孙吴 人物列表
孙坚 Sun Jian孙策 Sun Ce孙权 Sun Quan孙亮 Sun Liang
孙休 Sun Xiu孙和 Sun He孙皓 Sun Hao
孙亮 Sun Liang
孙吴  (243年260年)
姓:
名:
网笔号: 吴废帝
籍贯: 吴郡富春
陵墓: 定陵
开端终结
在位252年260年
建兴252年4月253年
五凤254年256年10月
太平256年10月258年10月

  年字:子明
  籍贯:吴郡富春
  生卒 243 — 260(18岁)
  家庭成员:父:孙权
  人物传记:孙权的第七子,吴国的第二代皇帝。他是个聪明的皇帝,看到孙綝专权,图谋杀之,但最终失败。帝位被废,沦为会稽王。
  历史评价:陈寿:孙亮童孺而无贤辅,其替位不终,必然之势也。
  魏文帝黄初二年(221年),孙权为吴王,立长子登为王太子。黄龙元年(229年),权称帝,都建业(今江苏南京市),登为皇太子。太子官属有诸葛恪、张休、顾谭、陈表等;宾客有谢景、范慎、刁玄等,“于是东宫号为多士”。登生母身份低贱,连其姓氏都末见于史册。孙权所爱王夫人生子和及霸,登常有让位于和之意。孙权赤乌四年(241年)登死。下一年,权立和为太子,不久,封霸为鲁王。权之爱霸,更甚于和,对霸的待遇,同太子没有什么两样。因此,和、霸不睦,大以也分为二部,比较正派的大臣如陆逊、诸葛恪、顾谭、朱据、屈晃、滕胤、施绩、丁密等维护太子,公主鲁班(孙权宠姬步夫人所生的长女,嫁给全综)、全综子寄、杨竺、吴安、孙奇等则想依靠鲁王捞取政治上的好处,所以拥戴霸而“诋毁大子”。一次,权得疾,谴太子到长沙恒王孙策庙祈祷,太子妃叔父家离庙很近.乃把太子请到家中。公主鲁班闻知,乃向孙权进谗,言太子不去庙祷告.却往妃家计议,于是和宠益衰,两派大臣的争斗也更厉害。孙权认为“子弟不睦,臣下分部……一人立者,安得不乱 ”。乃废太子和,赐鲁王霸死。另立所爱潘夫人幼子孙亮为太子。
  以上的事,不只是立谁为太子的问题,而是孙权统治集团内部矛盾复杂的反映。其中最突出的事例,可以拿陆逊同孙权的关系来说明。陆逊是跟随孙权时间较久、功劳很大的大臣,孙权早时把孙策之女嫁给了陆逊。吕蒙死后,陆逊成为抗拒魏、蜀二国的主要支柱。但孙权对陆逊的重用主要在军事方面,始终没有交给陆逊军政大权。最后权令逊代颐雍为丞相时,虽口头上说:“有超世之功者,必应光大之宠,怀文武之才者,必荷社稷之重”。但事实是:孙权不听从陆逊屡求保安太子、降昏王之谏.又相继流放陆逊外甥顾谭、顾承、姚信,诛亲近陆逊的吾縻。孙权更“累谴中使责让逊”,使逊“愤而至卒”。逼死了陆逊。
  孙权所以逼死陆逊,决不只是因逊维护太子的问题,主要症结在于权认为逊对其统治已构成威胁。根据当时情况,权所以疑忌和逼死逊,约有以下四个原因:
  (1)逊“世江东大族”,从祖康,庐江太守,康绩,郁林太守,绩从子绸,选曹尚书。逊族子凯,建武校尉,凯弟胤,交州刺史。陆绩外甥邵为丞相顾雍之子,任豫章太守。顾邵子谭为陆逊外甥,任左节度,加奉车都尉。谭弟承,奋威将军。逊外甥姚信,太常。可见逊家族姻亲甚为显赫,此为孙权忌逊原因之一。
  (2)吕蒙死后,逊一直镇守武昌,声望至隆。吴国权要,上自太子登,下至步骘、诸葛谨、潘睿、朱据等将相都与逊交好,特别是逊功高震主,为权所畏忌。到孙权统治的后期,三国疆域大致己确定,权对外攻虽不足,守则有余。即无逊,亦可划江自保,无何重大危险。所以仅只让逊做了几天丞相,就借立太子事,悄悄地逼死了他。
