fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì François I
wǎ lú wǎ - áng gǔ lāi mǔ wáng cháo
( 1494niánjiǔyuè12rì～ 1547niánqīyuè31rì)
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì （ fǎ yǔ： FrançoisI， 1494 nián 9 yuè 12 rì － 1547 nián 7 yuè 31 rì）， jí wèi qián tōng cháng chēng ' áng gǔ lāi mǔ de fú lǎng suǒ wǎ（ FrançoisdeAngouléme）， bèi shì wéi kāi míng de jūn zhù， duō qíng de nán zǐ hé wén yì de bì hù zhě， shì fǎ guó lì shǐ shàng zuì zhù míng yě zuì shòu ' ài dài de guó wáng zhī yī（ 1515 nián héng 1547 nián zài wèi）。 zài tā tǒng zhì shí qī， fǎ guó fán róng de wén huà dá dào liǎo yī gè gāo cháo。
zǎo nián shēng huó
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì shì 'áng gǔ lāi mǔ de chá lǐ yǔ sà fú yǐ de lù yì sī de 'ér zǐ， shēng yú xià lǎng dé dì qū de kē ní yà kè。 cóng fù xì kàn tā shì wǎ lú wǎ wáng cháo de bàng xì chéng yuán， wéi chá lǐ wǔ shì de wǔ shì sūn， yóu tā kāi shǐ de wáng shì yě kě chēng wéi 'áng gǔ lāi mǔ wáng cháo。 tā hé yīng gé lán guó wáng hēng lì bā shì jí shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó huáng dì chá lǐ wǔ shì shì tóng shí dài rén， ér chá lǐ wǔ shì zhèng shì tā yī shēng dōuzài miàn duì de kě pà duì shǒu。 áng gǔ lāi mǔ de fú lǎng suǒ wǎ， jí fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì zài nián qīng shí dài qǔ dài liǎo 'ào dì lì de chá lǐ， jí chá lǐ wǔ shì chéng wéi bù liè tǎ ní de jì chéng zhě fǎ lán xī de kè luò dé de wèi hūn fū， jiēguǒ què bǎo liǎo bù liè tǎ ní chéng wéi fǎ guó 'ér bù shì xī bān yá de lǐng dì， yě què bǎo liǎo tā yǔ chá lǐ wǔ shì de zhōng shēng dí duì。
1515 nián， fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì zài lán sī dà jiào táng jiā miǎn wéi fǎ guó guó wáng。
fán róng wén huà de jūn zhù
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì bèi rèn wéi shì fǎ guó dì yī wèi wén yì fù xīng shì de jūn zhù。 zài tā de tǒng zhì zhī xià， rén men kàn dào fǎ guó de wén huà shì yè qǔ dé liǎo cháng zú de jìn bù。 dāng nián qīng de fú lǎng suǒ wǎ zài 1515 nián dēng shàng wáng wèi zhī shí， tā suàn dé shàng shì fǎ guó lì shǐ shàng shǐ wú qián lì de yī wèi jù yòu rén wén zhù yì sī xiǎng de guó wáng。 tā de liǎng wèi qián rèn， chá lǐ bā shì hé lù yì shí 'èr huā fèi liǎo jí dà de jīng lì qǐ tú yòng wǔ lì zhēng fú yì dà lì， rán 'ér què sī háo méi yòu kàn dào zhè piàn wén yì fù xīng fā yuán zhī dì suǒ fā chū lái de zhì huì zhī guāng。 zhè liǎng wèi jūn zhù zhǐ shì zài jiǎn dān mó fǎng jǐ gè shì jì yǐ lái fǎ guó guó wáng men yī zhí zài zuò de shì qíng： kuò zhǎn tǔ dì， jiā qiáng wáng quán。 tā men yīn 'ér bèi rèn wéi shì zuì hòu liǎng wèi “ zhōng shì jì shì ” de fǎ guó jūn zhù。 bù guò tā men de chéng jì wéi fǎ guó jí jiāng juǎnqǐ de wén yì fù xīng zhī fēng diàn dìng liǎo jiān shí de jī chǔ。 zài chá lǐ bā shì yǔ lù yì shí 'èr zài yì dà lì jiē lián bù duàn dì gōng chéng lüè dì shí qī， fǎ guó rén hé yì dà lì rén zài yī zhǒng tè shū de tiáo jiàn xià fā shēng liǎo mìqiè jiē chù。 suí zhe zhè zhǒng jiē chù de jiā shēn， yuán yú yì dà lì de yī xiē xīn sī xiǎng chuán bō dào liǎo fǎ guó。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì zhèng shì zài zhè gè tè shū lì shǐ shí qī jiē shòu de jiào yù。 yú shì tā de yī xiē jiā tíng jiào shī， lì rú lā dīng yǔ jiào shī dé sī mò lán， biàn bù kě bì miǎn dì xiàng tā guàn shū liǎo yī xiē xīn yíng de sī kǎo fāng shì。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì de mǔ qīn yě shì yī gè wén yì fù xīng shì yì shù de 'àihào zhě， tā bǎ zhè zhǒng xīng qù chuán gěi liǎo tā de 'ér zǐ。
