hàn nuò wēi wáng cháo  (1738niánliùyuè4rì～1820niányuányuè29rì)

kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi 1760nián 1820nián 

　　 qiáo zhì sān shì （ yīng wén： GeorgeIII， 1738 nián 6 yuè 4 rì － 1820 nián 1 yuè 29 rì）， quán míng qiáo zhì · wēi lián · féi tè liè（ GeorgeWilliamFrederick）， 1760 nián 10 yuè 25 rì dēng jī wéi dà bù liè diān guó wáng jí 'ài 'ěr lán guó wáng， zhì 1801 nián 1 yuè 1 rì hòu yīn dà bù liè diān jí 'ài 'ěr lán zǔ chéng lián hé wáng guó 'ér chéng wéi lián hé wáng guó guó wáng， zhí dào 1820 nián jià bēng wéi zhǐ。 qiáo zhì sān shì tóng shí wéi bù lún ruì kè - lǚ nè bǎo gōng jué， yīn cǐ zài 1814 nián 10 yuè 12 rì chéng wéi hàn nuò wēi guó wáng yǐ qián， yě shì shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó hàn nuò wēi de xuǎn dì hóu。 qiáo zhì sān shì wéi hàn nuò wēi wáng cháo de dì sān wèi bù liè diān jūn zhù， shì shǒu wèi yǐ yīng yǔ wéi mǔ yǔ de hàn nuò wēi wáng cháo jūn zhù， ér shì shí shàng， qiáo zhì sān shì cóng wèi dào fǎng guò dé yì zhì dì qū。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì màn cháng de tǒng zhì， jiàn zhèng liǎo qí wáng guó yǔ dà piàn 'ōu zhōu dà lù jìn xíng de yī lián chuàn jūn shì chōng tū。 zài tā de tǒng zhì chū qī， dà bù liè diān zài qī nián zhàn zhēng zhōng jī bài fǎ guó， bìng shǐ dà bù liè diān yā dǎo 'ōu zhōu gè guó， chéng gōng zhī pèi zhe běi měi zhōu jí yìn dù dì qū。 bù guò， suí zhe dà bù liè diān zài měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng de zhàn bài， qiáo zhì sān shì zài měi zhōu shī qù liǎo dà liàng zhí mín dì， zhè xiē zhí mín dì de dú lì zuì zhōng cù chéng měi guó lì guó。 cǐ hòu， qiáo zhì yà sān shì cānyù liǎo yī lián chuàn de fǎn fǎ zhàn zhēng， fǎn kàng ná pò lún jí gé mìng hòu de fǎ guó， zhè xiē zhàn zhēng zuì hòu yǐ ná pò lún zài 1815 nián bèi jī bài 'ér zuò jié。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì wǎn nián de guǎn zhì bèi shòu jīng shén wèn tí kùn rǎo， qí jīng shén bìng zuì chū jǐn fǎn fù chū xiàn， dàn hòu lái què yǎn biàn chéng yǒng jiǔ xìng de jīng shén shī cháng。 qiáo zhì sān shì de bìng qíng céng lìng dāng shí de yī xué jiè dà huò bù jiě， dàn xiàn jīn xué zhě yī bān xiāng xìn tā suǒ huàn de shì pū cuō zhèng（ Porphyria）。 pū cuō zhèng shì xuè yè bìng de yī zhǒng， néng gòu tòu guò fú yòng dú yào pī shuāng 'ér yǐn fā， ér gēn jù jìn shì yán jiū， yì díquè fā xiàn qiáo zhì sān shì liú cún hòu shì de tóu fā yàng běn zhōng， cún yòu gāo hán liàng de pī shuāng。 qiáo zhì sān shì zài 1810 nián zuì hòu yī cì bìng fā hòu， qí tài zǐ wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng qiáo zhì yǐ shè zhèng wáng shēn fèn dài wéi tǒng zhì。 qiáo zhì sān shì zài 1820 nián jià bēng hòu， wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng jì wèi， shì wéi qiáo zhì sì shì。 lì shǐ xué jiè duì qiáo zhì sān shì de shēng píng yán jiū wǎng wǎng yóu rú “ wàn huā tǒng bān guān diǎn duō biàn ”（ kaleidoscpoeofchangingviews）， zhè hěn dà chéng dù shì yīn wéi shòu dào lì lái zhuànjì zuò zhě de gè rén piān jiàn suǒ jú xiàn， yǐ jí shòu yòu xiàn de lì shǐ shǐ liào suǒ yǐng xiǎng de。
　　
　　 zǎo nián shēng yá
　　
　　 qiáo zhì wáng zǐ zài 1738 nián shēng yú lún dūn nuò fú kè fǔ， fù mǔ fēn bié shì wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng féi tè liè yǔ sà kè sēn - gē dá de 'ào gǔ sī tǎ， ér qiáo zhì wáng zǐ yě shì qiáo zhì 'èr shì de sūn 'ér。 yóu yú qiáo zhì wáng zǐ bǐ yuán dìng de yù chǎn qī zǎo liǎng gè yuè chū shēng， yīn cǐ tā zuì chū bèi rèn wéi bù néng huó dé cháng jiǔ， bìng zài chū shēng tóng yī tiān huò shèng zhān mǔ shì de jiào qū mù shī jìn xíng shī xǐ。 zài gōng lì 1738 nián 7 yuè 4 rì， niú jīn zhù jiào tuō mǎ sī · sài kè fù zài nuò fú kè fǔ wèitā jìn xíng gōng kāi shī xǐ。 tā de jiào fù mǔ wéi ruì diǎn guó wáng（ yóu bā 'ěr de mó xūn jué rèn dài lǐ rén）、 sà kè sēn - gē dá gōng jué（ yóu kǎ nà fēng xūn jué rèn dài lǐ rén）、 yǐ jí tā de zǔ gū mǔ pǔ lǔ shì nǚ wáng（ yóu yǐ gù dì sì dài hàn mí 'ěr dùn gōng jué zhī nǚ 'ér xià luò tè · āi dé wēn guì nǚ rèn dài lǐ rén）。
　　
　　 yòu bié yú chū chū shēng shí de bēi guān gū jì， qiáo zhì méi yòu zǎo yāo， tóng nián de tā fǎn 'ér yōng yòu jiàn kāng de tǐ bó。 rán 'ér， yóu yú qiáo zhì 'èr shì yǔ wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng yī zhí bù hé， suǒ yǐ qiáo zhì 'èr shì yě méi yòu duō lǐ huì guò tā de sūn 'ér。 zhí dào 1751 nián， wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng yīn yī cì fèi bù shòu shāng 'ér tū rán shēn gù， qiáo zhì wáng zǐ suì chéng wèile wáng wèi de fǎ dìng jì chéng rén， bìng cóng wáng fù jì chéng liǎo qí zhōng yī gè tóu xián， shì wéi 'ài dīng bǎo gōng jué。 qiáo zhì 'èr shì zì cǐ yě kāi shǐ duō guān zhù sūn 'ér de qíng kuàng， zài qiáo zhì wáng zǐ chéng wéi wáng wèi jì chéng rén de sān gè xīng qī hòu， qiáo zhì 'èr shì jiù cè fēng liǎo tā wéi wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng。 dào 1756 nián chūn tiān， shì zhí qiáo zhì de shí bā suì shēng rì jiāng zhì， qiáo zhì 'èr shì fù shǎng cì tā rù zhù guī mó hóng dà de shèng zhān mǔ shì gōng， bù guò zài mǔ qīn jí tā de zhī jǐ biāo dé xūn jué（ hòu lái céng rèn shǒuxiàng） quàn shuō xià， qiáo zhì wáng zǐ jù jué liǎo guó wáng de shǎng cì。 qiáo zhì wáng zǐ de mǔ qīn（ dāng shí yǐ wéi wēi 'ěr shì tài fēi） zhè yàng zuò， shì yīn wéi tā duì qí jiā wēng bìng bù xìn rèn， gù cǐ zhuóyì yào nián qīng de qiáo zhì liú zài zì jǐ shēn biān。
　　 hūn yīn
　　
　　 zài 1759 nián， qiáo zhì céng jīng yǔ lǐ qí méng gōng jué zhī nǚ 'ér suō lā · lún nuò kè sī guì nǚ fā zhǎn chū qīn mì guān xì， dàn liǎng rén de liàn qíng hěn kuài jiù zài biāo dé xūn jué de quàn zǔ xià 'ér wú jí 'ér zhōng。 qiáo zhì zì jǐ céng xiě dào：“ wǒ zì jǐ shì wéi yī gè wěi dà guó jiā de kuài lè yǔ kǔ nán 'ér shēng …… yīn cǐ wǒ cháng yào wéi bèi gǎn qíng zuò shì”， huà suī rú cǐ， qiáo zhì 'èr shì céng shòu yì yào qiáo zhì yíng qǔ bù lún ruì kè - wò 'ěr fēn bǐ tè 'ěr de suǒ fěi yà · kǎ luó lín gōng zhù， kě shì yòu guān hūn shì què shòu dào qiáo zhì jí qí mǔ qīn de qiáng liè fǎn duì 'ér gào chuī。
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì nián jì zuì qīng de sān wèi qiān jīn， yuē hàn · xīn gé 'ěr dùn · kē pǔ lì yuē yú 1785 nián zuò， wéi fān bù yóu huà。
　　
　　 yì nián， qiáo zhì 'èr shì zài 10 yuè 25 rì tū rán jià bēng， qiáo zhì suì jì chéng zǔ fù de wáng wèi， shì wéi qiáo zhì sān shì 。 tóng shí jiān， wéi qiáo zhì mì dé hé shì de qī zǐ yì biàn chéng yī jiàn yù yì pò qiē de shǒu yào rèn wù。 zài 1761 nián 9 yuè 8 rì， xīn jūn zài shèng zhān mǔ shì gōng nèi de huáng jiā lǐ bài táng yíng qǔ liǎo méi kè lún bǎo - shī tè léi lì cí de suǒ fěi yà · xià luò tè nǚ gōng jué wéi qī， fū fù liǎng rén zài hūn lǐ shàng cái píng shēng dì yī cì jiàn miàn， liǎng xīng qī hòu， liǎng rén jiù yī tóng zài 1761 nián 9 yuè 22 rì yú xī mǐn sì jiā miǎn。 zhí dé liú yì de shì， suī rán xià luò tè wáng hòu cháng bèi rèn wéixiàng mào píng fán， dàn qiáo zhì cóng méi yòu qíng fù（ zhè hé tā de qián liǎng rèn hàn nuò wēi yì jūn zhù hé tā liǎng míng jì wèi de 'ér zǐ yòu hěn dà fēn bié）， ér fū fù liǎng rén yě xiǎng shòu liǎo zhēn zhèng kuài lè de hūn yīn shēng huó。 qiáo zhì yǔ qī zǐ gòng yù yòu shí wǔ míng zǐ nǚ， dāng zhōng bāo kuò jiǔ míng 'ér zǐ jí liù míng nǚ 'ér。 zài 1762 nián， qiáo zhì sān shì gòu rù bái jīn hàn fǔ（ jīn bái jīn hàn gōng） zuò wéi jiā tíng chéng yuán jìng yǎng zhī yòng。
　　 tǒng zhì
　　 zǎo nián tǒng zhì
　　
