汉诺威王朝 人物列表
乔治一世 George I of Great Britain乔治二世 George II of Great Britain乔治三世 George III
乔治四世 George IV of the United Kingdom威廉四世 William IV of the United Kingdom维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria
乔治三世 George III
汉诺威王朝  (1738年6月4日1820年1月29日)
开端终结
在位1760年1820年

  乔治三世(英文:George III,1738年6月4日-1820年1月29日),全名乔治·威廉·腓特烈(George William Frederick),1760年10月25日登基为大不列颠国王及爱尔兰国王,至1801年1月1日后因大不列颠及爱尔兰组成联合王国而成为联合王国国王,直到1820年驾崩为止。乔治三世同时为不伦瑞克-吕讷堡公爵,因此在1814年10月12日成为汉诺威国王以前,也是神圣罗马帝国汉诺威的选帝侯。乔治三世为汉诺威王朝的第三位不列颠君主,是首位以英语为母语的汉诺威王朝君主,而事实上,乔治三世从未到访过德意志地区。
  
  乔治三世漫长的统治,见证了其王国与大片欧洲大陆进行的一连串军事冲突。在他的统治初期,大不列颠在七年战争中击败法国,并使大不列颠压倒欧洲各国,成功支配着北美洲及印度地区。不过,随着大不列颠在美国独立战争的战败,乔治三世在美洲失去了大量殖民地,这些殖民地的独立最终促成美国立国。此后,乔治亚三世参与了一连串的反法战争,反抗拿破仑及革命后的法国,这些战争最后以拿破仑在1815年被击败而作结。
  
  乔治三世晚年的管治备受精神问题困扰,其精神病最初仅反复出现,但后来却演变成永久性的精神失常。乔治三世的病情曾令当时的医学界大惑不解,但现今学者一般相信他所患的是噗瑳症(Porphyria)。噗瑳症是血液病的一种,能够透过服用毒药砒霜而引发,而根据近世研究,亦的确发现乔治三世留存后世的头发样本中,存有高含量的砒霜。乔治三世在1810年最后一次病发后,其太子威尔士亲王乔治以摄政王身份代为统治。乔治三世在1820年驾崩后,威尔士亲王继位,是为乔治四世。历史学界对乔治三世的生平研究往往犹如“万花筒般观点多变”(kaleidoscpoe of changing views),这很大程度是因为受到历来传记作者的个人偏见所局限,以及受有限的历史史料所影响的。
  
  早年生涯
  
  乔治王子在1738年生于伦敦诺福克府,父母分别是威尔士亲王腓特烈与萨克森-哥达的奥古斯塔,而乔治王子也是乔治二世的孙儿。由于乔治王子比原定的预产期早两个月出生,因此他最初被认为不能活得长久,并在出生同一天获圣詹姆士的教区牧师进行施洗。在公历1738年7月4日,牛津主教托马斯·塞克复在诺福克府为他进行公开施洗。他的教父母为瑞典国王(由巴尔的摩勋爵任代理人)、萨克森-哥达公爵(由卡那封勋爵任代理人)、以及他的祖姑母普鲁士女王(由已故第四代汉弥尔顿公爵之女儿夏洛特·埃德温贵女任代理人)。
  
  有别于初出生时的悲观估计,乔治没有早夭,童年的他反而拥有健康的体魄。然而,由于乔治二世与威尔士亲王一直不和,所以乔治二世也没有多理会过他的孙儿。直到1751年,威尔士亲王因一次肺部受伤而突然身故,乔治王子遂成为了王位的法定继承人,并从亡父继承了其中一个头衔,是为爱丁堡公爵。乔治二世自此也开始多关注孙儿的情况,在乔治王子成为王位继承人的三个星期后,乔治二世就册封了他为威尔士亲王。到1756年春天,适值乔治的十八岁生日将至,乔治二世复赏赐他入住规模宏大的圣詹姆士宫,不过在母亲及她的知己标得勋爵(后来曾任首相)劝说下,乔治王子拒绝了国王的赏赐。乔治王子的母亲(当时已为威尔士太妃)这样做,是因为她对其家翁并不信任,故此着意要年轻的乔治留在自己身边。
  婚姻
  
  在1759年,乔治曾经与里奇蒙公爵之女儿莎拉·伦诺克斯贵女发展出亲密关系,但两人的恋情很快就在标得勋爵的劝阻下而无疾而终。乔治自己曾写到:“我自己是为一个伟大国家的快乐与苦难而生……因此我常要违背感情做事”,话虽如此,乔治二世曾授意要乔治迎娶不伦瑞克-沃尔芬比特尔的索菲娅·卡罗琳公主,可是有关婚事却受到乔治及其母亲的强烈反对而告吹。
  乔治三世年纪最轻的三位千金,约翰·辛格尔顿·科普利约于1785年作,为帆布油画。
  
  翌年,乔治二世在10月25日突然驾崩,乔治遂继承祖父的王位,是为乔治三世。同时间,为乔治觅得合适的妻子亦变成一件愈益迫切的首要任务。在1761年9月8日,新君在圣詹姆士宫内的皇家礼拜堂迎娶了梅克伦堡-施特雷利茨的索菲娅·夏洛特女公爵为妻,夫妇两人在婚礼上才平生第一次见面,两星期后,两人就一同在1761年9月22日于西敏寺加冕。值得留意的是,虽然夏洛特王后常被认为相貌平凡,但乔治从没有情妇(这和他的前两任汉诺威裔君主和他两名继位的儿子有很大分别),而夫妇两人也享受了真正快乐的婚姻生活。乔治与妻子共育有十五名子女,当中包括九名儿子及六名女儿。在1762年,乔治三世购入白金汉府(今白金汉宫)作为家庭成员静养之用。
  统治
  早年统治
  
