shén quán gòng shí zuòzhělièbiǎo
ā · 'ěrào 'ěr shìào mànā
ā
shén quán gòng shí   (598niánshíyuè23rì661niányuányuè28rì)
ā · běn · ā ·
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi656nián661nián

   ā · běn · ā · ā : عليّبنأبيطالب, yuē 598 nián 10 yuè 23 、 599 nián huò 600 nián 3 yuè 17 héng 661 nián 1 yuè 28 shì lán jiào chuàng shǐ rénxiān zhī hǎn shèngde táng zài 656 nián zhì 661 nián jiān tǒng zhì 'ā guóxùn pài lín shì ā wéi wèi shì zuì hòu wèi de zhèng tǒng shí pài lín shì ā wéi dài yòu shì ā hòu wéi hǎn de zhèng tǒng chéng zhě ā hòu dōushì hǎn shèng de chéng yuán lín shè huì yīn jiàn 'ér fēn chéng xùn shí liǎng pài
  
   duō liào xiǎn shìzài hǎn zài shì shí ā shì wéi chū shēng zài mài jiā shèng 'ěr bái de rén 'ěr bái shì lán zuì shén shèng de fāng ā de qīn shì 'ā · · běn · ā · ( AbuTalibibnAbdal-Muttalib), qīn shì · bīn · ā ( FatimabintAsad), dàn shì yóu hǎn jiā yǎng deér hǎn yóu shū shū 'ā · yǎng chéng réndāng hǎn shòu dào shì shí ā shì shǒu jiē shòu shén shì de jiāng shēng fèng xiàn gěi lán jiào
  
   hǎn chéng qián wǎng mài hòu jiǔ ā zhuī suí 'ér hǎn gào ā jīng jiē shòu liǎo zhēn zhù de zhǐ shìyào jiāng 'ér jià gěi ā hǎn zài mài lǐng dǎo qún zhòng de shí nián ā biǎo xiàn huó yuè lǐng dǎo zhàn shì zuò zhànyòu chuán sòng mìng lìng xìn ā jīhū cānyù liǎo suǒ yòu bǎo wèi lín shè huì de zhàn shì
  
   sān rèn 'ào màn · běn · ā fán bèi shā hòu ā bèi hǎn de tóng xíng zhě xuǎn wéi zài rèn nèi dào fǎn kàng nèi zhàn。 661 nián zài de qīng zhēn jìn xíng bài shí bèi shù tiān hòu shì shì
  
   zài lán wén huà ā yīn yǒng zhī shíxìn niànzhèng zhíduì lán jiào de fèng xiànduì hǎn de zhōng chéngpíng děng duì dài suǒ yòu lín duì rén de kuān róng 'ér shòu rén zūn jìngzài lán jīng zhù shì lán xué zōng jiào xiǎng shàng ā de ròu shēn cháng cún xiǔ ā zài jīhū suǒ yòu fēi jiào tuán de wèi chóng gāo de yǐng xiǎng guàn tōng zhěng lán jiào shǐ
  
   mài jiā
   chū shēng tóng nián
  
   ā de qīn 'ā · · běn · ā · shì 'ěr bái de guǎn yuánshì ( BanuHashim) de xiè shì lāi shí luò de fēn zhīā · · běn · ā · tóng shí shì hǎn de shū shū ā de qīn · bīn · ā shì de rén ā shì xīn zhī méi 'ěr de hòu
  
   duō de liào lái yuánbāo kuò shí pài de zhèng shí ā shì hǎn zài shì shí wéi zài mài jiā 'ěr bái chū shēng de rén qīn zài dài liǎo sān tiān guòyòu xiē lái yuán què zhēng lùn ā shì zài 'ěr bái wài chū shēngér shì zài 'ěr bái chuán hǎn jiāng ā bào zài shǒu shàng ā chū shēng hòu kàn jiàn de rén jiù shì hǎn hǎn wèitā mìng míng wéi ā zhǐ chóng gāo de
  
   hǎn ā de shuāng qīn guān qīn hǎn zài chéng wéi 'ér shī liǎo shā · běn · hòu ā de qīn shōu liǎo ā chū shēng zài hǎn yíng liǎo hǎi chè de liǎng zhì sān nián hòu ā zài zhì liù suì shímài jiā chéng nèi wài shēng huāngyǐng xiǎng liǎo ā qīn de jīng zhuàng kuàng ā qīn zhī chēng páng de jiā tíng hǎn suì jiāng ā dài dào de jiā yǎng
   jiē lán jiào
  
   ā rén shēng de 'èr jiē duàn shǐ 610 nián shí suì zhī líng xìn fèng lán jiàozhǐ 622 nián zhuī suí hǎn dào mài hǎn shōu dào shì hòunián jǐn shí suì de ā xiāng xìn bìng xìn yǎng lán jiàogēn běn · de quán wēi rén shì suǒ shuō ā shì wèi xìn fèng lán jiào de nán shǐ xué jiā bǎi chōng xiē guān zǎi 'ā · 'ěr de shuō zuò chū lèi shìde zhù zhāngrèn wéi ā shì wèi lín xiē shǐ xué jiā xué zhě rèn wéi ā shì wèi lín nán de shuō tài kàoyīn wéi dāng shí zhǐ shì nán tóng
  
   shí pài zhù zhāng ā zài xìn yǎng lán jiào qián méi yòu cānyù guò qián lán shí mài jiā de chuán tǒng zōng jiàozhè xiē chuán tǒng zōng jiào bèi lín shì wéi duō shén jiào jiàoyīn shí jiào rèn wéi bǎo cún liǎo zūn yánméi yòu zài de 'ǒu xiàng qián guì bàixùn pài duì chí tóng yàng de jiàn jiě
  
   ā xiàng de mài jiā rén mín yàng céng jīng shì 'ǒu xiàng de chóng bài zhěyīn 'ér duì lán de xìn yǎng bèi chēng wéigǎi xìn”( Conversion)。 céng xiē hǎn xiàng wéi suǒ zào de 'ǒu xiàngbìng zhì wèn rén men wèihé yào xiāng xìn chuàng zào chū lái de dōng ā de shā · běn · de xiē chéng yuán zài lán jiào chū xiàn zhī qián dōushì shén lùn xìn yǎng de zhuī suí zhě
   xìn fèng lán jiào hòu
  
   hǎn yòng liǎo sān nián shí jiān chuán jiàohòu lái gōng kāi chuán jiào lán jīng suǒ zài hǎn bèi zhēn zhù zhǐ shì yào yǐn dǎo qīn rén xìn yǎng lán jiào luò suì xìn fèng liǎo lán jiào
  
   bǎi xué zhě běn · 'ěrā · fěi suǒ shuō hǎn zài xiē bèi yāo qǐng de chǎng shàng chēngrèn bāng zhù chuán jiào de réndōu huì shì de xiōng de shòu tuō rén chéng zhědāng shí shí sān huò shí suì de ā yuàn bāng zhù hǎn chóngfù liǎo sān dàn zhǐ yòu ā huí yìng hǎn shì xuān ā shì de xiōng chéng rénrén mín cóng dāng shí zài chǎng de bāo kuò ā hǎn de shū ā · xiào shuō shùn cóng de 'ér yīn ā chéng wéi liǎo de 'āi 'ěrzhè bèi chēng zhī wéi gào jiè shèng xùn
  
   suī rán zài mài jiā jīng guò mài jiā rén hài lín bēi ā réng zhí zhī chí hǎn
   qiān zhì mài
  
  662 nián hǎn qiān zhì jīn mài )。 ā céng jīng mào xiǎn zhuāng zuò hǎn zài hǎn de chuáng shàng shuì mián cuò bài 'àn shā zhě de jìhuàràng hǎn 'ān quán wǎng mài táo shēnggēn xiē shèng xùn shǒu shī wén jìzǎi liǎo ā de shēng jīng shén:“ zài yún yún rén hǎi dāng zhōng fèng xiàn de shēng mìng lái huàn 'ān de kuān wèi。”
  
   ā zài gāi 'àn shā yīn móu xìng cúndàn wèile zhí xíng hǎn de zhǐ shì 'ér zài fàn xiǎn:“ guī hái suǒ yòu tuō gěi hǎn de qiē cái chǎn suǒ yòu rén”。 ā de qīn hǎn de 'ér lìng wài liǎng míng rén gǎn wǎng mài
   mài
   hǎn shí dài
  
   ā zài zhì mài shí nián yuē 22 zhì 23 suì hǎn zài huǒ bàn dāng zhōng tiǎo xuǎn chū xiē rén chéng wéi de shǒu ā shì zhōng yuán
  
   hǎn zài mài de shí nián ā zuò wéi de shǒu dài rén biǎo xiàn huó yuèyòu zài jūn zhōng rèn zhízài zhàn shì jīng cháng dài lǐng zhàn shì chōng fēng xiàn zhènchuán xìn mìng lìng ā shì hǎn xià de jiāng jūnyòu shì de zài lín shè huì jiàn liǎo dòng yáo de quán wēi
   jiā tíng
  1989 nián de ā huà xiàng
  
   zài 623 nián hǎn xiàng ā shuōzhēn zhù mìng lìng jiāng 'ér pèijǐ ā hǎn duì shuō:“ jīng jiāng pèijǐ jiā zuì 'ài de rén”。 ā de jiā tíng bèi hǎn shí cháng zhù zàn měi hǎn zài xiē chǎng zōng jiào dào biàn lùn huì děng chēng men shì shèng men zài lán jīng bèi duō zàn měi
  