　　 jìn guǎn qiáo zhì sān shì zài dēng jī shí huò dé liǎo zhèng tán gè dǎng pài de huān yíng， dàn tā zǎo nián de tǒng zhì què shòu dào zhèng jú bù wěn de yīn yǐng suǒ lǒngzhào， ér zhè hěn dà chéng dù shàng shì yīn wéi guó nèi jiù qī nián zhàn zhēng de yì tí shàng chū xiàn zhòng dà fēn qí suǒ zhì de。 qiáo zhì rì yì chǒng xìn jí tuō lài yú tuō lì dǎng guān yuán， shǐ dé yī zhí zài zhèng jiè zhàn zhù dǎo dì wèi de huī gé dǎng shí fēn bù mǎn， shèn zhì yú qiǎn zé qiáo zhì de xíng jìng wú yì yú dú cái zhě， yǔ chá lǐ yī shì rú chū yī zhé。 zài 1762 nián 5 yuè， niǔ kǎ sī 'ěr gōng jué de huī gé dǎng zhèng fǔ zāo qiáo zhì yǐ sū gé lán tuō lì dǎng guì zú biāo dé xūn jué suǒ qǔ dài， cǐ jǔ yī zài yǐn qǐ huī gé dǎng de bù mǎn， ér biāo dé xūn jué de fǎn duì zhě shèn zhì sàn bù liú yán， zhǐ tā yǔ wáng tài hòu guò cóng shèn mì， cóng 'ér màn màn zài yīng gé lán jī qǐ fǎn sū gé lán de piān jiàn qíng xù。 zài 1763 nián， qī nián zhàn zhēng gào zhōng， biāo dé xūn jué jí zài《 bā lí tiáo yuē》 qiān dìng hòu cí zhí， huī gé dǎng suì zài qiáo zhì · gé lún wéi 'ěr de dài lǐng xià chóngxīn zhí zhǎng zhèng fǔ。 tóng nián hòu qī， dà bù liè diān zhèng fǔ fā chū liǎo《 1763 nián huáng jiā gōng gào》， zhì dìng biān jiè xiàn， xiàn zhì dà bù liè diān zài běi měi de zhí mín dì bù duàn xiàng xī kuò zhǎn de qíng kuàng。 yòu guān gōng bù de yuán yì zhǐ zài pò shǐ běi měi zhí mín zhě néng gòu yǔ měi zhōu yuán jū mín tán pàn， jiǎn shǎo yīn tǔ dì zhēng duān 'ér yǐn fā de qián xiàn zhàn shì， cóng 'ér jiǎn shěng hào dà de jūn shì kāi zhī。 jìn guǎn zhè tiáo suǒ wèi de“ gōng gào xiàn” méi yòu duì zǎo yǐ 'ān dùn de dà duō shù zhí mín zhě zào chéng duō dà yǐng xiǎng， dàn cǐ“ gōng gào xiàn” què yǐn qǐ liǎo biān qū zhí mín zhě de qiáng liè bù mǎn， jì 'ér chéng wéi běi měi zhí mín dì yǔ dà bù liè diān zhèng fǔ chū xiàn fēn zhēng de dǎo huǒ xiàn zhī yī， yě shì hòu lái měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng de yuǎn yīn zhī yī。 lìng yī fāng miàn， yī bān měi zhōu zhí mín zhě xiàng lái zhǐ xū xiàng dà bù liè diān zhèng fǔ jiǎo nà shèn dī de shuì juān， dàn dà bù liè diān què tóng shí yào zài měi zhōu bù zhì dà pī jūn duì， zhèn yā dāng dì yuán jū mín de qǐ yì， yǐ jí fáng fàn fǎ guó duì měi zhōu zhí mín dì qīn lüè de yě xīn， shǐ dé dà bù liè diān zài měi zhōu de jūn fèi kāi zhī shí fēn chén zhòng。 wèile píng héng kāi zhī， gé lún wéi 'ěr zhèng fǔ zài 1765 nián yǐn rù liǎo《 yìn huā fǎ 'àn》， xiàng dà bù liè diān běi měi zhí mín dì de měi fèn wén jiàn kāi zhēng yìn huā shuì， yóu yú dāng shí lián bào zhǐ yě zhēng shōu yìn huā shuì， shǐ dé fǎn duì zhēng shuì de xuān chuán dé yǐ zài běi měi guǎng fàn liú chuán。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， gé lún wéi 'ěr yīn shì tú xuē ruò jūn zhù tè quán 'ér jiàn shī qiáo zhì de zhī chí， qiáo zhì céng shì guò yóushuì lǎo pí tè chū gé rèn xiāng， dàn bìng bù chéng gōng， qí hòu qiáo zhì céng yī dù huàn bìng bào yàng（ yòu yì jiàn rèn wèicǐ bìng nǎi tā rì hòu jīng shén shī cháng de xiān zhào）， bìng yù hòu chéng gōng yǐ luó jīn hàn xūn jué zǔ zhì nèi gé， zài xíng jiāng gé lún wéi 'ěr bà miǎn。
　　
　　 zài dé dào pí tè de bāng zhù xià， luó jīn hàn xūn jué chéng gōng chè huí gé lún wéi 'ěr nà fèn jí dù bù shòu huān yíng de《 yìn huā fǎ 'àn》， bù guò luó jīn hàn de zhèng fǔ bìng bù qiáng shì， zhè shǐ tā bù jiǔ jiù zài 1766 nián bèi pí tè qǔ dài， ér qiáo zhì gèng xiàng pí tè cè fēng wéi guì zú， shì wéi chá tǎ mǔ bó jué。 chá tǎ mǔ xūn jué yǔ qiáo zhì sān shì chè huí fǎ 'àn de xíng dòng， shǐ tā men zài měi zhōu zhí mín dì de mín wàng jí shēng， niǔ yuē shì de mín zhòng wéi biǎo dào xiè， gèng zài shì nèi shuāng shuāng shù lì qǐ tā men de tóng xiàng lái。 chá tǎ mǔ xūn jué zài 1767 nián yīn bìng 'ér ràng gé lā fū dùn gōng jué guǎn zhì zhèng fǔ， dàn gé lā fū dùn gōng jué yī zhí chí zhì 1768 nián cái zhèng shì chéng wéi shǒuxiàng。 tā de zhèng fǔ wèi jǐ jiù zài 1770 nián kuǎ tái， bìng shǐ dé tuō lì dǎng chóngxīn shàng tái。
　　
　　 xīn rèn tuō lì dǎng shǒuxiàng nuò sī xūn jué jí qí zhèng fǔ duì měi zhōu rì yì bù mǎn dà bù liè diān de qíng xù shí fēn guān zhù， wèile 'ān fǔ měi zhōu zhí mín zhě， tā chè xiāo liǎo xiàng měi zhōu zhí mín dì suǒ zhēng shōu de jué dà bù fèn shuì xiàng， dàn què dú liú chá shuì yī xiàng。 chá shuì duì dà bù liè diān shí fēn zhòng yào， qiáo zhì sān shì shèn zhì cháng yán chá shuì shì dà bù liè diān“ bǎo chí（ xiàng měi guó zhí mín dì zhēng shuì） quán lì de yī zhǒng shuì”， kě shì zài 1773 nián， bō shì dùn yòu bào tú wèile fǎn duì chá shuì 'ér dēng shàng tíng bó yú bō shì dùn gǎng de yùn chá huò chuán， bìng jiāng chá yè qīng dǎo rù hǎi， yǐ zuò shì wēi， shǐ chēng bō shì dùn chá yè shì jiàn。 yòu guān shì jiàn zài dà bù liè diān yǐn qǐ liǎo hěn dà de fǎn xiàng， yú lùn duì běi měi zhí mín zhě yě chū xiàn bù mǎn， ér běn shēn tóng qíng běi měi zhí mín zhě de chá tǎ mǔ yě zhī chí nuò sī xūn jué， jiāng yòu guān shì jiàn dìng xìng wéi“ wú yí jù xíng shì xìng zhì”。 nuò sī xūn jué zài chá yè shì jiàn fā shēng hòu yǐn rù duō xiàng cuò shī yǐ zuò bào fù， dāng zhōng bāo kuò guān bì bō shì dùn gǎng、 xiū gǎi má shěng xiàn fǎ， shǐ dāng dì lì fǎ jī guān de shàng yuàn yóu jūn zhù wěi rèn chǎn shēng， ér bù zài yóu xià yuàn hù xuǎn chǎn shēng。 zhè xiē cuò shī jìn yī bù jī qǐ zhí mín zhě de bù mǎn， tā men shèn 'ér chēng zhè xiē cuò shī wéi“ bù kě róng rěn de fǎ 'àn”。 yòu xué zhě rèn wéi， zhí dào zhè gè shí hòu， qiáo zhì sān shì réng qīng xiàng yú“ yǐ zhèng zhì shǒu duàn jiě jué wèn tí， jìn guǎn yòu shí tā duì nèi gé suǒ zuò de jiàn yì chéng xiào cún yòuhuái yí， tā réng rán shí fēn tīng rèn yú nèi gé de jiàn yì， ér jǐn cóng 1763 nián zhì 1775 nián suǒ fā shēng de shì lái kàn， qiáo zhì sān shì yì bù yìng jiù yǐn fā měi guó gé mìng yī shì fù qǐ zhí jiē zé rèn”。
　　 měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng
　　
　　 měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng yīn dà bù liè diān cháng guī jūn duì yǔ zhí mín dì mín bīng zài 1775 nián 4 yuè yú xīn yīng gé lán fā shēng wǔ zhuāng chōng tū 'ér bào fā。 jīng guò yī nián de zhàn dǒu， dà bù liè diān zài běi měi de zhí mín dì zài 1776 nián 7 yuè xuān bù cóng dà bù liè diān guó wáng dú lì， bìng jiàn lì“ měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó”。 ér zhí mín dì de dú lì xuān yán yě duì dà bù liè diān guó wáng、 lì fǎ jī guān jí quán tǐ guó mín tí chū duō xiàng kòng sù， dāng zhōng bāo kuò zhǐ zé qiáo zhì“ pāo qì cǐ dì zhī zhèng wù…… lüè duó wǒ hǎi yù， jiàn tà yán 'àn， fén shāo chéng zhèn， cán mín yǐ chěng” děng děng， zhè xiē píng jià chuán dào qiáo zhì hòu， jiē shǐ tā gǎn dào fèn kǎi bù píng。 zài zhàn shì zhōng， dà bù liè diān jūn duì céng zài 1776 nián chéng gōng gōng xiàn niǔ yuē shì， dàn hòu lái yīng fāng lù jūn zhōngjiàng yuē hàn · bó gē yīn zài sà lā tuō jiā zhàn yì zhōng shuài bīng tóu jiàng， què hěn dà chéng dù dǎo zhì yīng fāng cóng jiā ná dà fǎn gōng de dà jì yǐ shī bài gào zhōng。 dào 1778 nián， fǎ guó（ dà bù liè diān de zhù yào jìng zhēng duì shǒu） yǔ xīn shēng de měi guó qiān dìng yī fèn yǒu hǎo tiáo yuē， shǐ yīng fāng xíng shì gèng wéi yán jùn， cǐ shí nuò sī xūn jué tí chū yóu chá tǎ mǔ xūn jué jiē rèn shǒuxiàng， dàn bèi qiáo zhì sān shì jiā yǐ jù jué， bìng tí chū fǎn jiàn yì yào chá tǎ mǔ xūn jué rù gé gòngzhí， yǔ nuò sī xūn jué hé zuò。 chá tǎ mǔ zuì zhōng jù jué hé zuò， bù jiǔ yǐ hòu zài tóng nián shì shì， qí shí dà bù liè diān yǔ fǎ guó zhèng chǔyú zhàn zhēng zhuàng tài， dào 1779 nián gèng yǔ xī bān yá xuān zhàn。
　　
