has set up reception centers for overseas Tibetans, Tibetans all those who returned to the warm reception, to ensure freedom of movement. Accommodation in terms of traffic with ease. According to incomplete statistics, since 1979, returned to visit relatives and friends in Tibet and other Tibetan areas of the Tibetans more than 20,000 people, the Tibetans have settled many as 2,000 people.
　　From 1979 to 1980, the Dalai Lama has sent five groups of people to visit Tibet, no matter where they are to the local government and the people regarded them as their own people, and the warm and thoughtful reception. Please visit them around, not only so that they favored, but also so that they look bad, what to see anything. But these people are not so good, ill intent, good and do not come, they did a lot of shady dealings. They are not "visit" but to "gather information"; not come to see folks, but to stir up ethnic strife and divide the Sino-Tibetan relations, incitement to religious fanaticism. During the last few, led by example, by Zhandong Dan's second tour, under the door of the vehicle will be delivered to the Jokhang Temple demagogic speech, but also in Ganden organizing illegal meetings, and urged "Kham, Amdo, Maekura , after the Tibetans unite for common cause ";" Tibet independence can not just talk about it to remember in the heart ", to incite the masses engaged in Tibetan separatist meeting, 1:00 spin Lhasa panic, pandemonium. On what they do, very angry cadres and the masses of Lhasa, the regional government last straw, announced them as "persona non grata", ordering them to leave before Lhasa. Central Committee adopted the views of local people throughout the Tibetan areas, decided to temporarily suspend the Dalai Lama sent back to "visit." School tour to see the Dalai Lama to die, also proposed to return to visit relatives abroad, Living Buddha, visit the original temple and the monks. A Living Buddha to come back, with by teachers, housekeepers, Qin Juan, and a large group of attendants, their origin or the original temple, living anywhere from several months to more than a year. Sent by the Dalai Lama and some, with a special mission, a detailed investigation of local conditions, while saying through preaching, ordained monks, found the reincarnation of Living Buddhas, the people affected side. The Dalai Lama said: "found a Buddha can grasp a temple; grasp a temple, can control a place." They just do.
　　In this period, the Dalai Lama is also playing a lot of both sides, a face behind a set of, say today, tomorrow so that, as a Buddhist, is very wrong, because in the Buddhist precepts, the there is no lying, no gossip in the ring made. He says: "As long as home happy, who is the king are the same, I do not have opinions." "If the Tibetan people's happiness, I will give up the idea of Tibetan independence." Side said: "We Tibetans question, is not living temporary improvement and can be transferred by the bowed on the line? It is absolutely impossible! "" No matter how hard and soft attitude of the Han, Tibetan people have always been united as one, fight for their national rights, this is an amazing thing. "( March 10, 1989 speech at the meeting in Dharamsala). One hand, he said: "If Beijing invited me to visit parts of Lhasa and Tibet, I will be happy to accept; if I have seen and heard in China, the Tibetan people under the rule of a happy life, I will give up the cause of Tibetan independence." (May 1978 on "spectator" reporter's conversation) "If we can solve the problem, I'm going to China; consultations with China, and perhaps make the trip next year." (September 20, 1980 conversation with Japanese reporters). However, almost at the same time, the people near him candidly revealed the fundamental purpose of the Dalai Lama back to Tibet: "Tibet, the Dalai Lama's visit is a turning point in history the people, is a political earthquake in Tibet. As the Roman Pope's two visits to their native country of Poland, a great boost to millions of Catholics in Poland and the world, like Tibet, the Dalai Lama to visit Tibet to revive the morale of the people, arouse their enthusiasm and political passion, and set off Buddhism. "" Some people say we should continue to wait until a change occurs. miracle could happen, but we have to wait until when? "This is the voice of the Dalai Lama heart.