  尽管乔治三世在登基时获得了政坛各党派的欢迎,但他早年的统治却受到政局不稳的阴影所笼罩,而这很大程度上是因为国内就七年战争的议题上出现重大分歧所致的。乔治日益宠信及托赖于托利党官员,使得一直在政界占主导地位的辉格党十分不满,甚至于谴责乔治的行径无异于独裁者,与查理一世如出一辙。在1762年5月,纽卡斯尔公爵的辉格党政府遭乔治以苏格兰托利党贵族标得勋爵所取代,此举一再引起辉格党的不满,而标得勋爵的反对者甚至散布流言,指他与王太后过从甚密,从而慢慢在英格兰激起反苏格兰的偏见情绪。在1763年,七年战争告终,标得勋爵即在《巴黎条约》签订后辞职,辉格党遂在乔治·格伦维尔的带领下重新执掌政府。同年后期,大不列颠政府发出了《1763年皇家公告》,制定边界线,限制大不列颠在北美的殖民地不断向西扩展的情况。有关公布的原意旨在迫使北美殖民者能够与美洲原居民谈判,减少因土地争端而引发的前线战事,从而减省浩大的军事开支。尽管这条所谓的 “公告线”没有对早已安顿的大多数殖民者造成多大影响,但此“公告线”却引起了边区殖民者的强烈不满,继而成为北美殖民地与大不列颠政府出现纷争的导火线之一,也是后来美国独立战争的远因之一。另一方面,一般美洲殖民者向来只需向大不列颠政府缴纳甚低的税捐,但大不列颠却同时要在美洲布置大批军队,镇压当地原居民的起义,以及防范法国对美洲殖民地侵略的野心,使得大不列颠在美洲的军费开支十分沉重。为了平衡开支,格伦维尔政府在1765年引入了《印花法案》,向大不列颠北美殖民地的每份文件开征印花税,由于当时连报纸也征收印花税,使得反对征税的宣传得以在北美广泛流传。与此同时,格伦维尔因试图削弱君主特权而渐失乔治的支持,乔治曾试过游说老皮特出阁任相,但并不成功,其后乔治曾一度患病抱恙(有意见认为此病乃他日后精神失常的先兆),病愈后成功以罗金汉勋爵组织内阁,再行将格伦维尔罢免。
  
  在得到皮特的帮助下,罗金汉勋爵成功撤回格伦维尔那份极度不受欢迎的《印花法案》,不过罗金汉的政府并不强势,这使他不久就在1766年被皮特取代,而乔治更向皮特册封为贵族,是为查塔姆伯爵。查塔姆勋爵与乔治三世撤回法案的行动,使他们在美洲殖民地的民望急升,纽约市的民众为表道谢,更在市内双双竖立起他们的铜像来。查塔姆勋爵在1767年因病而让格拉夫顿公爵管治政府,但格拉夫顿公爵一直迟至1768年才正式成为首相。他的政府未几就在1770年垮台,并使得托利党重新上台。
  
  新任托利党首相诺斯勋爵及其政府对美洲日益不满大不列颠的情绪十分关注,为了安抚美洲殖民者,他撤销了向美洲殖民地所征收的绝大部份税项,但却独留茶税一项。茶税对大不列颠十分重要,乔治三世甚至尝言茶税是大不列颠“保持(向美国殖民地征税)权利的一种税”,可是在1773年,波士顿有暴徒为了反对茶税而登上停泊于波士顿港的运茶货船,并将茶叶倾倒入海,以作示威,史称波士顿茶叶事件。有关事件在大不列颠引起了很大的反向,舆论对北美殖民者也出现不满,而本身同情北美殖民者的查塔姆也支持诺斯勋爵,将有关事件定性为“无疑具刑事性质”。诺斯勋爵在茶叶事件发生后引入多项措施以作报复,当中包括关闭波士顿港、修改麻省宪法,使当地立法机关的上院由君主委任产生,而不再由下院互选产生。这些措施进一步激起殖民者的不满,他们甚而称这些措施为“不可容忍的法案”。有学者认为,直到这个时候,乔治三世仍倾向于“以政治手段解决问题,尽管有时他对内阁所作的建议成效存有怀疑,他仍然十分听任于内阁的建议,而仅从1763年至1775年所发生的事来看,乔治三世亦不应就引发美国革命一事负起直接责任”。
  美国独立战争
  
  美国独立战争因大不列颠常规军队与殖民地民兵在1775年4月于新英格兰发生武装冲突而爆发。经过一年的战斗,大不列颠在北美的殖民地在1776年7月宣布从大不列颠国王独立,并建立“美利坚合众国”。而殖民地的独立宣言也对大不列颠国王、立法机关及全体国民提出多项控诉,当中包括指责乔治“抛弃此地之政务……掠夺我海域,践踏沿岸,焚烧城镇,残民以逞”等等,这些评价传到乔治后,皆使他感到愤慨不平。在战事中,大不列颠军队曾在1776年成功攻陷纽约市,但后来英方陆军中将约翰·伯戈因在萨拉托加战役中率兵投降,却很大程度导致英方从加拿大反攻的大计以失败告终。到1778年,法国(大不列颠的主要竞争对手)与新生的美国签订一份友好条约,使英方形势更为严峻,此时诺斯勋爵提出由查塔姆勋爵接任首相,但被乔治三世加以拒绝,并提出反建议要查塔姆勋爵入阁供职,与诺斯勋爵合作。查塔姆最终拒绝合作,不久以后在同年逝世,其时大不列颠与法国正处于战争状态,到1779年更与西班牙宣战。
  
  尽管他的大臣并不赞同,但乔治三世仍固执地要大不列颠与美国的革命军战斗到底,而部份大臣如古尔勋爵和韦茅斯勋爵等等都不愿为这场战争有伤尊严而纷纷辞职。首相诺斯勋爵与他的同僚也有同样的意见,并曾将这些意见告知乔治,但他最后没有跟随辞职。乔治到后来打消了继续增兵镇压美国的念头,并表示“想留住宾夕凡尼亚是开玩笑”,又指已经没有希望重夺新英格兰,然而,他仍然下决心“永不承认美国独立,又承诺永恒地以永无休止的持久战争惩罚他们的坚不服从”。乔治的计划是要留住驻防于纽约、罗德岛、加拿大及佛罗里达的30,000名士兵,其余部队则负责攻击活跃于西印度的法国及西班牙军队。为了惩罚美国人,他又计划要破坏他们的沿海商港、炸毁他们的码头、劫掠与焚烧他们的沿海城镇(如康乃狄克的新伦敦)、以及解除对印第安人的管制,让他们袭击殖民地边区的平民。乔治还相信这些行动可有效地鼓动当地的保皇党、分裂大陆会议、和“持续地使造反者感到烦扰、不安和困乏,终有一日,更将不满和失望自然及无可避免地转化为忏悔和自责”,从而乞求由他重新作出管治。可是,乔治三世这些计划却对保皇党及忠心的印第安人造成破坏,而一场持久的战争更让法、西两国随时有机可乘,组织联合舰队,进击不列颠群岛,从而置伦敦于险境。
  