　　 jìn guǎn tā de dà chén bìng bù zàn tóng， dàn qiáo zhì sān shì réng gù zhí dì yào dà bù liè diān yǔ měi guó de gé mìng jūn zhàn dǒu dào dǐ， ér bù fèn dà chén rú gǔ 'ěr xūn jué hé wéi máo sī xūn jué děng děngdōu bù yuàn wéi zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng yòu shāng zūn yán 'ér fēn fēn cí zhí。 shǒuxiàng nuò sī xūn jué yǔ tā de tóng liáo yě yòu tóng yàng de yì jiàn， bìng céng jiāng zhè xiē yì jiàn gào zhī qiáo zhì， dàn tā zuì hòu méi yòu gēn suí cí zhí。 qiáo zhì dào hòu lái dǎ xiāo liǎo jì xù zēng bīng zhèn yā měi guó de niàn tóu， bìng biǎo shì“ xiǎng liú zhù bīn xī fán ní yà shì kāi wán xiào”， yòu zhǐ yǐ jīng méi yòu xī wàng zhòng duó xīn yīng gé lán， rán 'ér， tā réng rán xià jué xīn“ yǒng bù chéng rèn měi guó dú lì， yòu chéng nuò yǒng héng dì yǐ yǒng wú xiū zhǐ de chí jiǔ zhàn zhēng chéng fá tā men de jiān bù fú cóng”。 qiáo zhì de jìhuà shì yào liú zhù zhù fáng yú niǔ yuē、 luó dé dǎo、 jiā ná dà jí fó luó lǐ dá de 30,000 míng shì bīng， qí yú bù duì zé fù zé gōng jī huó yuè yú xī yìn dù de fǎ guó jí xī bān yá jūn duì。 wèile chéng fá měi guó rén， tā yòu jìhuà yào pò huài tā men de yán hǎi shāng gǎng、 zhà huǐ tā men de mǎ tóu、 jié lüè yǔ fén shāo tā men de yán hǎi chéng zhèn（ rú kāng nǎi dí kè de xīn lún dūn）、 yǐ jí jiě chú duì yìn dì 'ān rén de guǎn zhì， ràng tā men xí jī zhí mín dì biān qū de píng mín。 qiáo zhì hái xiāng xìn zhè xiē xíng dòng kě yòu xiào dì gǔ dòng dāng dì de bǎo huáng dǎng、 fēn liè dà lù huì yì、 hé“ chí xù dì shǐ zào fǎn zhě gǎn dào fán rǎo、 bù 'ān hé kùn fá， zhōng yòu yī rì， gèng jiāng bù mǎn hé shī wàng zì rán jí wú kě bì miǎn dì zhuǎn huà wéi chàn huǐ hé zì zé”， cóng 'ér qǐ qiú yóu tā chóngxīn zuò chū guǎn zhì。 kě shì， qiáo zhì sān shì zhè xiē jìhuà què duì bǎo huáng dǎng jí zhōng xīn de yìn dì 'ān rén zào chéng pò huài， ér yīcháng chí jiǔ de zhàn zhēng gèng ràng fǎ、 xī liǎng guó suí shí yòu jī kě chéng， zǔ zhì lián hé jiàn duì， jìn jī bù liè diān qún dǎo， cóng 'ér zhì lún dūn yú xiǎn jìng。
　　
　　 zài 1781 nián， yīng fāng zhù jiāng kāng wò lì sī xūn jué zài yuē kè zhèn zhī wéi bīng bài tóu jiàng de xiāo xī chuán dào lún dūn hòu， nuò sī xūn jué zài yì huì de zhī chí dù jí jiàng， jiēguǒ zài yì nián cí rèn shǒuxiàng。 jīng nuò sī xūn jué quàn fú hòu， qiáo zhì sān shì dǎ xiāo liǎo tuì wèi de niàn tóu， ér qiě hái jiē shòu liǎo dà bù liè diān zài běi měi zhōu luò bài de shì shí， jué dìng shòu quán jǔ xíng hé tán。《 bā lí tiáo yuē》 jí《 fán 'ěr sài tiáo yuē》 liǎnghuò yuē zài 1783 nián huò dé què rèn， biāo zhì zhù měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng de zhèng shì jié shù， zhè liǎng tiáo tiáo yuē， qián zhě yào dà bù liè diān chéng rèn měi guó， ér hòu zhě zé yào dà bù liè diān fàng qì fó luó lǐ dá yǔ xī bān yá， yǐ jí róng xǔ fǎ guó rén tōng guò niǔ fēn lán duì kāi de háng dào。 zài 1785 nián， měi guó de yuē hàn · yà dāng sī chéng wéi shǒu rèn měi guó zhù bù liè diān bù cháng， zhè shí de qiáo zhì sān shì yǐ shùn cóng yú shì jiè gé jú， bìng jiē shòu liǎo yīng、 měi liǎng guó de xīn guān xì， tā duì yà dāng sī shuō dào：“ wǒ shì zuì hòu yī wèi tóng yì（ yīng、 měi） fēn kāi de， dàn wǒ jiāng shì dì yī wèi qù yíng jiē měi guó zuò wéi dú lì zhèng quán de yǒu yì li”。
　　 xiàn zhì dǒu zhēng
　　
　　 nuò sī xūn jué nèi gé zài 1782 nián kuǎ tái hòu， huī gé dǎng de luó jīn hàn xūn jué dì 'èr cì shàng tái zǔ gé， dàn zài rèn jǐn shù yuè 'ér bìng gù， jiēguǒ qiáo zhì yǐ xiè 'ěr běn xūn jué wéi xīn shǒuxiàng。 bù guò， huī gé dǎng zhèng yào chá 'ěr sī · zhān mǔ shì · fú kè sī què jù jué zài xiè 'ěr běn xūn jué de nèi gé gòngzhí， bìng yào qiú yīng wáng wěi yǐ bō tè lán gōng jué wéi shǒuxiàng。 dào 1783 nián， xià yì yuàn chéng gōng pò shǐ xiè 'ěr běn xià yě， qí zhèng fǔ suì yóu fú kè sī - nuò sī lián méng suǒ qǔ dài。 zhè gè zhèng fǔ yóu bō tè lán gōng jué rèn shǒuxiàng； fú kè sī rèn wàixiàng； nuò sī xūn jué rèn nèi wù dà chén， dàn bō tè lán gōng jué jǐn shì zhèng fǔ yòu míng wú shí de shǒu nǎo， shí quán zé wò yú fú kè sī jí nuò sī xūn jué 'èr rén shǒu shàng。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì duì yú rèn mìng yī xiē tā bù yuàn yì de rén shì dào nèi gé gòngzhí gǎn dào kǔ nǎo， dàn bō tè lán de nèi gé hěn kuài jiù zài xià yuàn jiàn lì qǐ yōu shì， shǐ tā bù yì chè huàn nèi gé。 cǐ wài， qiáo zhì duì yú zhèng fǔ yǐn rù《 yìn dù cǎo 'àn》， jìhuà jiāng yìn dù zhèng fǔ de guǎn zhì quán lì yóu dōng yìn dù gōng sī zhuǎn yí dào guó huì zhuān yuán， yě biǎo xiàn dé fēi cháng bù mǎn。 xià yuàn tōng guò yòu guān cǎo 'àn hòu bù jiǔ， qiáo zhì jiù shòu quán tǎn pǔ 'ěr xūn jué， zhe tā tōng zhī shàng yì yuàn guì zú， biǎo shì shuí tóu piào tōng guò cǎo 'àn， shuí jiù shì tā de dí rén， jiēguǒ cǎo 'àn zài tā de kǒnghè xià bèi shàng yuàn fǒu jué。 sān rì hòu， bō tè lán nèi gé kuǎ tái， yóu xiǎo wēi lián · pí tè jiē rèn shǒuxiàng， ér tǎn pǔ 'ěr xūn jué yě yī tóng dào nèi gé gòngzhí。 zài 1783 nián 12 yuè 17 rì， guó huì tōng guò yī xiàng dòng yì， qiǎn zé huáng shì zài guó huì tóu piào bèi hòu shī jiā yǐng xiǎng， xíng tóng“ zhòng dà zuì xíng”， tǎn pǔ 'ěr xūn jué yì bèi pò cí zhí。 tǎn pǔ 'ěr cí zhí hòu duì zhèng fǔ zào chéng dòng dàng， sān gè yuè hòu， zhèng fǔ shī qù guó huì de duō shù yōu shì 'ér jiě sàn， kě shì zài qí hòu de dà xuǎn zhōng， pí tè què chéng gōng zēng jiā zài guó huì de yōu shì 'ér liú rèn。
　　 wēi lián · pí tè
　　
　　 duì qiáo zhì sān shì ér yán， rèn mìng pí tè wéi shǒuxiàng shì yī gè shèng lì， yīn wéi zhè zhèng míng tā kě yǐ tòu guò zì jǐ duì gōng zhòng yú lùn yǔ mín yì de quán shì lái xuǎn zé shǒuxiàng， wú xū yǐ cóng xià yuàn de duō shù pài lái xuǎn dìng shǒuxiàng rén xuǎn。 ér pí tè zài rèn shǒuxiàng qī jiān， qiáo zhì zhī chí tā bù shǎo de zhèng zhì mù biāo， gèng shǐ wú qián lì dì cè fēng bù shǎo xīn guì zú， hǎo ràng tā zài shàng yuàn néng gòu qǔ dé zú gòu de zhī chí。 pí tè zài rèn shǒuxiàng yǐ jí zhī hòu de yī duàn shí jiān， qiáo zhì sān shì zài yīng lún de shēng wàng shèn gāo， gōng zhòng pǔ biàn zhī chí tā rèn kě de tài píng yáng tàn xiǎn， zhè shǐ dé dà bù liè diān zài 1788 nián yú 'ào dà lì yà jiàn lì xīn nán wēi 'ěr sī zhí mín dì； dào 1793 nián， qiáo zhì sān shì qiǎn wǎng zhōng guó de tè shǐ mǎ gā 'ěr ní xūn jué hé fù shǐ sī dāng dōng jué shì dài lǐng shǐ tuán dào dá běi jīng， bìng yè jiàn liǎo qīng cháo de qián lóng dì， tā men hái cān jiā liǎo zài chéng dé bì shǔ shān zhuāng jǔ bàn de qián lóng dì bā shí dà shòu qìng diǎn。 lìng yī fāng miàn， qiáo zhì yòu lè yú dòng yòng zì jǐ de sī rén zī jīn， dà lì zī zhù huáng jiā yì shù xué yuàn děng xué shù jī gòu， ér yīng lún de kē xué jí gōng yè yě zài dāng shí dé dào hěn dà de fā zhǎn。 yīng lún dà zhòng dà duō dū yǎng mù tā men de guó wáng néng gòu duì qí wáng hòu zhōng xīn bù 'èr， zhè yì yǔ tā qián liǎng rèn de hàn nuò wēi yì jūn zhù gòu chéng hěn dà duì bǐ。
　　
　　 rán 'ér， qiáo zhì sān shì zài zhè shí de shēn tǐ què kāi shǐ měi xià yù kuàng， ér qiě hái chū xiàn liǎo jīng shén wèn tí。 cóng xiàn dài de yī xué jiǎo dù chū fā， gēn jù tā de bìng qíng jì lù， yī bān xiāng xìn tā huàn de shì pū cuō zhèng。 zài 2005 nián de yī xiàng yán jiū zhōng， yán jiū rén yuán gèng zài qiáo zhì sān shì yí liú hòu shì de tóu fā yàng běn zhōng yàn chū gāo hán liàng de pī shuāng， cóng 'ér gū jì tā de pū cuō zhèng yòu kě néng yóu cǐ yǐn fā。 yán jiū rén yuán wú fǎ zhuī chá pī shuāng de lái yuán， dàn xiāng xìn zhè xiē pī shuāng kě néng shì mǒu xiē yào wù huò huà zhuāng pǐn de chéng fèn。 qiáo zhì de pū cuō zhèng kě néng céng yú 1765 nián duǎn zàn bìng fā， dào 1788 nián xià tiān gèng fā shēng liǎo yī cì shí jiān chí jiǔ de bìng fā。 qiáo zhì zài 1788 nián de nà cì bìng fā chū qī， tā shàng kě yǐ shén zhì zhèng cháng dì zài 9 yuè 25 rì xuān bù guó huì xiū huì， kě shì cǐ hòu tā de bìng qíng què jí zhuǎn zhí xià， dào tóng nián 11 yuè de shí hòu， tā de jīng shén yǐ jīng yán zhòng cuò luàn， yòu shí shèn zhì lián xù shù xiǎo shí bù tíng zì yán zì yǔ。 dāng shí qiáo zhì de zhěn zhì yī shēng dōuwú fǎ jiě shì tā de bìng qíng， ér fāng jiān gèng jiàn jiàn liú chuán yòu guān tā jīng shén shī cháng de liú yán fěi yǔ， yòu rén gèng 'é chēng qiáo zhì sān shì bǎ dà shù wù rèn wéi pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng， ér qiě hái yǔ dà shù wò shǒu rú yí。 dāng guó huì zài 11 yuè fù huì shí， qiáo zhì wèi néng rú cháng zài guó huì kāi mù dà diǎn fā biǎo yù zuò zhì cí。 àn zhào guàn lì， jūn zhù wèi xiān zhì cí， guó huì jiù bù kě fù huì biàn lùn， wéi dāng nián guó huì zài qiáo zhì wèi yòu zhì cí de qíng kuàng xià， jiù jìng zì fù huì， bìng jiù shì fǒu xū yào shè zhèng wáng yī shì zhǎn kāi biàn lùn。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì shī cháng yǐ hòu， chá 'ěr sī · zhān mǔ shì · fú kè sī yǔ pí tè lì jí jiù zhèng fǔ de guǎn zhì wèn tí zhǎn kāi zhēng chǎo。 