| luó nà dé · wēi 'ěr xùn · lǐ gēn | |||||||
| Ronald Wilson Reagan | |||||||
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lǐ gēn zài 1980 nián de xuǎn zhàn zhōng jī bài liǎo dāng shí de zǒng tǒng jí mǐ · kǎ tè， gòng hé dǎng yě zài tóng nián xuǎn jǔ yíng dé liǎo 26 nián lái shǒu cì zài cān yì yuàn guò bàn shù de xí cì。 lǐ gēn tuī xíng de jīng jì zhèng cè wéi gōng yìng miàn jīng jì xué， bèi rén chēng wéi lǐ gēn jīng jì xué， jiāng suǒ dé shuì jiàng dī liǎo 25%、 jiǎn shǎo tōng huò péng zhàng、 jiàng dī lìlǜ、 kuò dà jūn fèi kāi zhī、 zēng jiā zhèng fǔ chì zì hé guó zhài， pái chú shuì fù guī zé de lòu dòng， jì xù duì shāng yè xíng wéi chè xiāo guǎn zhì， shǐ měi guó jīng jì zài lì jīng 1981－ 1982 nián de jí jù shuāi tuì hòu， yú 1982 nián kāi shǐ liǎo fēi cháng zhuó zhuàng de jīng jì chéngzhǎng。 tā shǐ zhōng qiáng diào tā duì yú lián bāng zhèng fǔ zài chǔlǐ wèn tí shàng de néng lì bào chí zhe huái yí tài dù， yóu qí shì zài jīng jì wèn tí fāng miàn。 tā de jiě jué fāng shì shì chè huí zhèng fǔ de gān shè bìng jiǎn shǎo shuìlǜ hé chè xiāo guǎn zhì， yǐ cǐ ràng zì yóu shì chǎng jī zhì néng zì dòng xiū zhèng suǒ miàn lín de wèn tí。 tā zài jiù zhí diǎn lǐ nà tiān shuō dào：“ zhèng fǔ bìng bù shì jiě jué wèn tí de fāng fǎ， zhèng fǔ běn shēn cái shì wèn tí suǒ zài。”
tā de zhī chí zhě shèng zàn tā zhèn fèn liǎo měi guó rén zài 1980 nián miàn lín de dī 'áng shì qì hé cuò zhé gǎn， bìng qiě ràng zì yóu fàng rèn de zī běn zhù yì tǐ zhì chāo yuè zhèng fǔ de guǎn zhì。 zài duì wài zhèng cè shàng， tā dà fú dù kuò zhāng jūn bèi， duì sū lián de zhèng cè zé yóu yuán běn de wéi dǔ gǎi wéi zhí jiē de duì kàng。 lǐ gēn zài zhèng zhì yì shí xíng tài shàng guàn chè liǎo fǎn gòng zhù yì yǔ mín zhù zī běn zhù yì。 lǐ gēn rèn nèi yě jīng lì liǎo shù cì yán zhòng de zhèng zhì chǒu wén héng bìng dǎo zhì bù shǎo guān yuán hé mù liáo bèi dìng zuì， dàn tā réng rán dé yǐ 'ān rán dù guò zhè xiē wēi jī。
xǔ duō de guān chá jiā， yóu qí shì měi guó de bǎo shǒu pài， chēng zàn lǐ gēn shì měi guó dé yǐ tuō kuǎ qián sū lián de zhù yào gōng chén。 lì shǐ xué jiā duì cǐ hái méi yòu xíng chéng gòng shí， yī xiē rén rèn wéi lǐ gēn shì shǐ sū lián yú 1991 nián kuǎ tái de zhù yào tuī shǒu； yī xiē rén zé rèn wéi sū lián yú tā rèn nèi kāi shǐ de zhuǎn biàn， zhǐ bù guò shì shí jiān shàng de qiǎo hé。 zài lǐ gēn liǎng jiè rèn qī jié shù hòu， tóng dǎng de fù zǒng tǒng de qiáo zhì ·H·W· bù shí yú 1988 nián de xuǎn zhàn zhōng， xié zhù lǐ gēn de gāo 'áng rén qì 'ér dà huò quán shèng。 lǐ gēn de zǒng tǒng rèn qī yǐng xiǎng liǎo měi guó 1980 nián dài de wén huà， shǐ dé 1980 nián dài yě cháng bèi chēng wéi“ lǐ gēn shí dài”。
shēng píng
zǎo nián shēng yá
lǐ gēn shēng yú 1911 nián 2 yuè 6 rì， zài yī lì nuò yī zhōu tǎn pí kē de yī dòng gōng yù lǐ。 fù qīn shì tiān zhù jiào de 'ài 'ěr lán yì rén yuē hàn ·“ jié kè” · lǐ gēn（ John"Jack"Reagan）， mǔ qīn shì sū gé lán - ài 'ěr lán jí yīng guó hòu yì de nī 'ěr · wēi 'ěr sēn（ NelleWilson）。 tā fù qīn yī fāng de zēngzǔ fù MichaelReagan yú 1860 nián dài zì 'ài 'ěr lán yí mín zhì měi guó。 zài tā yí mín zhī qián， jiā zú xìng shì yuán běn wéi Regan。 tā mǔ qīn yī fāng de zēngzǔ fù JohnWilson， zé shì zài 1840 nián dài cóng sū gé lán yí mín zhì měi guó。
lǐ gēn quán jiā zài jīng guò shù cì qiān xǐ hòu， yú 1920 nián dìng jū zài yī lì nuò yī zhōu de dí kè sēn。 zài 1921 nián lǐ gēn 10 suì shí， lǐ gēn zài tā mǔ qīn suǒ xìn yǎng de jī dū huì jiào táng shòu xǐ（ bù guò lǐ gēn de gē gē Neil， zé gēn suí fù qīn chéng wéi tiān zhù jiào tú）。 zài 1924 nián， lǐ gēn kāi shǐ jiù dú dí kè sēn shì de běi fāng zhōng xué（ NorthsideHighSchool）， lǐ gēn wǎng hòu yědōu zì chēng dí kè sēn shì tā de gù xiāng。
zài 1927 nián lǐ gēn 16 suì shí， lǐ gēn zài dí kè sēn zhōu zāo de luó kè hé pàn de LowellPark zhǎo liǎo yī fèn jiù shēng yuán gōng zuò， tā zài nà lǐ dān rèn jiù shēng yuán cháng dá 7 nián， jù shuō zhěng jiù liǎo 77 míng nì shuǐ zhě。 lǐ gēn hòu lái hái kāi wán xiào shuō zhè xiē nì shuǐ zhě dōuméi yòu xiàng tā dào xiè guò。 wèi lái lǐ gēn duì zhè duàn chéng jiù xiāng dāng zì háo， hái huì xiàng bái gōng de fǎng kè men zhǎn shì guà zài zǒng tǒng bàn gōng shì de luó kè hé zhào piàn。
lǐ gēn zài 1928 nián jìn rù yī lì nuò yī zhōu de yóu lǐ kǎ xué yuàn（ EurekaCollege）， zhù xiū jīng jì xué hé shè huì xué， bìng zài 1932 nián bì yè。 shēn wéi xué yuàn xīn shēng tā jiā rù liǎo yī cì fǎn duì jiǎn suō xué yuàn kāi zhī de bà kè。 zài 1929 nián lǐ gēn jiā rù liǎo TauKappaEpsilon xiōng dì huì， hòu lái tā huí yì qǐ lái， rèn wéi jiā rù xiōng dì huì de zhè duàn jīng yàn shì xué yuàn shēng yá lǐ zuì nán wàng de huí yì。 tā hěn shǎo huā shí jiān zài kè yè shàng， zhǐ ná dào liǎo zhōng děng de chéng jì， dàn tā què shì xiào yuán lǐ xǔ duō jù lè bù hé yùn dòng duì wǔ de lǐng dǎo rén， ér bèi chēng wéi“ xiào yuán lǐ de dà jiǎo sè”。
lǐ gēn yòu zhe yǎn jiǎng hé yǎn xì de tiān fèn， zhè xiē tiān fèn shǐ tā bèi xuǎn wéi nà cì xué shēng bà kè shàng de xīn shēng yǎn jiǎng rén。 zài 1932 nián， lǐ gēn xiān hòu zài 'ài 'ào wǎ zhōu de WOC guǎng bō diàn tái、 WHO guǎng bō diàn tái dān rèn yùn dòng bō bào yuán， fù zé bō bào zhī jiā gē bēi bàng qiú sài， jǐn yǐ kào zhù qiú chǎng chuán lái de shōu bào jī wén zì xùn xī， zài guǎng bō shì lǐ yǐ tā de xiǎng xiàng lì lái bào dào bǐ sài jìn xíng de qíng kuàng。 yòu yī cì bǐ sài jìn xíng dào dì jiǔ jú shí shōu bào xiàn tū rán gù zhàng， dàn lǐ gēn réng liú chàng dì xū gòu bǐ sài jìn xíng de qíng kuàng， zhí dào shōu bào xiàn xiū fù wéi zhǐ。
hǎo lāi wù
zài 1937 nián， dāng lǐ gēn zài jiā zhōu dān rèn zhī jiā gē bēi jìn xíng qián de bàng qiú chūn xùn bō bào yuán shí， tā jìn xíng liǎo yī cì shì jìng， huò dé zài huá nà xiōng dì gōng sī 7 nián de qì yuē。 lǐ gēn qīng xī de sǎng mén、 xiāo yáo zì zài de fēng gé、 hé yùn dòng jiā de páng dà tǐ xíng shǐ tā xiāng dāng shòu guān zhòng huān yíng； tā dān rèn de juésè dà duō shì B jí piàn lǐ de nán zhùjué。 tā yǎn chū de dì yī bù diàn yǐng shì zài 1937 nián de LoveIsontheAir。 dào liǎo 1939 nián jié shù shí， tā yǐ jīng zài 19 bù diàn yǐng lǐ yǎn chū guò。 zài tā dān rèn KnuteRockne,AllAmerican zhōng tā shì yǎn zú qiú duì yuán GeorgeGipp， yóu yú yī jù zhù míng de tái cí“ qù tì Gipper yíng yī qiú！” ér huò dé liǎo Gipper zhè gè bàn suí tā yī shēng de nì chēng。 lǐ gēn zì rèn wéi wéi zuì hǎo de yǎn chū shì zài 1942 nián de KingsRow， shì yǎn yī míng bèi jié zhī liǎo de nián qīng rén， hòu lái tā hái shǐ yòng lǐ miàn de tái cí“ wǒ shèng xià de shēn tǐ zài nǎ lǐ？” lái zuò wéi tā zìzhuàn de biāo tí。 qí tā de zhù míng diàn yǐng hái bāo kuò Tennessee'sPartner、 HellcatsoftheNavy、 ThisIstheArmy， ér zài BedtimeforBonzo zhōng zé yīn wéi tā shì hé yī zhǐ hēi xīng xīng hé yǎn 'ér zāo guǎng fàn cháo xiào。 hǎo lāi wù xīng guāng dà dào shàng yě liú yòu tā de yìn jì。
lǐ gēn yú 1935 nián bèi rèn mìng wéi měi guó lù jūn de hòu bèi jūn guān， bìng zài 1941 nián 11 yuè bèi zhào jí， dàn yóu yú yǎn jīng huàn yòu luàn shì 'ér méi yòu chéng wéi dì yī xiàn zhàn dǒu rén yuán。 zài zhēn zhū gǎng shì jiàn hòu， lǐ gēn zhōng wèi bèi fēn pài zhì měi guó lù jūn háng kōng duì diàn yǐng xiǎo zǔ， zhì zuò xùn liàn hé jiào yù yòng de yǐngpiān， yǐ chōng fēn fā huī tā yǎn xì de jīng yàn。 tā yī zhí dài zài hǎo lāi wù zhí dào zhàn zhēng jié shù。 qī jiān， jù shuō lǐ gēn yī dù bèi rì hòu chéng wéi yǐng shǐ jīng diǎn de xuān chuán diàn yǐng běi fēi dié yǐng xuǎn wéi nán zhùjué， dàn zài kāi pāi qián bèi hēng fú lāi · bào jiā qǔ dài。
zài 1950 nián hòu qī lǐ gēn jiào shǎo dān rèn diàn yǐng juésè， gǎi wéi dān rèn diàn shì jié mùdì yǎn yuán jí zhù chí rén。 lǐ gēn zài chāo guò 50 bù diàn shì jù zhōng yǎn chū guò。 tā zài 1954 nián yǔ zhān mǔ sī · dí 'ēn（ JamesDean） yī qǐ zài OutoftheNight zhōng de yǎn chū què xiāng dāng shēng míng lángjí。 lǐ gēn bìng yú 1947 nián zhí dào 1952 nián、 yǐ jí 1959 zhì 1960 nián jiān dān rèn liǎo měi guó yǎn yuán xié huì de zhù xí。 zài 1950 nián hòu qī de qí zhōng yī nián lǐ， lǐ gēn zuàn jìn liǎo gāo dá $125,000 měi yuán（ dà yuē shì 2006 nián de $800,000 měi yuán）。 tā zuì hòu yī cì zhèng guī de yǎn chū shì zài DeathValleyDays lǐ dān rèn zhù chí rén hé yǎn yuán。 zuì hòu yī cì diàn yǐng yǎn chū zé shì zài 1964 nián de TheKillers héng yǐ 'ōu nèi sī tè · hǎi míng wēi suǒ xiě de duǎn piān gù shì gǎi biān de diàn yǐng。 zài diàn yǐng zhōng lǐ gēn shì yǎn yī míng bāng pài de tóu mù， zhè yě shì tā wéi yī yī cì bàn yǎn fǎn miàn juésè de diàn yǐng。 běn lái zhè shì pāi shè zuò wéi diàn shì bō fàng de， dàn yóu yú tài guò bào lì 'ér gǎi wéi diàn yǐng。
hūn yīn
nán xī hé lǐ gēn zài 1952 nián jié hūn。 zài hòu lái lǐ gēn jìng xuǎn hé zhí zhèng shí nán xī yī zhí bàn yǎn zhuózhòng yào de gù wèn juésè。
lǐ gēn yú 1940 nián 1 yuè 24 rì yǔ nǚ yǎn yuán zhēn · huì màn（ JaneWyman） jié hūn； tā men yú 1941 nián shēng xià nǚ 'ér Maureen， 1945 nián shōu yǎng liǎo nán yīng Michael； jiē zhe zài 1947 nián shēng xià nǚ 'ér Christine， dàn chū shēng hòu bù jiǔ biàn sǐ qù。 tā men yú 1948 nián lí hūn。（ lǐ gēn shì wéi yī yī gè céng jīng lí hūn de měi guó zǒng tǒng） lǐ gēn yú 1952 nián 3 yuè 4 rì zài hūn， qǔ liǎo yǎn yuán nán xī · dài wéi sī（ NancyDavis）， zài tóng nián 11 yuè 21 rì shēng xià nǚ 'ér Patti。 zài 1958 nián tā men shēng xià dì 'èr gè hái zǐ Ron。
zǎo nián zhèng zhì shēng yá
lǐ gēn yuán běn shì mín zhù dǎng de zhī chí zhě， yōng hù fù lán kè lín · dé lā nuò · luó sī fú hé tā suǒ tuī xíng de xīn zhèng。 zài 1940 nián dài hòu qī tā shì hā lì ·S· dù lǔ mén de zhī chí zhě zhōng zuì zhī míng de yī gè。 dào liǎo 1960 nián dài chū qī tā gǎi biàn wéi zài shè huì shàng hé jīng jì shàng de jiān dìng bǎo shǒu pài， bìng qiě zài 1976 nián shuō dào：“ xīn zhèng de jī chǔ gēn běn jiù shì fǎ xī sī zhù yì”。 tā zài zhèng zhì shàng zuì xiān dān rèn de juésè shì měi guó yǎn yuán xié huì de zhù xí， yǎn yuán xié huì bāo hán liǎo dà duō shù hǎo lāi wù de yǎn yuán， dàn lǐ gēn xuān chēng yǎn yuán xié huì yǐ jīng bèi gòng chǎn zhù yì shèn tòu liǎo。 zài zhè zhǒng lì chǎng shàng， tā xiàng fēi měi huó dòng diào chá wěi yuán huì（ Un-AmericanActivitiesCommittee） zuò zhèng gòng chǎn zhù yì duì hǎo lāi wù de shèn tòu。 tā yě 'àn zhōng jiān shì yī xiē tā rèn wéi bào chí zhe bù zhōng chéng tài dù de yǎn yuán， bìng xiàng lián bāng diào chá jú mì bào， tā de dài hào shì“ AgentT-10”， bù guò tā méi yòu gōng kāi qiǎn zé tā men。 tā zài gōng kāi yán lùn shàng fǎn duì yú hǎo lāi wù shè lì hēi míng dān， dàn zài sī dǐ xià tā hé dì yī rèn qī zǐ zhēn · huì màn céng yú 1947 nián yǔ lián bāng diào chá jú gànyuán huì miàn， gào zhī yī xiē bèi tā men rèn wéi“ yòu xián yí de pò huài fèn zǐ”。
