měi guó xiàng xī kuò zhǎn  (1751niánsānyuè16rì～1836niánliùyuè28rì)

kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi 1809nián 1817nián 

　　 zhān mǔ shì · mài dí xùn （ JamesMadison， 1751 nián 3 yuè 16 rì － 1836 nián 6 yuè 28 rì）， měi guó dì sì rèn zǒng tǒng（ 1809 nián－ 1817 nián）。 tā shì zuì hòu yī wèi qù shì de měi guó kāi guó zhī fù。
　　
　　 tā yǔ yuē hàn · jié yī jí yà lì shān dà · hàn mì 'ěr dùn gòng tóng biān xiě《 lián bāng dǎng rén wén jí》， yì bèi yī xiē rén shì wéi “ měi guó xiàn fǎ zhī fù ”。
　　
　　 zuò wéi měi guó xiàn fǎ zhī fù， mài dí xùn duì xī fāng jī dū jiào de tǒng zhì jìn xíng liǎo jiē lù hé pī pàn：
　　
　　“ jī dū tú chuán jiào shì shí jì shàng duì wén míng shè huì yòu shénme yǐng xiǎng？ tā men zài xǔ duō qíng kuàng xià wéi hù bào zhèng。 méi yòu shì lì biǎo míng tā men céng zuò wéi mín zhòng zì yóu de bǎo hù rén。 xī wàng bō duó gōng zhòng zì yóu de tǒng zhì zhě fā xiàn yòu shén zhí rén yuán de fǔ zhù gèng jiā fāng biàn。 yī gè zhèng yì de zhèng fǔ， bèi shè lì lái huò qǔ hé bǎo wèi zì yóu， bù xū yào shén zhí rén yuán。”
　　
　　“ jī dū jiào zài guò qù shí wǔ gè shì jì zhōng cháng shì liǎo lì fǎ， jiēguǒ rú hé ní？ zài suǒ yòu dì fāng， huò duō huò shǎo dū cún zài shén zhí rén yuán de 'ào màn hé lǎn duò yǐ jí sú rén de wú zhī hé nú xìng； liǎng zhě dū tǐ xiàn liǎo mí xìn、 wán gù hé pò hài。”

　　James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. The first President to have served in the United States Congress, he was a leader in the 1st United States Congress, drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution (said to be based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights), and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to protect individual rights from the tyranny of the majority.
　　
　　As leader in the House of Representatives, Madison worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party (later called the Democratic-Republican Party) in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. He secretly co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.
　　
　　As Jefferson's Secretary of State (1801–1809), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and sponsored the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807. As president, he led the nation into the War of 1812 against Great Britain. During and after the war, Madison reversed many of his positions. By 1815, he supported the creation of the second National Bank, a strong military, and a high tariff to protect the new factories opened during the war.