  在1781年,英方主将康沃利斯勋爵在约克镇之围兵败投降的消息传到伦敦后,诺斯勋爵在议会的支持度急降,结果在翌年辞任首相。经诺斯勋爵劝服后,乔治三世打消了退位的念头,而且还接受了大不列颠在北美洲落败的事实,决定授权举行和谈。《巴黎条约》及《凡尔赛条约》两和约在1783年获得确认,标志著美国独立战争的正式结束,这两条条约,前者要大不列颠承认美国,而后者则要大不列颠放弃佛罗里达与西班牙,以及容许法国人通过纽芬兰对开的航道。在1785年,美国的约翰·亚当斯成为首任美国驻不列颠部长,这时的乔治三世已顺从于世界格局,并接受了英、美两国的新关系,他对亚当斯说到:“我是最后一位同意(英、美)分开的,但我将是第一位去迎接美国作为独立政权的友谊哩”。
  宪制斗争
  
  诺斯勋爵内阁在1782年垮台后,辉格党的罗金汉勋爵第二次上台组阁,但在任仅数月而病故,结果乔治以谢尔本勋爵为新首相。不过,辉格党政要查尔斯·詹姆士·福克斯却拒绝在谢尔本勋爵的内阁供职,并要求英王委以波特兰公爵为首相。到1783年,下议院成功迫使谢尔本下野,其政府遂由福克斯-诺斯联盟所取代。这个政府由波特兰公爵任首相;福克斯任外相;诺斯勋爵任内务大臣,但波特兰公爵仅是政府有名无实的首脑,实权则握于福克斯及诺斯勋爵二人手上。
  
  乔治三世对于任命一些他不愿意的人士到内阁供职感到苦恼,但波特兰的内阁很快就在下院建立起优势,使他不易撤换内阁。此外,乔治对于政府引入《印度草案》,计划将印度政府的管治权力由东印度公司转移到国会专员,也表现得非常不满。下院通过有关草案后不久,乔治就授权坦普尔勋爵,着他通知上议院贵族,表示谁投票通过草案,谁就是他的敌人,结果草案在他的恐吓下被上院否决。三日后,波特兰内阁垮台,由小威廉·皮特接任首相,而坦普尔勋爵也一同到内阁供职。在1783年12月17日,国会通过一项动议,谴责皇室在国会投票背后施加影响,形同“重大罪行”,坦普尔勋爵亦被迫辞职。坦普尔辞职后对政府造成动荡,三个月后,政府失去国会的多数优势而解散,可是在其后的大选中,皮特却成功增加在国会的优势而留任。
  威廉·皮特
  
  对乔治三世而言,任命皮特为首相是一个胜利,因为这证明他可以透过自己对公众舆论与民意的诠释来选择首相,无须依从下院的多数派来选定首相人选。而皮特在任首相期间,乔治支持他不少的政治目标,更史无前例地册封不少新贵族,好让他在上院能够取得足够的支持。皮特在任首相以及之后的一段时间,乔治三世在英伦的声望甚高,公众普遍支持他认可的太平洋探险,这使得大不列颠在1788年于澳大利亚建立新南威尔斯殖民地;到1793年,乔治三世遣往中国的特使马嘎尔尼勋爵和副使斯当东爵士带领使团到达北京,并谒见了清朝的乾隆帝,他们还参加了在承德避暑山庄举办的乾隆帝八十大寿庆典。另一方面,乔治又乐于动用自己的私人资金,大力资助皇家艺术学院等学术机构,而英伦的科学及工业也在当时得到很大的发展。英伦大众大多都仰慕他们的国王能够对其王后忠心不二,这亦与他前两任的汉诺威裔君主构成很大对比。
  
  然而,乔治三世在这时的身体却开始每下愈况,而且还出现了精神问题。从现代的医学角度出发,根据他的病情记录,一般相信他患的是噗瑳症。在2005年的一项研究中,研究人员更在乔治三世遗留后世的头发样本中验出高含量的砒霜,从而估计他的噗瑳症有可能由此引发。研究人员无法追查砒霜的来源,但相信这些砒霜可能是某些药物或化妆品的成份。乔治的噗瑳症可能曾于1765年短暂病发,到1788年夏天更发生了一次时间持久的病发。乔治在1788年的那次病发初期,他尚可以神志正常地在9月25日宣布国会休会,可是此后他的病情却急转直下,到同年11月的时候,他的精神已经严重错乱,有时甚至连续数小时不停自言自语。当时乔治的诊治医生都无法解释他的病情,而坊间更渐渐流传有关他精神失常的流言蜚语,有人更讹称乔治三世把大树误认为普鲁士国王,而且还与大树握手如仪。当国会在11月复会时,乔治未能如常在国会开幕大典发表御座致辞。按照惯例,君主未先致辞,国会就不可复会辩论,惟当年国会在乔治未有致辞的情况下,就迳自复会,并就是否需要摄政王一事展开辩论。
  
  乔治失常以后,查尔斯·詹姆士·福克斯与皮特立即就政府的管治问题展开争吵。虽然两党都同意由乔治三世的长子兼法定继承人威尔士亲王担任摄政最为合理,但两党却就摄政的法理基础出现重大分歧。福克斯认为威尔士亲王绝对有权利为其有病的父王代行权力,但皮特却反驳摄政人选需先由国会提名。除此以外,由于国会未有经御座致辞就迳自复会,以致国会的认受性也成为一大疑问,使有关摄政的辩论遭到一再拖延。根据过往惯例,国王一旦未能出席国会开幕大典,他可以透过《制诰》委任首长专员代行,而有关《制诰》必需要有国玺加盖,才具有法律效力。为解决国会认受性的问题,皮特透过法律上的假设,建议负责托管国玺的大法官无需请示乔治三世,而自行将国玺盖于《制诰》。尽管大法官的行动可能属于不法行为,但《制诰》只要被盖上国玺,就必定具有法律效力。乔治三世的次子约克公爵腓特烈曾就此责难皮特的建议为“违宪及非法”,但国会专员仍照旧按建议被委任,国会也在1789年2月正式复会。国会复会后,政府立即引入《摄政草案》,当中授权以威尔士亲王为摄政王,但同时又对摄政王的权力加以诸多限制。《摄政草案》在同月获下议院通过,但草案在提交上议院表决前夕,乔治三世的主诊医生法兰西斯·韦利斯及时把他治愈,从而使《摄政草案》作罢。乔治病愈后,他确认了国玺的动用与首长专员的委任属合法有效的行动,并重新投入管控国家。
  拿破仑战争
  