suī rán liǎng dǎng dū tóng yì yóu qiáo zhì sān shì de zhǎngzǐ jiān fǎ dìng jì chéng rén wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng dān rèn shè zhèng zuì wéi hé lǐ， dàn liǎng dǎng què jiù shè zhèng de fǎ lǐ jī chǔ chū xiàn zhòng dà fēn qí。 fú kè sī rèn wéi wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng jué duì yòu quán lì wéi qí yòu bìng de fù wáng dài xíng quán lì， dàn pí tè què fǎn bó shè zhèng rén xuǎn xū xiān yóu guó huì tí míng。 chú cǐ yǐ wài， yóu yú guó huì wèi yòu jīng yù zuò zhì cí jiù jìng zì fù huì， yǐ zhì guó huì de rèn shòu xìng yě chéng wéi yī dà yí wèn， shǐ yòu guān shè zhèng de biàn lùn zāo dào yī zài tuō yán。 gēn jù guò wǎng guàn lì， guó wáng yī dàn wèi néng chū xí guó huì kāi mù dà diǎn， tā kě yǐ tòu guò《 zhì gào》 wěi rèn shǒu cháng zhuān yuán dài xíng， ér yòu guān《 zhì gào》 bì xū yào yòu guó xǐ jiā gài， cái jù yòu fǎ lǜ xiào lì。 wéi jiě jué guó huì rèn shòu xìng de wèn tí， pí tè tòu guò fǎ lǜ shàng de jiǎ shè， jiàn yì fù zé tuō guǎn guó xǐ de dà fǎ guān wú xū qǐng shì qiáo zhì sān shì ， ér zì xíng jiāng guó xǐ gài yú《 zhì gào》。 jìn guǎn dà fǎ guān de xíng dòng kě néng shǔ yú bù fǎ xíng wéi， dàn《 zhì gào》 zhǐ yào bèi gài shàng guó xǐ， jiù bì dìng jù yòu fǎ lǜ xiào lì。 qiáo zhì sān shì de cì zǐ yuē kè gōng jué féi tè liè céng jiù cǐ zénàn pí tè de jiàn yì wéi“ wéi xiàn jí fēi fǎ”， dàn guó huì zhuān yuán réng zhào jiù 'àn jiàn yì bèi wěi rèn， guó huì yě zài 1789 nián 2 yuè zhèng shì fù huì。 guó huì fù huì hòu， zhèng fǔ lì jí yǐn rù《 shè zhèng cǎo 'àn》， dāng zhōng shòu quán yǐ wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng wéi shè zhèng wáng， dàn tóng shí yòu duì shè zhèng wáng de quán lì jiā yǐ zhū duō xiàn zhì。《 shè zhèng cǎo 'àn》 zài tóng yuè huò xià yì yuàn tōng guò， dàn cǎo 'àn zài tí jiāo shàng yì yuàn biǎo jué qián xī， qiáo zhì sān shì de zhù zhěn yī shēng fǎ lán xī sī · wéi lì sī jí shí bǎ tā zhì yù， cóng 'ér shǐ《 shè zhèng cǎo 'àn》 zuò bà。 qiáo zhì bìng yù hòu， tā què rèn liǎo guó xǐ de dòng yòng yǔ shǒu cháng zhuān yuán de wěi rèn shǔ hé fǎ yòu xiào de xíng dòng， bìng zhòng xīn tóu rù guǎn kòng guó jiā。
　　 ná pò lún zhàn zhēng
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì bìng yù hòu， tā yǔ shǒuxiàng pí tè de zhī chí dù bù duàn shàng shēng， xiāng fǎn， fú kè sī yǔ wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng de zhī chí dù què suí zhī xià jiàng。 zài 1789 nián， fǎ guó bào fā liǎo dà gé mìng， bìng shǐ fǎ guó wáng shì bèi tuī fān， shǐ bù shǎo bù liè diān de dì zhù shì shēn dū gǎn dào fēi cháng yōu xīn。 dào 1793 nián， fǎ guó gèng duì dà bù liè diān xuān zhàn， qiáo zhì suì róng xǔ pí tè tí gāo shuìlǜ、 kuò chōng jūn duì， yǐ jí lín shí zài zhàn shí zhōng zhǐ“ rén shēn bǎo hù lìng” de quán lì。 dà bù liè diān zuì chū yǔ 'ào dì lì、 pǔ lǔ shì jí xī bān yá zǔ chéng liǎo dì yī cì fǎn fǎ tóng méng， dàn tóng méng hěn kuài jiù yīn wéi pǔ lǔ shì yǔ xī bān yá sī xià yǔ fǎ guó gòu hé 'ér zài 1795 nián pò liè。 dà bù liè diān、 ào dì lì、 é guó jí 'è tú màn dì guó zài 1799 nián yòu zǔ chéng liǎo dì 'èr cì fǎn fǎ tóng méng， dàn tóng méng zài 1800 nián bèi jī kuì hòu， jiù zhǐ shèng xià dà bù liè diān jì xù yǔ fǎ lán xī dì yī gòng hé de dì yī zhí zhèng ná pò lún zuò zhàn。
　　
　　 zài 1800 nián 5 yuè 15 rì， qiáo zhì zài tè lǔ lǐ jù yuàn zāo yī míng huàn shàng zōng jiào wàng xiǎng zhèng de nán zǐ zhān mǔ shì · hǎdé fěi dé yì tú xíng shì， dàn bìng bù chéng gōng。 zài cǐ yǐ qián， tā yì céng zài 1786 nián jí 1790 nián xiān hòu liǎng cì bèi jīng shén shī cháng de rén shì xíng cì， dàn dū yǐ shì bài gào zhōng。 qiáo zhì cháng duì zhè xiē jīng shén shī cháng de cì kè yú yǐ liàng jiě， duì qí zhī chí dù yòu zhèng miàn de yǐng xiǎng。
　　
　　 zài ná pò lún zhàn zhēng qī jiān yě céng yòu jiào wéi píng jìng de shí hòu， zhè hǎo ràng shǒuxiàng pí tè néng gòu huā jīng lì zhuān zhù yú 'ài 'ěr lán wèn tí。 ài 'ěr lán céng zài 1798 nián fā shēng qǐ yì， qǐ yì bèi zhèn yā hòu， bù liè diān yǔ 'ài 'ěr lán yì huì tōng guò liǎo《 1800 nián lián hé fǎ 'àn》， zài 1801 nián 1 yuè 1 rì lián jié dà bù liè diān jí 'ài 'ěr lán wéi dān yī guó jiā， bìng jiāng guó hào dìng wéi“ dà bù liè diān jí 'ài 'ěr lán lián hé wáng guó”。 qiáo zhì sān shì suì jiè cǐ jī huì， fàng qì zì 'ài dé huá sān shì yǐ lái， lì rèn yīng guó jūn zhù suǒ shēng chēng jì chéng de“ fǎ guó guó wáng” tóu xián。 zài dà bù liè diān jí 'ài 'ěr lán hé bìng zhī shí， yòu rén jiàn yì qiáo yán zhī tóu xián yìng gǎi wéi“ bù liè diān jí hàn nuò wēi lǐng dì huáng dì”， dàn qiáo zhì zhī chí bǎo liú yīng guó lì dài jūn wáng shǐ yòng“ guó wáng” tóu xián de chuán tǒng， ér méi yòu gǎi chēng“ huáng dì”。
　　
　　 zuò wéi qí 'ài 'ěr lán zhèng cè de yī bù fèn， pí tè jìhuà zài dà bù liè diān jí 'ài 'ěr lán hé bìng hòu， jiě chú yī xiē duì guó nèi luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào jiào tú zài fǎ lǜ shàng de xiàn zhì， bù guò qiáo zhì sān shì què zhǐ chēng， jiě fàng tiān zhù jiào jiāng wéi fǎn tā zài jiā miǎn shí lì xià hàn wèi xīn jiào de shì yán。 qiáo zhì sān shì céng jiù cǐ biǎo shì：
　　 shì jiān hé chù yòu quán lì néng shǐ wǒ miǎn yú zūn shǒu nà shì yán shàng de měi yī jù huà， yóu qí shì yào wǒ hàn wèi xīn jiào de yī jù？…… bù、 bù， wǒ nìngkě zài 'ōu zhōu sì jiā sì hù de qǐ yào miàn bāo， yě bù kě yǐ pī zhǔn zhè xiē（ jiě fàng tiān zhù jiào de） cuò shī。 wǒ kě yǐ fàng qì wǒ de wáng wèi hé quán lì； wǒ kě yǐ cóng wǒ de gōng diàn bān dào nóng shè zhù； wǒ kě yǐ bǎ wǒ de tóu sòng dào zhēn bǎn， liǎo jié wǒ de shēng mìng； dàn wǒ bù kě yǐ wéi fǎn wǒ de shì yán。
　　
　　 miàn duì lái zì guó wáng yǔ bù liè diān mín zhòng duì zōng jiào gǎi gé zhèng cè de fǎn duì， pí tè céng yào xié yǐ cí zhí xiāng pò。 ér chàbù duō zài tóng yī shí jiān， qiáo zhì sān shì yī dù duǎn zàn bìng fā， bìng yù hòu gèng zé bèi zhè bìng shì tiān zhù jiào wèn tí pò chū lái de。 zuì zhōng zài 1801 nián 3 yuè 14 rì， pí tè bù zài rèn shǒuxiàng， bìng yóu xià yì yuàn yì cháng hēng lì · ā dīng dùn jiē rèn。 ā dīng dùn rèn nèi fǎn duì tiān zhù jiào jiě fàng、 chuàng lì zhōu nián zhàng mù zhì dù、 fèi chú rù xī shuì yǐ jí kāi shǐ cái jūn。 zài 1801 nián 10 yuè， tā yǔ fǎ guó hé jiě， bìng zài 1802 nián qiān dìng《 yà mián hé yuē》。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì běn rén bìng bù xiāng xìn yǔ dān píng《 yà mián hé yuē》 jiù kě yǔ fǎ guó yōng yòu“ zhēn zhèng” de hé píng， tā jǐn jǐn shì hé píng wéi“ shí yàn” ér yǐ。 wèi jǐ zài 1803 nián， liǎng guó zài dù hù xiāng xuān zhàn， dàn gōng zhòng yú lùn què pǔ biàn bù xìn rèn yóu shǒuxiàng 'ā dīng dùn dài lǐng guó jiā zuò zhàn， xiāng fǎn， gōng zhòng de mù guāng chóngxīn tóu dào liǎo pí tè shēn shàng。 zài 1804 nián， qiáo zhì yòu yī cì shòu jiù bìng yǐng xiǎng， bìng yù yǐ hòu， ā dīng dùn xuān bù cí zhí， bìng zài dù yóu pí tè chū rèn shǒuxiàng。 pí tè céng xún qiú wěi rèn fú kè sī dào nèi gé gòngzhí， rán 'ér qiáo zhì sān shì yīn bù mǎn fú kè sī gǔ lì wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng guò zhù huī huò shē chǐ de shēng huó 'ér duì tā dà biǎo bù mǎn， bìng qiě fǎn duì tā jiā rù nèi gé。 fú kè sī wèi néng rù gé， shǐ lìng yī huī gé dǎng lǐng dǎo rén wù gé lún wéi 'ěr xūn jué xīn gǎn bù gōng 'ér jù jué jiā rù nèi gé。 pí tè shàng rèn hòu jí zhuān zhù yú yǔ 'ào dì lì、 é guó jí ruì diǎn zǔ chéng lìng yī gè fǎn fǎ tóng méng， dàn yǔ yǐ wǎng de fǎn fǎ tóng méng yī yàng， zhè gè dì sān cì fǎn fǎ tóng méng suí jí zài 1805 nián bèi wǎ jiě。 cǐ hòu ná pò lún gèng chéng shèng zhuī jī， shì tú shuài jūn rù qīn yīng gé lán， bù guò zhè gè jìhuà hěn kuài suí zhe fǎ guó zài shǐ shàng zhù míng de tè lā fǎ jiā hǎi zhàn zhōng， bài yú yīng guó hǎi jūn jiànglǐng nà 'ěr xùn xūn jué 'ér gào chuī。
　　