   ā hǎn de gòng yòu míng hái men de liǎng míng 'ér sāng hóu sài yīn bèi hǎn yǐn wèitā de nán xìng hòu shòu jiān nài qīng nián de lǐng xiù”( jiān nài zhǐ tiān guóde chēng hào
  
   men zhǐ guò zhù jiān xīn de jiǎn dān shēng huózòng guān men de shēng píng ā méi yòu lěi cái shēng huó pín kùn ā shì wèi yùn shuǐ shuǐ gōng rén shì wèi de yán gōng rén men jiā jīng cháng dōuméi yòu chǔ liángyòu tiān duì ā shuō:“ huì zhí dào de shuāng shǒu cháng mǎn shuǐ pào。” ā huí yìng dào:“ huì zhí shuǐzhí zhì xiōng kǒu téng tòng。”
  
   ā de guān zhí wéi chí dào shìsuī rán duō shì bèi yǔn de ā zài zài shēng shí què méi yòu yíng rén men de hūn yīn duì suǒ yòu lín lái shuō yòu shū de yīn wéi zhè shì hǎn shēn biān shén shèng rén de hūn yīn shì hòu ā cái yíng rén bìng shēng xià liǎo de hái
   zhàn
   'ā shū xiě zhe:“ méi yòu rèn qīng zhuàng ā gèng yīng yǒngméi yòu rèn dāo jiàn zuǒ fěi 'ěr ā de pèi jiàngèng fēng 。”
  
   chú liǎo zhàn wài ā cānyù liǎo suǒ yòu wéi lán 'ér zhàn de zhàn zhēng zhàn zài zhè xiē zhàn chú liǎo zuò wéi shǒu wàihái dài lǐng zhàn shì chōng fēng xiàn zhèn
  
   zài 624 nián de bài 'ěr zhàn ā shǒu zhàn shì de shēnfèn zuò zhàn bài liǎo wáng cháo de · běn · xiē lín de chuán shuō suǒ shù ā zài shì shā liǎo 'èr shí zhì sān shí míng rén fēn rèn wéi shā liǎo 'èr shí rén
  
   ā zài zhàn chǎng shàng shǐ yòng míng wéi zuǒ fěi 'ěr( Zulfiqar) de fēn chā jiàn zài hóu zhàn biǎo xiàn chūzài fēn lín jūn duì zhàn bài táo wáng hòu ā bǎo zhe hǎn yīn 'ér yòuméi yòu rèn qīng zhuàng ā gèng yīng yǒngméi yòu rèn dāo jiàn zuǒ fěi 'ěr gèng fēng zhī shuō ā zài hǎi bài 'ěr zhàn shì lín jūn duì de zhǐ huī guān hòu hǎn jiāngān de xióng shīde chēng hào ā zài 630 nián de hóu nǎi zhī zhàn tóng yàng bǎo zhe hǎn
   lán jiào de shǐ mìng
  
   hǎn zhǐ dìng ā wéi lán jīng de zhōng míng zuò zhě lán jīng shì zài guò 'èr shí nián yóu zhēn zhù xiàng hǎn shì de lán jiào kāi shǐ xiàng zhěng 'ā kuò sàn kāi ā xié zhù zhì dìng lán jiào de jiào lìng yòu shòu mìng dìng hóu dài yuē( TreatyofHudaybiyyah), zhè shì 628 nián hǎn lāi shí qiān dìng de yuē ā shēn shòu hǎn xìn làicháng wéi hǎn chuán xùn zhǐ lìng。 630 nián ā zài mài jiā de cháo shèng xíng huì shàng sòng liǎo lán jīng de fēn fēn xuān liǎo hǎn lín shè huì zài shòu zǎo qián 'ā duō shén jiào qiān dìng de méng yuē yuē shùzài 630 nián zhēng mài jiā shí hǎn yào ā bǎo zhèng zhè guò chéng yào bīng xuè rènyòu mìng lìng ā yào suǒ yòu 'ào tài děng luò de 'ǒu xiànghái yào jìng huà bèi méng mèi shí dài duō shén jiào suǒ rǎn de 'ěr bái nián ā qián wǎng mén chuán jiào hái jiě jué liǎo duō luò de fēn zhēng zhì liǎo duō luò
   zōng jiào biàn lùn
  
   gēn shèng xùnzài 631 nián lái nài lán ( Najran, jīn mén běi fēn shǔ shā 'ā suǒ yòude 'ā shǐ tuán huì jiàn hǎn gēn biàn lùn jiào lán jiào yòu guān de jiào tàn tǎo fāng zài zhēng xiān zhī 'ěr shì shàng 'ér de wèn shàng chū cuò lán jiào rèn wéi 'ěr wèi shì shàng de 'ér :“ ěr què shì xiàng 'ā dān yàng de yòng chuàng zào 'ā dān …”, hǎn shuō men yìngzhào men de hái men de men de men de shēn men de shēnrán hòu ràng men dǎo zhēn zhù jué shuō huǎng de rén”。 hǎn wèile zhèng míng shì xiān zhī xié tóng ā sūn 'ér sāng hóu sài yīn bài jiàn shǐ tuányòu wéi de jiā rén shàng dǒu péng lán zhé xué xiǎng jiā 'ā méi · bài bèi( AllamehTabatabaei) zài zàn jīng zhù》( Tafsiral-Mizan) dào jīng wén de menshì zhǐ hǎn ā yòu yǐn shù rèn shí pài ā · ( Aliar-Ridha) 'ā wáng cháo méng de tǎo lùnyǐn zhèng hǎn de hòu bèi jiào lín yōu xiù zhèng míng 'ān shǐ ā hǎn de běn xìng xiāng ā yīn 'ér yīngyǒu de chéng quán
   gài 'ěr
  
   hǎn zài 632 nián cháo huí lái hòu jiù yòu guān ā chéng wéi de chéng rén de shuō yǐn liǎo xùn pài shí pài de zhēng dāng shí hǎn zài gài 'ěr tíng zhǐ qián jìn liǎo fǎn dāng zhōng de cháo shèng zhě bìng biǎo jiǎng huà
  “ xìn zhòng men shì cháng rén cóng zhēn zhù chù jiē shòu liǎo shì bìng jiāng huì méng shòu 'ān de zhào huàn huì liú xià liǎng jiàn zhòng yào de shì gěi men shì zhēn zhù 'ān zhī shū huì yǐn dǎo men mài xiàng guāng míng men yīnggāi láo láo 'ān zhī shū fàng zài huái shí xìn fèng …… 'èr shì shèng de chéng yuán zài xǐng men yào xíng duì men de 。 ”
  
   shí pài xùn pài rèn tóng hǎn de zhè duàn jiǎng huàdàn men zài jiě shuō shàng què chū xiàn chā
  
   xiē xùn pài shí pài de liào zhǐ chū hǎn zài yǎn shuō yòu ràng ā zhàn zài de shēn biānbìng zhe de shǒu gāo shuō dào
  “ shì suǒ yòu xìn fèng zhě de máo ā shì。 ”
  
   shí pài rèn wéi zhè shēng míng zhèng shì rèn mìng ā zuò wéi hǎn de chéng rén dài xùn pài rèn wéi zhè zhǐ shì hǎn biǎo ā de qīn guān duì táng zài shì hòu chéng dān jiā de wàng duō fēi zhù zhě jiě shì wéi hǎn jiāng de zōng jiào quán zhuǎn gěi ā men shì ā wéi zhī zhě)。
  
   ā zhè shèng xùn wéi zài hòu lái jiān chí de zōng jiào quán 'ā · 'ěr 'ōu mài 'ěr · běn ·
   hǎn de chéng quán
   shí shì 'ào màn shū xiě chéng de jìng xiàng shū xiězhǐ ā shì zhēn zhù de dài rén”。
  
   hǎn zài hòu bàn shēng jiāng 'ā luò zhěng wéi dān de lín zōng jiào zhèng hǎn zài 632 nián shì shìyǐn liǎo chéng lín lǐng xiù de zhēng ā hǎn de jiā rén jiāng hǎn de jìng zhǔn bèi xià zàngtóng shí zài xiē lín cānyù de sài huì shàng wèi hǎn de qīn huǒ bàn míng 'ā · 'ěr wéi lín shè huì de lǐng xiù réndōu fēn fēn ā · 'ěr shì chéng wéi shǒu rèn xiē hǎn de huǒ bàn zhēng lùn ā zǎo bèi hǎn zhǐ dìng wéi chéng rén
  
   zài 'ā · 'ěr dāng xuǎn wéi hòu 'ōu mài 'ěr xiē tóng huǒ lái dào de fáng huò ā zhī chí zhě de xuān shì xiào zhōngyòu liào chū 'ōu mài 'ěr céng wēi xié yào fàng huǒ lái shǐ men chū lái xiàng 'ā · 'ěr xiào zhōngōu mài 'ěr hòu lái guǒ rán diǎn rán fáng bìng bèi fén huǐ de mén tuī xiàng ā jiàn zhuàng hòu jiàn 'ér chūdàn xùn bèi 'ōu mài 'ěr tóng bàn bàn dǎojiàn bèi duó dòng biǎo shì huìzhǎn de tóu ”( ā xìng zhǐ huì zài zuì wēi de qíng kuàng xià cái huì zhǎn lòutóu ), ā · 'ěr dòng róng bìng chè zǒu shuō ā dāng shí céng shuō guǒ yòu shí rén zhàn zài de shēn biān huì zuò chū kàngā · 'ěr chéng wéi chéng shì shí ā jiān chí huì zài zài shēng shí xiàng 'ā · 'ěr zuò chū xiào zhōng shì yán ā méi yòu gāo diào zhù zhāng de quán yīn wéi yuàn kàn dào lín shè huì de nèi dǒu
  