  乔治三世病愈后,他与首相皮特的支持度不断上升,相反,福克斯与威尔士亲王的支持度却随之下降。在1789年,法国爆发了大革命,并使法国王室被推翻,使不少不列颠的地主士绅都感到非常忧心。到1793年,法国更对大不列颠宣战,乔治遂容许皮特提高税率、扩充军队,以及临时在战时终止“人身保护令”的权利。大不列颠最初与奥地利、普鲁士及西班牙组成了第一次反法同盟,但同盟很快就因为普鲁士与西班牙私下与法国媾和而在1795年破裂。大不列颠、奥地利、俄国及鄂图曼帝国在1799年又组成了第二次反法同盟,但同盟在1800年被击溃后,就只剩下大不列颠继续与法兰西第一共和的第一执政拿破仑作战。
  
  在1800年5月15日,乔治在特鲁里剧院遭一名患上宗教妄想症的男子詹姆士·哈德菲德意图行弑,但并不成功。在此以前,他亦曾在1786年及1790年先后两次被精神失常的人士行刺,但都以事败告终。乔治常对这些精神失常的刺客予以谅解,对其支持度有正面的影响。
  
  在拿破仑战争期间也曾有较为平静的时候,这好让首相皮特能够花精力专注于爱尔兰问题。爱尔兰曾在1798年发生起义,起义被镇压后,不列颠与爱尔兰议会通过了《1800年联合法案》,在1801年1月1日联结大不列颠及爱尔兰为单一国家,并将国号订为“大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国”。乔治三世遂借此机会,放弃自爱德华三世以来,历任英国君主所声称继承的“法国国王”头衔。在大不列颠及爱尔兰合并之时,有人建议乔沿之头衔应改为“不列颠及汉诺威领地皇帝”,但乔治支持保留英国历代君王使用“国王”头衔的传统,而没有改称“皇帝”。
  
  作为其爱尔兰政策的一部份,皮特计划在大不列颠及爱尔兰合并后,解除一些对国内罗马天主教教徒在法律上的限制,不过乔治三世却指称,解放天主教将违反他在加冕时立下捍卫新教的誓言。乔治三世曾就此表示:
  世间何处有权力能使我免于遵守那誓言上的每一句话,尤其是要我捍卫新教的一句?……不、不,我宁可在欧洲俟家俟户的乞要面包,也不可以批准这些(解放天主教的)措施。我可以放弃我的王位和权力;我可以从我的宫殿搬到农舍住;我可以把我的头送到砧板,了结我的生命;但我不可以违反我的誓言。
  
  面对来自国王与不列颠民众对宗教改革政策的反对,皮特曾要胁以辞职相迫。而差不多在同一时间,乔治三世一度短暂病发,病愈后更责备这病是天主教问题迫出来的。最终在1801年3月14日,皮特不再任首相,并由下议院议长亨利·阿丁顿接任。阿丁顿任内反对天主教解放、创立周年帐目制度、废除入息税以及开始裁军。在1801年10月,他与法国和解,并在1802年签订《亚眠和约》。
  
  乔治本人并不相信与单凭《亚眠和约》就可与法国拥有“真正”的和平,他仅仅视和平为“实验”而已。未几在1803年,两国再度互相宣战,但公众舆论却普遍不信任由首相阿丁顿带领国家作战,相反,公众的目光重新投到了皮特身上。在1804年,乔治又一次受旧病影响,病愈以后,阿丁顿宣布辞职,并再度由皮特出任首相。皮特曾寻求委任福克斯到内阁供职,然而乔治三世因不满福克斯鼓励威尔士亲王过著挥霍奢侈的生活而对他大表不满,并且反对他加入内阁。福克斯未能入阁,使另一辉格党领导人物格伦维尔勋爵心感不公而拒绝加入内阁。皮特上任后即专注于与奥地利、俄国及瑞典组成另一个反法同盟,但与以往的反法同盟一样,这个第三次反法同盟随即在1805年被瓦解。此后拿破仑更乘胜追击,试图率军入侵英格兰,不过这个计划很快随着法国在史上著名的特拉法加海战中,败于英国海军将领纳尔逊勋爵而告吹。
  
  在欧洲战事的失利对皮特的健康状况构成很大打击,最后更在1806年于任内病故。皮特死后,谁人出掌内阁再次成为问题,而这次则由格伦维尔勋爵夺得首相一位。格伦维尔勋爵上任后筹组了所谓的“贤能内阁”,当中以起用查尔斯·詹姆士·福克斯任外相最受关注。受时局所困,乔治这次任命福克斯实属迫不得以,对福克斯的态度也较之以前友善。可是福克斯在1806年9月逝世后,乔治与内阁陷入了公开的冲突。为了提高征募新兵的效率,内阁建议准许罗马天主教徒在军队可出任所有军职,但乔治却下令内阁撤回建议,而且要承诺日后不要再提出这样的建议。当时内阁同意撤回建议,但反对承诺日后不作同类建议,结果内阁在1807年被罢免,并由波特兰公爵第二度出任首相。与第一次任相一样,波特兰公爵的首相之位仅属有名无实,大权则落在财政大臣斯宾塞·珀西瓦尔手上。随后国会被解散,并举行大选,成功为新政府在下议院带来稳固的多数优势。自此以后,乔治三世在位期间没有再作重大的政治决定,即使后来珀西瓦尔在1809年取代波特兰公爵任相一事上,也仅起了很少的影响。
  晚年
  
