瓦盧瓦-昂古萊姆王朝 人物列錶
弗朗索瓦一世 François I弗朗索瓦二世 François II亨利二世 Henri II
查理九世 Charles IX亨利三世 Henri III
弗朗索瓦一世 François I
瓦盧瓦-昂古萊姆王朝  (1494年九月12日1547年七月31日)
開端終結
在位1515年1547年

  弗朗索瓦一世 (法語:François I,1494年9月12日-1547年7月31日),即位前通常稱昂古萊姆的弗朗索瓦(François de Angouléme),被視為開明的君主,多情的男子和文藝的庇護者,是法國歷史上最著名也最受愛戴的國王之一(1515年—1547年在位)。在他統治時期,法國繁榮的文化達到了一個高潮。
  
  早年生活
  
  弗朗索瓦一世是昂古萊姆的查理與薩伏依的路易絲的兒子,生於夏朗德地區的科尼亞剋。從父係看他是瓦盧瓦王朝的旁係成員,為查理五世的五世孫,由他開始的王室也可稱為昂古萊姆王朝。他和英格蘭國王亨利八世及神聖羅馬帝國皇帝查理五世是同時代人,而查理五世正是他一生都在面對的可怕對手。昂古萊姆的弗朗索瓦,即弗朗索瓦一世在年輕時代取代了奧地利的查理,即查理五世成為布列塔尼的繼承者法蘭西的剋洛德的未婚夫,結果確保了布列塔尼成為法國而不是西班牙的領地,也確保了他與查理五世的終生敵對。
  
  1515年,弗朗索瓦一世在蘭斯大教堂加冕為法國國王。
  繁榮文化的君主
  
  弗朗索瓦一世被認為是法國第一位文藝復興式的君主。在他的統治之下,人們看到法國的文化事業取得了長足的進步。當年輕的弗朗索瓦在1515年登上王位之時,他算得上是法國歷史上史無前例的一位具有人文主義思想的國王。他的兩位前任,查理八世和路易十二花費了極大的精力企圖用武力徵服意大利,然而卻絲毫沒有看到這片文藝復興發源之地所發出來的智慧之光。這兩位君主衹是在簡單模仿幾個世紀以來法國國王們一直在做的事情:擴展土地,加強王權。他們因而被認為是最後兩位“中世紀式”的法國君主。不過他們的成績為法國即將捲起的文藝復興之風奠定了堅實的基礎。在查理八世與路易十二在意大利接連不斷地攻城掠地時期,法國人和意大利人在一種特殊的條件下發生了密切接觸。隨着這種接觸的加深,源於意大利的一些新思想傳播到了法國。弗朗索瓦一世正是在這個特殊歷史時期接受的教育。於是他的一些家庭教師,例如拉丁語教師德斯莫蘭,便不可避免地嚮他灌輸了一些新穎的思考方式。弗朗索瓦一世的母親也是一個文藝復興式藝術的愛好者,她把這種興趣傳給了她的兒子。
  
  當然不能說弗朗索瓦接受的是最先進的人文主義教育;他的大多數教師從未接受文藝復興的影響。不過可以認為,他比之前的任何國王都更嚮人文主義靠近。到他即位時,文藝復興的影響就真的在法國生根了。
  
  弗朗索瓦一世極力支持這種新變化;他成了一些藝術品的最大主顧。他是與他同時代的許多藝術傢的支持者和保護人,包括達·芬奇(達·芬奇在弗朗索瓦一世懷中去世)。弗朗索瓦一世鼓勵所有藝術傢來法國居住和創作,結果像安德裏亞·德爾·薩托和列奧納多·達·芬奇這樣的偉人也接受了他的邀請。當達·芬奇在法國作一些小油畫的時候,他帶來了他的一些最偉大的作品,其中就包括蒙娜麗莎。其他為弗朗索瓦一世雇用的大畫傢有本內文托·切裏尼、羅索和普利馬提喬,他們為弗朗索瓦的行宮增添了許多輝煌的裝飾。弗朗索瓦一世在意大利雇傭了一幫人專門為他收購意大利文藝復興時期巨匠如米開朗基羅、提香以及拉斐爾的作品,再把它們運回法國。這些人取得了顯著的成果——儘管把達·芬奇的壁畫最後的晚餐搬到法國去的瘋狂計劃未能實現。在弗朗索瓦一世即位之初,法國宮廷裏衹有少量出名的油畫,而且一個雕像也沒有。今天在盧浮宮裏人們見到的那許許多多的法國王室的收藏實際上是從弗朗索瓦一世時代纔開始的。
  
  弗朗索瓦一世也積極鼓勵文學和建築的發展。他號召臣民多讀書;並且他自己也是個不怎麽樣的詩人。他任命法國人文主義者紀堯姆·巴德為首席作傢。弗朗索瓦一世推行一係列野心勃勃的土木工程,嚮建築業投入了大量金錢。他續建法國王室一直在修造的安布瓦城堡,並且開始對布盧瓦城堡進行翻修。由他開工建設的建築物包括極具文藝復興風格的尚博爾城堡,這棟建築有可能出自達·芬奇的設計。弗朗索瓦一世的另一偉大貢獻是,他把盧浮宮從一座要塞式的建築變成了今天人們所見的藝術博物館。
  弗朗索瓦一世與意大利戰爭
  