   zhè shì jiàn shǐ lín fēn liè chéng xùn pài shí pài liǎng zhèn yíngxùn pài zhù zhāng hǎn cóng lái méi yòu zhǐ dìng chéng rénā · 'ěr shì lín xuǎn chū lái de rèn bìng chéng rèn shì hǎn de zhèng tǒng chéng zhěshí pài xiāng xìn hǎn zài gài 'ěr míng què zhǐ míng ā shì de chéng zhě lín de lǐng dǎo quán yìng guī ā suǒ yòuzhè shì zhēn zhù de zhǐ
  
   xùn pài shí pài jiù ā duì 'ā · 'ěr lìng wài liǎng míng chéng rén 'ōu mài 'ěr 'ào màn · běn · ā fán de tài shàng cún zài fēn xùn pài rèn wéi ā yìng jiē shòu zhī chí men de tǒng zhìshí pài shuō ā jīng men bǎo chí zhuān zhù xíng hǎn de zōng jiào zhìxùn pài yòu zhǐ chū guǒ ā shì zhēn zhù shòu mìng de zhèng tǒng chéng rén yìng lǐng dǎo lín mín duì menā · 'ěrōu mài 'ěr 'ōu mài 'ěr), zhí dào luò shí de shǐ mìngér shí pài jiù zhēng lùn ā méi yòu xiàng 'ā · 'ěr děng rén kàng zhēngshì yīn wéi ā méi yòu jūn shì liàng zài shǒu guǒ zhēn de xiàng men kàng zhēng lín jiāng huì bào nèi zhànér ā xiāng xìn yào tòu guò dǒu zhēng lái xíng mùdì juésè
  
   yīn hǎn yòu qīn de guān jiāo qīn yōng yòu lán jiào de zhī shízài jiā shàng de gōng biāo bǐng ā duì de zhèng tǒng xìng lìng rén xìn xiàng 'ā · 'ěr biǎo shì yán chí liǎo biǎo xiào zhōng shì yán shì yīn wéi duì de quán cún yòu xìn niàn shǐ ā zuì zhōng xiàng 'ā · 'ěrōu mài 'ěr 'ào màn biǎo shì xiào zhōng shí méi yòu gǎi biàn de xìn niàn zhè me zuò zhǐ shì wèile lán jiào de wán zhěng tǒng dāng shí yòu duō de lín 'ér
  
   gēn shǐ jìzǎi ā réng zhù zhāng de quán shuō
  “ gǎn xiàng zhēn zhù shìā · zhī dìng zhī dào de shēn fèn yòu suǒ guān lián jiù zhèng zhóu xīn fěn de guān …… zhōng zhǐ liǎo de duì bìng shǐ zhī bǎo chí …… ”
   chǎn chéng
  
   hǎn shì shì hòu de 'ér yào qiú 'ā · 'ěr jiāo hái shǔ men de cái chǎn fěi ( Fadak) hǎi bài 'ěr( Khaybar) zhōudàn zāo dào 'ā · 'ěr jué gào xiān zhī méi yòu rèn cái chǎnfěi shì shǔ lín deā · 'ěr yòu duì shuō:“ ān de shǐ shuō men méi yòu chéng rén men liú xià de zhǐ yòu shīshěā · 'ěr yào zhèng míng de shuō ā · ài màn zhèng shí hǎn jiāng zhè xiē cái chǎn shòu gǎn dào nǎo zài gēn 'ā · 'ěr tán huà zhè zhǒng tài zhí wéi chí zhì shì
  
   shì hòu ā zài 'ōu mài 'ěr shí xiǎng suǒ huí de chǎndàn bèi tóng yàng de yóu jué chéng 'ā · 'ěr de 'ōu mài 'ěr jiāng men zài mài de dòng chǎn jiāo hái gěi 'ā · běn · ā - · běn · ā ér fěi hǎi bài 'ěr de cái chǎn rán shì guó jiā cái chǎn
   hǎn shì shì hòu
  
   zài 632 nián hǎn shì shì zhì 'ào màn · běn · ā fán zài 656 nián bèi shā jiān ā méi yòu cānyù guò rèn de zhàn méi yòu dān dāng rèn de zhí zài de shì hòu méi yòu zài cānyù zhèng zhì shì zhuān zhù cìhou jiā rénchéng wéi míng nóng ā zài mài jìn kāi liǎo duō de shuǐ jǐng jiàn zào yuán língōng gōng zhòng shǐ yòngzhè xiē shuǐ jǐng zài xiàn jīn bèi chēng wéi ā zhī jǐng
  
   hǎn shì shì liù yuè hòu ā biān pái liǎo lán jīng de dìng běnchēng wéi ( Mus'haf)。 dìng běn wán chéng hòu yóu luò tuó yùn wǎng mài de mài de mín zhòng shǒu shàngzhè de shí tóng 'ào màn · běn · ā fán shí huì 'ér chéng de bǎn běnsuī rán yòu xiē mín zhòng jiē shòu ā suǒ biān de dàn ā bìng fǎn duì biāo zhǔn huà de
   ā zhèng tǒng
  
   ā zhí méi yòu xiàng 'ā · 'ěr xuān shì xiào zhōngzhí dào de shì shì cān jiā liǎo 'ā · 'ěr de zàng bìng méi yòu cānyù zhàn zhēng
  
   ā xiàng 'ōu mài 'ěr · běn · xuān shì xiào zhōngchéng wéi 'ōu mài 'ěr kào de wènōu mài 'ěr zhòng ā wěi rèn wéi mài de shěn pàn cháng ā jiàn 'ōu mài 'ěr wéi lán de kāi duānōu mài 'ěr kǎo liǎo dāng zhōng de zhèng zhì zōng jiào yīn hòu jiē liǎo jiàn
  
   ōu mài 'ěr yòu zhǐ dìng ā wéi sān rèn xuǎn huì de chéng yuán ā shì liǎng míng zhù yào hòu xuǎn rén de zhōng réndàn xuǎn 'ān pái duì 'ā · běn · 'ā · màn · běn · ào yòu xuè yuán guān ér 'ào màn shì 'ā · màn de lián jīnsuǒ liǎng rén rán qīng xiàng zhī chí 'ào mànōu mài 'ěr tóu piào zhī chí 'ào mànā · màn xiàng ā kāi chū tiáo jiànyào ā lán jīng hǎn de gōng xíng qián liǎng wèi suǒ jiàn de guàn tǒng zhì cái zhī chí ā chéng wéi ā jué liǎo kāi chū de sān tiáo jiànào màn jiē liǎo zhè xiē tiáo jiàn zhāng zhī dào píng zhùsuǒ shuō ā dāng shí qiáng diào liǎo zài lán jiào de zhòng yào xìngdàn fēn de xuǎn réndōu zhī chí 'ào màn ā zhǐ jiē shòu
   wéi gōng 'ào màn
  
   ào màn · běn · ā fán duì qīn 'ā shā guò kuān róngjiā shàng bèi rèn wéi duì dài zuì zǎo de huǒ bàn 'ā · 'ěr · ( AbuDharral-Ghifari)、 ā · běn · mǎi 'ōu ( AbdAllahibnMas'ud) 'ā 'ěr · běn · 'ěr( AmmaribnYasir), yǐn rén men de fèn kǎi mǎn qíng fǎn kàng zài 650 nián zhì 651 nián jiān guó de fēn xiànduì de zhèng quán zhèng de mǎn zài 'ā bàn dǎo nèi wài màn yánào màn de qīn shǔ bié shì mài 'ěr wàng shì zhǎng quán hòu xiē jiào wéi zhù míng de huǒ bànbāo kuò xuǎn huì de chéng yuán zhuǎn 'ér zài zhī chíshèn huò fǎn duì 'ào màn duì shī jiā shì gǎi biàn de xíng shì fāng shì jiǎn ruò qīn shǔ de yǐng xiǎng
  
   shí ā méi yòu zhí jiē fǎn duì 'ào mànér shì liǎo zhì de zuò yòng duō biǎo shì tóng 'ào màn duì guī dìng de yùn yòngbìng céng jīng gōng kāi duì 'ā · 'ěr · de tóng qíng zhī chí 'ā 'ěr · běn · 'ěr xiàng 'ào màn zhuǎn liǎo huǒ bàn men de píngbìng dài biǎo 'ào màn zuò wéi cuō shāng zhě xiē fāng fǎn duì zhě jìn xíng jiāo shè ā 'ào màn jiā yīn shì 'ér chǎn shēng cāi
  
   shǐ xué jiā duì ā 'ào màn de guān cún yòu zhēng suī rán ā xiàng 'ào màn xuān shì xiào zhōngdàn duì 'ào màn de xiē zhèng cún yòu bié shì zài zōng jiào shàng de jiàn 'ào màn xiāng zuǒ jiān chí zài xiē qíng kuàng xiàzōng jiào xíng yào zhí xíng 'ōu bài · ā · běn · ōu mài 'ěr · běn · ào zài 650 nián cháo jìn jiān ā zài 'ào màn miàn qián zhǐ gēnggǎi liǎo bài shìào màn chēng huì yòng rèn zài xìn yǎng shàng suǒ de dōng ā jīng zài zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xià yìng shòu dào zhì zhǐ ā jié bǎo huǒ bàn miǎn shòu dài 'ā · běn · mǎi 'ōu yīn xiē shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi ā shǐ shì zuì zhù yào de fǎn duì zhě shì 'ào màn fǎn duì zhě de zhōng zhù yào rén yīn wéi ā shì 'ào màn dǎo tái de zuì zhě lán xué zhě wéi 'ěr · lóng( WilferdMadelung) tóng men de guān diǎn rèn wéi ā shí shàng dào lāi shí luò zhī chí chéng wéi zài zhě méi yòu zhèng zhèng míng ā xiē zhī chí de 'ào màn fǎn duì zhě yòu qīn de guān huò zhèng míng ā yǐn dǎo menlìng xiē liào shuō ā tòu guò zhì yuēér shì zhí jiē fǎn duì lái huī yǐng xiǎng lóng yǐn shù mài 'ěr wàng shì duì ā de sūn 'ér zǎi yīn · ā dīng( Zaynal-Abidin) suǒ shuō de huà
  “ duì zhù de tài méi yòu rénzài lán míng rén dāng zhōng de gèng wēn 。 ”
  