　　 zài 'ōu zhōu zhàn shì de shī lì duì pí tè de jiàn kāng zhuàng kuàng gòu chéng hěn dà dǎ jī， zuì hòu gèng zài 1806 nián yú rèn nèi bìng gù。 pí tè sǐ hòu， shuí rén chū zhǎng nèi gé zài cì chéng wéi wèn tí， ér zhè cì zé yóu gé lún wéi 'ěr xūn jué duó dé shǒuxiàng yī wèi。 gé lún wéi 'ěr xūn jué shàng rèn hòu chóu zǔ liǎo suǒ wèi de“ xián néng nèi gé”， dāng zhōng yǐ qǐ yòng chá 'ěr sī · zhān mǔ shì · fú kè sī rèn wàixiàng zuì shòu guān zhù。 shòu shí jú suǒ kùn， qiáo zhì zhè cì rèn mìng fú kè sī shí shǔ pò bù dé yǐ， duì fú kè sī de tài dù yě jiào zhī yǐ qián yǒu shàn。 kě shì fú kè sī zài 1806 nián 9 yuè shì shì hòu， qiáo zhì yǔ nèi gé xiàn rù liǎo gōng kāi de chōng tū。 wèile tí gāo zhēng mù xīn bīng de xiàolǜ， nèi gé jiàn yì zhǔn xǔ luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào tú zài jūn duì kě chū rèn suǒ yòu jūn zhí， dàn qiáo zhì què xià lìng nèi gé chè huí jiàn yì， ér qiě yào chéng nuò rì hòu bù yào zài tí chū zhè yàng de jiàn yì。 dāng shí nèi gé tóng yì chè huí jiàn yì， dàn fǎn duì chéng nuò rì hòu bù zuò tóng lèi jiàn yì， jiēguǒ nèi gé zài 1807 nián bèi bà miǎn， bìng yóu bō tè lán gōng jué dì 'èr dù chū rèn shǒuxiàng。 yǔ dì yī cì rèn xiāng yī yàng， bō tè lán gōng jué de shǒuxiàng zhī wèi jǐn shǔ yòu míng wú shí， dà quán zé luò zài cái zhèng dà chén sī bīn sài · pò xī wǎ 'ěr shǒu shàng。 suí hòu guó huì bèi jiě sàn， bìng jǔ xíng dà xuǎn， chéng gōng wéi xīn zhèng fǔ zài xià yì yuàn dài lái wěn gù de duō shù yōu shì。 zì cǐ yǐ hòu， qiáo zhì sān shì zài wèi qī jiān méi yòu zài zuò zhòng dà de zhèng zhì jué dìng， jí shǐ hòu lái pò xī wǎ 'ěr zài 1809 nián qǔ dài bō tè lán gōng jué rèn xiāng yī shì shàng， yě jǐn qǐ liǎo hěn shǎo de yǐng xiǎng。
　　 wǎn nián
　　
　　 zài 1810 nián， qiáo zhì de shēng wàng dá dào liǎo qián suǒ wèi yòu de dǐng fēng， dàn shì shí shàng， tā yǐ jīng yīn bái nèi zhàng 'ér jìn hū shī míng， tóng shí bèi shòu fēng shī bìng de kùn rǎo， ér qiě yě kāi shǐ bìng dé fēi cháng yán zhòng。 duì qiáo zhì 'ér yán， tā wǎn nián de bìng shì yīn wéi qí zuì téng 'ài de yòu nǚ 'ā mǐ lì yà gōng zhù yú 1810 nián bìng gù 'ér yòu fā de。 jù 'ā mǐ lì yà gōng zhù de hù shì jì shù， zhǐ qiáo zhì tàn wàng tā téng 'ài de nǚ 'ér shí，“ měi tiān dōushì bēi tòng yǔ háo kū de chǎng miàn…… lìng rén jù sàng dé nán yǐ xíng róng”。 qiáo zhì hòu lái rèn tóng yòu tōng guò《 1811 nián shè zhèng fǎ 'àn》 de xū yào， zhè shǐ qí zhǎngzǐ wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng qiáo zhì zì 1811 nián qǐ dān rèn shè zhèng wáng， shè lǐ jūn zhí， zhí dào qiáo zhì sān shì zài 1820 nián jià bēng wéi zhǐ。 dào 1811 nián nián wěi， qiáo zhì sān shì yǐ xiàn rù yǒng jiǔ xìng jīng shén shī cháng de zhuàng tài， bìng bèi 'ān pái dào wēn suō bǎo guò zhù yǔ shì gé jué de gū pì shēng huó， zhí dào jià bēng。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì wán quán shī cháng hòu， shǒuxiàng sī bīn sài · pò xī wǎ 'ěr zài 1812 nián bèi cì shā shēn wáng， jiēguǒ yóu lì wù pǔ xūn jué jiē rèn。 lì wù pǔ rèn nèi jiàn zhèng yīng guó zài ná pò lún zhàn zhēng zhōng qǔ dé zuì hòu shèng lì， ér jǐn suí de wéi yě nà huì yì yě shǐ hàn nuò wēi de lǐng tǔ dé yǐ kuò chōng， bìng yóu xuǎn dì hóu lǐng dì shēng jí wéi wáng guó。
　　1816 nián de bàn kè lǎng yìng bì， yóu yú qiáo zhì sān shì jīng shén shī cháng， diāo kè shī wú fǎ jí chǎng wèitā jìn xíng diāo kè。 zhè kuǎn bèi chēng wéi“ gōng niú tóu qiáo zhì” de yìng bì hòu yīn jī qǐ gōng zhòng fǎn gǎn 'ér huí shōu。
　　
　　 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， qiáo zhì de jiàn kāng què bù duàn 'è huà， yī fāng miàn xiàn rù wán quán shī míng， lìng fāng miàn shī cōng de qíng kuàng yě yù yì míng xiǎn。 qiáo zhì cóng bù zhī dào zì jǐ zài 1814 nián bèi xuān gào chéng wéi hàn nuò wēi guó wáng， yě bù zhī dào zì jǐ de qī zǐ yǐ zài 1818 nián guò shēn。 zài 1819 nián shèng dàn jié qián hòu， tā shèn zhì céng chí xù dì zì yán zì yǔ dá 58 xiǎo shí， zài qù shì qián de shù xīng qī yě sàng shī liǎo bù xíng de néng lì。 zuì hòu zài 1820 nián 1 yuè 29 rì， qiáo zhì sān shì jià bēng yú wēn suō bǎo， zhōng nián 81 suì。 lín zhōng shí， tā zuì xǐ 'ài de 'ér zǐ yuē kè gōng jué féi tè liè yǔ tā yī qǐ。 zài qiáo zhì sān shì jià bēng qián liù rì， tā de dì sì zǐ kěn tè gōng jué 'ài dé huá · ào gǔ sī tǎ yì zài 1 yuè 23 rì yīn bìng qù shì。 qiáo zhì sān shì de yí tǐ zài 2 yuè 15 rì bèi 'ān zàng yú wēn suō bǎo shèng qiáo zhì lǐ bài táng nèi。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì shēn hòu， wáng wèi xiān hòu yóu tā de liǎng míng 'ér zǐ， jí qiáo zhì sì shì jí wēi lián sì shì jì chéng。 yóu yú liǎng rén shēn hòu dōuméi yòu zài shì de hé fǎ zǐ nǚ， suǒ yǐ wáng wèi yóu tā men de zhí nǚ wéi duō lì yà jì chéng。 wéi duō lì yà shì gēn dé gōng jué wéi yī de hé fǎ zǐ nǚ， suì chéng wéi hàn nuò wēi wáng cháo zuì hòu yī wèi jūn zhù。
　　 yǐng xiǎng
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì zhōng nián 81 suì yòu 239 tiān， zài wèi 59 nián yòu 96 tiān， zhè liǎng gè jì lù chāo yuè liǎo zài tā yǐ qián de lì rèn yīng gé lán huò bù liè diān jūn zhù。 xiàn jīn zhè gè jì lù zhǐ céng bèi tā de sūn nǚ wéi duō lì yà chāo yuè， ér yī lì shā bó 'èr shì suī rán huó dé bǐ qiáo zhì cháng， dàn zài wèi shí jiān zé réng rán bù jí。 ér bǐ jiào qiáo zhì sān shì zhī qián sān rèn jūn zhù， jí 'ān nī nǚ wáng、 qiáo zhì yī shì jí qiáo zhì 'èr shì 'ér yán， tā men sān rén jiā qǐ lái de zài wèi shí jiān yě yào bǐ qiáo zhì sān shì yī rén duǎn。
　　
　　 jìn guǎn zài tǒng zhì chū nián de shēng wàng hěn gāo， dàn tà rù 1770 nián dài zhōng qī yǐ hòu， qiáo zhì què yīn gé mìng làng cháo 'ér shī qù běi měi shí sān zhōu zhí mín dì rén mín de zhī chí（ xiāng dāng yú yīng guó zài běi měi zhí mín dì de sān fēn yī rén kǒu）。 cóng měi guó dú lì xuān yán zhōng de zhǐ kòng suǒ jiàn， qiáo zhì bèi zhǐ“ chóngfù dì pò huài hé qīn duó”， yǐ jí zài měi zhōu zhí mín dì shì tú jiàn lì qǐ“ jué duì bào zhèng”， zhè shǐ dé měi guó dà zhòng yī bān liú xià qiáo zhì sān shì shì bào jūn de yìn xiàng。 zhì yú zài 'ài 'ěr lán， qiáo zhì yě yīn wéi dà bù liè diān bào lì zhèn yā 1798 nián pàn luàn děng yuán yīn 'ér míng shēng bù jiā。 dāng dài de xué zhě yī bān duì qiáo zhì sān shì de shēng píng píng jià fēn chéng liǎo liǎng dà zhèn yíng， yī fāng jiāng“ yì jiàn jí zhōng yú qí tǒng zhì hòu qī， jí shì tā chéng wéi quán guó dǐ kàng fǎ guó jìhuà jí lì liàng de chóng jìng xiàng zhēng” de nà duàn shí qī； ér lìng yī fāng zé cóng tā men“ zài qiáo zhì zài wèi tóu 20 nián suǒ jīng lì de tòng kǔ dǎng pài dǒu zhēng zhōng， jiàn lì qǐ tā men duì qiáo zhì sān shì de kàn fǎ， yīn cǐ tā men zài zuò pǐn zhōng fǎn yìng de， wǎng wǎng jiù shì fǎn duì pài de yì jiàn”。 cóng shàng shù hòu zhě de guān diǎn fā zhǎn， shǐ dé yī xiē 19 jí 20 shì jì chū de yīng guó lì shǐ xué jiā rú tuō lì wèi lián jué shì jí 'è 'ěr sī jīn · méi děng děng， dōuduì qiáo zhì sān shì de shēng píng jiā zhū yǐ huái yòu dí yì de píng jià。 dàn dào liǎo 20 shì jì zhōng qī， lìng yī xiē lì shǐ xué jiā rú liú yì sī · bó 'ēn sī tǎn · nà mǐ 'ěr jué shì què rèn wéi guò wǎng duì qiáo zhì de píng lùn“ guò yú zhòngshāng”， bìng zhuān zhù chóngxīn duì qiáo zhì yǔ qí tǒng zhì zuò chū píng gū。 tà rù 20 shì jì hòu qī， xué zhě zhū rú bā tè fěi 'ěr dé、 péi ruì sī、 mài kǎo pān jí hēng tè děng， dū qīng xiàng yǐ tóng qíng de jiǎo dù kàn dài qiáo zhì， bìng bǎ tā shì zuò mìng yùn yǔ jí bìng de shòu hài zhě。 ér shí zhì jīn rì， qiáo zhì sān shì màn cháng de tǒng zhì， yī bān bèi shì wéi jūn zhù zhèng zhì quán lì wěi suō de yī gè yán xù， yǐ jí jūn zhù màn màn zhuǎn xíng huà shēn wèiguó jiā dào dé xíng xiàng de shí dài。
　　 zhè fú diāo bǎn huà miáo huì niǔ yuē shì mín zhòng zài 1776 nián dǎo huǐ qiáo zhì sān shì diāo xiàng de qíng xíng， dàn huà jiā cuò wù dì bǎ qí mǎ diāo xiàng huà chéng zhàn lì de diāo xiàng。
　　
　　 wéi jì niàn qiáo zhì sān shì jí qí zǐ qiáo zhì sì shì， bù shǎo qián yīng guó zhí mín dì de chéng zhèn dōubèi mìng míng wéi qiáo zhì zhèn。 zài yīng guó bù shǎo dì fāng yě shù lì liǎo qiáo zhì sān shì de diāo xiàng， dāng zhōng yǐ lún dūn sēn má shí fǔ wài tíng yuàn， yǐ jí wèi yú duō sài tè wéi máo sī de diāo xiàng zuì yòu míng。 cǐ wài， niǔ yuē shì yì céng shù lì guò yī gè qiáo zhì sān shì de dù jīn qí mǎ diāo xiàng， dàn diāo xiàng hòu yú 1776 nián měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng bào fā qī jiān bèi dǎo huǐ。