  在1810年,乔治的声望达到了前所未有的顶峰,但事实上,他已经因白内障而近乎失明,同时备受风湿病的困扰,而且也开始病得非常严重。对乔治而言,他晚年的病是因为其最疼爱的幼女阿米莉亚公主于1810年病故而诱发的。据阿米莉亚公主的护士记述,指乔治探望他疼爱的女儿时,“每天都是悲痛与嚎哭的场面……令人沮丧得难以形容”。乔治后来认同有通过《1811年摄政法案》的需要,这使其长子威尔士亲王乔治自1811年起担任摄政王,摄理君职,直到乔治三世在1820年驾崩为止。到1811年年尾,乔治三世已陷入永久性精神失常的状态,并被安排到温莎堡过著与世隔绝的孤僻生活,直到驾崩。
  
  乔治三世完全失常后,首相斯宾塞·珀西瓦尔在1812年被刺杀身亡,结果由利物浦勋爵接任。利物浦任内见证英国在拿破仑战争中取得最后胜利,而紧随的维也纳会议也使汉诺威的领土得以扩充,并由选帝侯领地升级为王国。
  1816年的半克朗硬币,由于乔治三世精神失常,雕刻师无法即场为他进行雕刻。这款被称为“公牛头乔治”的硬币后因激起公众反感而回收。
  
  与此同时,乔治的健康却不断恶化,一方面陷入完全失明,另方面失聪的情况也愈益明显。乔治从不知道自己在1814年被宣告成为汉诺威国王,也不知道自己的妻子已在1818年过身。在1819年圣诞节前后,他甚至曾持续地自言自语达58小时,在去世前的数星期也丧失了步行的能力。最后在1820年1月29日,乔治三世驾崩于温莎堡,终年81岁。临终时,他最喜爱的儿子约克公爵腓特烈与他一起。在乔治三世驾崩前六日,他的第四子肯特公爵爱德华·奥古斯塔亦在1月23日因病去世。乔治三世的遗体在2月15日被安葬于温莎堡圣乔治礼拜堂内。
  
  乔治三世身后,王位先后由他的两名儿子,即乔治四世及威廉四世继承。由于两人身后都没有在世的合法子女,所以王位由他们的侄女维多利亚继承。维多利亚是根德公爵唯一的合法子女,遂成为汉诺威王朝最后一位君主。
  影响
  
  乔治三世终年81岁又239天,在位59年又96天,这两个纪录超越了在他以前的历任英格兰或不列颠君主。现今这个纪录只曾被他的孙女维多利亚超越,而伊利沙伯二世虽然活得比乔治长,但在位时间则仍然不及。而比较乔治三世之前三任君主,即安妮女王、乔治一世及乔治二世而言,他们三人加起来的在位时间也要比乔治三世一人短。
  
  尽管在统治初年的声望很高,但踏入1770年代中期以后,乔治却因革命浪潮而失去北美十三州殖民地人民的支持(相当于英国在北美殖民地的三分一人口)。从美国独立宣言中的指控所见,乔治被指“重复地破坏和侵夺”,以及在美洲殖民地试图建立起“绝对暴政”,这使得美国大众一般留下乔治三世是暴君的印象。至于在爱尔兰,乔治也因为大不列颠暴力镇压1798年叛乱等原因而名声不佳。当代的学者一般对乔治三世的生平评价分成了两大阵营,一方将“意见集中于其统治后期,即是他成为全国抵抗法国计划及力量的崇敬象征”的那段时期;而另一方则从他们“在乔治在位头20年所经历的痛苦党派斗争中,建立起他们对乔治三世的看法,因此他们在作品中反映的,往往就是反对派的意见”。从上述后者的观点发展,使得一些19及20世纪初的英国历史学家如脱利卫连爵士及厄尔斯金·梅等等,都对乔治三世的生平加诸以怀有敌意的评价。但到了20世纪中期,另一些历史学家如刘易斯·伯恩斯坦·纳米尔爵士却认为过往对乔治的评论“过于中伤”,并专注重新对乔治与其统治作出评估。踏入20世纪后期,学者诸如巴特菲尔德、裴瑞斯、麦考潘及亨特等,都倾向以同情的角度看待乔治,并把他视作命运与疾病的受害者。而时至今日,乔治三世漫长的统治,一般被视为君主政治权力萎缩的一个延续,以及君主慢慢转形化身为国家道德形象的时代。
  这幅雕版画描绘纽约市民众在1776年倒毁乔治三世雕像的情形,但画家错误地把骑马雕像画成站立的雕像。
  
  为纪念乔治三世及其子乔治四世,不少前英国殖民地的城镇都被命名为乔治镇。在英国不少地方也竖立了乔治三世的雕像,当中以伦敦森麻实府外庭院,以及位于多塞特韦茅斯的雕像最有名。此外,纽约市亦曾竖立过一个乔治三世的镀金骑马雕像,但雕像后于1776年美国独立战争爆发期间被倒毁。
  
  乔治三世曾被讽刺作家戏称为“农夫乔治”,以嘲笑他喜爱处理单调平凡的琐事多于政治。但久而久之,这个称号渐被用来形容他朴实无华与节俭的性格,融为了大众的一份子,使他与其浮夸的长子构成明显对比。乔治三世本人十分喜爱农业,在他的鼓励下,使英国农业革命在其治下步入高潮,也令乡间人口史无前例地上升,为日后紧接着的工业革命提供了充足的劳动力。
  头衔与称号
  乔治三世
  的君主称号
  提及时的称号 国王陛下
  语体称号 陛下
  非正式称号 阁下
  
   * 1738年6月4日-1751年3月31日:乔治王子殿下
   * 1751年3月31日-1751年4月20日:爱丁堡公爵殿下
   * 1751年4月20日-1760年10月25日:威尔士亲王殿下
   * 1760年10月25日-1820年1月29日:国王陛下
  
  在大不列颠,乔治三世的官式称号为“乔治三世;托上帝的洪福;大不列颠、法国及爱尔兰国王;信仰的捍卫者等”。在1801年,大不列颠与爱尔兰合并,他趁机会放弃了历任英格兰君主所声称拥有的“法国国王”称号,同时省去自伊莉莎伯一世在位以来,就在“信仰的捍卫者”字眼后面所加的“等”字。因此,自1801年起,其称号改成为“乔治三世;托上帝的洪福;大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国国王;信仰的捍卫者”。
  纹章
  
  在1749年7月27日,乔治获准使用王国纹章,并以一条有五间的蔚蓝色横条作区分,此外,横条的中间一间亦加上了一个鸢尾花图案。乔治的父亲死后,他除了继承爱丁堡公爵及王位法定继承人的纹章样式外,其纹章亦以一条共三间的纯银白色横条作区分。
  