   ā guó zài shí tóng jiē duàn shí de lǐng ā guó shí kòng zhì 'ā guó yōng 656 nián zhì 661 nián nèi zhàn shí 'ā wēi shì kòng zhì 658 nián zhì 661 nián nèi zhàn shí 'ā 'ěr · běn · ā kòng zhì
   dāng xuǎn
  
   ā zài 656 nián zhì 661 nián jiān chū rèn zhè shì lán jiào shǐ zuì dòng dàng de shí zhī lán nèi zhàn lái gài kuò
  
   ào màn bèi shā wèi zhe fǎn duì zhě xuǎn chū xīn rèn de fǎn duì zhě fēn chéng duō zhèn yíngdāng zhōng bāo kuò qiān shì shìāi rén fèi rén shì rénsān míng hòu xuǎn rén fēn bié shì ā tuō ( TalhaibnUbayd-Allah) bái 'ěr( Zubayribnal-Awwam)。 fǎn duì zhě jiē chù ā yào qiú jiē shòu zhī wèi xiē hǎn de tóng bàn cháng shì shuō ā jiē shòu zhí wèidàn jué liǎo zhè qǐng qiúrèn wéi yìng dān dāng wènér shì shǒu cháng
  
   tuō bái 'ěr de huǒ bàn jué liǎo fǎn duì zhě de fǎn duì zhě jǐng gàomài de mín yào zài tiān nèi xuǎn chū fǒu men jiāng huì cǎi gèng liè de xíng dòngwéi qiú jiāng lín zài 656 nián 6 yuè 8 zài mài shèng ( Al-Masjidal-Nabawi) wěi rèn ā chū réng yuàn jiē shòuyīn wéi zuì yòu de zhī chí zhě dōushì pàn luàn fèn dàn dāng de huǒ bàn mài de mín biǎo tài cuī jiē shòu shí cái jiē shǐ xué jiā 'ā · ( AbuMekhnaf) yǐn shùtuō shì xiàng ā shì xiào zhōng de huǒ bànlìng xiē yǐn shù rèn wéi men shì bèi xiàng ā xuān shì xiào zhōng detuō bái 'ěr dōushì qíng yuàn zhī chí ā chì zhè zhǒng shuō qiáng diào men shì yuàn chéng rèn wéi wéi 'ěr · lóng rèn wéi ā méi yòu shǐ rén men yào xiàng xuān shì men shì zài qīng zhēn gōng kāi xuān shì de
  
   jué duō shù de mài mín pàn luàn zhě xiàng ā xuān shìyòu xiē zhòng yào de luò rén méi yòu zhè yàng zuòào màn de qīn táo dào lěi fàn jué chéng rèn ā shì zhèng tǒng de 'ā · běn · zài chǎngā · ā · běn · ōu mài 'ěr( `AbdAllahibn`Umar) méi yòu xuān shìdàn liǎng rén xiàng ā bǎo zhèng men huì duì kàng
   de tǒng zhì
  
   ā qiān shè zài nèi de zhēng zhí bǎo cún zài xiē zōng pài shǐ liào zhè xiē liào wǎng wǎng cún yòu piān jiàn guòshǐ liào lái yuán biàn tóng ā shì qián chéng de rénxiàn shēn lán jiào de shì lán jīng shèng xíng 'ér lái de guī yīn suǒ de zōng jiào zhí rán xiàng fàn cuò de lín kāi zhànzhè xiē shǐ liào liàng jìzǎi liǎo de yán zūn shǒu zōng jiào zhí xíng shì gōng zhèngyòu xiē rén rèn wéi quē zhèng zhì shǒu wàn líng huó xìng
  
   zài ā dāng xuǎn wéi zhī qiánhàn zhì děng de shì wěn ā lǐng dǎo de 'ā guó jiànglǐng kuò zhāngjiāng zuì shí zhì 'āi dōng lǎng gāo yuán ā shàng rèn hòu chè zǒu liǎo 'ào màn wěi rèn de fāng guān yuán kào de zhù shǒu ā de wèn · běn · shū ( MughiraibnShu'ba) 'ā · běn · ā ( `AbdAllahibn`Abbas) quàn shuō ā yào jǐn shèn tǒng zhì ā cóng lóng rèn wéi ā duì de quán zōng jiào shǐ mìng shēn xìn yuàn yīn zhèng zhì shàng de quán zhī 'ér tuǒ xié jīng zhǔn bèi xiē yòu dǎo xìng yōu shì de rén zuò zhànào màn de qīn shǔ 'ā wéi shì lěi fàn de tǒng zhì zhě jué zhí xíng ā de mìng lìng
  
   ā chéng wéi hòu xiàng mài de qún zhòng shuō lín zhèng shòu jìn jiū fēn de zhé xiǎng qīng suǒ yòu xié 'è qǐng qiú quán rén mín de yán xíng yào xiàng zhēn zhèng de línbìng jǐng gào huì róng rěn shān dòng pàn luàn bèi dìng zuì de pàn luàn fènzǐ ā shōu huí liǎo 'ào màn fēng zèng de bìng shì yán huì shōu huí suǒ yòu zài xuǎn qián fēng zèng de ā fǎn duì shǒu zhōng yāng quán kòng zhì fāng de cái zhèng shōu zàn chéng suǒ shōu de shuì xiàng zhàn pǐn píng děng fēn gěi fāngyòu huì men fēn xiǎng guó de shōu ā jǐn shèn huí qún dài guān bāo kuò de xiōng cháng 'ā 'ěr · běn · ā · ( AqeelibnAbiTalib)。 zhè xiē dōushì ā de lín píng děng duì dài zhèng huí kuì lín zài zǎo nián wéi lán jiào tóu shēn zhàn chǎng shàng de gōng
  
   zài shì zhàn hòu ā jiàn liǎo guǎng fàn de lián méngshuì shōu zhàn pǐn píng jūn fēn pèi de zhèng dào hǎn huǒ bàn de zhī chí bié shì shì shì men zài hǎn shì hòu yóu lāi shí lǐng dǎo men men zhèng zài xún qiú lán zōng jiào de lǐng dǎozhè duō yàng xìng de lián méng jiàn shì yóu ā de lǐng xiù zhìzhè lián méng bèi chēng wéishí ā ”, zhǐ ā de dǎng pài”。 guò ā zài chéng wéi hòu fēn zhī chí de réndōu shì zhèng zhì yīn ér shì zōng jiào yīn 'ér zhī chí fēn rén rèn ā de zōng jiào lǐng dǎo
   lán nèi zhàn
  
   ā suōtuō bái 'ěr wáng cháo de 'ā wéi shì xiǎng wéi 'ào màn zhī bào chéng zhì shā de pàn luàn zhě ā méi yòu chéng zhì shā hài 'ào màn de xiōng pàn luàn zhě men yīn 'ér gōng ā guò xiē shǐ xué jiā xiāng xìn men wéi jiè kǒu xún qiú zhèng zhì shàng de zuò wéi de ā men de gòu chéng liǎo chōng lìng fāng miànpàn luàn zhě chēng 'ào màn shì zhèng dāng bèi shā de méi yòu 'àn zhào lán jīng shèng xíng lái guǎn zhìyīn cún zài bào de yóushǐ xué jiā duì ā zài zhè shì jiàn shàng de chǔjìng jiàn xiē rén rèn wéi ā méi yòu gòu de shí kòng zhì chéng chù pàn luàn zhělìng xiē rén rèn wéi ā tóng pàn luàn zhě de guān diǎn rèn wéi 'ào màn shì zhèng dāng de tǒng zhì zhě
  
   zài zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xiàzōng pài fēn liè bìng zào chéng lán jiào shǐ de nèi zhàn xiē lín bèi chēng wéi 'ào màn ( Uthmanis), men rèn wéi 'ào màn shì zhèng tǒng zhèng dāng de lán lǐng xiù bèi fēi shā hàiyīn men rèn wéi zhī wèi réng dài dìngzhí dào ā zāo dào bào bìng xuǎn chū xīn de ā zhǐ shì jiào de shǒu lǐngzhī chí ā de dǎng pài rèn wéiào màn fàn liǎo guò cuò jué gǎi biàn de xíng shì fāng shì rèn jīng sàng shī liǎo zhī wèiér qiě bèi zhèng dāng chǔsǐ ā cái shì zhēn zhèng de ā zuò duì de rén jiù shì jiào lín néng jiě jué zhèng tǒng zhī wèi shuí shǔ de fēn zhēngnèi zhàn shǐ lín yǒng jiǔ jué liè
  
