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早年生涯
詹姆斯·布坎南於1791年4月23日出生於美國賓夕法尼亞州,父母親來自愛爾蘭,布坎南是傢中的長子。
1807年,布坎南就讀於狄更斯學院,攻讀法律。1810年又到蘭卡士特市跟隨詹姆斯·霍金斯學習法律。1812年,布坎南正式成為律師。
1814年,布坎南成為蘭卡士特郡的郡議員;1815年當選為賓州州議員,擔任議員期間他曾大力批評麥迪遜總統、國會和聯邦銀行,使他得罪了許多人。兩屆任期後,布坎南在父親影響下競選國會議員,但最終落選。
1819年,布坎南曾與安妮·柯爾曼訂婚,但因為女方父親反對和人們謠傳布坎南已有女友,這項婚約遂告吹。後來女方服藥過量而死亡,從此布坎南也終身未婚,成為美國歷史上唯一一位單身的總統。後人懷疑因布坎南有同性戀的傾嚮,而導致安妮悲憤而死。
1820年,布坎南代表聯邦黨當選衆議員。其後布坎南轉投民主黨,被傑剋遜總統任命為駐俄公使,在任期間他積極拓展美俄關係。1833年布坎南辭去駐俄大使之職,回國競選參議員,但不幸落敗。1834年,布坎南被遞補為參議員,並擔任此職達十一年之久。詹姆斯·波特當選總統後,布坎南出任國務卿,期間得剋薩斯共和國並入美國,墨西哥政府極為不滿,美墨戰爭遂爆發,以美國取得大勝收場。1848年,布坎南卸任國務卿。
總統任內
1856年,布坎南獲得民主黨提名,並當選為第十五任美國總統。
由於當時女性意識高漲,女性要求與男性享有同等受教育權利,故布坎南通過了一些保障男女平等的法案。1857年,由於一傢人壽保險公司突然宣佈破産,觸發各地銀行的擠兌風潮,全國陷入經濟恐慌,但布坎南政府卻不采取任何行動,使其政府聲望受損。
雖然布坎南有為南北和平作出努力,但南北衝突畢竟在他任內激化了。當林肯當選第十六屆總統而布坎南尚未卸任時,南卡羅來納州首先退出聯邦,隔一個月又有六個州退出。布坎南對這些州的脫離仍采用懷柔政策,導致全體閣員反對而集體呈辭。當布坎南離開白宮時,民主黨已一分為二,十一個允許奴隸製的州發動了叛亂,美國陷入了內戰。
A popular and experienced politician prior to his presidency, Buchanan represented Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives and later the Senate, and served as Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After turning down an offer for an appointment to the Supreme Court, he served as Minister to the United Kingdom under President Franklin Pierce, in which capacity he helped draft the inflammatory Ostend Manifesto, which suggested the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused to sell Cuba. The Ostend Manifesto was never acted upon and greatly damaged the Pierce administration.
Despite unsuccessfully seeking the Democratic presidential nomination several times, Buchanan's nomination in the election of 1856 was a compromise between the two sides of the slavery issue and occurred while he was away on business. His subsequent election was largely due to the even more divided state of the opposition. As President he was a "doughface", a Northerner with Southern sympathies who battled with Stephen A. Douglas for the control of the Democratic Party. Buchanan's efforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and as the Southern states declared their secession in the prologue to the American Civil War, Buchanan's opinion was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal; hence, he remained inactive. By the time he left office, popular opinion had turned against him, and the Democratic Party had split in two. His handling of the crisis preceding the Civil War has led to his consistent ranking by historians as one of the worst Presidents in American history.