美国向西扩展  (1751年3月16日～1836年6月28日)

开端 终结 在位 1809年 1817年 

　　詹姆士·麦迪逊（James Madison，1751年3月16日－1836年6月28日），美国第四任总统（1809年－1817年）。他是最后一位去世的美国开国之父。
　　
　　他与约翰·杰伊及亚历山大·汉密尔顿共同编写《联邦党人文集》，亦被一些人视为“美国宪法之父”。
　　
　　作为美国宪法之父，麦迪逊对西方基督教的统治进行了揭露和批判：
　　
　　 “基督徒传教士实际上对文明社会有什么影响？他们在许多情况下维护暴政。没有事例表明他们曾作为民众自由的保护人。希望剥夺公众自由的统治者发现有神职人员的辅助更加方便。一个正义的政府，被设立来获取和保卫自由，不需要神职人员。”
　　
　　 “基督教在过去十五个世纪中尝试了立法，结果如何呢？在所有地方，或多或少都存在神职人员的傲慢和懒惰以及俗人的无知和奴性；两者都体现了迷信、顽固和迫害。”

　　James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817), and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution", he was the principal author of the document. In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. The first President to have served in the United States Congress, he was a leader in the 1st United States Congress, drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution (said to be based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights), and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to protect individual rights from the tyranny of the majority.
　　
　　As leader in the House of Representatives, Madison worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party (later called the Democratic-Republican Party) in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. He secretly co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.
　　
　　As Jefferson's Secretary of State (1801–1809), Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and sponsored the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807. As president, he led the nation into the War of 1812 against Great Britain. During and after the war, Madison reversed many of his positions. By 1815, he supported the creation of the second National Bank, a strong military, and a high tariff to protect the new factories opened during the war.