  自乔治加冕到1800年期间,乔治的纹章可以纵横地分成四部分(如下图左所示)。位于左上的第一部份被等分为左、右两份,左边绘上代表英格兰,面向其左,向前直走的三只狮子,右边则绘上饰有鸢尾形花纹之双边带,并代表苏格兰的一只跃立中的狮子;位于右上的第二部份绘上代表法国的三个鸢尾花图案;位于左下第三部份绘上代表爱尔兰的竖琴;至于位于右下的第四部份代表汉诺威,这部份再被细分成四部份,当中位于其左上的第一份画上两只代表不伦瑞克,面向其左,向前直走的狮子;位于其右上的第二份绘上以心形图案为背景,并代表吕讷堡的一只跃立中的狮子;位于其下部的第三部份则绘上一只代表威斯特法伦的银白色骏马;最后位于中部的第四部份呈红色的小盾状,上面绘有查理曼之冠冕,代表着神圣罗马帝国大司库一职。
  
  《1800年联合法案》通过后,乔治的纹章有所改变,原本代表法国的第二份不再绘上鸢尾花,改而绘上原本代表苏格兰的图案;至于原本的第一部份及第四部份则绘上原本代表英格兰的图案,代表爱尔兰的第三部份则维持原状。至于原本的第四部份,现在则被移到纹章的正中,并且呈小盾状。这个小盾状的正上方原本绘有一顶选帝侯无边呢帽,但到1816年,即汉诺威晋级成王国的两年之后,这个无边呢帽正式被皇冠图案取代(如下图右所示)。
  
  1816年起的纹章。
  子女
  名称 出生日期 逝世日期 注释
  乔治四世 1762年8月12日 1830年6月26日 1795年迎娶不伦瑞克-吕讷堡的卡罗琳公主,两人有子女
  约克公爵腓特烈 1763年8月16日 1827年1月5日 1791年迎娶普鲁士的弗雷德里卡公主,两人没有子女
  威廉四世 1765年8月21日 1837年6月20日 1818年迎娶萨克斯-曼宁根的阿德莱德,两人无活下来的合法子女
  长公主夏洛特 1766年9月29日 1828年10月6日 1797年下嫁符腾堡国王腓特烈,两人没有子女
  肯特公爵爱德华·奥古斯塔斯 1767年11月2日 1820年1月23日 1818年迎娶萨克森-科堡-萨尔费尔德的维多利亚公主,两人有子女(维多利亚女王)
  奥古斯塔·索菲娅公主 1768年11月8日 1840年9月22日
  伊利沙伯公主 1770年5月22日 1840年1月10日 1818年下嫁黑森-洪堡伯爵领主腓特烈,两人没有子女
  汉诺威的恩斯特·奥古斯塔斯一世 1771年6月5日 1851年11月18日 1815年迎娶梅克伦堡-施特雷利茨的弗雷德里卡公主,两人有子女
  萨西克斯公爵奥古斯塔斯·腓特烈 1773年1月27日 1843年4月22日 曾两次结婚,但两次婚姻都因违反《1772年皇家婚姻法案》而被未被承认。他在1793年迎娶奥古斯塔·默里贵女,两人有子女,但此婚姻在1794年被宣告无效。他后在1831年迎娶塞西莉亚·安德伍德贵女(后为因弗内斯女公爵),两人没有子女
  剑桥公爵阿道弗斯 1774年2月24日 1850年7月8日 1818年迎娶黑塞-卡塞尔的奥古斯塔公主,两人有子女
  告罗士打公爵夫人玛丽公主 1776年4月25日 1857年4月30日 1816年下嫁告罗士打公爵威廉亲王,两人没有子女
  索菲娅公主 1777年11月3日 1848年5月27日
  屋大维王子 1779年2月23日 1783年5月3日
  艾尔弗雷德王子 1780年9月22日 1782年8月20日
  阿米莉亚公主 1783年8月7日 1810年11月2日
  
  统治 1760年10月25日-1820年1月29日
  (59 年)
  加冕日期 1761年9月22日
  前任 乔治二世
  皇储 乔治四世
  摄政王 摄政王乔治 (1811年-1820年)
  配偶 梅克伦堡-施特雷利茨的夏洛特
  子女
  乔治四世
  约克公爵腓特烈
  威廉四世
  长公主夏洛特
  肯特公爵爱德华·奥古斯塔斯
  奥古斯塔·索菲娅公主
  伊利沙伯公主
  汉诺威的恩斯特·奥古斯塔斯一世
  萨西克斯公爵奥古斯塔斯·腓特烈
  剑桥公爵阿道弗斯
  玛丽公主
  索菲娅公主
  屋大维王子
  艾尔弗雷德王子
  阿米莉亚公主
  全名
  乔治·威廉·腓特烈
  头衔
  国王陛下
  威尔士亲王殿下
  爱丁堡公爵殿下
  乔治王子殿下
  皇室 汉诺威王朝
  皇家颂歌 天佑吾皇
  父亲 威尔士亲王腓特烈
  母亲 萨克森-哥达的奥古斯塔公主
  出生 1738年6月4日 [N.S.]
  Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg大不列颠伦敦
  圣詹姆士广场诺福克府
  受洗 1738年6月4日及7月4日[N.S.]
  大不列颠伦敦诺福克府
  逝世 1820年1月29日 (81岁)
  英国 英国伯克郡温莎堡
  安葬日期 1820年2月15日
  英国温莎圣乔治礼拜堂