  (3)孙权为身后之计,怕嗣主驾驭不了逊,所以逊等越是拥戴太子和,孙权越疑惑不安。权在逼死逊之前,先剪除其亲党。以后孙权虽然立了幼子亮为太子,但挑选的首辅,却是资望较浅、社会关系比较单薄的侨居大族诸葛恪,就可以说明孙权是不愿从陆、顾等枝叶繁茂的江东大族中选择辅政者的。从史书记载上看,孙权于武多文少的吕蒙、凌统、朱然等死后,极为哀悼伤怀。可是他不仅逼逊致死,并且还追诘逊子抗。这不是由于猜忌逊,还是什么呢?
  (4)还有一个不易被人们发觉的因素,即逊为孙策之婿,权最初将策女嫁给逊时,当然是为了加强君臣间的关系,但当逊功高震主时,这门亲事便转化为双方关系的不利因素。权的江东基业本来是从兄策手中继承的,但权对策子并不与己子同样看待,陈寿即认为权对策子有亏待之处。寿在《孙策传》评曰:“割据江东,策之基兆也,而权尊崇未至,子止侯爵,于义俭矣”。孙盛还为此替权辩护,认为这样作.是为了“正名定本,使贵贱殊邈,然后国无陵肆之责,后嗣罔猜忌之嫌”。孙盛这种看法,是迂阔而不切合事实的。权既定孙和为太子,又给孙霸以过分的待遇,使之恕觊觎太子宝座,还谈得上什么“正名定本,使贵贱殊邈”呢?孙权诸子虽孩提亦封王,而策子却终身为侯,不是亏待是什么呢?这一点,连权本人也是不无内疚的。史言:“吴主寝疾,谴太子祷于长沙桓王庙”。权病了,不向其父武烈皇帝坚祷告,却偏向兄长祷告,正说明权内心隐处也觉得对不住创业的兄长,怕他怪罪,所以才有此举。权之猜防逊,不会与逊为策婿毫无关联。陈寿拿权与勾践相比,正是他识见高超之处。非深知权之为人,固不能道此。
  因此,我们可以概括为一句话,孙权与陆逊两人的矛盾乃是君主专制与权势大族矛盾的体现。孙吴统治集团内部各种矛盾和冲突的加剧、导致了吴国的衰落...
  其实孙亮非常聪明,观察和分析事物都非常深入细致,常常能使疑难事物得出正确的结论,为一般人所不及。
  一次,孙亮想要吃生梅子,就吩咐黄门官去库房把浸着蜂蜜的蜜汁梅取来。这个黄门官心术不正又心胸狭窄,是个喜欢记仇的小人。他和掌管库房的库吏素有嫌隙,平时两人见面经常口角。他怀恨在心,一直伺机报复,这次,可让他逮到机会了。他从库吏那里取了蜜汁梅后,悄悄找了几颗老鼠屎放了进去,然后才拿去给孙亮
  不出他所料,孙亮没吃几口就发现蜂蜜里面有老鼠屎,果然勃然大怒:“是谁这么大胆,竟敢欺到我的头上,简直反了!”心怀鬼胎的黄门官忙跪下奏道:“库吏一向不忠于职责,常常游手好闲,四处闲逛,一定是他的渎职才使老鼠屎掉进了蜂蜜里,既败坏主公的雅兴又有损您的健康,实在是罪不容恕,请您治他的罪,好好儿教训教训他!”
  孙亮马上将库吏召来审问鼠屎的情况,问他道:“刚才黄门官是不是从你那里取的蜜呢?”库吏早就吓得脸色惨白,他磕头如捣蒜,结结巴巴地回答说:“是……是的,但是我给他……的时候,里面……里面肯定没有鼠屎。”黄门官抢着说:“不对!库吏是在撒谎,鼠屎早就在蜜中了!”两人争执不下,都说自己说的是真话。
  侍中官刁玄和张邠(bin)出主意说:“既然黄门官和库吏争不出个结果,分不清到底是谁的罪责,不如把他们俩都关押起来,一起治罪。”
  孙亮略一沉思,微笑着说:“其实,要弄清楚鼠屎是谁放的这件事很简单,只要把老鼠屎剖开就可以了。”他叫人当着大家的面把鼠屎切开,大家仔细一看,只见鼠屎外面沾着一层蜂蜜,是湿润的,里面却是干燥的。孙亮笑着解释说:“如果鼠屎早就掉在蜜中,浸的时间长了,一定早湿透了。现在它却是内干外湿,很明显是黄门官刚放进去的,这样栽赃,实在是太不像话了!”
  这时的黄门官早吓昏了头,跪在地上如实交待了陷害库吏、欺君罔上的罪行。
  可见,我们对于形式复杂难以判断的事物只要全面分析、推理,开动脑筋想办法,不被表面现象所迷惑,不被事物的复杂性所吓倒,这样就能正确认识事物的现象和本质。
  