dāng rán bù néng shuō fú lǎng suǒ wǎ jiē shòu de shì zuì xiān jìn de rén wén zhù yì jiào yù； tā de dà duō shù jiào shī cóng wèi jiē shòu wén yì fù xīng de yǐng xiǎng。 bù guò kě yǐ rèn wéi， tā bǐ zhī qián de rèn hé guó wáng dū gèng xiàng rén wén zhù yì kào jìn。 dào tā jí wèi shí， wén yì fù xīng de yǐng xiǎng jiù zhēn de zài fǎ guó shēng gēn liǎo。
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì jí lì zhī chí zhè zhǒng xīn biàn huà； tā chéng liǎo yī xiē yì shù pǐn de zuì dà zhù gù。 tā shì yǔ tā tóng shí dài de xǔ duō yì shù jiā de zhī chí zhě hé bǎo hù rén， bāo kuò dá · fēn qí（ dá · fēn qí zài fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì huái zhōng qù shì）。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì gǔ lì suǒ yòu yì shù jiā lái fǎ guó jū zhù hé chuàng zuò， jiēguǒ xiàng 'ān dé lǐ yà · dé 'ěr · sà tuō hé liè 'ào nà duō · dá · fēn qí zhè yàng de wěi rén yě jiē shòu liǎo tā de yāo qǐng。 dāng dá · fēn qí zài fǎ guó zuò yī xiē xiǎo yóu huà de shí hòu， tā dài lái liǎo tā de yī xiē zuì wěi dà de zuò pǐn， qí zhōng jiù bāo kuò méng nà lì suō。 qí tā wéi fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì gù yòng de dà huà jiā yòu běn nèi wén tuō · qiē lǐ ní、 luó suǒ hé pǔ lì mǎ tí qiáo， tā men wéi fú lǎng suǒ wǎ de xíng gōng zēng tiān liǎo xǔ duō huī huáng de zhuāng shì。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì zài yì dà lì gù yōng liǎo yī bāng rén zhuān mén wèitā shōu gòu yì dà lì wén yì fù xīng shí qī jù jiàng rú mǐ kāi lǎng jī luó、 tí xiāng yǐ jí lā fěi 'ěr de zuò pǐn， zài bǎ tā men yùn huí fǎ guó。 zhè xiē rén qǔ dé liǎo xiǎn zhù de chéng guǒ héng héng jìn guǎn bǎ dá · fēn qí de bì huà zuì hòu de wǎn cān bān dào fǎ guó qù de fēng kuáng jìhuà wèi néng shí xiàn。 zài fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì jí wèi zhī chū， fǎ guó gōng tíng lǐ zhǐ yòu shǎo liàng chū míng de yóu huà， ér qiě yī gè diāo xiàng yě méi yòu。 jīn tiān zài lú fú gōng lǐ rén men jiàn dào de nà xǔ xǔ duō duō de fǎ guó wáng shì de shōu cáng shí jì shàng shì cóng fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì shí dài cái kāi shǐ de。
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì yě jī jí gǔ lì wén xué hé jiàn zhù de fā zhǎn。 tā hào zhào chén mín duō dú shū； bìng qiě tā zì jǐ yě shì gè bù zěn me yàng de shī rén。 tā rèn mìng fǎ guó rén wén zhù yì zhě jì yáo mǔ · bā dé wéi shǒu xí zuò jiā。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì tuī xíng yī xì liè yě xīn bó bó de tǔ mù gōng chéng， xiàng jiàn zhù yè tóu rù liǎo dà liàng jīn qián。 tā xù jiàn fǎ guó wáng shì yī zhí zài xiū zào de 'ān bù wǎ chéng bǎo， bìng qiě kāi shǐ duì bù lú wǎ chéng bǎo jìn xíng fān xiū。 yóu tā kāi gōng jiàn shè de jiàn zhù wù bāo kuò jí jù wén yì fù xīng fēng gé de shàng bó 'ěr chéng bǎo， zhè dòng jiàn zhù yòu kě néng chū zì dá · fēn qí de shè jì。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì de lìng yī wěi dà gòng xiàn shì， tā bǎ lú fú gōng cóng yī zuò yào sài shì de jiàn zhù biàn chéng liǎo jīn tiān rén men suǒ jiàn de yì shù bó wù guǎn。
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì yǔ yì dà lì zhàn zhēng