yóu yú xiāng xìn gòng hé dǎng gèng yòu néng lì duì kàng gòng chǎn zhù yì， bìng xiāng xìn tā zhè yàng zuò néng huò dé gèng duō zhèng dǎng de zhī chí， lǐ gēn zhú jiàn fàng qì mín zhù dǎng de qīng xiàng， kāi shǐ zhī chí gòng hé dǎng de zǒng tǒng hòu xuǎn rén－ 1952 nián hé 1956 nián de dé huái tè · ài sēn háo wēi 'ěr、 hé 1968 nián de lǐ chá dé · ní kè sōng。
zhōu cháng rèn qī
zài 1966 nián lǐ gēn dāng xuǎn liǎo dì 33 rèn jiā lì fú ní yà zhōu zhōu cháng， jī bài lián rèn liǎng jiè de pài tè · bù lǎng（ PatBrown）； bìng zài 1970 nián de xuǎn zhàn zhōng chéng gōng lián rèn， dàn tā xuǎn zé bù zài lián rèn dì sān jiè。 lǐ gēn zài 1967 nián 1 yuè 3 rì xuān shì jiù rèn jiā zhōu zhōu cháng， zài tā dì yī jiè rèn qī zhōng， tā tíng zhǐ zhèng fǔ gù yòng gèng duō rén yuán， dàn yě pī zhǔn tí shēng shuìlǜ yǐ zhī chēng yù suàn。 lǐ gēn duì dāng shí fǎn yuè zhàn de kàng yì huó dòng cǎi qǔ qiáng yìng lù xiàn。 zài 1969 nián yú bǎi kè lāi jiā zhōu dà xué xiào qū de rén mín gōng yuán（ People'sPark） jìn xíng de kàng yì xíng dòng zhōng， lǐ gēn zhí jiē pài qiǎn liǎo 2,200 míng guó mín jǐng wèi duì qián wǎng zhèn yā。
zài 1971 nián， tā yǔ mín zhù dǎng de yì huì huì cháng bào bó · mò ruì dí（ BobMoretti） hé zuò gǎi gé jiā zhōu de shè huì fú lì。 lǐ gēn shāo zǎo céng fǎn duì zài 1964 nián de mín quán fǎ 'àn， hé 1965 nián de mín quán fǎ 'àn tóu piào。 dàn tā hòu lái gǎi biàn liǎo lì chǎng， bìng rèn wéi mín quán fǎ 'àn“ rú guǒ bì yào de huà， bì xū dòng yòng jūn shì lì liàng lái zhí fǎ”。 lǐ gēn yě fǎn duì jiàn lì gèng dà de lián bāng shuǐ bà héng DosRios shuǐ bà， yǐ miǎn shuǐ bà huì yānmò xī gǔ de yìn dì 'ān rén nóng chǎng。 hòu lái lǐ gēn hé jiā rén yī tóng jìn xíng xià jì dēng shān， qián wǎng kǎo chá nèi huá dá shān mài yī chù bèi tí yì jiàn zào gāo sù gōng lù de dì diǎn， kǎo chá hòu tā biàn xuān bù fàng qì jiàn zào de jìhuà。 zài sǐ xíng de yì tí shàng， tā qiáng liè zhī chí wéi chí sǐ xíng， jiā zhōu zuì gāo fǎ yuàn què zài Peoplev.Anderson yī 'àn de pàn jué zhōng shǐ dé 1972 nián yǐ qián yú jiā zhōu de sǐ xíng xuān pàn quán bù wú xiào， jìn guǎn zhè gè pàn jué hòu lái bèi xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn suǒ tuī fān， dàn zhè cì pàn jué chéng wéi lǐ gēn rèn nèi zuì dà de cuò zhé。 jìn guǎn lǐ gēn zhī chí sǐ xíng， dàn tā zài rèn nèi bān bù liǎo liǎng cì shè miǎn hé huǎn xíng mìng lìng， zài lǐ gēn zhī hòu dōuméi yòu jiā zhōu zhōu cháng rú cǐ shè miǎn sǐ xíng qiú fàn guò。 lǐ gēn rèn nèi wéi yī yī cì sǐ xíng zhí xíng shì zài 1967 nián 4 yuè 12 rì， zài nà cì sǐ xíng hòu jiā zhōu zhí dào 1992 nián wéi zhǐ dōuméi yòu zài zhí xíng sǐ xíng guò。
lǐ gēn rèn nèi hái fèi chú liǎo gōng gòng de jīng shén bìng yī yuàn xì tǒng， gǎi yǐ shè qū wéi jī chǔ de zhù zhái jí yī liáo lái qǔ dài fēi zì yuàn de qiáng zhì zhù yuàn， yīn wéi tā rèn wéi nà shì wéi fǎn gōng mín de zì yóu。 bù guò cóng lǐ gēn rèn nèi kāi shǐ zhí dào qí tā de jì rèn zhě， zhè zhǒng yǐ shè qū wéi jī chǔ de shè shī yī zhí méi yòu chōng fēn shí xiàn guò。 lǐ gēn shòu dào gǔ diǎn zì yóu zhù yì de qiáng liè yǐng xiǎng， dāng tā zài 1975 nián jiē shòu fǎng wèn bèi wèn dào nǎ xiē jīng jì xué jiā yǐng xiǎng liǎo tā de jīng jì lǐ niàn shí， lǐ gēn huí dá dào：“ bā sī xià、 mǐ sài sī、 hā yé kè hé hè cí lì tè。”
lǐ gēn yě shì dì yī gè yǐ shāng yè yòng pēn shè jī lái zuò gōng wù lǚ xíng de zhōu cháng， jiā zhōu zhèng fǔ cóng sài sī nà fēi jī gōng sī（ Cessna） qǔ dé liǎo yī jià xiān jìn de pēn shè jī。 tā de fēi xíng yuán BillPaynter zài yǔ lǐ gēn xiāng shí bù dào 6 gè yuè nèi biàn gǎi wéi zhī chí gòng hé dǎng， tā cháng gào sù bié rén lǐ gēn zài sī dǐ xià de biǎo xiàn jiù gēn zài diàn shì shàng yī mó yī yàng， méi yòu sī háo xū wěi。 tā yě shuō lǐ gēn bù xiàng qí tā de zhèng fǔ guān yuán huò gōng sī lǐng dǎo rén， lǐ gēn huì xún wèn tā shì fǒu fāng biàn gēnggǎi yù dìng de fēi xíng jìhuà， yǐ miǎn dān gē tā de mù liáo men yǔ jiā rén tuán jù de shí jiān。 lǐ gēn biǎo xiàn chū tā jiāng nà xiē tì tā gōng zuò de rén hé tā men de jiā réndōu dāng zuò zì jǐ de jiā rén yī bān。 tóng shí lǐ gēn de xún wèn yě biǎo xiàn liǎo tā duì yú fēi xíng yuán de jīng yàn hé zhuān yè de zūn zhòng。
zǒng tǒng xuǎn zhàn
1976 nián zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn
lǐ gēn yú 1968 nián shǒu cì cānyù gòng hé dǎng zǒng tǒng hòu xuǎn rén tí míng de xuǎn jǔ 'ér méi yòu chéng gōng。 tā zài 1976 nián zài cì cānyù， duì shǒu shì xiàn rèn de jié lā 'ěr dé · fú tè， yóu yú gòng hé dǎng zì shuǐ mén shì jiàn hòu shī qù liǎo zhòng yì yuàn de kòng zhì quán， mín zhù dǎng kě wàng zài jīn cì xuǎn jǔ zhōng yòu suǒ fā huī。
zhè cì tí míng xuǎn jǔ shì lǐ gēn zhèng zhì shēng yá zhōng zhòng yào de yī kè， jié lā 'ěr dé · fú tè bèi shì wéi shì dāng shí gòng hé dǎng nèi de yuán lǎo， yīn wéi tā lián rèn liǎo duō cì zhòng yì yuán， gèng dāng xuǎn duō shù dǎng lǐng xiù， yīn cuò yáng chā dì dāng shàng fù zǒng tǒng jí zǒng tǒng， dàn lǐ gēn zài cì yú quán guó dài biǎo dà huì zhōng yǐ jǐ piào zhī chā luò bài。 zài quán guó dài biǎo dà huì shàng lǐ gēn fā biǎo yǎn shuō， chǎn shù hé zǐ zhàn zhēng de wēi xiǎn jí sū lián zài dào dé shàng de wēi xié， tīng wán tā dòng rén de yǎn shuō hòu， xǔ duō rén hái biǎo shì“ hěn hòu huǐ tóu cuò piào liǎo”。
1976 nián zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn de jiēguǒ， fú tè bèi jí mǐ · kǎ tè jī bài。 dāng xuǎn jǔ jiēguǒ chū lú hòu， xuǎn jǔ tuán yǐ jù dà xuǎn jiēguǒ jìn xíng tóu piào shí， chū hū yì liào de yòu yī míng gòng hé dǎng de xuǎn jǔ rén mài kè · pà dùn（ MikePadden） méi yòu yǐ zhào shì yán tóu gěi fú tè， ér zhuǎn tóu gěi lǐ gēn。 yòu xiē rén rèn wéi zhè tū rú qí lái de yī piào gǔ lì liǎo lǐ gēn yú 1980 nián zài cì jìng xuǎn， bù guò zhè zhǒng shuō fǎ bìng méi yòu huò dé zhèng shí。
1980 nián zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn
zài 1980 nián lǐ gēn zhōng yú yíng dé dǎng nèi de tí míng xuǎn jǔ， chéng wéi zǒng tǒng hòu xuǎn rén。 jìn guǎn lǐ gēn zài zuì zǎo jìn xíng tóu piào de 'ài 'ào wǎ zhōu dǎng bù huì yì zhōng shū gěi liǎo qiáo zhì ·H·W· bù shí， dàn tā zài jiē xià lái qí tā gè zhōu de tóu piào zhōng dà huò quán shèng。 zài quán guó dài biǎo dà huì zhōng， lǐ gēn yuán běn xún qiú jié lā 'ěr dé · fú tè dā dàng fù zǒng tǒng， dàn zuì hòu méi yòu shí xiàn。 xiāng fǎn de lǐ gēn xuǎn zé liǎo tí míng xuǎn jǔ zhōng de duì shǒu qiáo zhì ·H·W· bù shí zuò dā dàng。
bù shí yòu zhe xǔ duō lǐ gēn méi yòu de tè zhì héng zhōng shēn de gòng hé dǎng yuán、 zhàn chǎng de lǎo bīng， yǐ jí céng jīng dān rèn zhōng yāng qíng bào jú jú cháng、 měi guó zhù zhōng guó bàn shì chù de chù cháng、 hé lián hé guó dà shǐ de guó jì jīng yàn。 yǔ lǐ gēn bǐ qǐ lái， bù shí zài jīng jì hé zhèng zhì shàng de lì chǎng jiào piān xiàng wēn hé pài， lì rú bù shí jiù céng jiāng lǐ gēn suǒ zhù zhāng de 30% de quán miàn jiǎn shuì zhèng cè chēng wéi“ wū dú jīng jì xué”。
1980 nián zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn de jiēguǒ。
zài xuǎn zhàn zhōng， wēi lián · kǎi xī（ WilliamJ.Casey） zhù zhǎng lǐ gēn zhèn yíng de jìng xuǎn jìhuà， tā de cè lüè shì miáo zhǔn dāng shí yī lǎng rén zhì wēi jī de yì tí； xīn wén méi tǐ měi tiān chí xù bào dào kǎ tè zhèng fǔ zài zhěng jiù rén zhì shàng de wú néng shī bài， xǔ duō fēn xī jiā rèn wéi zhè shì dǎo zhì kǎ tè bài xuǎn de zhù yīn。 tóng shí， kǎ tè yě wú néng jiě jué dāng shí gāo zhǎng de tōng huò péng zhàng hé shī yè， jīng jì chéngzhǎng chí huǎn， bù wěn gù de shí yóu shì chǎng shǐ jiā yóu zhàn qián dà pái cháng lóng， gèng ràng xuǎn mín chá jué dào měi guó zài guó fáng shàng de ruò diǎn。 zài tán dào jīng jì shí lǐ gēn rú cǐ shuō dào：“ wǒ gào sù nǐ men wǒ bù néng shǐ yòng xiāo tiáo zhè gè zì yǎn。 ràng wǒ lái gào sù nǐ men zhè xiē dìng yì， jīng jì de shuāi tuì shì zhǐ nǐ de lín jū shī liǎo yè， jīng jì xiāo tiáo zé shì zhǐ nǐ yě shī liǎo yè。 ér jīng jì kāi shǐ fù sū zhǐ de zé shì héng kǎ tè yǐ jīng shī yè de shí hòu。”
lǐ gēn zài diàn shì biàn lùn shàng de biǎo xiàn yě tí shēng liǎo tā de xuǎn qíng， biàn lùn zhōng tā kàn qǐ lái bǐ kǎ tè gèng wéi zì zài。 dāng shí zhèng shì měi guó tōng huò péng zhàng hé yínháng lìlǜ jí sù gāo zhǎng de shí qī， zài huí dá guān zhòng de wèn tí shí tā zuò liǎo fēi cháng yòu lì de huí dá：“ nǐ jué dé nǐ xiàn zài de shēng huó bǐ sì nián qián yào hǎo má？”
xuǎn jǔ de jiēguǒ lǐ gēn zài pǔ xuǎn shàng huò dé 43,903,230 piào， bǐ kǎ tè de 35,480,115 piào gāo chū liǎo 10%。 ér zài xuǎn jǔ rén piào shàng lǐ gēn zé huò dé yā dǎo xìng shèng lì， náng kuò 489 zhāng xuǎn jǔ rén piào， kǎ tè zé zhǐ huò dé 49 zhāng。 tóng shí nà nián de xuǎn jǔ hái shǐ gòng hé dǎng zài cān yì yuàn yī jǔ zēng jiā liǎo 12 gè xí cì， chéng wéi cān yì yuàn de duō shù dǎng， dàozhuǎn liǎo 28 nián lái mín zhù dǎng zài cān yì yuàn bǎo yòu de duō shù dì wèi。
1984 nián zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn
zài jìng xuǎn lián rèn de 1984 nián měi guó zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ zhōng， lǐ gēn yǐ yā dǎo xìng shèng lì jī bài huá tè · méng dài 'ěr（ WalterMondale）， yíng dé 50 gè zhōu lǐ de 49 gè zhōu（ méng dài 'ěr zhǐ qǔ dé tā de lǎo jiā míng ní sū dá zhōu hé huá shèng dùn tè qū）。 lǐ gēn huò dé jiāng jìn 60% de xuǎn piào。 lǐ gēn yíng dé lián rèn de jī huì yī zhí xiāng dāng wěn gù， méng dài 'ěr zài mín zhù dǎng quán guó dài biǎo dà huì fā biǎo de yǎn shuō bèi shì wéi shī wù lián lián， zài yǎn shuō zhōng tā shuō dào：“ lǐ gēn huì tí shēng shuìlǜ， ér wǒ yě huì zhè yàng zuò。 dàn tā bù huì gào sù nǐ， ér wǒ huì。”
lǐ gēn zài dé zhōu de dá lā sī jiē shòu liǎo gòng hé dǎng de tí míng， jiè zhù dāng shí měi guó jīng jì de fù sū 'ér zhī chí dù gāo zhǎng。 tóng shí tā zài dāng nián xià tiān qīn zì jiē mù liǎo luò shān jī 'ào yùn huì， chéng wéi dì yī wèi qīn zì jiē mù xià jì 'ào yùn de měi guó zǒng tǒng。