　　3. Dalai Lama, Tibet's prosperity and stability so unhappy
　　In order to quickly improve the look of Tibet, the Central People's Government decided to Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Jiangsu and other nine provinces and municipalities to help Tibet build 43 small and medium sized projects, these projects are economic development in Tibet, Tibetans living urgent need to improve, for example, power stations, schools, hospitals, cultural centers, municipal facilities, hotels and restaurants and so on. Project 1984, fully operational, more than 20,000 engineering and technical personnel in the Mainland Construction in Tibet, they are away from home, away from their loved ones, cold and hypoxia in the roof of the world is hard work, and some people even gave to Tibet their lives. August 1985, most of the projects are on schedule, keys handed over the use of units of the hands of Tibet, they have the hand to pass engineering and management Tibetan counterparts. It is in the past few years, construction of the rapid development of Lhasa, the ancient city began to modernize up. City of newly built asphalt road 15, length 70 km, becomes flat wide streets of Lhasa; laying down 48 km sewer service area of 20 square kilometers, the city is Lhasa rain water the city is no longer the mud; New Water Works 2, the laying of 70 km water pipes, water supply, urban areas accounted for 60% of Lhasa were able to drink from a fresh clean tap water. Over postal routes from Lhasa to Tibet's smooth direct-dial telephone parts of Tibet, and cities and towns across the country with 180 countries and territories around the world direct calls. Tibet Television Station and Lhasa Television, use both languages through multiple channels, Lhasa, 75% of households have color television sets, tape recorders of the owner are more common. Lhasa University 2, 9 secondary, 12 secondary schools, young people free access to all kinds of school; also hospitals, 14 medical institutions, large and medium hospitals 7, 1520 Tibetan Han doctors, hospital beds 1100 , the difficult problem see a doctor in Lhasa were basically solved. Cold, damp old house transformation, the per capita housing area of nine square meters, is also new urban and suburban communities and the Village of 25, the per capita housing area of 22 square meters, the difficult problem of housing in Lhasa were initially resolved. After more than ten years of afforestation, the city's garden, because although the reduction of construction, but the Greenbelt around the city greatly increased its per capita green area of 12 square meters, where sand than in the past been greatly reduced. Through these projects, Lhasa has indeed changed, changed the United States, become the new, and get comfortable. New construction, old buildings, each against the background, refreshing. Domestic and foreign tourists and Buddhists are eager to come to visit the tour, turning worship, Lhasa has become a world famous tourist city.
　　April 27, 1984, the Tibet Autonomous Region government posted notice, introduction of nine to relax agricultural policy, to reduce the burden of farmers and herdsmen, and promote economic development in rural and pastoral areas of measures, every, every, all for the sake of the Tibetan people , good thing to help the Tibetan people to get rich. I have taken the trouble, the text copied Abstract as follows:
　　First, extend the exemption from agricultural tax policy in 1990.
　　4, no unit, no individual shall apportion to the masses and the extraction of any property.
　　6, county, and district-run primary and secondary schools, all of the implementation of boarding, including food, clothing, wrap, spending by the state requirements.
　　9, welcomed the other provincial, municipal and district individual workers, collective and state enterprises to set up shop in Tibet, plant, participate in exchange goods, organizing fairs, engaged in processing, transport, construction and service activities, to provide them with convenience to protect their legitimate interests.