　　
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì céng bèi fěng cì zuò jiā xì chēng wéi“ nóng fū qiáo zhì”， yǐ cháo xiào tā xǐ 'ài chǔlǐ dān diào píng fán de suǒ shì duō yú zhèng zhì。 dàn jiǔ 'ér jiǔ zhī， zhè gè chēng hào jiàn bèi yòng lái xíng róng tā pǔ shí wú huá yǔ jié jiǎn de xìng gé， róng wéi liǎo dà zhòng de yī fèn zǐ， shǐ tā yǔ qí fú kuā de zhǎngzǐ gòu chéng míng xiǎn duì bǐ。 qiáo zhì sān shì běn rén shí fēn xǐ 'ài nóng yè， zài tā de gǔ lì xià， shǐ yīng guó nóng yè gé mìng zài qí zhì xià bù rù gāo cháo， yě lìng xiāng jiān rén kǒu shǐ wú qián lì dì shàng shēng， wéi rì hòu jǐn jiē zhe de gōng yè gé mìng tí gōng liǎo chōng zú de láo dòng lì。
　　 tóu xián yǔ chēng hào
　　 qiáo zhì sān shì
　　 de jūn zhù chēng hào
　　 tí jí shí de chēng hào guó wáng bì xià
　　 yǔ tǐ chēng hào bì xià
　　 fēi zhèng shì chēng hào gé xià
　　
　　*1738 nián 6 yuè 4 rì－ 1751 nián 3 yuè 31 rì： qiáo zhì wáng zǐ diàn xià
　　*1751 nián 3 yuè 31 rì－ 1751 nián 4 yuè 20 rì： ài dīng bǎo gōng jué diàn xià
　　*1751 nián 4 yuè 20 rì－ 1760 nián 10 yuè 25 rì： wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng diàn xià
　　*1760 nián 10 yuè 25 rì－ 1820 nián 1 yuè 29 rì： guó wáng bì xià
　　
　　 zài dà bù liè diān， qiáo zhì sān shì de guān shì chēng hào wéi“ qiáo zhì sān shì ； tuō shàng dì de hóng fú； dà bù liè diān、 fǎ guó jí 'ài 'ěr lán guó wáng； xìn yǎng de hàn wèi zhě děng”。 zài 1801 nián， dà bù liè diān yǔ 'ài 'ěr lán hé bìng， tā chèn jī huì fàng qì liǎo lì rèn yīng gé lán jūn zhù suǒ shēng chēng yōng yòu de“ fǎ guó guó wáng” chēng hào， tóng shí shěng qù zì yī lì suō bó yī shì zài wèi yǐ lái， jiù zài“ xìn yǎng de hàn wèi zhě” zì yǎn hòu miàn suǒ jiā de“ děng” zì。 yīn cǐ， zì 1801 nián qǐ， qí chēng hào gǎi chéng wéi“ qiáo zhì sān shì ； tuō shàng dì de hóng fú； dà bù liè diān jí 'ài 'ěr lán lián hé wáng guó guó wáng； xìn yǎng de hàn wèi zhě”。
　　 wén zhāng
　　
　　 zài 1749 nián 7 yuè 27 rì， qiáo zhì huò zhǔn shǐ yòng wáng guó wén zhāng， bìng yǐ yī tiáo yòu wǔ jiān de wèi lán sè héng tiáo zuò qū fēn， cǐ wài， héng tiáo de zhōng jiān yī jiān yì jiā shàng liǎo yī gè yuān wěi huā tú 'àn。 qiáo zhì de fù qīn sǐ hòu， tā chú liǎo jì chéng 'ài dīng bǎo gōng jué jí wáng wèi fǎ dìng jì chéng rén de wén zhāng yàng shì wài， qí wén zhāng yì yǐ yī tiáo gòng sān jiān de chún yín bái sè héng tiáo zuò qū fēn。
　　
　　 zì qiáo zhì jiā miǎn dào 1800 nián qī jiān， qiáo zhì de wén zhāng kě yǐ zòng héng dì fēn chéng sì bù fēn（ rú xià tú zuǒ suǒ shì）。 wèi yú zuǒ shàng de dì yī bù fèn bèi děng fēn wéi zuǒ、 yòu liǎng fèn， zuǒ biān huì shàng dài biǎo yīng gé lán， miàn xiàng qí zuǒ， xiàng qián zhí zǒu de sān zhǐ shī zǐ， yòu biān zé huì shàng shì yòu yuān wěi xíng huā wén zhī shuāng biān dài， bìng dài biǎo sū gé lán de yī zhǐ yuè lì zhōng de shī zǐ； wèi yú yòu shàng de dì 'èr bù fèn huì shàng dài biǎo fǎ guó de sān gè yuān wěi huā tú 'àn； wèi yú zuǒ xià dì sān bù fèn huì shàng dài biǎo 'ài 'ěr lán de shù qín； zhì yú wèi yú yòu xià de dì sì bù fèn dài biǎo hàn nuò wēi， zhè bù fèn zài bèi xì fēn chéng sì bù fèn， dāng zhōng wèi yú qí zuǒ shàng de dì yī fèn huà shàng liǎng zhǐ dài biǎo bù lún ruì kè， miàn xiàng qí zuǒ， xiàng qián zhí zǒu de shī zǐ； wèi yú qí yòu shàng de dì 'èr fèn huì shàng yǐ xīn xíng tú 'àn wéi bèi jǐng， bìng dài biǎo lǚ nè bǎo de yī zhǐ yuè lì zhōng de shī zǐ； wèi yú qí xià bù de dì sān bù fèn zé huì shàng yī zhǐ dài biǎo wēi sī tè fǎ lún de yín bái sè jùn mǎ； zuì hòu wèi yú zhōng bù de dì sì bù fèn chéng hóng sè de xiǎo dùn zhuàng， shàng miàn huì yòu chá lǐ màn zhī guān miǎn， dài biǎo zhe shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó dà sī kù yī zhí。
　　
　　《 1800 nián lián hé fǎ 'àn》 tōng guò hòu， qiáo zhì de wén zhāng yòu suǒ gǎi biàn， yuán běn dài biǎo fǎ guó de dì 'èr fèn bù zài huì shàng yuān wěi huā， gǎi 'ér huì shàng yuán běn dài biǎo sū gé lán de tú 'àn； zhì yú yuán běn de dì yī bù fèn jí dì sì bù fèn zé huì shàng yuán běn dài biǎo yīng gé lán de tú 'àn， dài biǎo 'ài 'ěr lán de dì sān bù fèn zé wéi chí yuán zhuàng。 zhì yú yuán běn de dì sì bù fèn， xiàn zài zé bèi yí dào wén zhāng de zhèng zhōng， bìng qiě chéng xiǎo dùn zhuàng。 zhè gè xiǎo dùn zhuàng de zhèng shàng fāng yuán běn huì yòu yī dǐng xuǎn dì hóu wú biān ní mào， dàn dào 1816 nián， jí hàn nuò wēi jìn jí chéng wáng guó de liǎng nián zhī hòu， zhè gè wú biān ní mào zhèng shì bèi huáng guān tú 'àn qǔ dài（ rú xià tú yòu suǒ shì）。
　　
　　1816 nián qǐ de wén zhāng。
　　 zǐ nǚ
　　 míng chēng chū shēng rì qī shì shì rì qī zhù shì
　　 qiáo zhì sì shì 1762 nián 8 yuè 12 rì 1830 nián 6 yuè 26 rì 1795 nián yíng qǔ bù lún ruì kè - lǚ nè bǎo díkǎ luó lín gōng zhù， liǎng rén yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 yuē kè gōng jué féi tè liè 1763 nián 8 yuè 16 rì 1827 nián 1 yuè 5 rì 1791 nián yíng qǔ pǔ lǔ shì de fú léi dé lǐ kǎ gōng zhù， liǎng rén méi yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 wēi lián sì shì 1765 nián 8 yuè 21 rì 1837 nián 6 yuè 20 rì 1818 nián yíng qǔ sà kè sī - màn níng gēn de 'ā dé lāi dé， liǎng rén wú huó xià lái de hé fǎ zǐ nǚ
　　 cháng gōng zhù xià luò tè 1766 nián 9 yuè 29 rì 1828 nián 10 yuè 6 rì 1797 nián xià jià fú téng bǎo guó wáng féi tè liè， liǎng rén méi yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 kěn tè gōng jué 'ài dé huá · ào gǔ sī tǎ sī 1767 nián 11 yuè 2 rì 1820 nián 1 yuè 23 rì 1818 nián yíng qǔ sà kè sēn - kē bǎo - sà 'ěr fèi 'ěr dé de wéi duō lì yà gōng zhù， liǎng rén yòu zǐ nǚ（ wéi duō lì yà nǚ wáng）
　　 ào gǔ sī tǎ · suǒ fěi yà gōng zhù 1768 nián 11 yuè 8 rì 1840 nián 9 yuè 22 rì
　　 yī lì shā bó gōng zhù 1770 nián 5 yuè 22 rì 1840 nián 1 yuè 10 rì 1818 nián xià jià hēi sēn - hóng bǎo bó jué lǐng zhù féi tè liè， liǎng rén méi yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 hàn nuò wēi de 'ēn sī tè · ào gǔ sī tǎ sī yī shì 1771 nián 6 yuè 5 rì 1851 nián 11 yuè 18 rì 1815 nián yíng qǔ méi kè lún bǎo - shī tè léi lì cí de fú léi dé lǐ kǎ gōng zhù， liǎng rén yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 sà xī kè sī gōng jué 'ào gǔ sī tǎ sī · féi tè liè 1773 nián 1 yuè 27 rì 1843 nián 4 yuè 22 rì céng liǎng cì jié hūn， dàn liǎng cì hūn yīn dū yīn wéi fǎn《 1772 nián huáng jiā hūn yīn fǎ 'àn》 ér bèi wèi bèi chéng rèn。 tā zài 1793 nián yíng qǔ 'ào gǔ sī tǎ · mò lǐ guì nǚ， liǎng rén yòu zǐ nǚ， dàn cǐ hūn yīn zài 1794 nián bèi xuān gào wú xiào。 tā hòu zài 1831 nián yíng qǔ sài xī lì yà · ān dé wǔ dé guì nǚ（ hòu wéi yīn fú nèi sī nǚ gōng jué）， liǎng rén méi yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 jiàn qiáo gōng jué 'ā dào fú sī 1774 nián 2 yuè 24 rì 1850 nián 7 yuè 8 rì 1818 nián yíng qǔ hēi sài - kǎ sài 'ěr de 'ào gǔ sī tǎ gōng zhù， liǎng rén yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 gào luó shì dǎ gōng jué fū rén mǎ lì gōng zhù 1776 nián 4 yuè 25 rì 1857 nián 4 yuè 30 rì 1816 nián xià jià gào luó shì dǎ gōng jué wēi lián qīn wáng， liǎng rén méi yòu zǐ nǚ
　　 suǒ fěi yà gōng zhù 1777 nián 11 yuè 3 rì 1848 nián 5 yuè 27 rì
　　 wū dà wéi wáng zǐ 1779 nián 2 yuè 23 rì 1783 nián 5 yuè 3 rì
　　 ài 'ěr fú léi dé wáng zǐ 1780 nián 9 yuè 22 rì 1782 nián 8 yuè 20 rì
　　 ā mǐ lì yà gōng zhù 1783 nián 8 yuè 7 rì 1810 nián 11 yuè 2 rì
　　
　　 tǒng zhì 1760 nián 10 yuè 25 rì -1820 nián 1 yuè 29 rì
　　(59 nián )
　　 jiā miǎn rì qī 1761 nián 9 yuè 22 rì
　　 qián rèn qiáo zhì 'èr shì
　　 huáng chǔ qiáo zhì sì shì
　　 shè zhèng wáng shè zhèng wáng qiáo zhì（ 1811 nián -1820 nián）
　　 pèi 'ǒu méi kè lún bǎo - shī tè léi lì cí de xià luò tè
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　　 kěn tè gōng jué 'ài dé huá · ào gǔ sī tǎ sī
　　 ào gǔ sī tǎ · suǒ fěi yà gōng zhù
　　 yī lì shā bó gōng zhù
　　 hàn nuò wēi de 'ēn sī tè · ào gǔ sī tǎ sī yī shì
　　 sà xī kè sī gōng jué 'ào gǔ sī tǎ sī · féi tè liè
　　 jiàn qiáo gōng jué 'ā dào fú sī
