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Born in Aurillac, in the Cantal département, in France.
He was Governor-General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902.
After returning from French Indochina, Doumer served as President of the Chamber of Deputies (a post equivalent to the speaker of parliament) from 1902 to 1905. He was elected President of the French Republic on 13 May 1931, defeating the better known Aristide Briand.
On 6 May 1932, he was shot in Paris at the opening of a book fair by Paul Gorguloff, a mentally unstable Russian émigré. He died at 04:37 a.m. on 7 May.