　　April 27, 1984
　　The central government for the Tibetan people very thoughtful, very comprehensive, very detailed, well its blessing the people of Tibet, the rural pastoral farming everywhere off heat, hot money, build a house heat. Tibetan people can get on the last few cars or tractors, is now buying a car, buy a tractor became popular, the whole of Tibet's agricultural and pastoral people and the public ownership of cars, tractors up to more than 10,000 vehicles, the figure is very alarming. In short, the central thought of many ways of enriching the people, so that the poor face reduced year by year in Tibet, wealthy families, Wealthy Villages around, year after year to increase rural prosperity. For example, the western suburbs of Lhasa, East Ga Township, is the author frequently in Tibet 23 years to go, can be said that most farmers are familiar with, when I feel the village has become very soon the East Ga rich very rapidly . I did a survey township 330, 1751 people, 2434 acres of arable land, grain output reached 160 kilograms a year or so, the average output per mu 680 kg, 1233 kg of grain per capita and per capita income of 1,280 yuan. The township has a car, tractor 41, an average of eight people; has 231 color TV sets, two people together 3. Now more food, more money, too lofty a vision. Over the past fear of starvation, the total deposit up to food, and now sell food reproduction, to send their children to school. Phuntsok Tsering Le sheep farmer, through farming, vegetables, open shops, do Hadad plant made money, most of the revenue is used to send their children to school, he had four children, three to college. In any case, urban rural and pastoral areas of Tibet indeed changed, changed for the better, become rich, become beautiful. People eat well, dress well, live in the house too comfortable. People feel happy, religious freedom, to the temple pilgrims, please lama chanting practice to do activities at home, no one said half-word "no", they live free, happy spirit, and an attached one festival, from theater to garden, from cities to rural and pastoral areas, the Tibetans can be heard everywhere, optimistic, cheerful song, all of which, all who travel and tourism in Tibet, there is no non-recognition. If you really love the Dalai Lama of Tibet, love the Tibetan people, should be smiling, blessing for blessing. I regret that as far as we know, his attitude is not the case, even on the contrary, the construction of more development in Tibet, he more angry; Tibetans living more improvement, he more headaches. Because more and more development of Tibetan society, and people more and more stable, and he increasingly difficult to turn Tibet into chaos, so he will again be held Kalachakra Dharma, a second reception Tibetans inside out, again and again with Western media, speech, made up the history of Tibet, distorting the reality of Tibet, attacking the central government's policies in Tibet and encourage Tibetan discontent, short for the riots in Lhasa that emerged after a lot of public opinion to do a lot of preparation.
　　March 10, 1983, he made a speech in Dharamsala: "In the three decades later, did develop into ethnic conflicts, now both in prison inmates, students or schools, or cadres, were is natural to distinguish between the Chinese and Tibetan, there gap between developed into a national struggle. "in December 1985, he was held in India Duoji Dan" Kalachakra Dharma will be "preaching during the special to go inside to find listen to the work done by the Tibetans; in May 1986, he published in Tibetan in Europe long speech, he said: "For decades, our home was an unprecedented disaster, even though hundreds of thousands, including myself, Tibetans forced to leave their homes, displaced, suffered unbearable pain. But, first of all Tibetans inside to tolerate in the twenty years of suffering, the Tibetan people of our generation is the most unfortunate. "He further encouraged that: "Tibetans inside is very tenacious, very brave, in deep suffering and Han Chinese at gunpoint, can be very tough to live down the great." he said in other occasions, more straightforward: "We engage in the independence of Tibet, Tibetans not to rely on outside, but also depends on the territory of the Tibetans! "" to internal and external integration of all the Tibetans to launch up to overthrow the Chinese Communist rule. "If the speech is an order to Lhasa riots, fear is not unfounded of it!
　　September 21, 1987, the Dalai Lama in the United States Congress, "five-point peace plan." 24, at Indiana University, he held a press conference, openly declared that "Tibet is not part of China, Tibet is an independent state." The news soon spread to Tibet through various channels, and sure enough a small number of separatists in Lhasa will coordinate and support the Dalai Lama held a "five-point peace plan" demonstrations, which is a series of riots in the late 80's turbulent start, after a year or two, the trouble has not been corpuscles. Lhasa riot inextricably linked with the Dalai Lama.
　　Lhasa is Tibet's political, economic and cultural center and a world-renowned religious shrine, the Dalai clique to confuse it as a breakthrough in Tibet, that also confused chaos in Lhasa Tibet, Tibet's independence day on not far off . It is for this motive, they create a number of riots in Lhasa, the most serious 3 times. Disturbances are much the same way each time, first name of several monks and nuns mountain lion flag around Bajiaojie shouting "Tibet independence" slogans, attract people to the onlookers, and then rioted, the impact of government agencies, beat policemen. Smashed cars, looting property, burning shops and public buildings. October 1, 1987, rioters burned cars 7, besieged the police station a day; in March 1988, the impact of Buddhist Association to call the office, autonomous regions and leading cadres attacked and killed Tibetan armed police squad, armed police and other staff members and wounding 399 , ransacked the way of restaurants and shops in Beijing and forced Tibetan Buddhism's most sacred religious law would be impossible Summons Ceremony in Lhasa. March 1989, riots escalate again, two days dead 10 people, injured more than 100 people, more than 900 public and private shops were looted and smashed; impact of the 24 government agencies, businesses and schools, smashed and size of more than 20 vehicles smashed cars, causing direct economic losses more than 1000 million. In order to maintain social stability in Lhasa, to protect the safety of the people, so that assets from the losses, the State Council had to declare martial law in Lhasa.