  继位
  
  孙亮是吴大帝孙权最小的儿子,所以最初他不是太子。然而,他的长兄孙登早年已经去世,而另一位兄长孙和则因被陷害而被废去太子之位,于是孙权便立孙亮为太子。
  
  孙权于252年去世,孙亮继位,时年八岁。
  
  在位期间
  
  早年大事
  
  孙亮即位时,由诸葛恪、滕胤、吕岱等人辅政。诸葛恪在孙亮继位后便出兵北伐,进攻魏国,但最后因瘟疫而失败。
  
  253年,吴国宗室孙峻发动政变,杀死诸葛恪。孙峻出任丞相。
  
  孙峻与孙綝专政
  
  孙峻的政权并不稳定。在他杀诸葛恪后,有多人想暗杀孙峻,但最后均事败被迫令自杀或处死。
  
  255年,孙峻带兵与魏国于淮河一带交战获胜,魏将文钦投降。次年,孙峻派遣吕据等将领进攻魏国,但孙峻在战争期间病逝,由从弟孙綝接掌权力。吕岱亦于是年去世。
  
  孙綝的继任引发了另一次政变。吕据、文钦等人要求封滕胤为丞相。孙綝没有理会他们的诉求,反而杀死滕胤和吕据。另一位将领王惇密谋杀死孙綝,亦事败被杀。
  
  废黜
  
  257年,孙亮亲政,但施政常被孙綝掣肘。孙亮认为孙綝造成了很大的祸害,于是推行多项措施 (如训练少年军) 以准备推翻他。
  
  同年,魏国的诸葛诞在寿春发动叛乱,把儿子诸葛靓送到吴国做人质。孙綝派兵协助诸葛诞但最终失败。一些参战的将领因为怕被孙綝杀死而投降了魏国。
  
  258年,孙綝发现孙亮想杀死自己,于是废孙亮为会稽王,改立孙休为帝。和孙亮一起策划政变的大臣都被孙綝杀死。
  
  孙亮之死
  
  260年,孙亮的封地会稽传出谣言,说孙亮将返回建业復辟;而孙亮的侍从亦声称孙亮在祭祀时口出恶言。
  
  经审判后,孙亮被贬为侯和流放,途中死去。据《三国志》记载,孙亮可能是自杀,也可能是被孙休派人毒死的。孙亮死时只有18岁。
  
  后妃:
  全惠解,全尚的女儿,253年立为皇后。


  Wei Wendi Huang first two years (221 years), Sun Quan as king, the eldest son of Deng as Li Dauphin. Huanglong first year (229 years), the right to Emperors, have Jianye (today in Nanjing, Jiangsu), registered for the crown prince. Prince Guanzhu have Zhuge Ke, Zhang Hugh, Gu Tan, Chen, etc.; guests have Xie Jing, Fan Shen, Xuan Diao, "Orient House was No. toast." Teng mother as inferior, and even its name are found in the annals of late. Sun Quan Mrs. Wang have children and love and gangsters, registration, and often give meaning. Sun Quan Chi Ukraine four years (241 years) board died. The next year, the right to establish and to Prince Edward, soon to Lu Wang Feng Pa. Rights sit-ins, even more in and, on the hegemony of the treatment, with the Prince is no different. Therefore, and, Pa discord, to also divided into two large, relatively decent as a minister of Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Ke, Gu Tan, David according to Qu Huang, Teng Yin, Shi Ji, such as maintenance of small dense crown prince, princess Luban ( Step born wife of Sun Quan's eldest daughter's favorites, married to all mechanized), all integrated sub-Send, Yang Zhu, Wu An, Sun Qi Lu Wang and so would like to rely on fish for political advantage, so support tyrants and "defamation of a large sub- . " Time, the right to get ill, condemned the Prince to the temple to pray Changsha Hang Wang Sun Ce, Crown Princess home from the temple close to his uncle. Prince Edward is to go home. Princess Luban heard about, is to the Sun Quan into slander, not to the temple made by Prince prayer. Princess House has to be reconsidered, and pets benefit so bad, the two factions struggle minister more powerful. Sun Quan that "the children of discord, the subjects as division ... ... one person is standing, An Debu chaos." Prince is a waste and, giving Lu Wang Pa death. Young children who are Aipan Fu separate light for the Prince.