zài jūn shì yǔ zhèng zhì lǐng yù， fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì qǔ dé de chéng jì yī bān。 tā zài zhēng duó shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó huáng wèi de jìng zhēng zhōng bài gěi liǎo chá lǐ wǔ shì； jiē zhe yòu zài yì dà lì xiàn rù yī lián chuàn yǔ chá lǐ wǔ shì de chōng tū（ yì dà lì zhàn zhēng）。 fǎ guó yǔ xī bān yá zhēng duó yì dà lì tǔ dì de dǒu zhēng shǐ yú chá lǐ bā shì hé fěi dí nán 'èr shì shí dài， zài fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì shí qī dá dào gāo cháo。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì zài pà wéi yà zhàn yì zhōng zāo dào cǎn bài， bìng bèi chá lǐ wǔ shì fú lǔ。 tā bèi dài dào mǎ dé lǐ， bèi pò xiàng chá lǐ wǔ shì zuò chū qū rǔ de ràng bù（ mǎ dé lǐ tiáo yuē） hòu bèi shì fàng。 rán 'ér， fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì yī huí dào fǎ guó jiù xuān bù tā yǔ chá lǐ wǔ shì qiān shǔ de yī qiē xié dìng wú xiào， yīn wéi tā men shì zài yā lì zhī xià qiān shǔ de。 cǐ hòu chá lǐ wǔ shì yòu duō cì yǔ fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì zuò zhàn。 1524 nián， fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì bāng zhù lǐ 'áng shì mín zī zhù qiáo wàn ní · dá · wéi lā zhā nuò de běi měi zhōu tàn xiǎn duì。 tā kǒng pà shì chū zì yǔ chá lǐ wǔ shì jìng zhēng de mùdì。 zài zhè cì tàn xiǎn zhōng， wéi lā zhā nuò xuān bù niǔ fēn lán wéi fǎ guó wáng shì de lǐng dì。 1534 nián， fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì pài qiǎn yǎ kè · kǎ tí 'āi qù kuí běi kè shèng láo lún sī hé liú yù tàn xiǎn， jù shuō nà lǐ cáng yòu shén mì de cái fù。
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì wéi 'ōu zhōu zhèng zhì dài lái de yī dà gòng xiàn jiù shì， tā bǎ 'ào sī màn dì guó yǐn rù 'ōu zhōu shì wù。 zhè wán quán chū yú wéi fǎn duì chá lǐ wǔ shì xún zhǎo méng yǒu de mùdì； fàng yǎn dāng shí de 'ōu zhōu， chú liǎo fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì hé fǎ guó yǐ wài， yǐ jīng méi rén gǎn xiàng chá lǐ wǔ shì hé tā de xī bān yá héng hā bù sī bǎo dì guó tiǎo zhàn liǎo。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì yǔ tóng yàng tòng hèn chá lǐ wǔ shì de sū dān sū lǐ màn yī shì（ lì fǎ zhě） jié chéng xīn zhào bù xuān de lián méng guān xì。 tā men liǎng rén shuí yě méi gēn“ yì jiào tú” qiān dìng guò zhèng shì tiáo yuē， dàn zài fǎn duì hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo shí què dá chéng mò qì。 1543 nián， liǎng wèi tǒng zhì zhě shèn zhì zài ní sī fā dòng liǎo yīcháng lián hé hǎi jūn xíng dòng。
píng jià
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì de zhàn zhēng yě xīn cóng wèi chéng gōng， zhèng zhì shēng yá yě shǎo yòu jīng rén jiàn shù。 tā duì yì shù de rè xīn yòu shí yě xiǎn dé guò yú shē chǐ。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ de yuè fù hé qián rèn lù yì shí 'èr zài wǎn nián shí céng duì zì jǐ de jì chéng rén kě néng huì“ bǎ yī qiēdōu nòng zāo” biǎo shì dān yōu。 lù yì shí 'èr gěi fǎ guó liú xià liǎo yī bǐ bù xiǎo de cái fù： dì fāng fēng jiàn lǐng zhù de gē jù xiàn xiàng jī běn bèi xiāo miè， jīng jì zhēng zhēng rì shàng bìng qiě yù suàn píng héng。 ér fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì zài jì xù jiā qiáng fǎ guó de wáng quán shí què dà dà sǔn hài liǎo fǎ guó de jīng jì。 dà xīng tǔ mù shì jù 'é làng fèi de zhòng yào yīn sù， yǔ hā bù sī bǎo wáng cháo de dǒu zhēng gèng shì yī gè huǐ miè cái zhèng de xiàn jǐng。 jiēguǒ fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì biàn qǐ tú tōng guò zhēng shuì lái jiě jué wèn tí： duì nóng mín zhēng shōu de fù shuì zēng jiā liǎo yī bèi， yán shuì gèng shì shàng shēng dào yuán lái de sān bèi， dǎo zhì rén mín yuàn shēng zài dào。 fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì hái fā míng liǎo yī xiē qí tā tú jìng huò dé shōu rù： biàn mài wáng guān zhū bǎo， chū mài wáng shì lǐng dì。 wèile kuài sù dé dào huí bào， fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yòu kāi shǐ chū mài guān zhí， chéng wéi zhè yī dú hài fǎ guó zhèng zhì de màn xìng dú yào de shǐ zuò yǒng zhě。 kè guān dì shuō， fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì shì yī gè yòu gōng jì yě yòu cuò wù de guó wáng， tā zài fā zhǎn wén huà hé tí gāo fǎ guó guó jì dì wèi děng fāng miàn qǔ dé liǎo hěn dà chéng jiù， dàn zhè xiē chéng jiù shì yǐ fǎ guó de jīng jì jiàn kāng wéi dài jià de。
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì yú 1547 nián zài lǎng bù yī 'āi chéng bǎo qù shì。 tā bèi 'ān zàng zài shèng dàn ní xiū dào yuàn， yǔ tā dì yī gè qī zǐ fǎ lán xī de kè luò dé zàng zài yī qǐ。 tā de cì zǐ hēng lì 'èr shì jì chéng liǎo wáng wèi。 bāo kuò wéi kè duō · yǔ guǒ、 zhū sài pèi · wēi 'ěr dì zài nèi de xǔ duō wén háo hé jù zuò jiā de zuò pǐn zhōng dū chū xiàn guò fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì de xíng xiàng。
fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì de jiā tíng
* hūn yīn：
1. dì yī gè qī zǐ： fǎ lán xī de kè luò dé（ bó gèn dì nǚ gōng jué）， 1514 nián 5 yuè 18 rì jié hūn
2. dì 'èr gè qī zǐ： ào dì lì de 'āi lì nuò， 1530 nián 8 yuè 7 rì jié hūn
* zǐ nǚ：
1. lù yì sī（ 1515 nián 8 yuè 19 rì héng 1517 nián 9 yuè 21 rì）
2. xià luò tè（ 1516 nián 10 yuè 23 rì héng 1524 nián 9 yuè 8 rì）
3. fú lǎng suǒ wǎ（ 1518 nián 2 yuè 28 rì héng 1536 nián 8 yuè 10 rì）
4. hēng lì 'èr shì（ 1519 nián 3 yuè 31 rì héng 1559 nián 7 yuè 10 rì）
5. fǎ lán xī de mǎ dé lín（ 1520 nián 8 yuè 10 rì héng 1537 nián 7 yuè 2 rì）， yǔ sū gé lán guó wáng zhān mǔ sī wǔ shì jié hūn
6. chá lǐ 'èr shì， ào 'ěr liáng gōng jué（ 1522 nián 1 yuè 22 rì héng 1545 nián 9 yuè 9 rì）
7. mǎ gé lì tè（ 1523 nián 6 yuè 5 rì héng 1574 nián 9 yuè 14 rì）
Francois I of France is considered the first Renaissance monarch. Under his rule, people see the culture of France has made great progress. When the young Francois throne in 1515 when he was considered as unprecedented in the history of France, a king with Humanism. His two predecessors, Charles VIII and Louis XII spent a great deal of energy attempting to use armed force to conquer Italy, but it has no way to see this piece of land of origin issued by the Renaissance to the wisdom. The two monarchs is just a simple imitation of the French kings for centuries has been to do: expand the land, to strengthen royal power. Therefore they are considered the last two "medieval style" of the French monarchy. However, they will roll up the results of the French Renaissance style and laid a solid foundation. In Charles VIII and Louis XII in Italy after another to conquer new territories during the French and Italian terms in a special place in close contact. With the deepening of such contacts, new ideas spread from Italy to France. Francois I, it is accepted in this special historical period of education. So some of his tutor, such as Latin teachers Desimolan will inevitably impart to him some new way of thinking. Francois I's mother was also a Renaissance art lovers, she passed this interest to her son.