  在軍事與政治領域,弗朗索瓦一世取得的成績一般。他在爭奪神聖羅馬帝國皇位的競爭中敗給了查理五世;接着又在意大利陷入一連串與查理五世的衝突(意大利戰爭)。法國與西班牙爭奪意大利土地的鬥爭始於查理八世和斐迪南二世時代,在弗朗索瓦一世時期達到高潮。弗朗索瓦一世在帕維亞戰役中遭到慘敗,並被查理五世俘虜。他被帶到馬德裏,被迫嚮查理五世作出屈辱的讓步(馬德裏條約)後被釋放。然而,弗朗索瓦一世一回到法國就宣佈他與查理五世簽署的一切協定無效,因為他們是在壓力之下簽署的。此後查理五世又多次與弗朗索瓦一世作戰。1524年,弗朗索瓦一世幫助裏昂市民資助喬萬尼·達·韋拉紮諾的北美洲探險隊。他恐怕是出自與查理五世競爭的目的。在這次探險中,韋拉紮諾宣佈紐芬蘭為法國王室的領地。1534年,弗朗索瓦一世派遣雅剋·卡提埃去魁北剋聖勞倫斯河流域探險,據說那裏藏有神秘的財富。
  
  弗朗索瓦一世為歐洲政治帶來的一大貢獻就是,他把奧斯曼帝國引入歐洲事務。這完全出於為反對查理五世尋找盟友的目的;放眼當時的歐洲,除了弗朗索瓦一世和法國以外,已經沒人敢嚮查理五世和他的西班牙—哈布斯堡帝國挑戰了。弗朗索瓦一世與同樣痛恨查理五世的蘇丹蘇裏曼一世(立法者)結成心照不宣的聯盟關係。他們兩人誰也沒跟“異教徒”簽訂過正式條約,但在反對哈布斯堡王朝時卻達成默契。1543年,兩位統治者甚至在尼斯發動了一場聯合海軍行動。
  評價
  
  弗朗索瓦一世的戰爭野心從未成功,政治生涯也少有驚人建樹。他對藝術的熱心有時也顯得過於奢侈。弗朗索瓦的嶽父和前任路易十二在晚年時曾對自己的繼承人可能會“把一切都弄糟”表示擔憂。路易十二給法國留下了一筆不小的財富:地方封建領主的割據現象基本被消滅,經濟蒸蒸日上並且預算平衡。而弗朗索瓦一世在繼續加強法國的王權時卻大大損害了法國的經濟。大興土木是巨額浪費的重要因素,與哈布斯堡王朝的鬥爭更是一個毀滅財政的陷阱。結果弗朗索瓦一世便企圖通過徵稅來解决問題:對農民徵收的賦稅增加了一倍,????稅更是上升到原來的三倍,導致人民怨聲載道。弗朗索瓦一世還發明了一些其他途徑獲得收入:變賣王冠珠寶,出賣王室領地。為了快速得到回報,弗朗索瓦又開始出賣官職,成為這一毒害法國政治的慢性毒藥的始作俑者。客觀地說,弗朗索瓦一世是一個有功績也有錯誤的國王,他在發展文化和提高法國國際地位等方面取得了很大成就,但這些成就是以法國的經濟健康為代價的。
  
  弗朗索瓦一世於1547年在朗布伊埃城堡去世。他被安葬在聖但尼修道院,與他第一個妻子法蘭西的剋洛德葬在一起。 他的次子亨利二世繼承了王位。包括維剋多·雨果、朱塞佩·威爾第在內的許多文豪和劇作傢的作品中都出現過弗朗索瓦一世的形象。
  弗朗索瓦一世的家庭
  
   * 婚姻:
  
   1. 第一個妻子:法蘭西的剋洛德(勃艮第女公爵),1514年5月18日結婚
   2. 第二個妻子:奧地利的埃利諾,1530年8月7日結婚
  
   * 子女:
  
   1. 路易絲 (1515年8月19日—1517年9月21日)
   2. 夏洛特 (1516年10月23日—1524年9月8日)
   3. 弗朗索瓦 (1518年2月28日—1536年8月10日)
   4. 亨利二世 (1519年3月31日—1559年7月10日)
   5. 法蘭西的瑪德琳 (1520年8月10日—1537年7月2日),與蘇格蘭國王詹姆斯五世結婚
   6. 查理二世,奧爾良公爵 (1522年1月22日—1545年9月9日)
   7. 瑪格麗特 (1523年6月5日—1574年9月14日)