  George III (in English: George III, 1738 年 6 月 4 日 -1 820 1 29), all 名乔治威廉 Frederick (George William Frederick), 1760 年 10 月 25 日 ascended the throne as King of Great Britain and Ireland King, to after 1 January 1801 due to the composition of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to become King of the United Kingdom until 1820 Jiabeng up. George III, while Brunswick - Lüneburg Duke, so on Oct. 12, 1814 became King of Hanover ago, is elected Holy Roman Emperor Hanover, Hou. George III was the third Hanoverian British monarch, the first English-speaking Hanover Wang Zhaojun the main, in fact, George III never visited Germany districts.
  Early career
  Marriage
  Although George III ascended the throne when the political parties received a welcome, but the rule has been his early overshadowed by political instability, and this is largely because the domestic war on the seven major differences in the issues To the. George and Thorein increasingly specially trusted officials in the Tory party, has been in politics so dominated the Whig party very unhappy, even Qianze George De act tantamount to a dictator, and Charles I is exactly the same. In May 1762, the Duke of Newcastle was George Whig Party government won the bid to 苏格兰托利 Noble Lord Party replaced the Whig Party would again lead to dissatisfaction, and even won the bid for Lord's opponents spread rumors that he and the Queen Mother because of the close, so slowly stir in England emotional bias against Scotland. In 1763, the war ended seven years, won the bid for the Lord in the "Treaty of Paris", after signing the resignation, then the Whigs, led in Qiaozhigelun Virgin returned to power. Later the same year, British government issued the "1763 Royal Announcement," the development boundary to restrict the British colonies in North America continued westward expansion. The announcement was designed to force the colonists to North America, the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas negotiations, reduce land disputes caused by the war front, thus reducing the huge military spending. While this so-called "Notice line" does not settle most of the colonists had much impact, but this "Notice line" has aroused strong resentment among the border settlers, then as the North American colonies and Great Britain, the fuse of the government there disputes 1, is the underlying cause was one of the American Revolution. On the other hand, has always been just ordinary American colonists to the British government to pay the taxes low, but at the same time Great Britain was arranged in a large number of American troops to suppress the local indigenous inhabitants of the uprising, and the American colonies against the French invasion of ambition, so Great Britain's military spending in America is very heavy. In order to balance the costs, Grenville in 1765 the Government introduced the "Printing Act," British North American colonies to levy stamp duty on each document, even the newspapers that time stamp duty, making propaganda against the tax to be widespread in North America. At the same time, Grenville for trying to undermine the monarchy gradually lost the privileges and support of George, George, had tried to persuade any of the old Peter Chu Ge phase, but are not successful, Hou Qiaozhi once sick illness (with the view that the disease is a precursor to his later insanity), recovered after the success of the Organization to the Cabinet of Lord Rockingham, then soon dismissed Grenville.
  The new Tory Prime Minister Lord North and the growing dissatisfaction of American Government is very concerned about the mood of Great Britain, in order to appease the American colonists, he withdrew to the American colonies, most of the tax collected, but left unattended for a tea tax items. Tea tax on the importance of Great Britain, George III and even taste the tea tax was made by Great Britain "to maintain (to tax the American colonies) the right to a tax," but in 1773, Boston mob to oppose the tea tax and boarded in Boston Hong Kong tea cargo transportation and dumping tea into the sea for the purpose of demonstration, known to history as the Boston Tea Party. The incident in Great Britain caused a great negative, public opinion also appeared satisfied with the North American colonists, while their sympathy for the North American colonists also support the North Chatham, Lord, will the event be characterized as "undoubtedly criminal in nature." Lord North after the incident at the tea into a number of measures for retaliation, including the closure of Boston Harbor, Massachusetts amended the constitution so that the local legislature's upper chamber appointed by the monarch, rather than elected by the lower house. These measures have further aroused the colonists grievances, they even call these measures as "intolerable Act." Some scholars believe that, until this time, George III still prefer the "political means to solve the problem, although sometimes he made recommendations on the effectiveness of the Cabinet doubt, he is still very much left to the recommendations of the Cabinet, but only from 1763 to 1775 look what happened, George III should not be on the trigger to take direct responsibility regarding the American Revolution. "
  American war of independence
  American war of independence for British troops and colonial militia general in April 1775 in New England and the outbreak of armed conflict. After a year of fighting, Great Britain's colonies in North America in July 1776 declared independence from Great Britain the king and establish a "United States of America." The Declaration of Independence, the colony was also King of Great Britain, the legislature made a number of complaints of all citizens, including George accused of "abandonment of the government here in my area ... ... plundering, trampled the coast, burning towns, disabled people in order to succeed," and so on, these George reached after evaluation, are unfair to his indignation. In war, the British army successfully captured in 1776 in New York City, but then the British will Yuehanboge Fanglu Jun battle shuaibing for surrender in Saratoga, has led to a large extent the British from Canada plans counterattack ended in failure. To 1778, France (Great Britain's main competitors) and the U.S. signed a new treaty of friendship to the British situation is more severe, at this time, Lord North proposed take over by the Prime Minister Lord Chatham, but was rejected George III and a counter-proposal to be worked into the cabinet, Lord Chatham, Lord cooperation with the North. Chatham ultimately refused to cooperate, and soon died in the same year, the time is in a state of war between Great Britain and France to declare war with Spain in 1779 also.
  While his ministers do not agree, but still stubbornly to George III and the American Revolution British Army fighting in the end, and some ministers such as Lord and Wei Mao Sixun Ghor Jazz, etc. are not willing to have injured the dignity of the war have resigned. Prime Minister Lord North and his colleagues have the same views and have those views known to George, but he did not follow the resignation last. George later dispelled the idea of the United States continues to surge suppression, and said, "want to keep Pennsylvania a joke" and also that New England has no hope of regain, but he still determined to "never recognized American independence in which he promised to never-ending perpetual war, punish them firmly sustained disobedience. " George's plan is to keep garrison in New York, Rhode Island, Canada and Florida, 30,000 soldiers, the other forces active in the West is responsible for attacks on Indian troops in France and Spain. To punish the Americans, he plans to destroy the coastal commercial port, blow up their terminal, looting and burning of their coastal towns (such as Connecticut's New London), and the lifting of controls on the Indians, so that They attacked the colonial border civilians. George also believe that these actions can be effective in encouraging local royalist, split the Continental Congress, and "the rebels are continuing to annoyance, anxiety and weary, one day, even resentment and disappointment is inevitable natural and converted to repentance and self-blame "to beg for him back to governance. However, these plans Quedui George III and the loyal Indians royalist cause damage, but a prolonged war Gengrang French, and Spanish at any time take advantage of the two countries, coalition forces, onslaught the British Isles, which set in London in danger .