   ào màn · běn · ā fán bèi shā suí bào liǎo lán nèi zhàn( 656 nián 661 nián), zài ā zài wèi shí zhí chí nèi zhàn zài 'ā wéi shì jiù rèn shí gào zhōngzhè nèi zhànyòu chēng fěi biāo zhì zhù lán guó jiā de tǒng zhuàng tài wán jié ā de rén tuō bái 'ěr hǎn de 'ā suō wéi shǒu men bèi ā fāng chēng wéi wéi kàng zhě men zài mài jiā xiàng shì jìn wàng néng gòu dòng yuán rén mín huò yào de bīng yuánpàn jūn gōng shì shā hài liǎo duō rén men jué xiàng ā xiào zhōng。 656 niánliǎng jūn xiāng bìng bào shì zhàn luò tuó zhī zhàn), ā shèng
  
   ā wěi pài běn · ā guǎn zhì shì jiāng shǒu qiān zhì shì chéng shìyòu lín zhù shǒu wèi lán lǐng de zhōng yāngzhàn lüè wèi zhòng yào
  
   hòu lái ā yòu shòu dào lěi fàn tǒng zhì zhěào màn qīn shǔ 'ā wéi shì de fǎn duì jué xiàng ā xiào zhōngbìng hūyù wéi 'ào màn chóu ā gōng kāi tán pàn wàng néng gòu dào de xiào zhōngrán 'ér 'ā wéi shì jiān chēng lěi fàn shì zhì deyòu dòng yuán zài lěi fàn de zhī chí zhějiè de dài biǎo tuán méi yòu cānyù ā de xuǎn 'ér jué xiàng ā xuān shì xiào zhōngliǎng jūn zài suí fēn zhù zhā liǎo chāo guò bǎi fēn de shí jiān huā zài tán pàn shàngsuī rán ā zhí 'ā wéi shì yòu duō de shū xìn wǎng lái néng miǎn zhíyòu néng shuō xiào zhōng。 657 niánxiǎo guī de chōng zhōng yǎn biàn chéng suí fēn zhī zhàn xīng hòu shēng liǎo bèi chēng wéixuān nào zhī ”( laylatal-harir) de zhànzhèng dāng 'ā wéi shì de jūn duì bèi kuì zhī ā · běn · ā ( Amribnal-Aas) jiàn 'ā wéi shì ràng shì bīng zài máo tóu shàng xuán guà xiě yòu lán jīng jīng wén de yáng huò běn), shǐ ā de jūn duì xiàn hùn luàn fēn ā suī rán kàn chuān liǎo jūn de móudàn xià zhǐ yòu shǎo shù rén yuàn zhàn dǒu
  
   shuāng fāng zuì zhōng tóng tòu guò zhòng cái lái jiě jué guān de zhēng ā jūn zhōng fēn réndōu jué zài zuò zhànzhè shì ā jiē shòu zhòng cái fāng 'àn de jué dìng xìng yīn guòzhòng cái rén dài biǎo ā huò rén de zhēng lùn jìn shǐ ā jūn duì chū xiàn fēn huàā shí 'ā · běn · ( Ash'athibnQays) děng rén fǎn duì ā míng de 'ā · běn · ā · ā ( Malikal-Ashtar), jiān chí 'ā · · ā shā ( AbuMusaAshaari) yìng chéng wéi zhòng cái zhědàn què bèi ā jiē shòuyīn zài zhī qián céng zhǐ rén men zhī chí ā ā bèi dūn jiē 'ā · wéi zhòng cái zhě xiē zài hòu lái bèi chēng wéi zhé pài de ā zhī chí zhě mǎn zhòng cái de jué dìng bìng zào fǎnshǐ ā yào zài wǎn zhī zhàn( BattleofNahrawan) men zhàn dǒuzhòng cái shǐ ā lián méng jiě xiē rén rèn wéi zhè jiù shì 'ā wéi shì de
  
   nián 'ā wéi shì de jūn duì qīn lüè duó chéng shì ā xià de tǒng zhì zhě zhì zhǐ 'ā wéi shì de gōng shìrén mín zhī chí ā men zhàn dǒu 'ā wéi shì zhì liǎo 'āi hàn zhì mén děng zài ā dān rèn de zuì hòu nián shì rén mín zhú jiàn zhuǎn 'ér zhī chí ā yīn 'ā wéi shì 'è xìng de zhàn zhēng xíng wéi jiē shì liǎo de tǒng zhì běn zhì guòrén men duì ā de tài réng yòu suǒ tóngzhǐ yòu shǎo fēn rén xiāng xìn ā shì hǎn hòu zuì yōu xiù de línshì wéi yòu tǒng zhì de rén fēn réndōu shì yīn xìn rèn fǎn duì 'ā wéi shì 'ér zhī chí ā
   shī zhèng fāng zhēn
  
   · ā bèi ā zhǐ pài wéi 'āi de tǒng zhì zhěcóng ā duì · ā de zhǐ shì zhī de shī zhèng niànzhè zhǐ shì bèi línshèn zhì shì fēi lín shì wéi xiǎng de lán tǒng zhì guīnèi xiáng shù liǎo tǒng zhì zhě de quán guó jiā de zhǒng zhí néng dāng shí shè huì de zhù yào jiē céng
  “ ā xiě gěi · ā de zhǐ shì
  
   de lián mǐn 'ài rén zhī xīn duì dài de guó mín yào xiàng tóu tān lán de shòu miàn duì men men dāng zuò ruǎn ruò de liè men zài zōng jiào shàng shì de xiōng menzài gòu zào shàng guò shī huì shǐ men shī cháquē xiàn huì kuǎ men men huì yòu huò fàn xià xié 'è de xíng wéiyuán liàng bìng kuān shù menjiù xiàng wàng zhēn zhù yuán liàng bìng kuān shù yàng zài men zhī shàngrèn mìng de rén zài zhī shàngér zhēn zhù zài rèn mìng de rén zhī shàngzhēn zhù yào mǎn shí xiàn men de suǒ qiú zhèng zài kǎo yàn men
   ”
  
   ā de guó mín duō shì yóu mín nóng ā zhòng shì nóng zhǐ shì yào zhù kāi duō shōu shuì xiàngyào kāi liǎo cái néng shōu shuì xiàng kāi 'ér shōu shuì xiàng de rén huì huài zhè guó jiā rén mín
   shì shì
  
  661 nián lài mǎi dān yuè de 19 ā zài de suǒ qīng zhēn nèi jìn xíng bài zhé pài de 'ā · màn · běn · jié ( Abd-al-RahmanibnMuljam) bǐng cuì de dāo jiàn xíng ā ā bèi jiàn suǒ shāngzài liǎng tiān hòu shì
  
   ā dīng zhǔ de 'ér men yào gōng zhé pài shǐ shì zhé pài de yuán shā hài liǎo ā xiàng sāng shuō guǒ néng gòu xìng cún huì yuán liàng běn · jié bìng shì fàng guǒ ā shì běn · jié yìng bèi jǐyǔ tóng yàng de guǎn huì fǒu yīn 'ér jiù zhèng gěi ā de yàngyīn sāng xíng ( Qisas, děng liàng bào ), duì běn · jié jǐyǔ tóng yàng de
   sāngzàng
   wèi 'ā hàn zhā shā de zhá ā shén miàolán qīng zhēn ), shǎo shù lín xiāng xìn ā zàng zài zhè
  
   shén xué jiā xiè · fěi ( Al-ShaykhAl-Mufid) suǒ shù ā wàng de bèi rén xiè dòuyīn 'ér yào qiú de péng yǒu jiā rén 'ān zàng zài 'ā wáng cháo shí bèi ā de hòu liù dài shí pài jiā 'ěr · ( Ja'faral-Sadiq) xiàn duō shù de shí pài lín rèn wéi ā bèi zàng zài xiàn jīn jié ā qīng zhēn
  
   wài xiē 'ā hàn rén què chēng ā de zàng zài 'ā hàn chéng shì zhā shā de zhá ā shén miào( ShrineofHazratAli)。
  
  
   ā shì shì hòu de lín zhēng xiàng de zhǎngzǐ sāng xuān shì xiào zhōng ā céng zài duō chǎng biǎo míng zhǐ yòu hǎn shèng chéng yuán cái yòu guǎn zhì lín shè huì de tóng shí 'ā wéi shì zhǎng kòng zhù 'āi lěi fàn zuò wéi lín guó yōng yòu zuì qiáng bīng de zhǐ huī guān chēng wéi yòu jūn tǐng jìn jìn sāng
  
   'ā wéi shì jīn qián zuò chū jiǎ de chéng nuòzhú jiàn fǎn sāng huī xià de jiāng jūn zhǐ huī guānzhí zhì men duì sāng zào fǎn sāng bèi wěi qiú jiāng zhī wèi ràng 'ā wéi shì 'ā wéi shì zhōng cuàn duó liǎo lán yòu qiē xíng de fāng ā jiā shí pàihuì zhòng bài xíng de zhòu ā chéng wéi liǎo zhòng yào de guàn zhí chí liǎo liù shí nián cái bèi wáng cháo 'ōu mài 'ěr · běn · ā 'ā ( UmaribnAbdulAziz) fèi zhǐ 'ā wéi shì chéng de wáng cháo shì zhōng yāng quán de zhèng
  
   lóng xiě dào
  “ wáng cháo de gāo bào zhèng zhèn shǐ zhī chí ā de shǎo shù rén biàn wéi duō shù rénzài hòu shì de ā chéng wéi xiǎng de zhù jiào wáng cháo jiàn chēng lán de zhèng tǒng zhù quán guó qiú shàng zhēn zhù de shè zhèngjiā shàng zài biàn jiézhuān héng zhì zào zhèng miàn qiánrén men jiē jiě dào ā de zhōng chéngduì lán guǎn zhì suǒ zuò chū de gòng xiàn de piàn dān xīnpíng děng duì dài suǒ yòu de zhī chí zhě kuān róng duì dài rén de liàng。 ”
   zhī shí xué wèn
  
