美國重建和工業化  (1822年四月27日～1885年七月23日)

開端 終結 在位 1869年 1877年 

　　尤裏西斯·辛普森·格蘭特（Ulysses Simpson Grant；1822年4月27日－1885年7月23日），生於美國俄亥俄州一個小業主的家庭，為美國軍事傢、政治傢，第18任總統(1869年3月4日 – 1877年3月4日)。
　　
　　事跡
　　
　　1843年於西點軍校（陸軍軍官學校）畢業，並參加過美墨戰爭，1854年退役。內戰爆發後，格蘭特於伊利諾伊州加利納協助招募並訓練軍隊。先後擔任志願軍的團長、旅長，作戰於西部戰場。1862年2月率軍攻剋南軍的亨利堡及多納爾森堡，從此名聲大震，並升任少將。1862年4月在西羅之役（Battle of Shiloh）中擊敗並重創南軍。1863年4至7月率田納西軍隊迂回包抄密西西比河畔南軍最重要的堡壘維剋斯堡，經歷了外圍作戰和攻堅戰，最終迫使南軍投降，俘獲南軍3.1萬人。11月率部挫敗進攻查塔努加的南軍。
　　
　　1864年起被任命為南北戰爭聯邦軍總司令，同W.T. 謝爾曼製定東西戰綫協同作戰，分割殲敵的計劃劃。1864年5月率主力軍在弗吉尼亞同羅伯特·李率領的南軍主力决戰，並命令謝爾曼進攻佐治亞，南軍遭受重創。1865年4月2日攻剋南部同盟“首都”裏士滿，南軍被迫於4月9日在阿波馬托剋斯投降。
　　
　　在整個南北戰爭期間格蘭特的表現被視為富有政治膽識，意識到廢奴和黑人武裝的重要；善於整體把握戰爭，指揮堅决果斷，無惜代價地主動采取進攻來消滅敵方的有生力量，破壞了敵方的戰爭潛力。他為內戰北方的勝利作出了卓越的貢獻。
　　
　　1865年4月9日接受李將軍投降，內戰結束。1866年4月晉升陸軍上將。1867年8月至1868年1月任陸軍代理部長。1869年至1877年連任兩屆美國總統，他的總統任期政績平平，更因腐敗賄賂、對奴隸主的妥協而遭批評。
　　
　　格蘭特卸任後,於1877年5月偕妻開始環遊世界,曾到埃及參觀金字塔,在英國受到熱烈歡迎,直到1879年12月回到美國。1878年成為第一位到達日本和中國的美國總統，會見明治天皇，並與當時中國清朝軍機大臣李鴻章合照,李鴻章並且稱兩人是當代偉大的人。時值日本強迫琉球國王退位，設置“衝繩縣”將琉球並入日本版圖，中國總署大臣恭親王委請格蘭特為調人，格蘭特欣然同意前往日本調解此事。日本因此提出“分島改約案”，將宮古島以南諸島歸還琉球國，但未獲中國同意，最後不瞭瞭之。
　　
　　1881年,格蘭特的兒子巴剋(Buck)與瓦德(Ferdinand Ward)在華爾街成立“格蘭特與瓦德”公司,他被兒子說服參與投資,但因瓦德詐欺,“格蘭特與瓦德”公司於1884年倒閉,導致格蘭特的生活陷入貧睏。
　　
　　小知識
　　 * 在電影飆風戰警中的美國總統即是格蘭特
　　
　　著作
　　《U.S. 格蘭特的個人回憶錄》

　　Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant) (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was general-in-chief of the Union Army from 1864 to 1869 during the American Civil War and the 18th President of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
　　
　　The son of an Appalachian Ohio tanner, Grant entered the United States Military Academy at age 17. In 1846, three years after graduating, Grant served as a lieutenant in the Mexican–American War under Winfield Scott and future president Zachary Taylor. After the Mexican-American War concluded in 1848, Grant remained in the Army, but abruptly resigned in 1854. Struggling through the coming years as a real estate agent, a laborer, and a county engineer, Grant decided to join the Northern effort in the Civil War.
　　
　　Appointed brigadier general of volunteers in 1861 by President Abraham Lincoln, Grant claimed the first major Union victories of the war in 1862, capturing Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee. He was surprised by a Confederate attack at the Battle of Shiloh, and although he emerged victorious, the severe casualties prompted a public outcry that could have resulted in driving him from the army. Subsequently, however, Grant's 1863 victory at Vicksburg, following a long campaign with many initial setbacks, and his rescue of the besieged Union army at Chattanooga, established his reputation as Lincoln's most aggressive and successful general. Named lieutenant general and general-in-chief of the Army in 1864, Grant implemented a coordinated strategy of simultaneous attacks aimed at destroying the South's armies and its economy's ability to sustain its forces. In 1865, after mounting a successful war of attrition against his Confederate opponents, he accepted the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House.
　　
　　Popular due to the Union victory in the Civil War, Grant was elected President of the United States as a Republican in 1868 and was re-elected in 1872, the first President to serve for two full terms since Andrew Jackson 40 years before. As President, Grant led Reconstruction and built a powerful patronage-based Republican Party in the South, straining relations between the North and former Confederates. His administration was marred by scandal, sometimes the product of nepotism; the neologism Grantism was coined to describe political corruption.
　　
　　Grant left office in 1877 and embarked upon a two-year world tour. Unsuccessful in winning the nomination for a third term in 1880, left destitute by bad investments, and near the brink of death, Grant wrote his Memoirs, which were enormously successful among veterans, the public, and critics. However, in 1884, Grant learned that he was suffering from terminal throat cancer and, two days after completing his writing, he died at the age of 63. Presidential historians typically rank Grant in the lowest quartile of U.S. presidents for his tolerance of corruption, but in recent years his reputation has improved among some scholars impressed by his support for civil rights for African Americans.