　　4. The departure from the motherland and the Tibetan people farther and farther down the road
　　Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize winner the Dalai Lama, it seems drank barley wine, a little flattered, and that such and such in the international situation, it is a bit carried away. He traveled to the Western and Eastern Europe, changes to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe applauded, while publishing a variety of predictions, it seems that he is not Buddha, but the good and bad fortune, bad fortune shaman predicted Han God, and he predicted again and again released , say 5 to 10 years, "Tibet will be independent," "Communist China to collapse." December 1989, he was France's Le Figaro Xingzailehuo said: "Marxism is born in this century is likely to die before the end of this century, Marxist life is very short, this is how sad Ending ah! "in June 1990, he was scolded in Spain China:" China's bamboo curtain as soon as the disappearance of the Berlin Wall. "" China's communist system would soon collapse. "in August 1991 in Paris, he predicted : "The Chinese government is now as fast setting sun, the communist regime could end the number of less than 10 years, China will inevitably similar changes in the Soviet Union." he said "three years must bring Tibet into an independent state." "Tibetan must not as they are now into the 21st century. "In 1995, he predicted:" China may split and disintegrate and collapse. "" China this year (1995) and the changes to take place next year. " "In 1995 and 1996 China will have big changes." "My personal observation and divination also shows there will be some positive developments, but also do the same Indian astrologers predict."
　　The Dalai Lama miscalculated the situation in the world and China that the Chinese government soon collapsed and can not deal with them, and he felt sleep wake up "Tibet independence" Apple will be nice to fall into their own arms. So his tone has changed, said: "To re-adjust the relationship with Beijing", "five-point peace plan and the recovery of five new proposals," "do not deal with the Chinese government," "Tibet from China will be announced, completely independent . " However, the prediction is, after all predictions, the reality is still reality. Socialist country, not because of the collapse of the Dalai Lama's curse; socialist Tibet, the Dalai Lama not because of re-incantation to restore serfdom. Snow was still on top of the sky so blue, the clouds still or so white farmers still farm their own land also, shepherds still also own pasture grazing. China resisted political pressure from the West and economic sanctions, even more powerful, more prosperous and more prosperous. The national social stability, national unity, stability, harmony and economic development, people live and work, increasing overall national strength, those who do everything possible to block the sanctions, the Western countries to isolate China, but also had to dialogue with China to improve relations with China, and China business. Dalai Lama's "prophecy" has become empty talk, his so-called "new hope" has become "a new disappointment." The Dalai Lama is losing some face, as he put before the world air gun, make a fool of. Moved by their own brew, have to swallow their secret quiet. After a while awkward, his tone has changed a little, July 23, 1992, his proposal "without preconditions and negotiate in China." Visit to Australia in 1996 when he declared: "I am not calling for Tibetan independence, but autonomy." But it was when he uttered those words, have not slackened in attacking China after another in Tibet. Was called a "peace march to Tibet", planning the so-called on the "referendum on the issue of Tibet's status"; he goes against the historical and religious rituals, the reincarnation of the Panchen illegal identified. In short, his departure from the motherland and the people of Tibet on the road going farther and farther.