   ā dān yīn zuò wéi míng zhàn shì lǐng xiù 'ér shòu rén zūn jìngzuò wéi zuò jiā zōng jiào quán wēi rén shì de tóng yàng bèi shòu zūn jìngkǎi xué( Kalam, jiào xué)、 jīng zhù xué zhì shū shù shùyóu shén zhù zhì 'ā xiū xué děng zhòng duō de xué wèn dōubèi shì wéi shì ā shuài xiān gài kuò shuō míng
  
   shí pài fēi zhù rèn wéi hǎn céng jīng zhè yàng píng jià ā :“ shì zhī shí zhī chéng ā shì de mén……” lín ā shì wéi lán jiào de zhù yào quán wēi rén ā céng jīng zhè me shuō
  “ fán shì zhēn zhù de shǐ zhě lǐng shòu dào de shì huì kǒu shù gěi bìng qiě yào sòng kàn kàn qīn jīng wén xiě xià lái jiù jiào dǎo guān jīng wén de jīng zhù xué zhù jiě)、 wēi 'ěr( Ta'wil, zōng jiào zhù jiě)、 ( Naskh, bèi dài de jīng wén)、 mǎn bèi fèi zhǐ de jīng wén)、 ( Mutashabih, hán de jīng wén kǎi ( Muhkam, xiǎn 'ér jiàn de jīng wén), hái yòu rèn wēi lüè de jiào dǎo…… ”
  
   zhù míng lán zhé xué jiā sài · hóu sài yīn · 'ěr( SeyyedHosseinNasr) rèn wéi ā jiàn de lán shén xué de bāo hán liǎo rèn zhù xué de qiú zhèngxué zhě běn · ā · ( IbnAbial-Hadid) yǐn shù dào
  “ shén xué de zhí shì 'ā de rén wén xuézhè lèi de cóng lái méi yòu zài 'ā de jié chū rén rén mín zhī jiān chuán de xué zhě shì shén xué de wéi jiě shuō zhěā wèi shè liè zhè fāng miàn de shì ā 。 ”
  
   zài hòu shì de lán shén xué · ( MullaSadra) zhuī suí zhě 'ā · bài( AllamehTabatabaei) děng rén de xué shuō ā de shuō jiào shì wéi lán xíng 'ér shàng xué zōng jiào zhé xué de xīn lái yuánchāo yàn tōng shén lùn( Transcendenttheosophy) xué pài shì ā wéi zhì gāo shàng de xíng 'ér shàng xué xué jiāgēn hēng · 'ěr bīn suǒ shù,《 zhāng zhī dào》( Nahjal-Balagha) zài gōng yuán 1500 nián hòu bèi shí pài xiǎng jiā shì wéi zuì zhòng yào de xìn tiáo zhī yǐng xiǎng jiàn 'ā de zhuān mén shù zhè xiē shù zài wéi 'ā de wén xué zhé xué běn shàng zhǎo dào
  
   ā shì 'ā wén xué de xué zhě 'ā xiū xué fāng miàn de kāi tuò zhě de yán shuō jiào xìn jiàn wéi hòu shì gōng liǎo wén xué cuò de shì fàn ā liàng de duǎn chéng wéi lán zhòng wén huà de fēnzài cháng shēng huó cháng bèi dāng zuò yán yàn yán shǐ yòngzhè xiē xìn jiàn chéng wéi wén xué zuò pǐn de zhǔn bèi jié chéng duō zhǒng yán de shī jīngzài shì xiē wén xué zuò jiā 'ā · · běn · hǎi · ā ( 'Abdal-HamidibnYahyaal-'Amiri) děng zhǐ chū ā shuō jiào yán shì lún de xiū jiǔ shì de chá ( Al-Jahiz) zuò chū lèi tóng de zhù zhāng wáng cháo wàn de guān yuán bèi sòng ā de shuō jiào gǎi shàn xiū qiǎo。《 zhāng zhī dàoshì cóng wén xué jiǎo shàng jié ā de zhù zuòzhèng biān zuǎn zhě zài qián yán suǒ shuō de yàngchú zhī wài de wén xué shǐ zōng jiào wén xiàn shōu liǎo liàng ā de dǎo wénxìn jiàn děng
  
   wài xiē yǐn de xué wèn lán shù shùā de xiàng zhēng děng shuō dōushì ā chuàng de
   zuò pǐn
  
   guān ā de jiǎng huàshuō jiào de biān zuǎn bèi huì biān chéng xià běn zhù zuò
  
  *《 zhāng zhī dào》( Nahjal-Balagha; yīng : WayofEloquence) shōu liǎo ā de xiē wén xué xiū jià zhí de shuō jiàoxìn jiàn yóu xiè · ( Al-Sharifal-Radi) huì biān 'ér chéngsuī rán wén gǎo de zhēn shí xìng réng cún dàn jìn lái de xiē xué zhě rèn wéi jué fēn de nèi róng díquè shì chū ā de shū zài 'ā wén xué de wèi xiǎn bèi shì wéi lán zhòng yào de zhī xìngzhèng zhì zōng jiào zhù zuò xiē zhāng zhī dàode píng zhù zuò pǐn chū shí pài xùn pài běn · ā · de píng zhù hǎn · ā de píng zhù
  *《 qiú》, wēi lián · ( WilliamChittick)
  *《 jīn liáng yán》( Ghuraral-HikamwaDuraral-Kalim), yóu 'ā · hēi · ā mài ( Abdal-WahidAmidi) huì biān 'ér chéngshōu liǎo chāo guò wàn ā duǎn
  *《 ā · běn · ā · shī jīng》( Divan-iAliibnAbiTalib)
  
   hòu
  
   ā yòu duō míng shì de zhì 'ài sānghóu sài yīnzǎi bái dōushì suǒ chū ā jiào zhù míng de 'ér yòu 'ā · běn · ā ( Al-AbbasibnAli) hǎn · běn · fěi ( Hanafiyyah)。
  
   sāng shēng gōng yuán 625 niánshì shí pài de 'èr dài dān rèn zhí cháng liù yuèzài lán 50 nián bèi de míng jiā chéng yuán shā shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi wèi jiā chéng yuán shì bèi 'ā wéi shì zhǐ shǐ de
  
   hóu sài yīn shēng gōng yuán 626 niánshì shí pài de sān dài bèi 'ā wéi shì shī hàizài 680 nián lán yuè de shí tiān xiē zhuī suí zhě cānyù 'ěr zhàn ( BattleofKarbala), duì kàng de jūn duìhóu sài yīn fāng jīhū bèi quán jiān de yùnàn bèi chēng wéi 'ā shū jiéshì shí pài lín de 'āi dào jié zài 'ěr zhàn bèi shā de hái yòu ā de lìng xiē 'ér bǎi zài de zhù zuò xiě xià liǎo men de míng bāo kuò chū · níng de míng 'ér hóu sài yīn de chí shǒu 'ā jiǎ 'ěrā 'ào màn xiē shǐ xué jiā yòu chōng liǎo zài 'ěr zhàn de ā ér bāo kuò xīnōu mài 'ěr 'ā · běn · ā jiǎ 'ěr
  
   chū de bèi chēng wéi xiè ( Sharif) huò sài ( Sayyid), zhè shì 'ā de jìng zhǐgāo guì de”, sài yòu rénde zuò wéi hǎn jǐn yòu de hòu mendōu shòu dào xùn pài shí pài de zūn chóngchā bié zài shí pài gèng wéi zhòng shì men
   guān diǎn
   lín de guān diǎn
  
   chú liǎo hǎn wàiméi yòu rén zài lán shǐ néng gòu xiàng ā zhè yàng shū xiě liǎo zhè me duō de 'ā wén ā shòu dào suǒ yòu lín de zūn zhòng shì zuì chū de lín 'ā hōng lán xué zhě), zài zōng jiào xìn yǎng lán xué shǐ shàng de zhī shí fēi cháng yuān yòu yǒng jiàn chēng
   shí pài
  
   shí pài ā shì wéi hǎn hòu zuì zhòng yào de rén shí pài suǒ shuō hǎn zài shēng qián duō biǎo shì ā zài shì hòu yìng chéng wéi lín de lǐng xiù liàng de shèng xùn zhèng shí liǎo zhè diǎnbāo kuò zhī chí shèng xùnliǎng zhòng shì shèng xùn zhǐ shèng xùnyāo qǐng qīn shèng xùn shí 'èr chéng rén shèng xùnzhí de hái yòu dǒu péng shèng xùnzhè shèng xùn jīng cháng bèi yǐn yòng lái shuō míng hǎn duì ā jiā rén de xiǎng
  “ tiān zǎo shàng hǎn chuānzhuó jiàn luò tuó hēi máo zào chéng de tiáo wén dǒu péng jiāng sūn 'ér sāng zhì zài dǒu péng zhī xiàlìng míng sūn 'ér hóu sài yīn chū xiàn yòu jiāng hóu sài yīn zhì zài dǒu péng zhī xiàjiē zhe chū xiàn de ā bèi hǎn zhì zài dǒu péng zhī xià hǎn jiē zhe shuō dào:“ zhēn zhù zhǐ yào qiú men yuǎn zhēn jiéjiā de chéng yuán men men de shēn xīnshǐ men zhì chún jié 。” ”
  