  Francois I of France is considered the first Renaissance monarch. Under his rule, people see the culture of France has made great progress. When the young Francois throne in 1515 when he was considered as unprecedented in the history of France, a king with Humanism. His two predecessors, Charles VIII and Louis XII spent a great deal of energy attempting to use armed force to conquer Italy, but it has no way to see this piece of land of origin issued by the Renaissance to the wisdom. The two monarchs is just a simple imitation of the French kings for centuries has been to do: expand the land, to strengthen royal power. Therefore they are considered the last two "medieval style" of the French monarchy. However, they will roll up the results of the French Renaissance style and laid a solid foundation. In Charles VIII and Louis XII in Italy after another to conquer new territories during the French and Italian terms in a special place in close contact. With the deepening of such contacts, new ideas spread from Italy to France. Francois I, it is accepted in this special historical period of education. So some of his tutor, such as Latin teachers Desimolan will inevitably impart to him some new way of thinking. Francois I's mother was also a Renaissance art lovers, she passed this interest to her son.
  Francois I strongly support this new change; he became some of the greatest art patrons. He is the artist and his contemporaries, many of the supporters and the protection of people, including Leonardo da Vinci (Leonardo da Vinci died in the arms of Francis I). Francois I encourage all artists to France to live and create results like 安德里亚德 Er Satuo and great men like Leonardo da Vinci has accepted his invitation. When Leonardo da Vinci painting in France for some small time, he brought some of his greatest works, including the Mona Lisa. Francois I, for the employment of other great painters of the text Tuoqielini, Roseau and 普利马提乔, Francois palace they add a lot of splendid decoration. Francois I in the Italian gang hired specifically for his acquisition of the Italian Renaissance master Michelangelo, Titian and Raphael's works, then they returned to France. These people have achieved significant results - even though the Leonardo da Vinci's fresco The Last Supper, the crazy plan to move to France did not materialize. Francois I, ascended the throne at the beginning of the French court in only a few well-known painting, but not a statue. Today, people in the Louvre to see that many of the French royal collection in fact is only the beginning of Francois I of the times.
  In the military and political fields, Francois I, the general achievements. His fight for the throne of the Holy Roman Empire of Charles V, who lost to competition; followed by a series of Italy into the conflict with Charles V (the Italian war.) Italy, France and Spain fight for the land struggle began in Charles VIII and Ferdinand II era, culminating in the Francis I period. Francois I, suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Pavia, Charles V was taken prisoner. He was brought to Madrid, was forced to make humiliating concessions to Charles V (Madrid Treaty) was released. However, a return to Francois I and Charles V of France announced that he signed all the agreements null and void, because they are signed under pressure. After Charles V and François I of operations repeatedly. 1524, Francois I, the public subsidy to help Lyon Giovanni 达韦拉扎诺 North American expedition. He probably comes with the Charles competition. In this expedition, Verrazzano declared the territory of Newfoundland for the French royal family. 1534, Francois I, to Quebec, the St. Lawrence River basin to send 雅克卡提埃 adventure, where possession is said to have mysterious wealth.
  Francois I, bringing European politics is a major contribution, his introduction to the Ottoman Empire, European affairs. This is totally out of looking for allies against the purpose of Charles V; look at Europe, in addition to and outside of France Francois I have no one dared to Charles V and his Spain - Habsburg Empire challenge. Francois I and Charles V of 苏丹苏里曼 the same hate I (legislators) to form tacit alliance. They were no one with the "infidels" had signed a formal treaty, but reached a tacit understanding against the Habsburg dynasty, Shi Que. In 1543, the two rulers even in Nice, launched a joint naval operations.
  Francois I of ambition has never been a successful war, political career, very few amazing achievements. His enthusiasm for art sometimes seems too extravagant. Francois's father and predecessor, Louis XII had in the later years of their heirs may "spoil everything," expressed concern. Louis XII of France left to a small fortune in wealth: the phenomenon of local feudal lords of separatism have been basically eradicated, thriving economy and a balanced budget. The Francois I, to continue to strengthen the French monarchy in Shique greatly damage the French economy. Scale development projects is a huge waste of important factors, and the struggle against Habsburg is a destruction of the financial trap. Results Francois I will attempt to resolve the issue through taxes: taxes levied on farmers more than doubled, rising to the original salt is three times, leading to anger and resentment. Francois I also invented a number of other ways to get revenue: the sale of crown jewels, sell royal territory. In order to quickly pay off, Francois began selling official, as the slow poison poisoned French politics initiator. Objectively speaking, Francois I is a merit and a wrong king who in the development of culture and enhance the international status of France has made great achievements, but those achievements are in France at the expense of economic health.
  Francois I in 1547 died at Rambouillet castle. He was buried in St Denis Abbey, with his first wife, Claude of France buried together. His second son Henry II inherited the throne. Including Victor Hugo, Giuseppe Verdi, including many of the writer and the playwright's works have appeared Francois I's image.
  1. The first wife: Claude of France (duchess of Burgundy), May 18, 1514 married
  1. Louise (August 19, 1515 -1 517 on Sept. 21)
  4. Henry II (March 31, 1519 -1 559 years July 10)
  7. Margaret (June 5, 1523 -1 574 on September 14)
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