　　July 1994, the CPC Central Committee, State Council held its third meeting in Beijing Forum on Work in Tibet, at the implementation of the central and assistance to various provinces to build 62 construction projects in Tibet, the original plans to invest 2.38 billion yuan, the actual investment 3.366 billion yuan . After 15 years of reform and opening up, China's power gradually increased, provinces and autonomous regions, especially coastal areas have different levels of economic development, we have not forgotten Tibet, Tibetan people have not forgotten are willing to come up with the human, material and financial resources to help Tibetan people to develop production, improve their lives. "Central concern for Tibet, the country's support of Tibet", has become common action of all ethnic groups in China. Qinghai, Ningxia, Guizhou and other provinces, autonomous regions, or he is not rich, but to do without reservation to give a contribution to the Tibetan people. September 1995, when the 30th anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region, most of the 62 projects have been completed, begin to benefit the Tibetan people, the Tibetans once again feel the Motherland and the nation's friendship and warmth. At the same time, repair the Potala Palace in Lhasa victory completed the development of three rivers smoothly, the tenth Panchen Lama reincarnation according to historical practices and religious rituals successfully identified and enthroned in Tibet for more than 80% of the region farmers and herdsmen have been able to feed and clothe, are relatively well off. From democratic reforms to the present, the average life expectancy of Tibetans has grown from 35 to 65 years; Tibetan population from 105 million to 232 million; Tibetan students, from 3000 to 17.5 million. Central and regional government to develop specific programs to eradicate poverty within this century, all the people of Tibet are able to live rich and civilized life is not far off days.
　　Is the profit pool, or a curse Tibet
　　The early 50's, Regent Sapporo step down the Fourteenth Dalai Lama reign. February 1951, the Dalai Lama appointed Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme as chief, Thubten out the door, rather Teng Sang represented by Toinzhub Qamdo directly to Beijing. Also, from East Asia sent Kemai Soinam Wangdui, soil, represented by Dan Daindar India to Beijing. To each representative of the Dalai Lama issued a certificate stamped with the seal, the five representatives from the Central People's Government hand in dealing with the negotiations.
　　November 1956, the Dalai Lama was invited to India to participate in anniversary of Buddha Nirvana 2500. Are invited to the central clear instructions from the Dalai Lama to decide. The Dalai Lama arrived in India, it was the reactionary forces and Tibetan separatists inside and outside the siege, to lure the Dalai Lama to stay in India, the so-called "Tibet independence", the Dalai Lama and the accompanying part of the principal officials to change. In response, the PLA Tibet made the necessary preparedness, and with the Tibetan local government leaders and all walks of life join the political struggle against reactionaries. At the same time, the CPC Central Committee, to make major policy decisions Chairman Mao Zedong, a clear declaration of the second Five-Year Plan period, ie 6 years without democratic reform of Tibet, is the third Five-Year Plan period of reform, we must then look conditions to be determined, so that the Tibetan local government and elites have a full account of the time to give us the Tibetan upper class in the political, social and gradually make arrangements to facilitate the peace when the conditions are ripe, and steadily to achieve reform. Premier Zhou Enlai during his visit to India, accompanied by officials of the Dalai Lama Ji Qi Chuan Da critical decision the central authorities, and the sincere attitude to them respectively patient and meticulous work. For some of them want to stay blocking the Dalai Lama, in India engaged in "independent" of the idea, Premier Zhou Enlai solemnly pointed out: the Dalai Lama to stay in India, but moved to India, not Tibet. And that the Dalai Lama to stay in India, the idea is to harm the Dalai Lama, Tibet is also the harm, if the Dalai Lama left Tibet and thus the work will not stop ... ... but the door was open, when the Dalai Lama back to Tibet, When are welcome. This makes the Dalai Lama's position changed, and on April 1, 1957 return to Lhasa.
　　Until the late 50's, the Dalai clique to obstruct, undermine the "Seventeen-Article Agreement" campaign has never stopped. They worked in Qamdo, Dengqen, Nagqu, Shannan instigated armed rebellion, armed harassed, and even open armed rebellion in Shannan Prefecture set up "health education army", the establishment of the rebel "base" and undermine the national defense highway transportation lines, surrounded by Preparatory Committee offensive autonomous institutions around the office. To March 10, 1959, the Dalai clique has finally scrapped the "17 agreement" flagrantly in Lhasa staged an armed rebellion, took to the road of betraying the motherland. March 17, 1959 night, failed armed rebellion, the Dalai clique, secretly fled from Lhasa to flee. April 18th Dalai Lama arrived in India, Tezpur border, set foot on foreign land, they were distributed by the Indian diplomat, writing in English, "the Dalai Lama Statement", ostensibly: "Sovereignty is the Han Chinese were forced upon the Tibetans body . " At this point the rumble of the Dalai Lama could not wait to throw a written statement, the statement of the language commonly used with the imperialists to split Tibet's tone is similar to start from the Dalai Lama in a foreign territory to split the motherland. June 20, the Dalai Lama in Mussoorie first public appearance at a press conference, declared: "To restore Tibet before the Chinese invasion in 1950, the unique freedom and independence." March 1991, the Dalai Lama visit to Britain, told the press that: Tibet "is the world's biggest occupied country." The Dalai Lama is such date from the defection, despite Tibet an inalienable part of China since ancient times, more than 700 years, successive governments have exercised effective sovereign jurisdiction over the history of openly advocating "Tibet is an independent state."