   zhè guān diǎn rèn wéi hǎn de chéng zhě ā jǐn gōng zhèng guǎn zhì lín chǎn shì liǎo shā guī shēn 'ào de hán ā yīn 'ér bèi shì zhī wéi shòu cuò è xíng suǒ yuē shùzhēn zhù shì tòu guò hǎn 'ér rèn mìng ā gēn shí pài de jiàn jiě ā hǎn dōubèi chēng wéiwán měi de rén”。
  
   shí pài cháo shèng zhě tōng cháng huì dào jié de shèng ā qīng zhēn zài cháo bài bìng sòng 'ān zhì shàng”。 zài fēi wáng cháo shí ā de chéng wéi liǎo jiāo diǎn suǒ zài shì qián wǎng jié 'ěr de cháo shèng zhī
   xùn pài
  
   dāng dài de xùn pài lín biàn zūn zhòng ā wéi shèng de yuán zuì hòu rèn zhèng tǒng yòu rèn wéi shì lán jiào zhōng míng zuì yòu yǐng xiǎng zuì shòu zūn zhòng de rén gēn shǐ shì shí ā bèi wáng cháo de qīng zhēn shì zhòuzhè zuò zài 'ōu mài 'ěr · běn · ā 'ā shí cái bèi fèi zhǐ ā yòu shì shí wèi bèi rèn wéi zài shì jiè de rén zhī
   fēi zhù
  
   jīhū suǒ yòu de fēi zhù jiào tuán tòu guò ā lái zhuī xún men hǎn de xuè yuán guān chú liǎo hēi bān ( Naqshbandi) tōng guò 'ā · 'ěr lái zhuī xún ā de céng zēngsūn jiā 'ěr · ( Ja'faral-Sadiq) shì fēi zhù jiào tuán de yuánxùn pài shí pài de fēi zhù xiāng xìn ā chéng liǎo hǎn shèng ( Wali) de liàng zhēn zhù jìn xíng jīng shén jiāo liú
   shén líng
  
   xiē jiào pài 'ā wéirèn wéi ā shì wèi shén líng huò zhēn zhù de huà shēn men bèi zhù liú de lán xué zhě chēng wéikuā zhāng zhě”。 suī rán zhè xiē jiào pài jiāng rén lèi zhí chēng de xìng kuā zhāng huàdàn men de chuán tǒng lán xiǎng bān de lán jiào shuō ā zài shēng de shí hòu céng jīng jìn zhǐ rén men chóng bài
   fēi lín de guān diǎn
  
   xiē fēi lín de xué zhě 'ài huá · běnwēi lián · miù 'ěr( WilliamMuir) zàn yáng ā ér hēng · máng( HenriLammens) duì ā chí yòu miàn de kàn
  
   shī rén lún · · lún zuò chū zhè yàng de guān diǎn:“ rèn wéi ā shì wèi néng gòu shì líng hún jiē chù jiāo liú de 'ā rén zài dǎo gào shí wáng shuō shì xùn dào 'ér ā rén zhí jiě de jià zhízhí zhì shí pài rén de chū xiàn men shēn míng bǎo shí shí de fēn bié。”
   shǐ xué
  
   yán jiū ā shēng píng de wén xiàn shì lán jīngshèng xùn zǎo lán shǐ de wén běnèr wén xiàn bāo kuò xùn pài shí pài lín de zhù zuòā yìn rén de zhù zuòzhōng dōng zhōu xiē fēi lín de zhù zuò xiàn dài fāng xué zhě de xiē zhù zuò xiē zǎo de lán wén xiàn chū chù bèi wāi chéng mǒu chéng shàng duì ā de zhèng miàn huò miàn tài
  
   jiào zǎo de xiē fāng xué zhě yòu zhǒng biàn de xiàngjiù shì jiē shòu jiào hòu shí de shùyīn zhè xiē qīng xiàng xùn pài huò shí pài de zhù zhāngzhè xiē xué zhě shì men de zhù zuò shì hòu lái niē zào chū lái de men shì zhè xiē shù wéi kào huò guān jǐn yào deshǐ xué jiā lāi 'áng nèi · 'āi ( LeoneCaetani) rèn wéi duì 'ā · běn · ā 'ā suō shǐ shù duō shù shì jiǎ dezhè xiē shù dōuméi yòu jīng guò xiē zǎo de shǐ huì zhě běn · děng rén de chuán shùwéi 'ěr · lóng zàn tóng zhè zhǒng chā bié bìng suǒ yòu méi yòu bāo kuò zǎo lái yuán wén xiàn de zuò rèn wéi lāi 'áng nèi · 'āi de zuò xiāng máo dùn lóng jiào hòu de shǐ xué jiā huì fǒu dìng hòu biān zuǎn de shù men cháng shì pōu shǐ de bèi jǐng shì jiàn rén de xiāng róng xìng lái pàn duàn
  
   ā wáng cháo jué shízhù zuò duōér qiě fēn de shù dōushì kǒu shù dezài zhè shí zhī qián zuì zhù míng de zuò pǐn shì ā de péng yǒu lāi màn · běn · suǒ xiě de lāi màn · běn · zhī shū》。 zhǐ zhāng bèi yǐn dào lín shè huì hòu liàng de zhuān zhù zài gōng yuán 750 zhì 950 nián jiān yǒng xiàn bīn xùn suǒ yánzhì shǎo yòu 'èr shí zhuān zhù zhuàn xiě suí fēn zhī zhànā · shì zhè shí zuì zhù míng de zuò jiā shì shōu suǒ yòu de shùjiǔ shì shí shì de shǐ xué jiā shōu shāi xuǎn biān huì zhè xiē kào de shùdàn fēn de zhuān zhù dōuyǐ shī luòchú liǎo shǎo shù bèi xiē hòu lái de zuò pǐn suǒ cǎi yòng hǎn · běn · jiǎ 'ěr · bǎi dexiān zhī guó wáng de shǐ》。
  
   de shí pài lín cānyù zhuān zhù de xiě zuòdàn fēn jiē shī luòlìng wàizài shì zhì jiǔ shì ā de hòu hǎn · 'ěr( Muhammadal-Baqir) jiā 'ěr · ( Ja'faral-Sadiq) chén shù ā de jìzǎizhè xiē jìzǎi bèi jié chéng shí pài de shèng xùn shū shí shì hòu de shí pài zuò pǐn dōushì guān shí wèi huì fàn cuò de rén shí 'èr zhè fàn chóu zuì zǎo de xiàn cún zuò pǐn zhòng yào diǎn shì xiè · fěi ( Al-ShaykhAl-Mufid) dedǎo shī zhī jīng》。 zuò zhě zài gāi shū de fēn xiáng miáo shù liǎo ā de shì lìng yòu xiē shū cóng zōng jiào jiǎo miáo shù liǎo ā de juésèzhè xiē zuò pǐn dōushì shǐ xué de fēn