zài 1984 nián de xuǎn zhàn zhōng， lǐ gēn zuò chū tā zuì zhù míng de shī tài zhī yī， zài tā yú diàn tái zhǔn bèi fā biǎo yǎn shuō shí， méi yòu chá jué dào bō yīn yǐ jīng kāi shǐ 'ér kāi wán xiào dào：“ wǒ qīn 'ài de měi guó rén men， wǒ hěn gāo xīng de gào sù nǐ men jīn tiān wǒ qiān shǔ liǎo yī xiàng fǎ 'àn， jiāng huì xuān bù 'é guó yǒng yuǎn wéi fēi fǎ zhuàng tài， wǒ men zài wǔ fēn zhōng hòu kāi shǐ hōng zhà。” yī xiē rén rèn wéi zài měi sū chǔyú rú cǐ jǐn zhāng de zhuàng tài xià fā biǎo zhè zhǒng yán lùn， shì yī jiàn dà cuò wù； yī xiē rén zé yǐn yòng lǐ gēn de huà lái zhì yí lǐ gēn zài wài jiāo zhèng cè hé guó jì guān xì shàng de xiàn shí rèn zhī。 qí tā rén zé rèn wéi， zhè bù guò shì yī gè zài lù yīn shì lǐ yì wài liú chū de yōu mò xiào huà bà liǎo。 zhè duàn lù yīn hòu lái hái bèi yuèshǒu JerryHarrison hé BootsyCollins gǎi biān wéi wǔ qū“ wǔ fēn zhōng”。
jìn guǎn zài dì yīcháng biàn lùn zhōng lǐ gēn biǎo xiàn bù jiā， dàn tā zài dì 'èr chǎng biàn lùn zhōng huí fù liǎo yōu shì， bìng qiě zài zhěng chǎng xuǎn zhàn de dà duō shù shí hòu dū zhàn jù mín diào de yōu xiān wèi zhì。 lǐ gēn zài 1984 nián xuǎn zhàn dídí dà shèng lì bèi xǔ duō zhèng zhì píng lùn zhě rèn wéi zhè shì“ lǐ gēn shì mín zhù” zhuǎn biàn liǎo chuán tǒng mín zhù dǎng zhī chí zhě lì chǎng suǒ zào chéng de。
zǒng tǒng rèn qī 1981 nián－ 1989 nián
guó nèi zhèng cè
dāng lǐ gēn jiù rèn hòu， tā shǒu xiān bì xū jiě jué guó nèi yán zhòng de jīng jì wèn tí。 dāng shí měi guó jīng jì miàn lín liǎng wèi shù de tōng huò péng zhàng（ jiāng shǐ dé jīng jì jìhuà xiāng dāng nán yǐ yù liào） yǐ jí 20% de yínháng lìlǜ（ shǐ dé dà duō shù rén nán yǐ dǐ yā dài kuǎn）， jiāng jìn 800 wàn rén chǔyú shī yè zhuàng tài。 láo gōng de píng jūn shí xīn bǐ qǐ 5 nián qián xià jiàng liǎo 5 ％， ér lián bāng zhèng fǔ zhēng shōu de gè rén shuìlǜ píng jūn zé gāo dá 67％。 guó zhài zé jiāng jìn 1 wàn yì yuán。 lǐ gēn zài jīng jì shàng bèi shì wéi shì zì yóu yì zhì zhù yì zhě， tā zhù zhāng jiǎn shuì、 suō xiǎo zhèng fǔ guī mó、 jiǎn shǎo duì shāng yè de guǎn zhì， dàn dāng shí méi yòu rén qīng chǔ tā yào rú hé jìn xíng， yě bù què dìng yóu mín zhù dǎng zhàn duō shù de zhòng yì yuàn huì bù huì zhī chí tā。
lǐ gēn dì yī jiè rèn qī de zhù yào mù biāo biàn shì fù sū měi guó de jīng jì， dāng shí měi guó jīng jì chǔyú suǒ wèi de zhì zhàng（ jīng jì fā zhǎn tíng zhì jiā shàng gāo tōng huò péng zhàng）。 lǐ gēn suǒ xià de dì yī dào mìng lìng shì tíng zhǐ lián bāng zhèng fǔ duì shí yóu jià gé de kòng zhì， yǐ huī fù guó nèi zài shí yóu shēng chǎn hé tàn cè shàng de shì chǎng dòng lì。 wèile jiě jué liǎng wèi shù de tōng huò péng zhàng， lǐ gēn zhī chí liǎo lián bāng chǔ bèi xì tǒng zhù xí bǎo luó · wò 'ěr kè（ PaulVolcker） yǐ xì jù xìng tí shēng yínháng lìlǜ lái dá chéng jiǎn suō huò bì gōng yìng liàng mù biāo de jìhuà。 jīng jì xué jiā mǐ 'ěr dùn · fó lì mín miáo shù dāng shí lǐ gēn liǎo jiě dào“ ruò yào chéng gōng 'è zhǐ tōng huò péng zhàng， jīn róng de guǎn zhì hé duǎn zàn de jīng jì shuāi tuì shì bù kě bì miǎn de”。 lǐ gēn lì yòng jǐn suō huò bì gōng yìng pèi hé quán miàn jiǎn shuì de fāng fǎ lái cì jī shāng yè de tóu zī（ yǐ jù lǐ gēn de shuō fǎ：“ zhī jiā gē jīng jì xué pài、 gōng yìng miàn jīng jì xué， suí biàn nǐ zěn me chēng hū tā。 wǒ zhù yì dào yòu xiē rén shèn zhì chēng tā wéi lǐ gēn jīng jì xué， zhí dào tā kāi shǐ shēng xiào wéi zhǐ ...”）。 lǐ gēn de duì shǒu cháo xiào zhè shì“ wū dú jīng jì”、“ juān dī xiào yìng”、 hé“ lǐ gēn jīng jì xué”， dàn lǐ gēn chéng gōng de zhǎn kāi quán miàn jiǎn shuì， 1981 nián tuī xíng de jiǎn shuì fǎ 'àn guī mó shì měi guó shǐ shàng qián suǒ wèi jiàn de。 jiǎn shuì bù dàn jiāng suǒ dé shuìlǜ dà fú jiàng dī， yě xiāo chú liǎo shuì fù zhì dù de xǔ duō lòu dòng。
wèile zhōng jié tōng huò péng zhàng 'ér jǐn suō huò bì de gōng yìng， shǐ měi guó jīng jì zài 1981 nián 7 yuè kāi shǐ jí jù de shuāi tuì， bìng zài 1982 nián 11 yuè jiàng dào gǔ dǐ， shuāi tuì jīhū dǎ pò liǎo dà xiāo tiáo de jì lù。 rán 'ér， měi guó jīng jì zài lì jīng 1981 nián－ 1982 nián de shuāi tuì hòu， yú 1983 nián kāi shǐ liǎo xì jù xìng de zhuó zhuàng fù sū， zhè bō jīng jì chéngzhǎng hái jì xù wéi chí liǎo hǎo jǐ nián， zhí dào lǐ gēn rèn qī jié shù qián dū hái wèi tíng zhǐ， chéng wéi měi guó shǐ shàng wéi qī zuì jiǔ de jīng jì kuò zhāng， yuán běn gāo zhǎng de shī yè shuài yú 1984 nián zhōng xún yǐ jīng jiàng huí liǎo 1981 nián zǎo qī de shù zì， bìng qiě zài jiē xià lái jǐ nián lǐ yě chí xù xià jiàng。
lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ zhù zhāng jiǎn shuì bāng zhù liǎo jīng jì de fù sū、 zhì zào liǎo gèng duō gōng zuò jī huì， zuì zhōng jiāng shǐ lián bāng zhèng fǔ huò dé gèng duō shuì shōu， cóng 1980 nián dài chū de měi nián 5,170 yì měi yuán dà fú tí shēng zhì chāo guò 1 wàn yì měi yuán。 ér lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ xīn de jūn shì zhàn lüè zēng jiā liǎo dà liàng jūn shì yù suàn， zé dǎo zhì lián bāng zhèng fǔ de yù suàn chì zì dá dào qián suǒ wèi jiàn de dì bù。
mǐ 'ěr dùn · fó lì mín tí chū liǎo lǐ gēn rèn nèi měi nián lián bāng gōng wén（ FederalRegister， jì lù liǎo lián bāng zhèng fǔ měi nián fā bù de fǎ guī yǔ guǎn zhì gōng wén） de shù liàng lái shuō míng lǐ gēn fǎn duì zhèng fǔ guǎn zhì de zhèng cè zǒu xiàng。 zì cóng 1960 nián dài yǐ lái， měi wèi zǒng tǒng měi nián de lián bāng gōng wén shù dū chí xù zēng jiā， dàn zài lǐ gēn shàng rèn hòu fā chū de lián bāng gōng wén jí jù jiǎn shǎo， zhèng míng liǎo lǐ gēn duì zhèng fǔ guǎn zhì de fǎn duì tài dù。 lián bāng gōng wén de shù liàng zài lǐ gēn rèn nèi dū zhǐ wéi chí xiǎo fú dù zēngzhǎng， zhí dào lǐ gēn lí rèn wéi zhǐ cái yòu kāi shǐ dà liàng zēng jiā。
dāng shí yóu mín zhù dǎng zhàn duō shù de zhòng yì yuàn， zé fǎn duì lǐ gēn rú cǐ jiǎn suō shè huì fú lì hé qí tā guó nèi de zhī chū。 yī xiē pī píng jiā zé rèn wéi， lǐ gēn zhè zhǒng jiāng yù suàn dà fú tóu zhù jūn shì chǎn yè de zhèng cè shì shí shàng shǔ yú gǔ diǎn de kǎi yīn sī jīng jì xué， bìng rèn wéi jiē zhǒng 'ér lái de jīng jì chéngzhǎng bìng fēi jiǎn shuì zào chéng de， ér shì zhèng fǔ dà fú dù zhī chū de jiēguǒ。
lǐ gēn zài zì yóu nǚ shén xiàng jiàn lì de yī bǎi zhōu nián fā biǎo jì niàn yǎn shuō， niǔ yuē， 1986 nián。
yóu yú jǐng jué dào shè huì fú lì kāi zhī de zēngzhǎng， lǐ gēn zhǐ pài liǎo 'ā lún · gé lín sī pān lǐng dǎo shè huì fú lì gǎi gé， nǐ chū liǎo jiǎn huǎn shè huì fú lì zhī chū de jìhuà。 suí zhe nián líng de zēngzhǎng， cóng shè huì fú lì qǔ dé de jīn tiē yě huì suí zhī huǎn màn zēngzhǎng（ yě pèi hé zhù zhú jiàn zēngzhǎng de guó mín píng jūn shòu mìng）， shǐ zhè tào zhì dù zài jiē xià lái 50-70 nián nèi bù huì chāo chū zhèng fǔ de fù dān néng lì。 zhè tào jìhuà yě jiè zhù tí shēng shè huì fú lì de gōng zī shuì bǐlǜ lái zēng jiā zhèng fǔ de shuì shōu。
wèile jiě jué yù suàn chì zì， lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ dà liàng yóu guó nèi hé guó wài dài kuǎn guó zhài， dào lǐ gēn dì 'èr jiè rèn qī shí mín jiān suǒ chí yòu de guó zhài yǐ jīng cóng 1980 nián zhàn GDP de 26% dà fú tí shēng zhì 1989 nián de 41%， shì cóng 1963 nián yǐ lái zuì gāo de jì lù。 zài 1988 nián guó zhài zǒng jì 2.6 wàn yì měi yuán， xiàng guó wài de jiè zhài zǒng 'é chāo guò liǎo guó nèi， měi guó yě cóng yuán běn shì jiè zuì dà de zhài quán guó zhuǎn biàn wéi shì jiè zuì dà de jiè zhài guó。
lǐ gēn de jīng jì zhèng cè lā dà liǎo pín fù jiān de chā jù； rán 'ér， zài lǐ gēn de rèn qī nèi， suǒ yòu jīng jì jiē céng de suǒ dé dū tí gāo liǎo， bāo kuò zuì dǐ céng de pín qióng rén kǒu yě tí shēng liǎo 6%（ měi guó pǔ chá jú， 1996 nián）。 ér tóng shí zuì fù yòu de 1% měi guó rén zé tí shēng liǎo 1 wàn yì yuán de shōu rù（ ZINN， 2003 nián）。
1981 nián de xià jì， lián bāng zhèng fǔ jī chǎng de dà liàng háng guǎn rén yuán yóu yú xīn zī wèn tí hé gōng zuò huán jìng de zhēng yì， yóu fēi háng guǎn zhì yuán gōng huì（ PATCO） lǐng dǎo fā qǐ liǎo wéi fǎ de bà gōng。 lǐ gēn yǐ zhào shì xiān shēng míng de jǐng gào， kāi chú liǎo suǒ yòu cānyù bà gōng de háng guǎn rén yuán。 yóu yú zhè gè gōng huì shì 80 nián dà xuǎn zhōng shǎo shù zhī chí lǐ gēn de liǎng gè gōng huì dāng zhōng de yī gè， lǐ gēn zhè xiàng dòng zuò zài zhèng zhì shàng yǐn qǐ xuān rán dà bō。
lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ bèi tóng xìng liàn quán lì yùn dòng jí qí tā rén pī píng méi yòu xùn sù chù lǐ dāng shí jué qǐ de HIV- ài zī bìng。 bái gōng zài 1982 nián 10 yuè dì yī cì tǎo lùn qǐ zhè zhǒng jí bìng； lǐ gēn zé zài 1985 nián de jì zhě huì shàng dì yī cì gōng kāi tǎo lùn zhèng fǔ chù lǐ zhè gè jí bìng de cuò shī。
lǐ gēn cānyù yī 'ā huá jí zhàn liè jiàn xīn zé xī hào de chóngxīn fú yì diǎn lǐ， 1982 nián 12 yuè。
jìn guǎn zāo shòu pī píng， lǐ gēn zài rèn nèi zhī chū liǎo 570 yì měi yuán yǐ duì kàng HIV hé 'ài zī bìng， dà duō shù zī jīn dū tóu zhù zhì měi guó guó jiā wèi shēng yuàn。 zài HIV hé 'ài zī bìng yán jiū shàng de zī yuán yú 1983 nián zēng jiā liǎo 450%、 1984 nián zēng jiā liǎo 134%、 85 nián zēng jiā liǎo 99%、 hé 86 nián zēng jiā liǎo 148%。 zài 1985 nián 9 yuè lǐ gēn shuō dào：“ bāo kuò wǒ men zài 86 nián de yù suàn， wǒ men yǐ jīng tóu zhù chāo guò 5 yì yuán zài 'ài zī bìng de yán jiū shàng， wǒ què dìng qí tā yī xué tuán tǐ yě zài tóng bù jìn xíng zhè xiē yán jiū。 wǒ men jīn nián yòu 1 yì yuán yù suàn， míng nián jiāng huì yòu 1.26 yì yuán， suǒ yǐ zhè shì wǒ men fàng zài dì yī yōu xiān de wèn tí。 zhè chǎng jí bìng de yán zhòng xìng shì háo wú yí wèn de， wǒ men bì xū zhǎo chū jí bìng de yuán yīn。” dào 1986 nián lǐ gēn yǐ jīng tóu zhù dà bǐ jīng fèi zài 'ài zī bìng de yù fáng hé yán jiū shàng， bìng xuān chēng 'ài zī bìng“ shì wǒ men zài jiàn kāng yǔ rén lèi fú wù bù de gōng gòng wèi shēng shàng pái zài dì yī yōu xiān de jí bìng。”
lǐ gēn zài 'ài zī bìng hé tóng xìng liàn quán lì shàng de zhèng cè yī zhí guǎng shòu zhēng yì， shèn zhì zhí dào tā rèn qī jié shù hòu réng rán shì zhēng lùn de huà tí。 zài tā de zhèng zhì shēng yá zhōng， tā céng jīng zhī chí jī jiān fǎ， fǎn duì bǎo zhàng tóng xìng liàn de fǎn qí shì fǎ， tā suǒ zhǐ pài de měi guó zuì gāo fǎ yuàn bǎo shǒu pài fǎ guān yě kě néng zhùzhǎng liǎo zài 1986 nián de bào wēi 'ěr shì duì hǎdé wéi 'àn（ Bowersv.Hardwick）， wéi chí liǎo zuǒ zhì yà zhōu fǎn jī jiān fǎ de hé fǎ xìng。 bù guò， tā zài 1984 nián fǎn duì liǎo yóu jiā zhōu yì yuán suǒ fā qǐ de jìn zhǐ tóng xìng liàn zhě dān rèn jiào zhí de chàng yì。 zài 1984 nián， tā chéng wéi dì yī wèi yāo qǐng liǎo gōng kāi de tóng xìng liàn bàn lǚ zhì bái gōng de zǒng tǒng。 zài yī cì shǎo jiàn de zhēn duì 'ài zī bìng de gōng kāi fā yán zhōng， lǐ gēn shuō tā xiāng xìn kē xué jiā shàng dào dé de jié zhì shì bì miǎn 'ài zī bìng de zuì hǎo fāng fǎ。