Francois I strongly support this new change; he became some of the greatest art patrons. He is the artist and his contemporaries, many of the supporters and the protection of people, including Leonardo da Vinci (Leonardo da Vinci died in the arms of Francis I). Francois I encourage all artists to France to live and create results like 安德里亚德 Er Satuo and great men like Leonardo da Vinci has accepted his invitation. When Leonardo da Vinci painting in France for some small time, he brought some of his greatest works, including the Mona Lisa. Francois I, for the employment of other great painters of the text Tuoqielini, Roseau and 普利马提乔, Francois palace they add a lot of splendid decoration. Francois I in the Italian gang hired specifically for his acquisition of the Italian Renaissance master Michelangelo, Titian and Raphael's works, then they returned to France. These people have achieved significant results - even though the Leonardo da Vinci's fresco The Last Supper, the crazy plan to move to France did not materialize. Francois I, ascended the throne at the beginning of the French court in only a few well-known painting, but not a statue. Today, people in the Louvre to see that many of the French royal collection in fact is only the beginning of Francois I of the times.
In the military and political fields, Francois I, the general achievements. His fight for the throne of the Holy Roman Empire of Charles V, who lost to competition; followed by a series of Italy into the conflict with Charles V (the Italian war.) Italy, France and Spain fight for the land struggle began in Charles VIII and Ferdinand II era, culminating in the Francis I period. Francois I, suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Pavia, Charles V was taken prisoner. He was brought to Madrid, was forced to make humiliating concessions to Charles V (Madrid Treaty) was released. However, a return to Francois I and Charles V of France announced that he signed all the agreements null and void, because they are signed under pressure. After Charles V and François I of operations repeatedly. 1524, Francois I, the public subsidy to help Lyon Giovanni 达韦拉扎诺 North American expedition. He probably comes with the Charles competition. In this expedition, Verrazzano declared the territory of Newfoundland for the French royal family. 1534, Francois I, to Quebec, the St. Lawrence River basin to send 雅克卡提埃 adventure, where possession is said to have mysterious wealth.
Francois I, bringing European politics is a major contribution, his introduction to the Ottoman Empire, European affairs. This is totally out of looking for allies against the purpose of Charles V; look at Europe, in addition to and outside of France Francois I have no one dared to Charles V and his Spain - Habsburg Empire challenge. Francois I and Charles V of 苏丹苏里曼 the same hate I (legislators) to form tacit alliance. They were no one with the "infidels" had signed a formal treaty, but reached a tacit understanding against the Habsburg dynasty, Shi Que. In 1543, the two rulers even in Nice, launched a joint naval operations.
Francois I of ambition has never been a successful war, political career, very few amazing achievements. His enthusiasm for art sometimes seems too extravagant. Francois's father and predecessor, Louis XII had in the later years of their heirs may "spoil everything," expressed concern. Louis XII of France left to a small fortune in wealth: the phenomenon of local feudal lords of separatism have been basically eradicated, thriving economy and a balanced budget. The Francois I, to continue to strengthen the French monarchy in Shique greatly damage the French economy. Scale development projects is a huge waste of important factors, and the struggle against Habsburg is a destruction of the financial trap. Results Francois I will attempt to resolve the issue through taxes: taxes levied on farmers more than doubled, rising to the original salt is three times, leading to anger and resentment. Francois I also invented a number of other ways to get revenue: the sale of crown jewels, sell royal territory. In order to quickly pay off, Francois began selling official, as the slow poison poisoned French politics initiator. Objectively speaking, Francois I is a merit and a wrong king who in the development of culture and enhance the international status of France has made great achievements, but those achievements are in France at the expense of economic health.
Francois I in 1547 died at Rambouillet castle. He was buried in St Denis Abbey, with his first wife, Claude of France buried together. His second son Henry II inherited the throne. Including Victor Hugo, Giuseppe Verdi, including many of the writer and the playwright's works have appeared Francois I's image.
1. The first wife: Claude of France (duchess of Burgundy), May 18, 1514 married
1. Louise (August 19, 1515 -1 517 on Sept. 21)
4. Henry II (March 31, 1519 -1 559 years July 10)
7. Margaret (June 5, 1523 -1 574 on September 14)
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