  Ali 阿比塔利卜 (Arabic: علي بن أبي طالب, about 598 10 23, 599 years or 600 years on March 17 -661 1 28) is the founder of Islam, Prophet Muhammad (Muhammad) the cousin and son-in 656 to 661 years of rule in the Arab Empire. Sunni Muslims regard Ali as the fourth and final one of the orthodox caliphate; Shiite Muslims as the Imam Ali as the first generation, but also as Muhammad Ali and their descendants as the legitimate successor. Muhammad Ali and their descendants are members of ethnic ancestry St. Muslim community because of difference of opinion is divided into Sunni and Shiite.
  The third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated, Ali was Muhammad's companions elected caliph, he encountered resistance in office and the civil war. 661, he carried out in the Kufa mosque when the attack Sunday, a few days after the death.
  Birth and childhood
  Muhammad Ali's parents and a close relationship, Muhammad became orphans and lost their grandfather Shayi Ba after the Hashim, Ali's father enrolled him. Ali Mohamed married Haidi Che was born in two to three years. Ali in five to six years old, inside and outside the city of Mecca famine affected the economic situation of his father Ali, Ali, father of a large family to support, Muhammad Ali ordered to bring his family in custody.
  Shiite advocate, Ali, Islam had not participated in the traditional pre-Islamic religion in Mecca, which Muslims regarded as the traditional religion is polytheistic and pagan, the Shia religion that he saved the dignity, not the other idols bow down before. Sunnis have held the same view.
  Muhammad spent three years a secret mission, was to preach. It is contained in the Koran, Muhammad is Allah instructed Muslims to guide the family, 巴努哈希姆 tribes believe in Islam then.
  Moved to Medina
  Medina
  Muhammad in Medina decade, Ali as his deputy and agents are active, then served in the armed forces, often led the soldiers in the war years also charged to convey information and orders. Muhammad Ali is subordinate generals, is his son, in the Muslim society to establish an unshakable authority.
  In 623, Muhammad said to Ali, Allah ordered him to be betrothed to his daughter Fatima Ali. Fatima Mohammed, said: "I have betrothed you to the family, the people I love." Muhammad Ali's family was always blessed praise Muhammad in a number of occasions such as religious sermons debate, Americans say they are holy. Where they were repeatedly praised in the Koran.
  Ali and Fatima couple relationship has been maintained until the death of Fatima. Although polygamy is permitted, Ali, Fatima alive, he was not married to others. Their marriage on all Muslims have a special significance, because it is the sacred character of marriage around Muhammad. Fatima's death, Ali was married other people and gave birth to other children.
  In addition to the battle outside Tabuk, Ali took part in the fight all the battles and the Islamic conquests. In addition to his years as a standard-bearer of these battles, but also led strikes, and fighters.
  The mission of Islam
  According to Hadith, in 631 years, an area from Najran (Najran, now in northern Yemen, in part, all of Saudi Arabia) Arab Christian mission met with Mohammed, to argue with him about Jesus, Christianity and Islam doctrine, which side in the dispute of the Prophet Isa (Jesus) the son of God, the question is wrong, Islam is not necessarily that of Jesus, the Son of God: "Jesus, is really the same as Adam. He created him from dust ... ... "Muhammad said they should" call our own children, our women and your women, our own and your own, and then let us pray God rejected liar. " In order to prove that he is the Prophet Mohammed, he bring Ali, Fatima, Hassan and Hussein, grandson Meet with Christian missions, but also for himself and his family cloak. Islamic philosophical thinker 阿拉梅赫塔 Bai Tabei (Allameh Tabatabaei) in the "Mizan by Note" (Tafsir al-Mizan) mentioned in Scripture in the "we" refers to Muhammad and Ali, he quoted Elilida the eighth Shiite Imam (Ali ar-Ridha) and the Abbasid caliph Mamun discussion, citing Muhammad's younger than other Muslim excellent to prove to Allah for Ali and similar nature of Muhammad Ali and thus should have right to inherit the caliphate.
  "The faithful, I am also an ordinary person, I received revelation from Allah Department and will incur Allah's call, I'll leave two important things to you: first, the Book of Allah, it will guide you step to the light, you should be firmly placed on the arms of the Book of Allah, always believe in it ... ... the second member of the San-born, I remind you to fulfill their obligations. "
  "I am all the followers of Mullah Ali is."
  Mohammed's succession
  Because he has a close relationship with Muhammad, Islam communication affinity and possess the knowledge, coupled with his brilliant achievements, the Caliph Ali, the legitimacy of the convincing. He told Abu Bakr that he issued the Oath of Allegiance was delayed because he was right there on his beliefs, even if ultimately to Abu Bakr Ali, Umar and Othman said allegiance, he did not change his beliefs, he did so only to the integrity and unity of Islam, when many Muslims have left him.
  Inheritance
  After the death of Muhammad
  Caliph Ali and the orthodox
  At this point, not directly against Osman Ali, but played the role of inhibition. He repeatedly said they did not agree on the provisions of the Ottoman use of, and have openly on 阿布吉尔基 law in the sympathy and support Amaeryi the Yasser. He conveyed to the Ottoman criticism partners, and as negotiator on behalf of the Ottoman opponents to negotiate with a number of areas. Ali and Osman family seems to have generated something suspicious.
  Historian for the relationship between Ali and the Ottoman remains controversial. Although the oath of allegiance to Ali Osman has, but some of his policies there are objections to the Ottoman. In particular, his views on religious law and Ottoman odds, he insisted, in some cases, religious punishment must be implemented, such as 欧拜德阿拉伊 this Umar and Walideyi the Oka Pakistan. During the pilgrimage in 650, Ali Osman accused him before the change of the liturgy, Osman said he will make use of any faith, he needed something, in this case Ali exclaimed the Caliph should be stopped. Ali Caliph strive to protect partners from ill-treatment, such as Abdullah Ibn buy Si Oude. Thus, some historians believe that, if not the most important opponents of Ali, is one of the Ottoman opposition in the main characters, because Ali is the greatest beneficiaries of the Ottoman collapse. Islamic scholars Vilfart Madelung (Wilferd Madelung) do not agree with them, he actually denied that Ali became caliph Gulai Shi tribal support, In addition there is no evidence that those who support Ali and his opponents are close Ottoman relationship, or that Ali and guide them. Other sources said that Ali through the constraints, rather than directly opposed to influence. Madelung quoted Marwan I, the grandson of the Ali Zine El Abidine (Zayn al-Abidin) words:
  Caliph
  Ali, 656 to 661 years as caliph, which is the history of Islam, one of the most turbulent periods, the first Islamic civil war can be summed up.
  Most of the residents of Medina and the rebels have sworn to Ali, there are some important tribes and people do not. The Umayyad clan fled to the Ottoman Levant, refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Caliph Ali is. Saad The Waga Si is not present, the Umar Abd-al-Rai (`Abd Allah ibn` Umar) did not swear, but the two to Ali that they will not fight him.
  The first Islamic civil war
  Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated broke the first Islamic civil war (656 -661), in the reign of Ali continued civil war in the end when Mua Wei Ye Yishi became caliph. The Civil War (also known as Fittner) marks the end of the Islamic state of national unity. Ali's enemies in order to de raha, Seoul and progenitor white led Mohammed's wife Aisha, who was Ali, who defied the party called. They gather in Mecca, embarked to Basra, hoping to mobilize the Iraqi people, to get the necessary troops and resources. Rebel capture of Basra, killing many people, they refuse allegiance to Ali. 656 years, the two armies met and the outbreak of the Basra battle (the Battle of Camel), Ali victorious.
  Later, Ali has been Levant ruler of the Ottoman family Mua Wei Ye Yishi opposition, he refused allegiance to Ali, and called for revenge for the Ottoman. Ali and his public talks, hoping to get his allegiance, but Mua Wei Ye Yishi insisted Levant is autonomous, but also to mobilize his supporters in the Levant, by word that his delegation did not participate in the Caliph Ali, the election refused to swear allegiance to Ali. Finnish armed forces stationed in the Sui Dynasty, more than hundred days, most of the time is spent on negotiations. While Ali has been there many times with Mua Wei Ye Yishi correspondence, he can not dismiss him, but also convince his allegiance. 657 years, the small-scale end the conflict developed into war Sui-fen. Occurred after a week of being referred to as "noise night" (laylat al-harir) of the fighting. While the army was defeated Mua Wei Ye Yishi occasion, Amuluyi the Aspen (Amr ibn al-Aas) proposed Mua Wei Ye Yishi to soldiers in the attack on the suspension Musihafu (Koran was written by sheepskin or a copy of the text), so Ali's army into confusion and disagreement. Although Ali saw through the enemy's scheme, but there is only a few men willing to fight.
  Malikea Starr was assigned to Ali, the ruler of Egypt, from Ali's instructions on Malikee Vista can be learned in his vision. This instruction is Muslim, even non-Muslims as the ideal of Islamic rule and regulations, described in detail inside the rulers of the rights and obligations, the country's various functions and then the main sectors of the community.
  "
  661 Ramadan of 19, Ali, a mosque in Kufa to conduct worship, Hali Zhe School 阿布德拉赫 Manyi this Mulejiemu (Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam) to a two-edged sword Cuidu assassinate Ali. Ali was injured by the poisoned sword, died two days later.
  Mazar-e Sharif in Afghanistan's 哈札特阿里 Temple (Blue Mosque), a small number of Muslims believe that Ali was buried here.
  Aftermath
  Madelung writes:
  Ali not only because as a leader and respected warrior and, as a writer and religious authority, he also respected. Kalam Science (Kalam, Dogmatics), as well as calligraphy and the study by injection several secret operation, by the law, mysticism, as well as Arabic grammar and rhetoric, and many other forms of knowledge is seen as Ali, the first outlines.
  Well-known Islamic philosopher Syed Hussain 赛因纳斯尔 (Seyyed Hossein Nasr) that the establishment of Islamic theology Ali and his quotations from the primary school include a reasonable identification confirmation. Scholar Ibn 阿比哈迪德 (Ibn Abi al-Hadid) cited Road:
  About Ali's speech, preaching, and the compilation of quotations are compiled into the following books:
  * "Good words" (Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim), by the Ebudewa black Deemaidi (Abd al-Wahid Amidi) compiled a collection of more than 10,000 phrases Ali.
  Ali has more than one wife, Fatima is his favorite. Hassan, Hussein, and kill white and Umm are satisfied by the Fatima. Other more famous son, Ali has Abasiyi Ben Ali (Al-Abbas ibn Ali) and Muhammad Ibn Hanafie (Hanafiyyah).
  Descent from Fatima's son is called Sharif (Sharif) or Said (Sayyid), which is in the Arabic honorific, meaning "noble," Said is with "adult" means. As the only descendants of Muhammad, they are respected by the Sunni and Shia, Shia difference is more attached to them.
  In addition to Mohammed outside, no one in the Islamic history can be written as Ali, so much so in Arabic. Ali respected by all Muslims, he was the first Muslim and imam (Islamic scholars), the religious, Islamic jurisprudence and the history of the most knowledgeable on, he courage to see that.
  "One morning, Muhammad wearing a black hair with camel stripes caused cloak, his grandson Hassan will be placed in under the cloak, another grandson Hussein appeared, he in turn Hussein home under the cloak. Then there's Fatima succession, Muhammad Ali was set under the cloak, Mohammed added: "God only ask you to stay away from unchastity, family members! Washing your body and mind, so that you achieve the purity it. ""
  Sunni
  Almost all the religion of Sufism have to search through them and Muhammad Ali's blood relations, in addition to sodium black Greek team (Naqshbandi) by Abu Bakr to pursue. Ali's great-great grandchildren 加法尔萨迪克 (Ja'far al-Sadiq) Sufism is a member of Mission. Sunni and Shiite Sufism believe in Muhammad Ali inherited the saints (Wali) of force, to carry out the spirit of sharing with God.
  Non-Muslim point of view
  Historiography
    

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