lǐ gēn yě zài lìng yīcháng yòu guān 'ài zī bìng de shǎo jiàn zhēng lùn lǐ bàn yǎn zhòng yào juésè。 měi guó yán jiū yuán luó bó tè · jiā luó（ RobertGallo） yǔ fǎ guó kē xué jiā lù kè · méng tǎ ní 'āi（ LucMontagnier） dū xuān chēng shì zì jǐ fā xiàn liǎo rén lèi miǎn yì bù quán de bìng dú（ HIV）， bìng gè zì wéi qí mìng míng， zhè chǎng zhēng lùn zuì hòu zhōng yú yóu lǐ gēn hé fǎ guó zǒng tǒng fú lǎng suǒ wǎ · mì tè lǎng tán pàn dá chéng gòng shí， ràng liǎng rén hé qí tuán duì zài míng chēng shàng dū zhàn yòu tóng yàng de gōng láo。 zhè cì shì jiàn xiāng dāng de hǎn jiàn， hū shì liǎo zài kē xué shàng mìng míng de gēn jù， yě shì dì yī cì zài shēng wù xué shàng de zhēng lùn jìng shàng shēng dào zhèng zhì de céng cì。 xiǎn rán de， méng tǎ ní 'āi hé lǐ gēn liǎo jiě dào liǎng gè dà guó bù gāi wèile zhè gè yì tí 'ér chǎn shēng zhēng zhí。
lǐ gēn qiáng liè fǎn duì duò tāi， tā chū bǎn liǎo《 AbortionandtheConscienceofaNation》 yī shū， shū zhōng tā zhǐ zé duò tāi shì duì shēng mìng de bù jìng。 xǔ duō bǎo shǒu zhù yì de jī jìn fèn zǐ rèn wéi lǐ gēn shì lì shǐ shàng zuì yōng hù shēng mìng quán（ Pro-life） de zǒng tǒng。 bù guò， liǎng gè yóu tā zhǐ pài de zuì gāo fǎ yuàn fǎ guān héng sāng dé lā · dài · ào kāng nà（ SandraDayO'Connor） hé 'ān dōng ní · kěn ní dí（ AnthonyKennedy） zài luó sù wéi dé 'àn zhōng tóu piào pàn dìng fǎn duò tāi de fǎ lìng wéi fǎn liǎo xiàn fǎ。 zài lǐ gēn shēn wéi zhōu cháng shí， yě jiāng zì yóu duò tāi de quán lì xiě rù jiā zhōu fǎ lìng zhōng。
suī rán lǐ gēn de dì 'èr jiè rèn qī zuì xiǎn zhù de shì wài jiāo shàng de zhèng cè， dàn tā yě zhù dǎo liǎo xǔ duō zhòng yào de guó nèi fǎ 'àn。 zài 1982 nián， lǐ gēn qiān shǔ fǎ 'àn shǐ 1965 nián de xuǎn jǔ quán fǎ（ VotingRightsAct） dé yǐ yán cháng 25 nián qī xiàn héng jìn guǎn zài 1980 nián de xuǎn zhàn zhōng tā céng jīng fǎn duì yán qī。 zhè xiàng fǎ 'àn bǎo hù liǎo máng rén、 cán zhàng zhě、 hé wén máng de tóu piào quán。
qí tā zhòng yào de fǎ 'àn hái bāo kuò 1986 nián de shuì fù gǎi gé fǎ lìng， hé 1988 nián de gōng mín zì yóu fǎ 'àn héng bāo hán liǎo duì 'èr zhàn zhōng bèi jū liú de rì yì měi guó rén de péi cháng。 lǐ gēn yě lì fǎ shòu quán duì qiān chě zhì fàn dú de móu shā xíng wéi pàn chù sǐ xíng。
wài jiāo zhèng cè hé jiè rù
lǐ gēn shì dì yī wèi zhù zhāng gòng chǎn zhù yì jiāng huì kuǎ tái de shì jiè zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén。 zài 1983 nián 3 yuè 3 rì tā shuō dào：“ wǒ xiāng xìn gòng chǎn zhù yì shì rén lèi lì shǐ shàng kě bēi 'ér guài yì de yī yè héng réng zài jìn xíng zhōng de zuì hòu yī yè。” dāng shí xī fāng duì sū lián de zhù liú kàn fǎ shì， sū lián xīn de yī pī shì dài jí jiāng lái lín， ér xī fāng shì jiè bì rán yào gēn tā men hé zuò。 dàn lǐ gēn zé zhù zhāng sū lián zhèng chù yú yán zhòng de jīng jì wēi jī， tā dǎ suàn jiè yóu qiē duàn sū lián yǔ xī fāng de kē jì jiāo liú lái shǐ zhè zhǒng wēi jī jiā dà。 rèn wéi sū lián zuì 'è liè de shì“ yǔ rén lèi lì shǐ de cháo liú xiāng bèi， mǒ miè qí rén mín de zì yóu hé zūn yán。”
měi guó xué zhě duì lěng zhàn jié shù de zhèng tǒng guān diǎn shì zhè yàng de“ yóu yú zì yóu hé mín zhù de xī fāng guó jiā chí xù de zài jūn shì dì wèi shàng、 yì shí xíng tài de dòng lì shàng hé jīng jì xì tǒng shàng bǎo chí yōu shì， zuì zhōng dǎo zhì sū lián de tóu jiàng hé lěng zhàn de jié shù。 zhè xiē yīn sù xiǎn lù liǎo gòng chǎn zhù yì zài dào dé shàng de fēi fǎ xìng bìng tū chū liǎo qí jīng jì shàng de tíng zhì。” zhè zhǒng guān diǎn dōunéng bèi gòng hé dǎng（ qiáng diào lǐ gēn bàn yǎn de juésè） hé mín zhù dǎng（ qiáng diào dù lǔ mén、 kěn ní dí、 zhān sēn hé kǎ tè cháng qī yǐ lái de wéi dǔ zhèng cè） suǒ jiē shòu。 zhè zhǒng kàn fǎ yě bèi dōng 'ōu guó jiā suǒ guǎng fàn jiē shòu。 jǔ lì 'ér yán bō lán tuán jié gōng huì de lǐng dǎo rén liè hè · wǎ wén sà zài 2004 nián shí biàn shuō：“ dāng tán dào luó nà lǐ gēn shí， wǒ bì xū yǐ wǒ gè rén de jiǎo dù lái tán tā、 wǒ men zài bō lán de réndōu huì yǐ wǒ men de jiǎo dù lái tán lùn tā。 wèishénme？ yīn wéi wǒ men suǒ dé dào de zì yóu shì tā jǐyǔ de。” xī dé de zǒng lǐ hè 'ěr mù tè · kē 'ěr zé shuō：“ tā de chū xiàn shì zhè gè shì jiè de xìng yùn。 zài lǐ gēn hūyù gē 'ěr bā qiáo fū tuī dǎo bólín qiáng hòu de 2 nián， bólín qiáng jiù zhēn de dǎo liǎo， ér 11 gè yuè hòu dé guó biàn tǒng yī liǎo。” ài 'ěr lán shǒuxiàng bó dì · āi hēng shuō：“ lǐ gēn zǒng tǒng shì gòng chǎn zhù yì de jiān dìng dǐ kàng zhě， tā bàn yǎn liǎo zhòng yào de juésè， zhōng jié liǎo gòng chǎn zhù yì yǐ jí 'èr zhàn hòu 'ōu zhōu de fēn liè” hòu lái yú 1989 nián chéng wéi jié kè sī luò fá kè zǒng tǒng de wǎ cí lā fū · hā wéi 'ěr shuō dào：“ tā shì gè bào chí zhe jiān dìng yuán zé de rén， háo wú yí wèn shì tā cù shǐ liǎo gòng chǎn zhù yì de kuǎ tái。”
lǐ gēn xuǎn zé qiáng yìng dì yǔ sū lián zhí jiē duì kàng， ér bù xiàng qián jǐ wèi zǒng tǒng rú lǐ chá dé · ní kè sōng、 jié lā 'ěr dé · fú tè、 jí mǐ · kǎ tè cǎi qǔ huǎn hé zhèng cè。 zài jiǎ shè sū lián yǐ jīng méi yòu néng lì tóu zhù bǐ měi guó gèng duō jūn shì yù suàn de qíng kuàng xià， zhǎn kāi liǎo xīn yī bō de jūn bèi jìng sài， tā nǔ lì shǐ lěng zhàn zài jīng jì shàng hé biǎo miàn shàng jī liè huà。
lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ yǐ“ wéi yòu shí lì cái néng huò zhì hé píng” wéi míng de zhèng cè jìn xíng dà guī mó kuò jūn， zhè gè míng chēng shì wèile duì zhào xī 'ào duō · luó sī fú de qiáng yìng wài jiāo zhèng cè hé tā de míng yán“ shuō huà wēn hé， shǒu chí dà bàng（ yì wèi jūn shì shí lì）”。 lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ xīn shè lì de duì sū zhèng cè yǐ yíng dé lěng zhàn wéi zuì zhōng mù biāo， zhè gè zhàn lüè bèi mìng míng wéi NSDD-32（ NationalSecurityDecisionsDirective）， zhè gè zhàn lüè gài shù liǎo lǐ gēn jìhuà zài sān gè zhàn xiàn shàng duì kàng sū lián： jīng jì shàng héng jiǎn shǎo sū lián huò qǔ gāo kē jì jì shù de jī huì bìng jiǎn shǎo qí zī yuán， bāo kuò yā dī sū lián shāng pǐn zài shì jiè shì chǎng shàng de jià zhí； jūn shì shàng héng zēng jiā měi guó de jūn shì zhī chū yǐ gǒng gù měi guó zài tán pàn shàng de lì chǎng bìng pò shǐ sū lián zhuǎn yí gèng duō jīng jì zī yuán zhì jūn shì yòng tú shàng； yǐ jí mì mì dì héng zhī yuán quán shì jiè de fǎn sū lián shì lì， cóng 'ā fù hàn de fǎn sū lián yóu jī duì， dào bō lán de tuán jié gōng huì yùn dòng（ zhè tóng shí yě bèi suǒ luó sī hé jiào tíng suǒ zhī chí）。 lǐ gēn bìng tí chū liǎo zhù dòng zhàn lüè fáng yù jìhuà， chēng zhī wéi“ xīng jì dà zhàn”， yǐ wài tài kōng wéi jī chǔ jiàn lì de dǎo dàn fáng yù wǎng。 zhè tōng cháng bèi měi guó yǐ wài de guó jiā shì wéi shì yī zhǒng wēi xié， yīn wéi tā jiāng kě néng dǐ xiāo sū lián duì měi guó“ bǎo zhèng hù xiāng huǐ miè” de néng lì héng lǐ lùn shàngjiàng néng shǐ měi guó fā qǐ hé zhàn de dì yī jī 'ér duǒ guò jiē xià lái de sū lián fǎn jī； yóu yú gǎn shòu dào kě néng yīn cǐ shī qù jūn bèi jìng sài zhōng de píng héng dì wèi yǐ jí shì jiè de zhàn lüè gēn jī， sū lián de lǐng dǎo rén hé rén mín duì yú qíng shì yuè lái yuè jù sàng。 zài 1986 nián 10 yuè lǐ gēn yǔ sū lián lǐng dǎo rén gē 'ěr bā qiáo fū zài bīng dǎo huì miàn， huì zhōng gē 'ěr bā qiáo fū jíqiè de xī wàng měi guó qǔ xiāo zhè zhǒng fáng yù de、 tóng shí yě shì gōng jī xìng de dǎo dàn fáng yù wǎng。 zài 1990 nián 3 yuè 11 rì， lì táo wǎn zài xīn dāng xuǎn de wéi táo tǎ sī · lán cí bèi jí sī（ VytautasLandsbergis） zǒng tǒng lǐng dǎo xià xuān bù tuō lí sū lián dú lì， qí yú de sū lián jiā méng guó yě zài 1991 nián lù xù xuān bù dú lì， sū lián yú shì zhèng shì wǎ jiě。 sǎ qiē 'ěr fū rén duì cǐ miáo shù dào：“ lǐ gēn bù kāi yī qiāng biàn yíng dé liǎo lěng zhàn。”
lǐ gēn zhù zhāng měi guó jīng jì kāi shǐ fù sū liǎo； kuài sù diàn nǎo huà de jīng jì、 gāo kē jì de jì shù shì zhù yào lì liàng， dàn sū lián zài zhè fāng miàn yuǎn yuǎn luò hòu， shèn zhì lián hán guó de gāo kē jì yě chāo yuè liǎo tā， ér qiě yī nián bǐ yī nián de luò hòu。 lǐ gēn jìn yī bù jìn zhǐ měi guó hé méng guó duì sū lián shū chū gāo kē jì jì shù， shǐ sū lián chǔjìng gèng wéi 'è liè。 yòu yī duàn shí jiān dāng shí yóu jià wèi jí gāo shí， zhè zhǒng luò hòu yóu yú sū lián shū chū liǎo dà liàng shí yóu 'ér dé yǐ yǎn gài， dàn zhè gè yōu diǎn zài 1980 nián dài chū qī yě sàng shī liǎo。 yào hé xī fāng guó jiā jìn xíng jīng jì jìng sài xiǎn rán bì xū jìn xíng chè dǐ de gǎi gé， gē 'ěr bā qiáo fū kāi shǐ liǎo zhè cì gǎi gé， tā qī wàng xīn zhèng cè zhōng de kāi fàng xìng（ glasnost） hé xīn sī wéi（ perestroika） néng gòu chóngxīn fù xīng sū lián jīng jì， dàn zhè xiē gǎi gé què dé bù dào jiě jué de fāng fǎ、 fǎn 'ér chǎn shēng gèng duō duì sū lián tǐ zhì de bù mǎn。 lǐ gēn de dà guī mó kuò jūn xíng dòng hé tā qiáng yìng de fǎn sū yán lùn， zào chéng sū lián zài 1983 nián běi yuē de lì xíng yǎn xí（ AbleArcher83） zhōng chǎn shēng jìn hū kǒng huāng de fǎn yìng， suī rán zhè cì hé zhàn de wēi jī suí zhe yǎn xí jié shù 'ér xùn sù píng xī， dàn zhè cì yǎn xí yě xiǎn shì liǎo lǐ gēn de qiáng yìng tài dù suǒ kě néng chǎn shēng de fù miàn hòu guǒ。 yī xiē lì shǐ xué jiā rú BethB.Fischer zài tā suǒ zhù de TheReaganReversal lǐ zhù zhāng zhè cì wēi jī duì lǐ gēn de zhèng cè yòu zhe shēn yuǎn yǐng xiǎng， shǐ dé tā de duì sū tài dù cóng zhí jiē duì kàng zhuǎn biàn wéi hé mù yǒu hǎo de zhèng cè。
zài 'ōu zhōu guó jiā lǐng dǎo rén dāng zhōng， tā zuì zhù yào de tóng méng guó、 tóng shí yě shì tā yào hǎo de péng yǒu shì yīng guó shǒuxiàng sǎ qiē 'ěr fū rén， sǎ qiē 'ěr yě zhī chí lǐ gēn duì sū lián de wēi shè tài dù。