　　3. Set up illegal "government in exile"
　　To provide for the Dalai Lama as a "head of government." Later, in 1963 and formally promulgated the "Tibet of the Constitution," published in 1991, revised to "exile Tibetan constitution" provides that: "The Dalai Lama head of state", "the Dalai Lama directly, through its official release order" can be "the Minister instruction," "honors, and honors", Kashag meeting was led by the Dalai Lama is responsible for government affairs, the Chief Kalon and various Kalon, "People's Assembly," President, Vice President, before taking office were to judge to the Dalai Lama "oath", King-Ministers meeting chaired by the Dalai Lama "," the Dalai Lama can be replaced, including the Chief Kalon Kalon, including all "and so on. Dalai Lama in his" government in exile ", the establishment of security, foreign ( later renamed the International Relations and Publicity) and other departments. Dalai Lama in more than 10 countries have set up offices or liaison offices, editing, publishing and distribution of a large number of advocating "Tibet independence" of publications and books. in the establishment of young people overseas Tibetans "Tibetan Youth Congress", "Tibetan Women's Association" and other radical organizations, organized the "Tibet Congress," charged the Tibetan "independence tax" and so on. All of these will understand clearly demonstrated that the Dalai Lama and his "government in exile" is one aimed at splitting the motherland and attempt to achieve "Tibet independence" of the political group, the Dalai Lama is a separatist political group that the chief representative of the total head. Guer, known as the "Dalai clique."
　　In order to achieve the Dalai clique to split the motherland and attempt to achieve "Tibet independence" political purposes, the foreign anti-China forces in the support and assistance, the re-formation of two rebel forces. September 1960 in Nepal's Mustang district north of the reorganization of the "four rivers and six ranges army health education" (Tibetan "the song fine Kong Pearl"), "Four Rivers" refers to the Jinsha River, Lancang River, Nu River, Yarlung Jiang; "six gang" means wiping W Kong, Markam Kong, Ma is Kong, elegant wood around the post, color Mok Kong, Zegong Kong, the main representative in the Tibetan Areas. Established in 1962 mainly by Tibetans as the "Indian Tibetan special border troops." "Four Rivers and Six Ranges Health Education army" not only in our border military harassment activities endangering China's border and frontier residents of production and life, peace, and harassment of residents of the people of Nepal, occupying grassland, land, extort money, unscrupulous, a scourge to the Government of Nepal . Zhezhi reactionary armed, the first commander en pearl position Tashi in his memoirs published "Four Rivers and Six Ranges", wrote: "organized a series of posts to the Chinese offensive," "Sometimes, one or two hundred people in Tibet guerrillas went up to 100 miles of Chinese occupation. "Dalai Lama wrote articles praising Goinbo Zhaxi. "Four Rivers and Six Ranges Health Education army" continued harassment in the Nepalese border, Nepal's government sent troops in 1974, eventually disarm. Remaining in Nepal 14 years old Zhezhi rebels were eventually wiped out completely. The Dalai clique has also been sent to the United States Central Intelligence Agency study "guerrilla tactics" to receive "special training", training hundreds of agents. In 1961, the United States sent two aircraft to the Mustang's four rivers and six ranges of health education to equip the military air arms of 475 drugs of food, there are 10,200 rupees in cash. Haier camps also dropped in 38 trained in the 26 rebels. From 1965 to 1966, the CIA built a private airport in Nepal, sent a transport plane and two helicopters dropped specifically given this rebel weapons and equipment, food and clothing and other materials. All completely exposed the Dalai clique in politics, organization, and armed forces to split the motherland, it really is.