　　 mǎ lì gōng zhù
　　 suǒ fěi yà gōng zhù
　　 wū dà wéi wáng zǐ
　　 ài 'ěr fú léi dé wáng zǐ
　　 ā mǐ lì yà gōng zhù
　　 quán míng
　　 qiáo zhì · wēi lián · féi tè liè
　　 tóu xián
　　 guó wáng bì xià
　　 wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng diàn xià
　　 ài dīng bǎo gōng jué diàn xià
　　 qiáo zhì wáng zǐ diàn xià
　　 huáng shì hàn nuò wēi wáng cháo
　　 huáng jiā sòng gē tiān yòu wú huáng
　　 fù qīn wēi 'ěr shì qīn wáng féi tè liè
　　 mǔ qīn sà kè sēn - gē dá de 'ào gǔ sī tǎ gōng zhù
　　 chū shēng 1738 nián 6 yuè 4 rì [N.S.]
　　Unionflag1606(KingsColors).svg dà bù liè diān lún dūn
　　 shèng zhān mǔ shì guǎng chǎng nuò fú kè fǔ
　　 shòu xǐ 1738 nián 6 yuè 4 rì jí 7 yuè 4 rì [N.S.]
　　 dà bù liè diān lún dūn nuò fú kè fǔ
　　 shì shì 1820 nián 1 yuè 29 rì（ 81 suì）
　　 yīng guó yīng guó bó kè jùn wēn suō bǎo
　　 ān zàng rì qī 1820 nián 2 yuè 15 rì
　　 yīng guó wēn suō shèng qiáo zhì lǐ bài táng

　　George III (in English: George III, 1738 年 6 月 4 日 -1 820 1 29), all 名乔治威廉 Frederick (George William Frederick), 1760 年 10 月 25 日 ascended the throne as King of Great Britain and Ireland King, to after 1 January 1801 due to the composition of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to become King of the United Kingdom until 1820 Jiabeng up. George III, while Brunswick - Lüneburg Duke, so on Oct. 12, 1814 became King of Hanover ago, is elected Holy Roman Emperor Hanover, Hou. George III was the third Hanoverian British monarch, the first English-speaking Hanover Wang Zhaojun the main, in fact, George III never visited Germany districts.
　　Early career
　　Marriage
　　Although George III ascended the throne when the political parties received a welcome, but the rule has been his early overshadowed by political instability, and this is largely because the domestic war on the seven major differences in the issues To the. George and Thorein increasingly specially trusted officials in the Tory party, has been in politics so dominated the Whig party very unhappy, even Qianze George De act tantamount to a dictator, and Charles I is exactly the same. In May 1762, the Duke of Newcastle was George Whig Party government won the bid to 苏格兰托利 Noble Lord Party replaced the Whig Party would again lead to dissatisfaction, and even won the bid for Lord's opponents spread rumors that he and the Queen Mother because of the close, so slowly stir in England emotional bias against Scotland. In 1763, the war ended seven years, won the bid for the Lord in the "Treaty of Paris", after signing the resignation, then the Whigs, led in Qiaozhigelun Virgin returned to power. Later the same year, British government issued the "1763 Royal Announcement," the development boundary to restrict the British colonies in North America continued westward expansion. The announcement was designed to force the colonists to North America, the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas negotiations, reduce land disputes caused by the war front, thus reducing the huge military spending. While this so-called "Notice line" does not settle most of the colonists had much impact, but this "Notice line" has aroused strong resentment among the border settlers, then as the North American colonies and Great Britain, the fuse of the government there disputes 1, is the underlying cause was one of the American Revolution. On the other hand, has always been just ordinary American colonists to the British government to pay the taxes low, but at the same time Great Britain was arranged in a large number of American troops to suppress the local indigenous inhabitants of the uprising, and the American colonies against the French invasion of ambition, so Great Britain's military spending in America is very heavy. In order to balance the costs, Grenville in 1765 the Government introduced the "Printing Act," British North American colonies to levy stamp duty on each document, even the newspapers that time stamp duty, making propaganda against the tax to be widespread in North America. At the same time, Grenville for trying to undermine the monarchy gradually lost the privileges and support of George, George, had tried to persuade any of the old Peter Chu Ge phase, but are not successful, Hou Qiaozhi once sick illness (with the view that the disease is a precursor to his later insanity), recovered after the success of the Organization to the Cabinet of Lord Rockingham, then soon dismissed Grenville.
　　The new Tory Prime Minister Lord North and the growing dissatisfaction of American Government is very concerned about the mood of Great Britain, in order to appease the American colonists, he withdrew to the American colonies, most of the tax collected, but left unattended for a tea tax items. Tea tax on the importance of Great Britain, George III and even taste the tea tax was made by Great Britain "to maintain (to tax the American colonies) the right to a tax," but in 1773, Boston mob to oppose the tea tax and boarded in Boston Hong Kong tea cargo transportation and dumping tea into the sea for the purpose of demonstration, known to history as the Boston Tea Party. The incident in Great Britain caused a great negative, public opinion also appeared satisfied with the North American colonists, while their sympathy for the North American colonists also support the North Chatham, Lord, will the event be characterized as "undoubtedly criminal in nature." Lord North after the incident at the tea into a number of measures for retaliation, including the closure of Boston Harbor, Massachusetts amended the constitution so that the local legislature's upper chamber appointed by the monarch, rather than elected by the lower house. These measures have further aroused the colonists grievances, they even call these measures as "intolerable Act." Some scholars believe that, until this time, George III still prefer the "political means to solve the problem, although sometimes he made recommendations on the effectiveness of the Cabinet doubt, he is still very much left to the recommendations of the Cabinet, but only from 1763 to 1775 look what happened, George III should not be on the trigger to take direct responsibility regarding the American Revolution. "
　　American war of independence
　　American war of independence for British troops and colonial militia general in April 1775 in New England and the outbreak of armed conflict. After a year of fighting, Great Britain's colonies in North America in July 1776 declared independence from Great Britain the king and establish a "United States of America." The Declaration of Independence, the colony was also King of Great Britain, the legislature made a number of complaints of all citizens, including George accused of "abandonment of the government here in my area ... ... plundering, trampled the coast, burning towns, disabled people in order to succeed," and so on, these George reached after evaluation, are unfair to his indignation. In war, the British army successfully captured in 1776 in New York City, but then the British will Yuehanboge Fanglu Jun battle shuaibing for surrender in Saratoga, has led to a large extent the British from Canada plans counterattack ended in failure. To 1778, France (Great Britain's main competitors) and the U.S. signed a new treaty of friendship to the British situation is more severe, at this time, Lord North proposed take over by the Prime Minister Lord Chatham, but was rejected George III and a counter-proposal to be worked into the cabinet, Lord Chatham, Lord cooperation with the North. Chatham ultimately refused to cooperate, and soon died in the same year, the time is in a state of war between Great Britain and France to declare war with Spain in 1779 also.