jìn guǎn lǐ gēn yǔ sū lián qiān dìng liǎo xiàn wǔ tiáo yuē rú zhōng chéng hé zǐ wǔ qì tiáo yuē（ INF） hé cái jiǎn zhàn lüè wǔ qì tán pàn（ STARTI）， lǐ gēn yǐ rán jìn xíng zhe xīng jì dà zhàn jìhuà， bù shǔ wài tài kōng wéi jī chǔ jiàn lì de dǎo dàn fáng yù wǎng， yǐ huán rào dì qiú de jūn shì wèi xīng lái lán jié dǎo dàn， shǐ měi guó néng zài hé zǐ dà zhàn zhōng bù shòu sǔn shāng。 pī píng jiā rèn wéi zhè xiàng jìhuà shì bùqiè shí jì de、 ér qiě yě wéi bèi liǎo fǎn dàn dào dǎo dàn de tiáo yuē， zhī chí zhě zé rèn wéi zhè xiàng jìhuà néng pò shǐ sū lián tóu rù gèng duō wú fǎ fù dān de jūn shì zhī chū。 shì shí shàng， sū lián yě céng cháng shì zhe zì xíng jiàn lì qǐ yī tào lèi sì de xì tǒng， huò zhì shǎo tóng shí jīng yóu xiàn wǔ tiáo yuē lái jiǎn huǎn yǔ měi guó jiān de jūn shì chā jù。 zuì hòu sū lián zài hòu zhě shàng biǎo xiàn de jiào wéi chéng gōng， yóu yú shì zhe zhuī shàng měi guó de jūn shì hé yán jiū kāi fā jīng fèi（ bù zhǐ shì xīng jì dà zhàn xì tǒng） ér yán zhòng sǔn hài liǎo yuán běn yǐ jīng bù wěn gù de sū lián jīng jì， zhè yě bèi rèn wéi shì dǎo zhì sū lián kuǎ tái de zhù yào yuán yīn zhī yī。
duì yú fǎn gòng chǎn zhù yì tuán tǐ（ bāo kuò wǔ zhuāng de fǎn gòng chǎn zhèng fǔ bào dòng） de zhī yuán yě shì lǐ gēn de zhèng cè zhī yī， tā de zhī chí zhě chēng zhī wéi lǐ gēn zhù yì（ ReaganDoctrine）。 zài zhè xiàng zhèng cè xià， měi guó zhī yuán nà xiē bèi tā men chēng wéi zì yóu zhàn shì de tuán tǐ héng yě bèi fǎn duì zhě chēng wéi kǒng bù fèn zǐ de tuán tǐ héng lì rú 'ā fù hàn de fǎn sū shèng zhàn yóu jī duì（ mujahideen）、 ní jiā lā guā de fǎn zhèng fǔ yóu jī duì（ Contras）、 ān gē lā de nà sī · sà wén bǐ（ JonasSavimbi） de fǎn kàng shì lì， duì kàng nà xiē yóu sū lián huò gǔ bā zhī chí de zhèng fǔ。 lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ yě zī zhù 'ōu zhōu de fǎn gòng chǎn zhù yì tuán tǐ lì rú bō lán de tuán jié gōng huì yùn dòng， bìng cǎi qǔ qiáng yìng lù xiàn duì kàng jiǎn bù zhài de gòng chǎn zhèng quán。 zhī yuán ní jiā lā guā fǎn zhèng fǔ yóu jī duì de zī jīn lái zì yú mì mì fàn mài wǔ qì gěi yī lǎng de lì rùn， hòu lái yǐn fā liǎo yī lǎng mén shì jiàn， shǐ ní jiā lā guā zhèng fǔ dé yǐ xiàng guó jì fǎ yuàn tí qǐ kòng sù。
lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ qiáng yìng duì kàng lí bā nèn de zhēn zhù dǎng kǒng bù tuán tǐ， zhēn zhù dǎng zài yǐ sè liè rù qīn lí bā nèn hòu kāi shǐ bǎng jià měi guó gōng mín bìng gōng jī píng mín mù biāo。 lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ yě qiáng yìng duì kàng zài xī 'àn dì qū hé jiā shā dì dài de bā lè sī tǎn kǒng bù fèn zǐ。 jiào jù zhēng yì xìng de shì lǐ gēn jiāng sà 'ěr wǎ duō de FMLN hé hóng dū lā sī de yóu jī duì zhàn shì yě shì wéi kǒng bù fèn zǐ。 tā yě jiāng nán fēi fǎn zhǒng zú gé lí zhì dù de wǔ zhuāng pài xì fēi zhōu zhī máo（ UmkhontoweSizwe） shì wéi shì kǒng bù fèn zǐ zǔ zhì。
lǐ gēn zài rèn qī zhōng duì yú sà 'ěr wǎ duō yòu yì zhèng fǔ de zhī yuán xiāng dāng jù zhēng yì xìng， yīn wéi tā dān xīn FMLN kě néng huì zài sà 'ěr wǎ duō nèi zhàn zhōng huò shèng。 zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng dǎo zhì 75,000 rén sǐ wáng、 8,000 rén shī zōng hé yī bǎi wàn rén wú jiā kě guī。 bù guò lǐ gēn yuán xiān suǒ bǎo zhèng de mín zhù xuǎn jǔ jìn chéng yě huò dé yī bù fēn chéng gōng。
zài lián hé guó xià lìng yú lí bā nèn jìn xíng xiàn qī de duō guó bù duì tuō guǎn hòu， 800 míng měi jūn lù zhàn duì bèi pài qiǎn zhì bèi lǔ tè yǐ chè lí bā jiě bù duì。 zài 1982 nián 9 yuè 16 rì yú bèi lǔ tè fā shēng liǎo sà bù lā - xià dì lā dà tú shā（ SabraandShatilamassacre） zào chéng shù bǎi míng bā lè sī tǎn píng mín sǐ wáng hòu， lǐ gēn zǔ zhì yī zhī xīn de duō guó bù duì。 zài jī jí de wài jiāo xíng dòng hòu zhōng yú dá chéng liǎo lí bā nèn yǔ yǐ sè liè jiān de hé píng xié yì。 bù jiǔ hòu měi jūn bù duì kāi shǐ chè lí， dàn què zài 1983 nián 11 yuè 23 rì fā shēng liǎo qì chē zhà dàn duì měi jūn jūn yíng de gōng jī， zào chéng gāo dá 241 míng lù zhàn duì zhèn wáng。 lǐ gēn chēng nà tiān shì tā de zǒng tǒng rèn qī hé shēng yá lǐ zuì bēi shāng de yī tiān。
xiǎo dǎo guó jiā gé lín nà dá yú 1983 nián fā shēng liǎo gòng chǎn zhèng biàn， lǐ gēn xùn sù mìng lìng měi jūn rù qīn gé lín nà dá， tuī fān liǎo xīn chéng lì de gòng chǎn zhèng quán。
zài 1980 nián bào fā de liǎng yī zhàn zhēng zhōng， měi guó zuì chū bǎo chí zhōng lì， hòu lái zhú jiàn qiān shè qí zhōng。 yòu shí hòu měi guó tóng shí zhī chí liǎng fāng， dàn zhù yào shì zhī chí yī lā kè， yīn wéi měi guó rèn wéi yī lā kè zǒng tǒng hóu sài yīn bǐ qǐ yī lǎng lǐng dǎo rén huò méi ní duì yú qū yù 'ān quán de wēi xié xìng jiào xiǎo。 jī xīn gé zhǐ dāng shí měi guó de zhèng cè shì“ bù néng ràng rèn hé yī fāng shū”。 měi guó dān xīn ruò shì yī lǎng shèng lì huì gǔ wǔ 'ā lā bó guó jiā zhōng yī sī lán jiào de jī běn jiào yì pài， jiāng kě néng dǎo zhì fēi zōng jiào de zhèng fǔ bèi tuī fān、 jìn 'ér wēi jí xī fāng guó jiā zài dāng dì de gōng sī， rú shā tè 'ā lā bó、 yuē dàn hé kē wēi tè děng dì。 zuì chū yī lā kè de jūn shì shèng lì hòu zhàn jú kāi shǐ dàozhuǎn， 1982 nián yī lǎng kě néng huò dé shèng lì， měi guó zhèng fǔ zhè shí shì tú qiē duàn yī lǎng zhèng quán qǔ dé wǔ qì de mén lù（ dàn shāo hòu yòu kāi shǐ chuán yùn wǔ qì gěi yī lǎng 'ér dǎo zhì liǎo yī lǎng mén shì jiàn）。 měi guó yě tí gōng yī lā kè de jūn shì zhèng quán xǔ duō qíng bào zī xùn hé jīn róng shàng de zhī yuán。 měi guó zhèng fǔ yě yǔn xǔ liǎo yī xiē néng gòu bèi yòng zuò shēng wù wǔ qì hé huà xué wǔ qì de“ jūn shāng liǎng yòng huò pǐn” chuán yùn zhì yī lā kè， yī lā kè yǐ nóng yè yòng pǐn、 yī liáo yán jiū hé píng mín yòng tú děng míng yì jìn kǒu zhè xiē huò pǐn， què bèi hóu sài yīn yòng zuò dà guī mó shā shāng xìng wǔ qì de jìhuà。
zài zhī yuán yī lā kè de tóng shí， lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ yě mì mì de jìn xíng jūn wǔ fàn mài yǐ zī zhù zài ní jiā lā guā de fǎn zhèng fǔ yóu jī duì， zhè dǎo zhì liǎo yī lǎng mén shì jiàn chǒu wén。 lǐ gēn gōng kāi chéng rèn tā duì zhè xiàng mì mì jìhuà bìng bù zhī qíng， bìng xùn sù zhào jí měi guó dú lì jiǎn chá guān bàn gōng shì（ OfficeoftheIndependentCounsel） jìn xíng diào chá。 zuì hòu 10 míng lǐ gēn de zhèng fǔ mù liáo bèi pàn zuì 'ér bèi pò cí zhí。 lǐ gēn de guó fáng bù cháng kǎ sī pà · wēn bó gé（ CasparWeinberger） bèi kòng gào zuò chū wěi zhèng， zuì hòu zài shěn pàn kāi shǐ qián yī tiān qǔ dé liǎo qiáo zhì ·H·W· bù shí de tè shè。 lì shǐ xué jiā zài 2006 nián tí chū de yī fèn bào gào jiāng yī lǎng mén shì jiàn liè wéi měi guó zǒng tǒng fàn guò de zuì yán zhòng cuò wù zhōng pái míng dì 9 de shì jiàn。
“ wěi dà de gōu tōng zhě”
fù zǒng tǒng bù shí hé lǐ gēn yǔ sū lián zǒng lǐ gē 'ěr bā qiáo fū zài niǔ yuē shì， 1988 nián。
1987 nián 6 yuè 12 rì，
lǐ gēn yóu yú tā zài biǎo dá gài niàn shí de kǒu cái hé dài yòu de dú tè qíng gǎn 'ér bèi yù wéi“ wěi dà de gōu tōng zhě”。 zhè xiē kǒu cái jì qiǎo lái zì yú tā dān rèn yǎn yuán、 diàn shì hé guǎng bō jié mù zhù chí rén、 hé zhèng zhì jiā shí zhú jiàn péi yǎng de jīng yàn， tóng shí shēn wéi zǒng tǒng yě gù yòng liǎo jì qiǎo gāo míng de yǎn jiǎng gǎo zhuàn gǎo zhě yǐ jìn yī bù fā huī tā de mèi lì。 lǐ gēn de xiū cí jì qiǎo shì xiāng dāng duō biàn de， tā yùn yòng qiáng liè、 shèn zhì shì yì shí xíng tài de yán cí lái zhǐ zé sū lián hé gòng chǎn zhù yì héng yóu qí shì zài dì yī jiè rèn qī shí。
dàn tā yě néng huàn qǐ rén men jiāng měi guó shì wéi zì yóu hàn wèi zhě de yìn xiàng hé guān niàn。 zài tā yú 1964 nián 11 yuè 27 rì de yǎn jiǎng zhōng tā jiāng yǎn jiǎng tí mù qǔ míng wéi“ yī gè xuǎn zé de shí dài”（ ATimeforChoosing）， chóngxīn yǐn rù liǎo fù lán kè lín · dé lā nuò · luó sī fú guǎng wéi rén zhī de zhù míng yòng cí“ mìng yùn de jié hé”（ rendezvouswithdestiny）。 qí tā yǎn jiǎng zhōng tā chēng měi guó wéi“ shān diān shàng de guāng huī chéng shì”（ shiningcityonahill）、 chēng měi guó rén wéi“ kāng kǎi dà fāng、 jù yòu lǐ xiǎng de、 dà dǎn yǒng gǎn de、 zhèng pài de hé chéng shí” de shì mín bìng qiě yōng yòu“ mèng xiǎng yīng xióng mù biāo de quán lì”。
1986 nián 1 yuè 28 rì， zài dé xī tiǎo zhàn zhě hào yì wài zhuì huǐ hòu， tā yán chí liǎo tā de xīn nián guó qíng zī wén yǎn shuō bìng gǎi xiàng quán guó fā biǎo guān yú yì wài de yǎn shuō， zài yǎn shuō zhōng tā xíng róng nà xiē lí nán de tài kōng rén：“ wǒ men yǒng yuǎn bù huì wàng jì tā men， zhè yě bù huì shì wǒ men zuì hòu yī cì kàn dào tā men。 yīn wéi jiù zài jīn tiān zǎo shàng， tā men zhǔn bèi chū fā bìng qiě xiàng wǒ men huī shǒu dào bié， jiē zhe ‘ tuō lí liǎo yīn chén de dà dì shù fù ’ ér‘ chù mō liǎo shàng dì de liǎn páng’”（ zài zhè yǎn shuō zhōng lǐ gēn yǐn yòng liǎo měi guó shī rén JohnGillespieMagee de zhù míng shī jù）
huò xǔ shì lǐ gēn de yōu mò， yóu qí shì tā de qiào pí huà， xiāo chú liǎo tā de duì shǒu de lì liàng bìng shǐ tā guǎng shòu dà zhòng xǐ 'ài。 zài 1984 nián zǒng tǒng xuǎn zhàn yǔ huá tè · méng dài 'ěr（ WalterMondale） de diàn shì biàn lùn zhōng， zài tǎo lùn dào tā de nián jì shí tā rú cǐ miào yǔ dào：“ wǒ bù huì yǐ wǒ de nián jì lái zuò wéi xuǎn zhàn de yì tí。 wǒ bù huì yǐ cǐ zuò wéi zhèng zhì mùdì， lái zhāng xiǎn wǒ de duì shǒu de nián yòu hé quē fá jīng yàn。” tán dào tā de zhí yè shí tā kāi wán xiào dào：“ zhèng zhì bù shì shénme zāo gāo de zhí yè。 rú guǒ nǐ chéng gōng liǎo jiāng huì huò dé xǔ duō jiǎng lì， rú guǒ nǐ kě chǐ de shī bài liǎo nà nǐ yě kě yǐ chū bǎn yī běn shū。”
lǐ gēn de zhī chí zhě hé fǎn duì zhě dū zhù yì dào tā“ kāi lǎng de lè guān tài dù”， shǐ tā bǐ qián jǐ rèn zǒng tǒng gèng shòu huān yíng。 rú jí mǐ kǎ tè shí cháng bǎo chí wēi xiào， dàn què shì yán sù de xiào róng。 lǐ gēn yòu yī cì rú cǐ shuō dào：“ lǐng dǎo zhě de jiào xùn shì xiāng tóng de； yào xīn qín de gōng zuò、 liǎo jiě shì qíng de zhēn xiāng、 lè yú qīng tīng bìng liǎo jiě tā rén、 jiān qiáng de zé rèn gǎn hé zhǐ huī gǎn， bìng tì nǐ suǒ dài biǎo de rén mín zuò chū zuò hǎo de jué dìng。”
àn shā wèi suì
1981 nián 3 yuè 30 rì， cái gāng jiù rèn zǒng tǒng 69 tiān de lǐ gēn， qián wǎng huá shèng dùn tè qū de xī 'ěr dùn fàn diàn yǔ měi guó láo gōng lián hé huì - chǎn yè gōng huì lián hé huì（ AFL-CIO） de dài biǎo men gòng jìn wǔ cān bìng fā biǎo yǎn shuō。 dāng lǐ gēn hé mù liáo men zǒu chū fàn diàn dà mén shí， mái fú zài fàn diàn mén kǒu méi tǐ rén cháo lǐ de jīng shén bìng huàn xīn kè lì， yǐ yī bǎ diǎn 22 kǒu jìng de zuǒ lún shǒu qiāng cháo lǐ gēn shè jī liǎo 6 qiāng， zhòngdàn de chú liǎo lǐ gēn wài hái yòu bái gōng xīn wén mì shū hé bǎo biāo děng 3 rén， lǐ gēn xùn sù bèi sòng zhì fù jìn de huá shèng dùn dà xué yī yuàn jìn xíng jǐn jí shǒu shù。