　　Kang will include the eastern provinces (Changdu) and Amdo province, into a Aximusa (peace) zone.
　　4, restore and protect the natural environment in Tibet and China to abandon the production of nuclear weapons in Tibet and dumping nuclear waste program.
　　Dalai Lama's so-called "seven-point proposal" means:
　　Third, the Tibetan government to join the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;
　　6, Tibet prohibition of nuclear weapons or other weapons, manufacturing, testing, storage and use of nuclear energy;
　　Dalai Lama's this "plan" and "recommended" step by step all around the "Tibet independence" around in circles, the Chinese government to spread rumors and slander, and to distort history and current situation in Tibet, where to be analyzed and refuted.
　　1, the Dalai Lama put forward: "the whole of Tibet, including the eastern province of Kang (Changdu) and Amdo province, into a Axisamu (Peace Region)." And that "Tibet should be a disposal by its own democratic political entity, with the People's Republic of keeping (alliances) of the relationship. "and other political ideas. This is a very ridiculous lie. First of all, through the so-called demilitarization and neutrality of Tibet into a peace zone and a buffer state between the major powers of the argument is deliberately confusing the issue in Sino-Indian relations, in relation to the Chinese sovereign jurisdiction over Tibet and the territorial integrity . If the Chinese out of Tibet and India to establish peace zone or neutral zone, the result can only undermine China's territorial integrity. Secondly, Tibet should be a democratic political entity, to maintain the alliance relationship with the Chinese idea of the Dalai Lama is clear ulterior motive but ignorance of this proposition is actually a plot to dismember, to split a long history of the formation of multi-ethnic unity of China, Tibet in disguise independence from China. China, Dalai Lama, however, that no sovereignty over Tibet, in effect engaging in Tibet independence has not changed a bit. July 1993, the Dalai Lama's personal representative to the central letter presented to the views put forward to solve the Tibetan problem, still attempting to establish a "enlarged Tibet autonomous region" or "high degree of autonomy of the large Tibetan Administrative Region." These claims, in essence it was his "five-point plan" first. The Dalai Lama said: "The whole of Tibet, known as Tibetan 3 (Wei Tibetan, Kham, Amdo) should become a law, ... ... with links to the Democratic People's Republic or autonomous entities." In the "Dalai autobiography" in a so-called "big Tibetan area" map, not only encompasses today's Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan provinces in 10 autonomous prefectures and two Tibetan autonomous Tibetan, and even the Qinghai province, Xining, Dongxiang Autonomous County in Gansu Province and the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province and many other areas to include a total area of about one quarter of Chinese territory. Why the Dalai clique and its supporters do not think, ① the beginning of this century, the Northern government does not agree to give up, "McMahon Line" south of 90 thousand square kilometers of Chinese territory, and now a strong socialist China, how can 120 million square kilometers of the Tibet Autonomous Region and other Tibetan areas in the province of more than 100 million square kilometers of territory split? ② There are now 4.59 million Tibetan population, spread over 54% live in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan Province, as the result of a long historical evolution, they are in these areas with the Han, Qiang, Hui, Manchu, Mongolian, security, Yugur , Naxi, Yi, Pumi and other nationalities live together, of all nationalities live together in harmony to form interlocking parts of different ethnic, economic, political, and cultural aspects are interdependent and inseparable. Dalai Lama attempted to because of geographical constraints, the formation of mountains Okawa barrier such vast areas of the three, several times more than 20 ethnic Tibetan population include in their imaginary "enlarged Tibet autonomous region" within, is absolutely not possible. ③ Since the element has a 700-year history, these regions are the property of the central imperial dynasties, under the unified leadership of the various government where the administrative jurisdiction of the administrative system and Tibet is no relationship. ④ After the founding of the PRC, the national system of regional national autonomy. According to the specific situation of Tibet were established autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. Not only ensures the equal rights of the Tibetan people around, but also conducive to the administration of the Tibetan autonomous areas and the economic and cultural development, by the Tibetan autonomous areas the people's support. Dalai Lama wants to independence in disguise is not allowed, is not feasible.