　　While his ministers do not agree, but still stubbornly to George III and the American Revolution British Army fighting in the end, and some ministers such as Lord and Wei Mao Sixun Ghor Jazz, etc. are not willing to have injured the dignity of the war have resigned. Prime Minister Lord North and his colleagues have the same views and have those views known to George, but he did not follow the resignation last. George later dispelled the idea of the United States continues to surge suppression, and said, "want to keep Pennsylvania a joke" and also that New England has no hope of regain, but he still determined to "never recognized American independence in which he promised to never-ending perpetual war, punish them firmly sustained disobedience. " George's plan is to keep garrison in New York, Rhode Island, Canada and Florida, 30,000 soldiers, the other forces active in the West is responsible for attacks on Indian troops in France and Spain. To punish the Americans, he plans to destroy the coastal commercial port, blow up their terminal, looting and burning of their coastal towns (such as Connecticut's New London), and the lifting of controls on the Indians, so that They attacked the colonial border civilians. George also believe that these actions can be effective in encouraging local royalist, split the Continental Congress, and "the rebels are continuing to annoyance, anxiety and weary, one day, even resentment and disappointment is inevitable natural and converted to repentance and self-blame "to beg for him back to governance. However, these plans Quedui George III and the loyal Indians royalist cause damage, but a prolonged war Gengrang French, and Spanish at any time take advantage of the two countries, coalition forces, onslaught the British Isles, which set in London in danger .
　　George III, the appointment of Peter is a victory for the prime minister, because it proves that he can own interpretation of public opinion and public opinion to choose the Prime Minister, do not follow the majority of the lower house of the Prime Minister sent to selected candidates. The incumbent prime minister Pitt, George supported his many political objectives, even canonized an unprecedented number of new aristocracy, the upper house so that he can secure enough support. Pitt prime minister and after a period of time, George III of England's reputation in the high, widespread public support for his recognition of the Pacific expedition, which made Great Britain in Australia in 1788 to establish a colony of New South Wales; to 1793, George III repatriated to China's special envoy Lord Macartney and Sir George Thomas Staunton Fushi led mission arrived in Beijing, and an audience of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong, who also participated in the Chengde Mountain Resort hosted 80 birthday celebration of Emperor Qianlong. On the other hand, George was happy to use their private funds, financial support to academic institutions such as the Royal College of Art, the British scientific and industrial development are also great at the time. Most British people are turning to their King to their hearts Wang Houzhong Fuji, which has with his two former monarch of Hanover born a great contrast.
　　However, the body of George III at this time began deteriorating, and there was even a spiritual problem. From the perspective of modern medicine, according to records of his condition, is generally believed that he is suffering from disease pop luster of gems. In a 2005 study, researchers also left later in George III's hair samples tested high levels of arsenic, which estimates his pop luster of gems disease may be triggered. The researchers can not trace the source of arsenic, but arsenic may believe certain drugs or cosmetics ingredients. George's pop luster of gems disease may be short-lived disease was in 1765, to the summer of 1788 there was a time of more durable disease. George in 1788 that the disease early, he still can be sane in the Sept. 25 announced that the Congressional recess, but since then his condition has nosedive to year in November, he had a serious mental disorder, and sometimes kept to himself for several hours. At that time George's diagnosis and treatment of doctors can not explain his condition, and Fang Jian more gradually spread rumors about his mental disorders, was also falsely mistaken for George III of Prussia King of the tree, but also to shake hands with a tree as a ritual. When the Congress when it reconvenes in November, George could not usual in the opening ceremony of the Congress issued a throne speech. By convention, the monarch did not speak out, Congress can not be resumed debate, but then Congress did not address the case of George, on on one's own resume, and on the need for debate regarding the Prince Regent.
　　George disorders after Charles James Fox and Peter immediately governance issues quarrel. Although both parties agreed that the eldest son of George III as regent and heir apparent, Prince of Wales is most reasonable, but the two parties is the legal basis on Regent significant differences. Fox is absolutely right that the Prince of Wales for their sick father took power, but Pitt has refuted Regent candidates nominated be approved by Congress. In addition, because Congress has not proceeded with by the throne speech on the resume, so that the credibility of the Congress has become a major doubt, so that the Regent was delay the debate. According to past practice, the king fails to attend the opening ceremony of the Congress, he can "Patent" commissioner appointed acting head, while the "Patent" must be stamped with the seal, only the force of law. Congressional mandate to address issues, Pitt, through legal fiction, proposals for hosting the seal of the judges do not consult George III, but the seal itself will be covered in the "Patent." Despite the judge's actions may be unlawful, but "Patent" As long as the seal is stamped, it will surely force of law. George III's second son, Frederick Duke of York has blamed Pitt's proposals on this as "unconstitutional and illegal", but still business as usual Parliamentary Commissioner for the proposed appointment, Congress also formally resumed in February 1789. Parliament resumed, the Government immediately introduce "the draft Regent", which is authorized to Prince of Wales, Regent, but at the same time the power of the prince regent to many restrictions. "The draft Regent" in the same month by the House of Commons adopted, the draft submitted to the House of Lords to vote on the eve of George III, the attending doctors 法兰西斯韦 Leith cure him in time, so that "the draft Regent" give up the idea. George recovered, he confirmed the use of the seal and the head of the appointment of the Commissioner's action is lawful and valid, and re-enter the control state.
　　As part of its Irish policy, Pitt plans after the merger of Great Britain and Ireland, to lift some of the Roman Catholic country in the legal limit, but George III was alleged that Catholic emancipation would violate his coronation set to defend Protestant Oath. George III have expressed:
　　George alone, I do not believe and "Peace of Amiens," the French could have "real" peace, he was just as peaceful as a "test" it. However, soon after in 1803, the two countries declared war on each other again, but public opinion has generally do not trust the Prime Minister Addington lead the country fighting the contrary, the eyes of the public who re-invested in the Pitt. In 1804, George has once again affected by the old disease, recovered later, Addington announced his resignation and re-appointed by the Prime Minister Pitt. Fox Pitt had sought the appointment to the cabinet worked, but George III, Prince of Wales because of dissatisfaction with Fox to encourage live a luxurious life and squandered his great discontent and objection to his joining the cabinet. Fox failed to join the cabinet, so that the other Whig leaders Lord Grenville heart a sense of injustice and refuse to join the cabinet. After Pitt took office to focus on Austria, Russia and Sweden formed another anti-French alliance, but the same old anti-French alliance, the third anti-French alliance in 1805, then was neutralized. After Napoleon even win the attempt to lead the army to invade England, but the plan soon as the French in the history of the famous Battle of Trafalgar, Lord Nelson defeated the British naval officer breaks down.
　　Losing the war in Europe on the health of Pitt a great fight, and eventually in 1806, died in tenure. Pitt's death, who will head the cabinet once again become a problem, but this time won by Prime Minister Lord Grenville one. After taking office, Lord Grenville formed the so-called "elite cabinet", which to only use either the Foreign Secretary Charles James Fox, the most attention. Trapped by the current political situation, the appointment of George Fox, it is not forced to, the attitude of the Fox-friendly than before. But Fox in September 1806 after the death of George and the cabinet into an open conflict. In order to improve the efficiency of recruits, the Cabinet proposed to allow Roman Catholics to serve in the armed forces of all military, but George ordered the Cabinet to withdraw the proposal, but also promised to not to make such a proposal. Cabinet agreed to withdraw the proposal at that time, but the opposition promised to no similar proposal and the cabinet was dismissed in 1807 by the Duke of Portland became the second Prime Minister. Compared with the first term of office as Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland, a position of merely nominal, power falls on the hands of Finance Minister Spencer Perceval. Parliament was then dissolved and general elections, successfully brought the new government a solid majority in the House of Commons advantage. Since then, during the reign of George III, no further major political decisions, even though Percival replaced in 1809 with the issue on any of the Duke of Portland, also played only a small impact.
　　81-year-old George III has 239 days throughout the year, the reign of 59 years and 96 days, the two records beyond the successive his former England or the British monarch. Today the record was only exceeded his granddaughter Victoria, and Queen Elizabeth II, although the long-lived than George, but is still less than the reign of the time. The comparison monarch George III before the third term, that Queen Anne, George I and George II, the reigning three of them combined have one short than George III.
　　Although the early years of popularity in the rule high, but into the mid 1770s after George lost because of the revolutionary wave of colonial North America, 13 states support (equivalent to the British colonies in North America, one third of the population). Declaration of Independence from the United States have seen the allegations, George accused of "repeated destruction and hijacked", and tried to establish colonies in the Americas "absolute tyranny", which makes the American public generally left the impression that George III was a tyrant. As for Ireland, George, and because the violent repression of Great Britain in 1798 for reasons such as bad reputation rebellion. Contemporary scholars, the general evaluation of the life of George III divided into two camps, one party would "rule can focus on its late, that he became the strength to resist the French plan and a symbol of reverence" of that period; and the other from they "reign of George the first 20 years in pain partisan struggle, to establish their views of George III, so they reflected in the works, often the opposition views." From the latter point of view the development, which some 19 and early 20th century British historian Sir if off with Lee Wei and 厄尔斯金梅, etc., are imposed on the life of George III to the evaluation of hostile . But by mid-20th century, some historians such as Sir Lewis 伯恩斯坦纳 Mill thought that in the past to George's comments "too slander", and focus on re-assessment of George and its rule. Into the late 20th century, scholars such as Butterfield, Peres, McCaw Pan and Hunt, etc., are inclined to sympathize with the point of view, George, and his fate as the victims of the disease. Today, the long rule of George III, generally regarded as the sovereign political power, a continuation of the decline, and the embodiment of the sovereign state slow transformation and moral image of the era.
　　To commemorate George III and his son George IV, and many former British colonies of towns have been named George Town. In many parts of the United Kingdom George III erected a statue, which in reality Fu Wai Lun Duisen Ma courtyard, and located in the most famous statue Duosetewei Plymouth. In addition, the erection of the New York City has been a gilded equestrian statue of George III, but the statue after the American War of Independence broke out in 1776 was down during the crash.
　　George III
　　Style Majesty title
　　* March 31, 1751 -1,751 on April 20: His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh
　　In Great Britain, George III's official title is "George III; asked God Hongfu; Great Britain, France and Ireland king; and other defenders of faith." In 1801, the merger of Great Britain and Ireland, he took the opportunity to abandon the claim to have served as England's monarch in "The French King" title, while eliminating the need for Zi since the reign of Elizabeth I, on the "defender of faith" behind the words The added "such as". Thus, since 1801 onwards, its title changed to become "George III; asked God Hongfu; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King; faith defenders."
　　Child
　　Frederick Duke of York, August 16, 1763 January 5, 1827 in 1791 married Princess Frederica of Prussia, the two have no children
　　Kent Edward Augustus Duke of November 2, 1767 January 23, 1820 married 1818 Saxony - Coburg - Saalfeld Victoria Princess, they have two children (Queen Victoria)
　　恩斯特奥古斯 Augustus I of Hanover, June 5, 1771 November 18, 1851 married in 1815 Mecklenburg - Strelitz of Princess Frederica, two children
　　Duchess of Gloucester Princess Mary April 25, 1776 April 30, 1857 1816, married the Duke of Gloucester, Prince William, the two have no children
　　Prince Alfred September 22, 1780 August 20, 1782
　　(59 years)
　　Crown Prince George IV
　　Child
　　William IV
　　Princess Augusta Sophia
　　Frederick Augustus Duke of Sussex
　　Princess Sophia
　　Princess Amelia
　　Title
　　His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh
　　Praise God Save The Queen Royal
　　Born June 4, 1738 [NS]
　　Baptized June 4, 1738 and July 4 [NS]
　　Windsor Castle Berkshire England United Kingdom

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