1 fā zǐ dàn jī zhōng liǎo lǐ gēn de yè xià， jù lí xīn zàng zhǐ yòu 1 yīng dòu， lǐ gēn yě yīn cǐ dé yǐ xìng miǎn。 shǒu shù jìn xíng shí lǐ gēn hái xiàng yī shēng kāi wán xiào dào：“ wǒ xī wàng nǐ mendōu shì gòng hé dǎng rén。”（ suī rán yī shēng bìng bù shì， dàn tā réng huí fù dào“ wǒ men jīn tiān dū huì zhī chí gòng hé dǎng de。”） dāng dì yī fū rén nán xī · lǐ gēn dào dá yī yuàn shí， lǐ gēn zé yǐ zhòng liàng jí quán jī guànjūn jié kè · dēng pǔ xī（ JackDempsey） bèi jī dǎo shí de míng yán xiàng tā kāi wán xiào dào：“ qīn 'ài de， wǒ wàng jì duǒ zǐ tánliǎo。”
rèn nèi zhòng yào fǎ 'àn
*1981 nián jīng jì fù sū shuì fǎ（ EconomicRecoveryTaxActof1981）
*1982 nián shuì fù gōng píng yǔ huì jì zé rèn fǎ（ TaxEquityandFiscalResponsibilityActof1982）
*1983 nián shè huì fú lì xiū zhèng fǎ（ SocialSecurityAmendmentsof1983）
*1986 nián shuì fù gǎi gé fǎ（ TaxReformActof1986）
* gē dé huá tè－ ní kē 'ěr sī guó fáng bù zhòng gòu fǎ（ Goldwater-NicholsActof1986）
nèi gé gé yuán
1981 nián 2 yuè 4 rì， lǐ gēn zǒng tǒng yǔ tā de nèi gé gé yuán zài bái gōng de zǒng tǒng bàn gōng shì。
zhí wèi xìng míng rèn qī
zǒng tǒng
fù zǒng tǒng qiáo zhì ·H·W· bù shí 1981– 1989
guó wù qīng yà lì shān dà · hēi gé（ AlexanderM.Haig） 1981– 1982
qiáo zhì · shū 'ěr cí（ GeorgeP.Shultz） 1982– 1989
cái zhèng bù cháng táng nuò · lí gēn（ DonaldRegan） 1981– 1985
zhān mǔ sī · bèi kè（ JamesA.BakerIII） 1985– 1988
ní kě lā sī · bù ruì dí（ NicholasF.Brady） 1988– 1989
guó fáng bù cháng kǎ sī pà · wēn bó gé（ CasparWeinberger） 1981– 1987
fǎ lán kè · kǎ lǔ qí（ FrankC.Carlucci） 1987– 1989
sī fǎ bù cháng wēi lián · shǐ mì sī（ WilliamFrenchSmith） 1981– 1985
āi dé wén · mǐ sī（ EdwinMeese） 1985– 1988
lǐ chá · sāng bó gé（ RichardL.Thornburgh） 1988– 1989
nèi zhèng bù cháng zhān mǔ sī ·G· wǎ tè（ JamesG.Watt） 1981– 1983
wēi lián ·P· kè lā kè（ WilliamP.Clark,Jr.） 1983– 1985
táng nà dé · huò dé 'ěr（ DonaldP.Hodel） 1985– 1989
shāng yè bù cháng mǎ kāng · bā dé ruì cí（ MalcolmBaldrige） 1981– 1987
wēi lián · wéi 'ěr dì（ C.WilliamVerity,Jr.） 1987– 1989
láo gōng bù cháng léi méng dé · táng nà wén（ RaymondJ.Donovan） 1981– 1985
wēi lián · bù lā kè（ WilliamE.Brock） 1985– 1987
ān · duō 'ěr · mài kè lā fū lín（ AnnDoreMcLaughlin） 1987– 1989
nóng yè bù cháng yuē hàn · lǔ sī lín · bù lā kè（ JohnRuslingBlock） 1981– 1986
lǐ chá · lāi 'ēn（ RichardE.Lyng） 1986– 1989
wèi shēng bù cháng lǐ chá · shǐ wēi kē（ RichardS.Schweiker） 1981– 1983
mǎ gé lǐ tè · hǎi kè lè（ MargaretHeckler） 1983– 1985
ào dí sī · bào 'ēn（ OtisR.Bowen） 1985– 1989
jiào yù bù cháng tài dé · bèi 'ěr（ TerrellH.Bell） 1981– 1984
wēi lián · bān nài tè（ WilliamJ.Bennett） 1985– 1988
láo luó · kǎ wǎ zuǒ sī（ LauroCavazos） 1988– 1989
fā zhǎn bù cháng sà miù 'ěr · pí 'ěr sī（ SamuelR.Pierce,Jr.） 1981– 1989
yùn shū bù cháng ān dé lǔ · lù yì sī（ AndrewL.Lewis,Jr） 1981– 1982
yī lì suō bái · duō 'ěr（ ElizabethDole） 1983– 1987
zhān mǔ sī · bān lái（ JamesH.BurnleyIV） 1987– 1989
néng yuán bù cháng zhān mǔ sī · ài dé huá（ JamesB.Edwards） 1981– 1982
yuē hàn · hè lín dùn（ JohnS.Herrington） 1985– 1989
zuì gāo fǎ yuàn rèn mìng
lǐ gēn tí míng yǐ xià fǎ guān zhì měi guó zuì gāo fǎ yuàn：
* sāng dé lā · dài · ào kāng nà（ SandraDayO'Connor）– 1981
* wēi lián · lán kuí sī tè（ WilliamRehnquist）– 1986 nián rèn shǒu xí dà fǎ guān（ 1972 nián rèn dà fǎ guān）
* ān dōng ní · shǐ gé lǐ yà（ AntoninScalia）– 1986
* luó bó tè · bó kè（ RobertBork）– 1987（ bèi cān yì yuàn bó huí）
* dào gé lā sī · jí 'ēn sī bó gé（ DouglasGinsburg）– 1987（ chè huí）
* ān dōng ní · kěn ní dí（ AnthonyM.Kennedy）– 1988
pī píng
lǐ gēn de gè rén mèi lì shǐ tā jīhū fā biǎo rèn hé yán lùn dōunéng ràng dà zhòng jiē shòu， yīn cǐ 'ér huò dé liǎo“ tè fú lóng zǒng tǒng”（ yì wèi zhe bù zhān guō， méi yòu rèn hé dōng xī néng nián zhù tā） de chuò hào。 tā yú yī lǎng mén shì jiàn zhōng fǒu rèn tā zhī qíng zhè xiàng jiāo yì， dàn xiàn zài cún yú dàng 'àn kù de guó fáng bù cháng kǎ sī pà · wēn bó gé de yǐn zhèng zé xiǎn shì chū lǐ gēn zhī qíng， zhè kě néng shì wéi fǎn liǎo měi guó xiàn fǎ de， dàn tā dài gěi gōng zhòng de xíng xiàng què shì“ wěi dà、 jiān qiáng de lǐ gēn mào xiǎn shì zhe yǐ wǔ qì lái jiāo huàn rén zhì de zì yóu”。 zài 1985 nián 12 yuè lǐ gēn xiě liǎo yī fèn mì mì de zǒng tǒng“ diào chá” lái jìzǎi zhè cì“ yǐ wǔ qì huàn rén zhì” de jìhuà。 lǐ gēn shí dài de mì mì wén jiàn běn lái kě yǐ cóng 2001 nián kāi shǐ bèi gōng kāi， dàn qiáo zhì · wò kè · bù shí zǒng tǒng qiān shǔ liǎo yī xiàng fǎ 'àn shǐ zhè xiē wén jiàn jiāng jì xù wú xiàn qī bǎo mì， shǐ dé rén men wú fǎ dé zhī gèng duō zhè fāng miàn de zī xùn。 yóu yú měi guó zài lǐ gēn rèn nèi duì ní jiā lā guā kǒng bù fèn zǐ de zhī chí 'ér bèi guó jì fǎ yuàn pàn jué yòu zuì（ ní jiā lā guā duì měi guó 'àn）， jìn guǎn lián hé guó dà huì de jué yì yào qiú měi guó fú cóng pàn jué， dàn měi guó cóng lái méi yòu fù chū péi kuǎn。
lǐ gēn de jīn róng hé jiǎn shuì zhèng cè bèi pī píng lā dà liǎo pín fù jiān de chā jù， tā suō jiǎn shè huì fú lì hé suǒ dé shuìlǜ zé bèi yī xiē pī píng jiā pī píng wèishì jiā huì fù yù rén kǒu de zhèng cè。 zài tā rèn nèi kōng qián de guó zhài chéngzhǎng yě bèi pī píng jiāng huì wēi jí guó jiā jīng jì de jiàn quán。 zài 1980 nián dài jiě chú liǎo duì yínháng chǎn yè de guǎn zhì hòu， xìn yòng hé zuò shè dé yǐ zì yóu de jiāng cún kuǎn rén de cún kuǎn tóu zī zhì shāng yè bù dòng chǎn shàng（ zhī qián tā men bèi xiàn zhì zhǐ néng tóu zī zhù zhái bù dòng chǎn）， xǔ duō xìn yòng hé zuò shè kāi shǐ jìn xíng fēng xiǎn xìng de tóu zī。 zhù zhǎng lián bāng duì chǎn yè guǎn zhì de lián bāng fáng wū dài kuǎn yínháng（ FederalHomeLoanBanks） shì tú xiàn zhì zhè zhǒng fēng xiǎn xíng wéi， yú shì kāi shǐ hé lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ de zhèng cè chǎn shēng chōng tū， lǐ gēn xī wàng duì dà duō shù chǎn yè chè xiāo guǎn zhì héng bāo kuò yínháng chǎn yè zài nèi。 lǐ gēn yě yīn cǐ jù jué xiàng guó huì dì jiāo lián bāng fáng wū dài kuǎn yínháng de yù suàn shěn hé， zhè xiàng chōng tū shǐ měi guó sǔn shī liǎo $1,500 yì yuán 'ér qiě jīhū dǎo zhì liǎo xìn yòng hé zuò shè chǎn yè de bēng kuì。
zì yóu pài yě pī píng lǐ gēn qiáng yìng wài jiāo zhèng cè kě néng dǎo zhì hé zǐ dà zhàn de wēi jī。 pī píng jiā zhǐ chū lǐ gēn hū lüè liǎo zài zhōng nán měi zhōu hé nán fēi de rén quán wèn tí， lǐ gēn duì yú nán fēi zhǒng zú gé lí zhì dù de zhī chí yě bèi fēi yì měi guó rén qiáng liè pī píng。 suī rán lǐ gēn yě shì zhe jié shù nán fēi de zhǒng zú gé lí zhì dù bìng shí xíng zì yóu huà， dàn tā fǎn duì xiàng nán fēi shí xíng jīng jì shàng de zhì cái， rèn wéi nà shì“ biǎo miàn shàng kàn sì yòu yì de zhì cái jìhuà， shì shí shàng jiāng huì suō jiǎn nán fēi zhèng fǔ de yǐng xiǎng lì， bìng ràng xǔ duō nán fēi de hǎo rén chéng shòu jīng jì de kùn jìng。”
xī 'ōu guó jiā de rén mín zé shì lǐ gēn wéi xiāng dāng tè shū de měi guó zǒng tǒng。 lǐ gēn suī rán dé dào yīng guó shǒuxiàng mǎ gé lì tè · sǎ qiē 'ěr de dà lì zhī chí， dàn tā zài yīng guó yě bèi xǔ duō méi tǐ fěng cì wéi nǎo jīn chí dùn、 yào bù jiù shì lǎo tài lóng zhōng de， zhè zhǒng fěng cì yě shì bèi xǔ duō shí jì fā shēng de yì wài suǒ cù chéng de。 bāo kuò 1985 nián 11 yuè 9 rì tā zài yǎn jiǎng shí wàng jì liǎo dài 'ān nà wáng fēi de míng zì， zài yóu yù yī huì 'ér hòu tā chēng zhī wéi“ dà wèi wáng fēi”， zào chéng guǎng fàn de cháo xiào。
chǒu wén hé zhēng yì
lǐ gēn rèn nèi fā shēng de qǐ cì chǒu wén zào chéng tā de shù míng zhèng fǔ guān yuán bèi dìng zuì。 zuì zhī míng de biàn shì yī lǎng mén shì jiàn， mì mì fàn mài wǔ qì gěi huò méi ní de yī sī lán jī běn jiào yì pài zhèng quán， bìng jiāng fàn mài suǒ dé lì rùn zhī yuán ní jiā lā guā de fǎn gòng yóu jī duì。 10 míng zhèng fǔ guān yuán bèi pàn jué yòu zuì， bāo kuò duì guó huì sǎ huǎng、 duì shuì wù jú sǎ huǎng děng。 bù guò， lǐ gēn zài wéi cǐ jìn xíng dào qiàn hòu 'ān rán dù guò chǒu wén。
lǐ gēn rèn nèi yě fā shēng qí tā jǐ jiàn chǒu wén； yòu yī jiàn qiān chě dào liǎo měi guó zhù fáng hé chéng shì fā zhǎn bù de mù liáo。 yī míng lǐ gēn jìng xuǎn zǒng tǒng shí de zàn zhù zhě hòu lái huò dé lǐ gēn zhèng fǔ bǔ zhù tā duì dī shōu rù zhù zhái de jiàn shè， què méi yòu xiáng xì jiǎn chá qí bèi jǐng zī gé。 ér lìng yī wèi jìng xuǎn shí de zàn zhù zhě， zé huò dé qián huán jìng bǎo hù jú jú cháng zhān mǔ sī · wǎ tè xié zhù tā xiàng zhèng fǔ jìn xíng jiè kuǎn hé dǐ yā， hái huò dé liǎo yóu shuō de bào chóu， liù míng zhèng fǔ guān yuán yīn cǐ bèi dìng zuì。
xǔ duō qí tā de chǒu wén zài lǐ gēn de bā nián rèn qī zhōng yě bù duàn fā shēng。 lǐ gēn de zhù shǒu MichaelDeaver hé LynNofziger yě yīn wéi jìn xíng yóushuì bèi pàn zuì。
zōng jiào xìn yǎng
suī rán lǐ gēn chéng nián hòu hěn shǎo chū xí jiào táng， dàn tā zì yòu biàn shì yī gè jī dū tú， ér qiě shí cháng xiàng jī dū jiào tuán tǐ fā biǎo yǎn shuō。 1978 nián 3 yuè lǐ gēn xiě liǎo fēng xìn gěi yī míng wèi lǐ zōng shén zhí rén yuán， zhè míng shén zhí rén yuán duì ní xī yà xìn jīng bào chí zhe huái yí lùn héng bìng zhǐ zé lǐ gēn shì“ zhù rì xué xiào céng cì de shén xué” héng lǐ gēn jiān dìng de zhī chí ní xī yà xìn jīng， bìng yǐn yòng liǎo kè lì fū · shǐ dài pǔ · lù yì sī de sān nán kùn jìng（ Trilemma）。 bù guò zài lǐ gēn de guó zàng shàng bìng méi yòu yǐ zhào tā de xìn yǎng hé yuàn wàng lái jìn xíng， ér shì jìn xíng liǎo duō zhǒng xìn yǎng de yí shì。
tuì xiū hòu shēng huó
lǐ gēn zài 1989 nián 1 yuè 11 rì yú bái gōng de zǒng tǒng bàn gōng shì jīng yóu diàn shì zhuǎn bō fā biǎo liǎo quán guó xìng de gào bié yǎn shuō， 9 tiān hòu biàn lí kāi zǒng tǒng zhí wèi， yóu qiáo zhì ·H·W· bù shí jiē rèn。 zài bù shí de jiù zhí diǎn lǐ jié shù hòu， lǐ gēn huí dào liǎo tā wèi yú jiā lì fú ní yà zhōu shèng bā bā lā fù jìn de dà mù chǎng， měi tiān zài nà lǐ xiě tā de zìzhuàn、 qí mǎ、 fá mù。 tā zuì hòu qiān xǐ zhì wèi yú jiā zhōu bèi lāi 'ěr（ Bel－ Air） de xīn jiā。 zài 1989 nián de qiū tiān， lǐ gēn yìng fù shì chǎn jīng jí tuán zhī yāo qián wǎng rì běn jìn xíng liǎng cì yǎn shuō bìng cān jiā jǐ cì yàn huì， zhè 9 tiān de xíng chéng fù gěi lǐ gēn de chóu jīn gāo dá $2 bǎi wàn yuán， chāo guò liǎo tā dān rèn 8 nián zǒng tǒng de xīn shuǐ zǒng hé。 lǐ gēn 'ǒu 'ér huì dài biǎo gòng hé dǎng lòumiàn， bāo kuò zài 1992 nián de gòng hé dǎng quán guó dài biǎo dà huì shàng fā biǎo liǎo jīng cǎi yǎn shuō。 tā gōng kāi zhī chí dān xiàng fǒu jué quán（ Line－ itemveto）、 píng héng yù suàn de xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn、 hé chè xiāo xiàn fǎ dì 22 hào xiū zhèng 'àn héng xiàn zhì liǎo zǒng tǒng zhǐ néng lián rèn yī cì de xiū zhèng 'àn。