　　This fall is reminiscent of one thing. April 1990, at the European Parliament meeting, Mr. Member of the Dalai Lama a few questions, one of which is: "Can the Dalai Lama specifically to Tibet before and after 1949 the political, economic, cultural, and other aspects of social life to compare, because it was understood that before 1949, Tibet is still backward compared with the feudal system similar to the system of slavery. "However, the Dalai Lama on this issue is avoided aside, the site has caused dissatisfaction.
　　After the democratic reform in Tibet, abolished the feudal serf system, millions of serfs flipped the first time, democracy, freedom. This is fully in line with the United Nations, "Slavery Convention", and completely abolished the barbaric cruelty of torture and inhuman treatment, the majority of the Tibetan people truly have human rights. Today, the Chinese Communist Party in Tibet and the Central People's Government, under the direct leadership of the implementation of reform and opening up, the aggressive pursuit of economic development, social advancement, steady economic development. Basically solved the food and clothing, and now some places are rich from subsistence-based economy to develop. Tibetan people have been the Chinese Constitution and the law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and other rights protection, really enjoy the democratic freedoms and human rights, have the right to subsistence and development, with personal freedom and political rights (including the right to vote and stand for election etc.), with the economic, social, cultural, education, judicial, religious liberty, reproductive rights, women, disabled, minors, protection of the right. With the economic development and accelerate reform and opening up, expanding and deepening people's rights will be developed and perfected. Those in the old Tibet can not be compared. Ironically, the Dalai Lama, the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism as one of the great Living Buddha, the Dalai Lama chanting in 1959 years ago-even employing the skull, the human leg bones device cruel practice of feudal serf owners, three large general representative of the serf-owners, but also talk about democracy, freedom and human rights, is chilling.
　　4, the Dalai Lama said that Tibet's environment from contamination. This is a deliberately alarmist fabricated lies, specifically that for the West to hear. We know that the Tibetan Plateau is the world's third pole. Tibet Plateau is the Earth a distinctive region, is the world's highest plateau, imposing, with complex and fragile ecological environment will be difficult to restore once damaged. In speeding up economic development, to maintain a good environment, as all the efforts of the Tibet Autonomous Region goal of the whole society. In 1990, the Tibet Autonomous Region Environmental Protection Commission was set up, strengthen environmental protection of the Government of the unified leadership of the Tibet Autonomous Region. In the same year, the state invested 3.9 million yuan to build a regional environmental monitoring stations. Monitoring stations in Lhasa and Lhasa River in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the establishment of three atmospheric samples, three water monitoring points and 27 traffic noise monitoring points. The results indicated: Lhasa over the harmful atmospheric concentrations of sulfur dioxide per cubic meter of less than 0  1 mg, below the national standard, there is no harmful gases in the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides. The total amount of atmospheric dust in every cubic meter 0  4 mg or below. Dazi Lhasa River upstream through Lhasa and Lhasa River and the confluence of three points Brahmaputra monitoring, water pH, hardness and chemical oxygen demand in the three points did not change. The river does not exist in aluminum, zinc, copper and other heavy metal trace elements pollution. Soil and water without any man-made radioactive contamination, but there is no nuclear contamination.
　　Conclusion
　　November 10, 1995, Comrade Li "Panchen reincarnated in the leading group on the third meeting of the speech" pointed out: "The Dalai Lama, the Central has been Xiaoyidayi, give way, everything possible was done by. Central Committee has repeatedly reiterated that as long as he recognizes Tibet is an inalienable part of China, completely give up 'Tibet independence' of ideas, and stop engaging in separatist activities, we can negotiate with him and welcome him back to the motherland in his lifetime to do something beneficial to the Tibetan people thing. "Today, we still adhere to this policy.

zhōng huá mín guó zhì lǐ xīzàngshí sì shì dá lài lá má Dalai Lama (1940nián～xiànjīn)