  (4) There is also a factor not easily find people, that Johnson was Sun Ce of the husband, making women the right to marry Johnson initially, of course, is to strengthen the relationship between monarch and his subjects, but when the power of high seismic Lord Thomson, this door marriage will be transformed into the relationship of the adverse factors. Jiang Dongji industry had the right policy from the hands of brother inherited, but the child is not the right measures and a son, the same way, Chen Shou that the right measures that are ill-treated between children. Life in the "Sun Ce Biography" comments, saying: "separatism Koto, making the Henderson also, and the right to respect before the arrival, only son of the Marquis, on the meaning of thrifty carry on." Sun Sheng also do this for the right to defend that to do so. In order to "rectify the name the final version, so profound, something special, and then worn in traditional state responsibility, heirs without undue suspicion of the suspect." Sun Sheng this view, is Yukuo not meet the facts. Sun and for the established right of Prince Edward, gave Sun Pa to over-treatment, so sorry coveted the throne, Prince, also talk about what "name the final version, so, something special Miao" mean? Although childhood Scholars also champion Sun Quan, and making life for the child but Hou is not ill-treat what is it? Even the right to himself is not without guilt. History words: "Lord Qin Ji Wu, contingent Prince prayer at Changsha Huan Temple." The right to sick, not to his father, Emperor Wu Liehuang strong prayer, but prayer bias brother, is indicative of right heart felt apologies to hiding, entrepreneurship brother, fearing that he blamed, it would have. Right guess against Johnson, and Johnson will not be unrelated to policy-law. Take the right compared with the Gou Shou is superb between his knowledge and experience. Man rights of non-aware of, this solid can not Road.
  Therefore, we can be summarized as one word, the contradiction between the two Sun Quan and Wu Kingdom and the power of absolute monarchy but Han Conflicting. Sun Wu internal contradictions and conflicts intensified, leading to the decline of Wu ...
  253, Wu Guozong Room Sun Jun coup, killing Zhuge Ke. Sun Jun Ren Chengxiang out.
  255 years, Sun Jun soldier at war with Wei won in the Huaihe River area, Wen Qin Wei will surrender. The following year, Sun Jun sending generals such attacks, according to Lu Wei, but Sun Jun died during the war by Sun Chen took over power from the brother. Dai-have died then.
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