ā cí hǎi mò zhèng
1994 nián 11 yuè 5 rì lǐ gēn xuān bù tā bèi zhěn duàn chū lí huàn 'ā cí hǎi mò zhèng ─ dàn yòu shuō fǎ rèn wéi lǐ gēn zǎo zài dì 'èr rèn zǒng tǒng rèn nèi jiù yǐ chū xiàn chū qī zhèng zhuàng， rú tā zài jiē shòu yī lǎng mén shì jiàn de diào chá shí céng biǎo shì jì bù dé zhòng yào mù liáo de míng zì。 tā jīng yóu shǒu xiě xìn jiàn lái xiàng quán guó shuō míng tā de jiàn kāng zhuàng kuàng， yóu yú tā yī xiàng lè guān de tài dù， tā zuì hòu zǒng jié dào：“ wǒ zhī dào wǒ zhèng zài zǒu xiàng wǒ rén shēng lǚ chéng zhōng de huáng hūn。 wǒ zhī dào duì měi guó 'ér yán qián fāng zǒng shì yòu zhe càn làn de lí míng de。 xiè xiè nǐ men， wǒ de péng yǒu men。 yuàn shàng dì yǒng yuǎn zhù fú nǐ men。” yī nián jiē zhe yī nián guò qù， ā cí hǎi mò zhèng màn màn de cuī huǐ liǎo lǐ gēn de nǎo bù néng lì， pò shǐ tā guò zhù yǔ shì gé jué de shēng huó。 2000 nián 8 yuè， měi guó《 xīn wén hé shì jiè zhōu kān》 bào dào chū lǐ gēn bìng wēi de xiāo xī。 dàn wán qiáng de shēng mìng lì shǐ lǐ gēn yòu huó liǎo jìn 4 nián。 dào liǎo 2003 nián dǐ， lǐ gēn jìn rù 'ā cí hǎi mò zhèng de mò qī liǎo。
yǐng xiǎng
qù shì hé guó zàng
2004 nián 6 yuè 5 rì， lǐ gēn yú jiā zhōng cí shì， sǐ yú fèi yán， xiǎng nián 93 suì。 tā de yí tǐ yě kāi fàng ràng gōng zhòng zhān yǎng yí róng。 zhěng chǎng guó zàng zhuāng lóng shèng dà， zài shì de shù wèi měi guó zǒng tǒng hé zhòng duō wài guó yuán shǒu dū cānyù liǎo zhè cì zàng lǐ。 yóu yú lǐ gēn zài shì shí kù 'ài jí lì bèi lì gōng sī chū chǎn de ruǎn xīn dòu lì táng（ JellyBellyjellybeans）， yě fàng liǎo yī xiǎo guàn zài kǒu dài zhōng suí tā xià zàng。
lǐ gēn shì dào mù qián wéi zhǐ dì 'èr cháng shòu de měi guó zǒng tǒng， zǒng jì 93 nián yòu 120 tiān， chāo guò liǎo yuē hàn · yà dāng sī de jì lù。 lǐ gēn yě shì dāng xuǎn shí zuì lǎo de（ 73 suì） zǒng tǒng。 zuì cháng shòu de měi guó zǒng tǒng shì lìng yī qián zǒng tǒng jié lā 'ěr dé · fú tè（ zǒng jì 93 nián yòu 165 tiān）。
zhī chí shuài
gài luò pǔ mín yì cè yàn zuò liǎo yī cì shuí shì zuì shòu huān yíng de měi guó zǒng tǒng de diào chá。
rèn kě dù bǐlǜ
yǐ jù ABC xīn wén yǐ zhào rì qī：
shí jiān dà shì rèn kě（ %） bù rèn kě（ %）
1981 nián 4 yuè 22 rì bèi xīn kè lì qiāng jī 73 19
1983 nián 1 yuè 22 rì gāo shī yè shuài 42 54
1986 nián 4 yuè 26 rì duì lì bǐ yà jìn xíng hōng zhà 70 26
1987 nián 2 yuè 26 rì yī lǎng mén shì jiàn 44 51
1989 nián 1 yuè 20 rì zǒng tǒng rèn qī jié shù 64 –
wú rèn qī píng jūn 57 39
2001 nián 7 yuè 30 rì （ huí gù） 64 27
lǐ gēn de nì chēng
lǐ gēn cháng cháng bèi chēng wéi“ Gipper”， lái zì yú tā zài KnuteRockne,AllAmerican yī piàn zhōng shì yǎn de GeorgeGipp juésè， tōng cháng bàn suí zhù míng de kǒu hào“ qù tì Gipper yíng yī qiú！”。 nián qīng shí lǐ gēn hái céng bèi fù qīn nì chēng wéi“ Dutch”。 shēn wéi zǒng tǒng shí， lǐ gēn de zhī chí zhě jiāng tā yù wéi“ wěi dà de gōu tōng zhě” huò zhě zuì jìn de“ wěi dà de jiě fàng zhě” héng shù jí tā de zhèng cè dǎo zhì liǎo gòng chǎn zhù yì de kuǎ tái hé lěng zhàn de jié shù。 tā de bǎo biāo men gěi tā de dài hào zé shì“ Rawhide”。 tā yě bèi chēng wéi“ tiě fú lóng zǒng tǒng”， yì wèi zhe tā jiù xiàng bù zhān guō yī yàng， méi yòu rèn hé dōng xī néng nián zhù tā。
róng yù yǔ jì niàn
zài 1995 nián yóu Littleton yìng bì gōng sī zhēn duì 2,307 míng yìng bì shōu cáng zhě de mín yì diào chá zhōng， lǐ gēn shì zuì shòu qī dài bèi zhù yú měi guó yìng bì shàng de rén wù。
zài 1988 nián 2 yuè 6 rì， huá shèng dùn guó jì jī chǎng chóngxīn mìng míng wéi
* zài 5 yuè 14 rì， yòu xiàn diàn shì xīn wén wǎng hé shí dài zá zhì jiāng tā yù wéi“ zuì mí rén de rén wù”
* zài 6 yuè 26 rì， zài yīcháng yóu měi guó zài xiàn hé tàn suǒ pín dào fā qǐ de cè yàn jié mù zhōng， lǐ gēn bèi xuǎn wéi“ zuì wěi dà de měi guó rén”。
zài 2002 nián， guó huì shòu quán jiāng lǐ gēn wèi yú yī lì nuò yī zhōu dí kè sēn de lǎo jiā zuò wéi lì shǐ chǎng suǒ bǎo cún。
huò jiǎng hé xūn zhāng
* měi guó yǐng shì yǎn yuán xié huì de zhōng shēn“ huáng jīn” huì yuán
* zài 1989 nián， lǐ gēn huò dé yīng guó míng yù shàng de jué wèi， bā sī xūn wèi dà shí zì xūn zhāng qí shì（ KnightGrandCrossoftheOrderoftheBath）。 shǐ tā néng shǐ yòng GCB de míng yì， bù guò yīn tā fēi yīng guó guó mín， bìng méi yòu fù yú tā“
* dà xūn wèi jú huā zhāng， rì běn， 1989 nián
* zǒng tǒng zì yóu xūn zhāng， měi guó， 1993 nián
yìng bì miàn xiàng
xǔ duō zhù zhāng chóngxīn shè jì yìng bì de rén xī wàng jiāng lǐ gēn tú xiàng zhù yú měi yuán yī jiǎo yìng bì shàng， yǐ qǔ dài fù lán kè lín · dé lā nuò · luó sī fú（ dāng chū shì wéi liǎo jì niàn luó sī fú chuàng jiàn chū shēng quē xiàn jī jīn huì《 MarchofDimes》）。 2003 nián guó huì zhōng de gòng hé dǎng yuán duì cǐ tí 'àn， dàn zài nán xī · lǐ gēn jù jué zhī hòu biàn chè huí liǎo 'àn zǐ。 yòu yī duàn shí jiān zhī chí zhě xī wàng jiāng tā zhù yú yī měi fēn yìng bì shàng， dàn měi fēn yìng bì jiāng zài 2005 nián chóngxīn shè jì qiě jiāng huì yǒng yuǎn shǐ yòng yà bó lā hǎn · lín kěn de tú xiàng。 yī jiǎo yìng bì shàng wèi chóngxīn shè jì， ér qiě yě shàng wèi yòu jìhuà yào zhòng xīn shè jì， yīn cǐ hái méi yòu wán quán pái chú zhè gè kě néng。 zhī chí zhě yě xī wàng jiāng lǐ gēn zhì yú 10 měi yuán chāo piào huò 20 měi yuán chāo piào shàng。 20 měi yuán chāo piào yǐ jīng chóngxīn shè jì， ér qiě yě méi yòu jìhuà yào gēnghuàn xiān qián shǐ yòng de zǒng tǒng。 10 měi yuán chāo piào de shè jì zé zài 2006 nián 3 yuè 2 rì shì chū， jiāng jì xù shǐ yòng yà lì shān dà · hàn mì 'ěr dùn（ AlexanderHamilton） de tú xiàng。 lǐ gēn jiāng huì yú 2016 nián chū xiàn yú 1 měi yuán yìng bì shàng。
lǐ gēn de jì lù yǐngpiān
*AlteredStatesman-RonaldReagan（ tái wān zhōng yì：“ biàn yàng de zhèng zhì jiā： měi guó zǒng tǒng lǐ gēn”， tàn suǒ pín dào， 2005 nián）
*"TrueGrit"（ 2005 nián）
*RonaldReagan-AnAmericanPresident（ lǐ gēn tú shū guǎn fā bù de zhèng shì yǐngpiān， 2005 nián 1 yuè 25 rì）
*GreatSpeeches（ 2004 nián 10 yuè 19 rì）
*StandUpReagan（ 2004 nián 9 yuè 7 rì）
*NBCNewsPresents-RonaldReagan（ 2004 nián 8 yuè 10 rì）
*ABCNewsPresents-AnAmericanLegend（ 2004 nián 7 yuè 13 rì）
*RonaldReagan-HisLifeandLegacy（ 2004 nián 6 yuè 22 rì）
*RonaldReagan-HisLifeandTimes（ 2004 nián 5 yuè 11 rì）
*RonaldReagan-ALegacyRemembered（ lì shǐ pín dào， 2002 nián）
*RonaldReagan-TheGreatCommunicator（ 2002 nián）
*SalutetoReagan-APresident'sGreatestMoments（ 2001 nián）
*AmericanExperience-Reagan（ 1998 nián）
*TributetoRonaldReagan（ 1996 nián）
*TheReaganLegacy（ tàn suǒ pín dào， 1996 nián）
Early career
Ronald Reagan in 1927 at age 16, Reagan around the Rock River in Dixon's Lowell Park to find a lifeguard job, where he served as lifeguard for 7 years, is said to save a drowning man 77. Reagan later joked that the drowned man had not thanked him. Reagan on the achievements of the future very proud of this, they will show visitors to the White House hanging in the Oval Office of the Rock River photo.
Hollywood
In 1937, when Ronald Reagan in California as Chicago's baseball spring training before the cup broadcaster, he conducted an audition, get 7 years in the Warner Brothers contract. Reagan's clear voice, be happy with style and sportsmanship made him a large body quite the crowds; most of his role in B-class film's leading man. His first film performance was in 1937's Love Is on the Air. To the end of 1939, he has performed in over 19 films. He served as Knute Rockne, All American football player, he played George Gipp, a well-known lines as "Go for the Gipper win a ball!" Which won the Gipper nickname that accompanied his life. Reagan was the best performance since that is the 1942 Kings Row, plays a young man to be amputated, and later he used that line, "I left the body where?" As the title of his autobiography. Other well-known films include Tennessee's Partner, Hellcats of the Navy, This Is the Army, while in Bedtime for Bonzo in a while because he is and chimpanzee starred Erzao widely ridiculed. Hollywood Walk of Fame, also left his mark.
Reagan on January 24, 1940 and actress Jane Wyman (Jane Wyman) marriage; them in 1941 gave birth to her daughter Maureen, 1945 年 adopted a baby boy Michael; Then in 1947, gave birth to her daughter Christine, but shortly after birth died. They divorced in 1948. (Reagan was the only U.S. president ever divorce) Ronald Reagan on March 4, 1952 married, married actress Nancy Davis (Nancy Davis), in the same year on November 21 gave birth to daughter Patti. In 1958, their second child Ron.
Reagan was originally a supporter of the Democratic Party, support Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his New Deal implemented. In the late 1940s he was Harry Truman's supporters S · the most famous one. To the early 1960s, he changed in the social and economic conservative firm, and in 1976, said: "New Deal is the fundamental basis of fascism." His first political role of the chairman of the American Actors Guild, Actors Guild contains most of the Hollywood actor, Ronald Reagan declared, but the communist Actors Guild has been infiltrated. In this position, he Un-American Activities Committee (Un-American Activities Committee) to testify on Communist infiltration of Hollywood. He also spy some of his attitudes that hold a disloyal actor, close to the Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that his code name "Agent T-10", but he did not publicly condemn them. His public statements on the opposition to set up Hollywood blacklist, but in private he and his first wife Jane Wyman was in 1947, met with FBI agents to inform them of some is that "the destruction of suspected militants."
Because I believe the Republican Party's ability to fight against communism, and believed him to do so to gain more political support, Reagan gradually abandoned the Democratic Party's tendency to support Republican presidential candidates began to -1,952 and 1956 of Dwight Eisenhower, and Richard Nixon in 1968.
In 1971, he and the Democratic Party's parliamentary chairman 鲍伯莫瑞迪 (Bob Moretti) cooperate in reforming the social welfare of California. Reagan had earlier opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1965 votes. But he later changed the position, and that the Civil Rights Act, "if necessary, to use military force to law enforcement." Reagan also opposed the establishment of a larger federal dam-Dos Rios dam so the dam would flood the valley of the Indian farms. Later, with Reagan and his family to summer hiking, going to visit the Sierra Nevada is the proposed construction of a highway location, study after he renounced the construction plan. In the death penalty issue, he strongly supported the maintenance of the death penalty, but the California Supreme Court in People v. Anderson decision in making the case before 1972 in California, all death sentence invalid, even though the decision was later reversed by constitutional amendment, but The decision to become the largest setback Reagan. Although Reagan supported the death penalty, but in office he issued two pardons and probation orders are not followed in the Reagan governor of California had such a pardon prisoners to death. Reagan's only one execution in the April 12, 1967, that the death penalty in California until 1992, after the date of the death penalty had no more.
Presidential election
The nomination and election of Ronald Reagan's political career in the important moment, when Gerald Ford was seen as a Republican veteran of the House of Representatives because of his re-election several times, but was elected majority leader, to become someone else and vice president and the President, but Ronald Reagan once again in the National Congress was defeated by a few votes. Ronald Reagan in the National Assembly on the speech, described the danger of nuclear war and the threat of the Soviet Union in moral, after listening to his moving speech, many people said "very sorry had voted in error."
In 1980, Reagan finally won the party nomination as presidential candidate. While Reagan in the early voting states of Iowa Department of conference party lost George H · W · Bush, but he's voting in other states in the next victory. In the National People's Congress, the Reagan partner had sought the Vice-President Gerald Ford, but in the end did not materialize. Reagan chose the opposite nomination election rival George Bush for H · W · partner.
1984 presidential election
Domestic policy
Reagan's first term is the main objective of the U.S. economic recovery, when the U.S. economy is in the so-called stagflation (economic stagnation with high inflation). Under Reagan the first command is to stop the federal government price controls on oil in order to restore domestic oil production and exploration on the dynamics of the market. To address the double-digit inflation, Reagan supported Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker (Paul Volcker) to dramatically raise interest rates to achieve the reduction of money supply goals. Economists 米尔顿佛利 Reagan was aware of the people described in "To succeed in curbing inflation, financial control and short-term recession is inevitable." Reagan's use of tightening the money supply with a comprehensive approach to tax cuts to stimulate business investment (based on Ronald Reagan's saying: "Chicago school of economics, supply-side economics, call it whatever you how. I noticed that some people even call it Reaganomics until it begins to take effect until the ...")。 Reagan's opponents ridiculed it as "voodoo economic", "trickle-down effect", and "Reaganomics," but Ronald Reagan launched a successful comprehensive tax, the tax cut bill in 1981 to implement the scale is unprecedented in U.S. history. Income tax rate reduction will not only greatly reduced, but also to eliminate the tax system, many of the loopholes.
In order to end inflation and tight money supply, the U.S. economy beginning in July 1981 a sharp decline, and in November 1982 dropped to the bottom, recession almost broke the record of the Great Depression. However, the U.S. economy after the recession years of 1981 -1982, after 1983 a dramatic robust recovery, this wave of economic growth also continued for several years until the end of Reagan's term of office had not yet stopped, a period in American history the longest economic expansion and rising unemployment in the original mid-1984 has been reduced to the number of early 1981, and in the next few years, also continued to decline.
At that time the majority of the House of Representatives by the Democratic Party, is opposed to Reagan so reduced social welfare and other domestic spending. Some critics argued that Reagan substantial bet that the budget policy of the military industry, in fact belong to the classical Keynesian economics, and that the ensuing economic growth is not caused by tax cuts, but the result of government spending substantially .
To address the budget deficit, the Reagan administration, a large number of domestic and foreign loans by the Treasury, to the Reagan second term, private debt has been held from 1980 to 26% of GDP, rose substantially to 41% in 1989, is since 1963 the highest record. In 1988, a total of 2.6 trillion USD in debt, foreign debt amounted to more than the domestic, the United States from the original into the world's largest creditor nation the world's largest borrowing countries.
Gay rights movement the Reagan administration was criticized for not promptly Department and others in the rise of HIV-AIDS at that time. The White House in October 1982 from the first discussion of this disease; Reagan in the 1985 press conference, the first public discussion of the Government Department in this disease measures.
Although Reagan's second term is the most significant diplomatic policy, but he also led a number of important domestic bills. In 1982, Reagan signed the bill to the 1965 Voting Rights Act (Voting Rights Act) to extend the 25-year period - even though the election campaign in 1980, he had opposed an extension. The bill protects the blind, the handicapped, and illiterate voting rights.
Reagan was the first advocate of communism will collapse the world's major leaders. In the March 3, 1983 he said: "I believe that communism is a sad and bizarre human history page - still in the last page." At that time the mainstream Western view of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union, a group of new coming generations, while the Western world must cooperate with them. But Reagan was advocating the Soviet Union is undergoing a severe economic crisis, he intends to cut through the exchange of the Soviet Union and Western technology to make this crisis to increase. That the Soviet Union, the worst was "contrary to the tide of human history, wipe away the freedom and dignity of its people."
U.S. scholars on the Cold War, the orthodox view is that these "As a free and democratic western countries continued status in the military, ideological and economic system power to maintain superiority, culminating in the surrender of the Soviet Union and the Cold War. These factors Communism revealed the illegal nature of the moral and highlighted its economic stagnation. "This view can be Republican (Ronald Reagan emphasized the role) and the Democratic Party (emphasis Truman, Kennedy, Johnson and Carter's long-Wai blocking policy) to accept. This view was widely accepted by Eastern European countries. For example, the Polish Solidarity leader Lech Walesa in 2004, it said: "When Ronald Reagan talked about, I have to talk to him my personal point of view, we have people in Poland are to us point to talk about him. Why? because we have given his freedom. "West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Kohl said:" His presence is the world's lucky. In Ronald Reagan called korba Geoff Berlin Wall collapsed 2 years after the Berlin Wall really down, but 11 months later, Germany will be unified. "Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern said:" President Reagan was a staunch communist insurgents, he play an important role in ending communism and the division of Europe after World War II, "later in 1989 became president of Czechoslovakia Vaclav Havel said:" He is a person who hold a firm principle, there is no doubt that he prompted the collapse of communism. "
The Reagan administration to "Only strength can be caused by the peace" in the name of the policy of large-scale arms expansion, the name is tough to control foreign policy, Theodore Roosevelt and his famous "soft-spoken, armed with sticks (meaning military strength) . " Reagan established the Government's new policy towards the Soviet Union won the Cold War as the ultimate goal, this strategy was named NSDD-32 (National Security Decisions Directive), this strategic plan outlines the Reagan against the Soviet Union in three fronts: economic - to reduce the Soviet Union for opportunities for high technology, and to reduce its resources, including down the Soviet Union in the world market of goods value; military - increased military spending the United States to consolidate the position in the negotiations on the United States and the Soviet Union forced the transfer of more economic resources to military purposes; and in secret - to support the worldwide anti-Soviet forces from Afghanistan's anti-Soviet guerrillas, to Poland's Solidarity trade union movement (which is also supported by George Soros and the Holy See). Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative proposed initiative, known as the "Star Wars" to the establishment of outer space-based missile defense network. This is often outside the United States as a threat, because it could offset the Soviet Union, the United States, "mutual assured destruction" capability - in theory would allow the United States launched the first strike nuclear war and survive the next Soviet counterattack; as experience might lose the status of the arms race in the balance as well as the strategic foundation of the world, the Soviet Union's leaders and people for the situation more and more frustrated. In October 1986 Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev met in Iceland, Gorbachev will be in the United States, eager to abolish this defense, but also offensive missile defense network. In the March 11, 1990, Lithuania's newly elected Vytautas Landsbergis (Vytautas Landsbergis) under the leadership of President declared independence from the Soviet Union, the rest of the Soviet state also declared independence in 1991, one after another, the Soviet Union was formal collapse. Margaret Thatcher this description: "The Reagan shot will not win the Cold War."
Reagan advocated a U.S. economic recovery; rapid computerized economy, high technology is the main force, but the Soviet Union lags far behind in this respect, even the high-tech South Korea has also gone beyond it, and every year backward . Reagan further against the U.S. and its allies against the Soviet Union out of high technology to the Soviet Union the situation even worse. A time when oil prices high, the output of this backwardness of the Soviet Union a lot of oil to cover, but this advantage in the early 1980s have been lost. To economic competition and the West is clearly the need for radical reforms, Gorbachev began the reform, he expects the new policy of openness (glasnost) and new thinking (perestroika) the Soviet economy can be re-revival, but Reform is not a solution, but create more resentment of the Soviet system. Reagan's massive arms build-up and his hard-line anti-Soviet statements, resulting in the Soviet Union in 1983, a routine NATO exercise (Able Archer 83) produced near panic, although the crisis of nuclear war ended quickly with the exercise subsided, but this exercise also shows that Reagan's tough stance may have negative consequences. Some historians such as Beth B. Fischer in his book The Reagan Reversal in favor of the crisis on Reagan's policies had far-reaching effects, making his attitude toward the Soviet Union from direct confrontation to rapprochement policy.
Reagan term support for right-wing government of El Salvador very controversial, because he feared civil war in El Salvador, FMLN could win. The war led to 75,000 deaths, 8,000 missing and 100 people homeless. But Reagan was originally guaranteed by the democratic electoral process was also part of success.
In 1980, the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war, the United States initially neutral, but it later became involved. Sometimes the United States to support both sides, but mainly to support Iraq because the United States that Iraqi President Hussein, the Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini than a threat to regional security was low. Kissinger indicated that the U.S. policy is "not allow any party to lose." If the United States fear Iran will be encouraged by the victory of the Arab countries, fundamentalist Islam, which may lead to the overthrow of secular government, thus jeopardizing the Western countries in local companies, such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Kuwait and other places. After the initial military victory in Iraq war situation began to reverse, Iran may win in 1982, the U.S. government then tried to cut off the Iranian regime to obtain weapons of opportunities (but later began shipping weapons to Iran and led to the Iran-Contra affair). The United States also provided many of Iraq's military regime on intelligence information and financial support. The U.S. government has allowed some to be used as biological weapons and chemical weapons, "military dual-use goods business," shipping to Iraq, Iraqi agriculture, medical research and civilian purposes in the name of importation of goods, he was Hussein for weapons of mass destruction program.
Vice President Bush and Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in New York City, 1988.
But he also reminds people of the United States as a defender of freedom of impressions and ideas. In his November 27, 1964 speech in which he will lecture topic named "a choice of time" (A Time for Choosing), re-introduction of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt's famous well-known words, "the fate of combined "(rendezvous with destiny). Other speech, he called America "a glorious hilltop city" (shining city on a hill), said the Americans as "generous, with good, bold and courageous, decent and honest" people and have a "dream goal hero of rights. "
Reagan's supporters and opponents noted he was "optimistic cheerful attitude", made him more than the previous popular president. If Jimmy Carter is often smile, but it is a serious smile. Reagan once said that: "the lessons of leadership are the same; to work hard to understand the truth, willing to listen and understand others, a strong sense of responsibility and command, and for the people you represent to make decisions . "
1 bullets hit Reagan in the armpit, only 1 inch away from the heart, Reagan also was able to escape. Surgery to the doctors when Reagan also joked: "I hope you are all Republicans." (Although the doctor is not, but he still replies Road, "we will support the Republican Party.") When the first lady Nancy Reagan arrive the hospital, Reagan Zeyi heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey (Jack Dempsey) when they were down to her famous jokes: "Honey, I forgot to hide the bullets."
* 1982 tax fairness and fiscal responsibility law (Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982)
* Goldwater - Nichols Department of Defense Reconstruction Act (Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986)
Position Name term
Secretary of State Alexander Haig (Alexander M. Haig) 1981-1982
James Baker (James A. Baker III) 1985-1988
法兰克卡鲁奇 (Frank C. Carlucci) 1987-1989
Richard Sandberg (Richard L. Thornburgh) 1988-1989
Donald Hodel (Donald P. Hodel) 1985-1989
Minister of Labour 雷蒙德唐纳 Man (Raymond J. Donovan) 1981-1985
Agriculture Minister 约翰鲁斯林布 Lake (John Rusling Block) 1981-1986
Macquarie Tehaikele (Margaret Heckler) 1983-1985
William Bennett (William J. Bennett) 1985-1988
Transport Minister Andrew Lewis (Andrew L. Lewis, Jr) 1981-1982
Energy Secretary James Edward (James B. Edwards) 1981-1982
Reagan nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court judges the following:
* Anthony Shigeliya (Antonin Scalia) - 1986
* Anthony Kennedy (Anthony M. Kennedy) - 1988
Reagan's personal charm that he can almost make any statements to the public to accept, therefore have the "Teflon President" (meaning non-stick pan, nothing sticks to him) nickname. Iran-Contra affair he denied his knowledge of the deal, but now kept in the Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger archives of the citation will show Reagan informed, this may violate the U.S. Constitution, but he brings public image is "a great, strong Reagan adventure to try to free the hostages in exchange for weapons." Reagan in December 1985 the president wrote a secret "investigation" to record the "arms-for-hostages" scheme. Reagan-era secret documents could have been open since 2001, but President George W. Bush signed a bill to make these documents will continue to be kept confidential indefinitely, making it impossible to know more information in this regard. Reagan's tenure as U.S. support for Nicaraguan terrorists were found guilty International Court of Justice (Nicaragua to the U.S. case), although the United Nations General Assembly resolution calls on the United States subject to judgments, but the U.S. never to pay reparations.
Scandal and controversy
Many other scandals in the Reagan's eight-year term also continue to occur. Reagan aide Michael Deaver and Lyn Nofziger was convicted because of lobbying.
Retirement
June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan passed away at home, died of pneumonia at the age of 93 years. His body is also open to the public viewing the remains of. The entire state funeral Village Longsheng large number of living of many U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state participated in the funeral. As Reagan was alive cool 爱吉利贝利 company produced jelly beans (Jelly Belly jelly beans), also put a small can in the pocket as he was buried.
Gallup did a poll who is the most popular U.S. president in the investigation. Ronald Reagan received 87% support the highest, followed by order of John F. Kennedy, Dwight Eisenhower, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Reagan the next year many of the polls continue to be selected to test the best U.S. presidents.
Time event recognition (%) is not recognized (%)
April 26, 1986 bombing of Libya 7026
No term average of 5739
Reagan is often referred to as "Gipper", comes from his Knute Rockne, All American one in the role played George Gipp, usually accompanied by the famous slogan "to win a ball for the Gipper!." Reagan also was young father nicknamed "Dutch". As president, Reagan's supporters praised his "great communicator" or the recent "great liberator" - referred to his policies led to the collapse of communism and the Cold War's end. His bodyguards had to give him the code name was "Rawhide". He is also known as "Teflon President" means the same as he is like Teflon, nothing sticks to him.
In the February 6, 1988, Washington International Airport renamed Ronald Reagan Washington International Airport. In 2003, its name of "Ronald Reagan No." full service carrier, which is the President of the United States for the first time to surviving aircraft carrier named after, but at the brink of the late President Ronald Reagan Alzheimer's disease I have no way of knowing all this. Many other highways, schools and organizations have to Ronald Reagan in the name. Ronald Reagan in 2005, was awarded two honors:
In 2002, Congress authorized the Reagan home in Dixon, Illinois, as a historical site preservation.
* In 1989, Reagan received an honorary British knighthood on the Bath Knight of Grand Cross of the Knight (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath). So that he can use the name of GCB, but because of his non-British nationals, and did not give him "Sir Ronald Reagan" in the title. So far only Reagan, Eisenhower, Bush made the glory of the three Americans.
Face coin
* Altered Statesman - Ronald Reagan (Taiwan Chinese translation: "difference for politicians: U.S. President Ronald Reagan," Discovery Channel, 2005)
* Great Speeches (2004 年 10 19)
* ABC News Presents - An American Legend (2004 年 7 13)
* Ronald Reagan - A Legacy Remembered (History Channel, 2002)
* American Experience - Reagan (1998 years)
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