  George III, the appointment of Peter is a victory for the prime minister, because it proves that he can own interpretation of public opinion and public opinion to choose the Prime Minister, do not follow the majority of the lower house of the Prime Minister sent to selected candidates. The incumbent prime minister Pitt, George supported his many political objectives, even canonized an unprecedented number of new aristocracy, the upper house so that he can secure enough support. Pitt prime minister and after a period of time, George III of England's reputation in the high, widespread public support for his recognition of the Pacific expedition, which made Great Britain in Australia in 1788 to establish a colony of New South Wales; to 1793, George III repatriated to China's special envoy Lord Macartney and Sir George Thomas Staunton Fushi led mission arrived in Beijing, and an audience of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong, who also participated in the Chengde Mountain Resort hosted 80 birthday celebration of Emperor Qianlong. On the other hand, George was happy to use their private funds, financial support to academic institutions such as the Royal College of Art, the British scientific and industrial development are also great at the time. Most British people are turning to their King to their hearts Wang Houzhong Fuji, which has with his two former monarch of Hanover born a great contrast.
  However, the body of George III at this time began deteriorating, and there was even a spiritual problem. From the perspective of modern medicine, according to records of his condition, is generally believed that he is suffering from disease pop luster of gems. In a 2005 study, researchers also left later in George III's hair samples tested high levels of arsenic, which estimates his pop luster of gems disease may be triggered. The researchers can not trace the source of arsenic, but arsenic may believe certain drugs or cosmetics ingredients. George's pop luster of gems disease may be short-lived disease was in 1765, to the summer of 1788 there was a time of more durable disease. George in 1788 that the disease early, he still can be sane in the Sept. 25 announced that the Congressional recess, but since then his condition has nosedive to year in November, he had a serious mental disorder, and sometimes kept to himself for several hours. At that time George's diagnosis and treatment of doctors can not explain his condition, and Fang Jian more gradually spread rumors about his mental disorders, was also falsely mistaken for George III of Prussia King of the tree, but also to shake hands with a tree as a ritual. When the Congress when it reconvenes in November, George could not usual in the opening ceremony of the Congress issued a throne speech. By convention, the monarch did not speak out, Congress can not be resumed debate, but then Congress did not address the case of George, on on one's own resume, and on the need for debate regarding the Prince Regent.
  George disorders after Charles James Fox and Peter immediately governance issues quarrel. Although both parties agreed that the eldest son of George III as regent and heir apparent, Prince of Wales is most reasonable, but the two parties is the legal basis on Regent significant differences. Fox is absolutely right that the Prince of Wales for their sick father took power, but Pitt has refuted Regent candidates nominated be approved by Congress. In addition, because Congress has not proceeded with by the throne speech on the resume, so that the credibility of the Congress has become a major doubt, so that the Regent was delay the debate. According to past practice, the king fails to attend the opening ceremony of the Congress, he can "Patent" commissioner appointed acting head, while the "Patent" must be stamped with the seal, only the force of law. Congressional mandate to address issues, Pitt, through legal fiction, proposals for hosting the seal of the judges do not consult George III, but the seal itself will be covered in the "Patent." Despite the judge's actions may be unlawful, but "Patent" As long as the seal is stamped, it will surely force of law. George III's second son, Frederick Duke of York has blamed Pitt's proposals on this as "unconstitutional and illegal", but still business as usual Parliamentary Commissioner for the proposed appointment, Congress also formally resumed in February 1789. Parliament resumed, the Government immediately introduce "the draft Regent", which is authorized to Prince of Wales, Regent, but at the same time the power of the prince regent to many restrictions. "The draft Regent" in the same month by the House of Commons adopted, the draft submitted to the House of Lords to vote on the eve of George III, the attending doctors 法兰西斯韦 Leith cure him in time, so that "the draft Regent" give up the idea. George recovered, he confirmed the use of the seal and the head of the appointment of the Commissioner's action is lawful and valid, and re-enter the control state.
  As part of its Irish policy, Pitt plans after the merger of Great Britain and Ireland, to lift some of the Roman Catholic country in the legal limit, but George III was alleged that Catholic emancipation would violate his coronation set to defend Protestant Oath. George III have expressed:
  George alone, I do not believe and "Peace of Amiens," the French could have "real" peace, he was just as peaceful as a "test" it. However, soon after in 1803, the two countries declared war on each other again, but public opinion has generally do not trust the Prime Minister Addington lead the country fighting the contrary, the eyes of the public who re-invested in the Pitt. In 1804, George has once again affected by the old disease, recovered later, Addington announced his resignation and re-appointed by the Prime Minister Pitt. Fox Pitt had sought the appointment to the cabinet worked, but George III, Prince of Wales because of dissatisfaction with Fox to encourage live a luxurious life and squandered his great discontent and objection to his joining the cabinet. Fox failed to join the cabinet, so that the other Whig leaders Lord Grenville heart a sense of injustice and refuse to join the cabinet. After Pitt took office to focus on Austria, Russia and Sweden formed another anti-French alliance, but the same old anti-French alliance, the third anti-French alliance in 1805, then was neutralized. After Napoleon even win the attempt to lead the army to invade England, but the plan soon as the French in the history of the famous Battle of Trafalgar, Lord Nelson defeated the British naval officer breaks down.
  Losing the war in Europe on the health of Pitt a great fight, and eventually in 1806, died in tenure. Pitt's death, who will head the cabinet once again become a problem, but this time won by Prime Minister Lord Grenville one. After taking office, Lord Grenville formed the so-called "elite cabinet", which to only use either the Foreign Secretary Charles James Fox, the most attention. Trapped by the current political situation, the appointment of George Fox, it is not forced to, the attitude of the Fox-friendly than before. But Fox in September 1806 after the death of George and the cabinet into an open conflict. In order to improve the efficiency of recruits, the Cabinet proposed to allow Roman Catholics to serve in the armed forces of all military, but George ordered the Cabinet to withdraw the proposal, but also promised to not to make such a proposal. Cabinet agreed to withdraw the proposal at that time, but the opposition promised to no similar proposal and the cabinet was dismissed in 1807 by the Duke of Portland became the second Prime Minister. Compared with the first term of office as Prime Minister, the Duke of Portland, a position of merely nominal, power falls on the hands of Finance Minister Spencer Perceval. Parliament was then dissolved and general elections, successfully brought the new government a solid majority in the House of Commons advantage. Since then, during the reign of George III, no further major political decisions, even though Percival replaced in 1809 with the issue on any of the Duke of Portland, also played only a small impact.
  81-year-old George III has 239 days throughout the year, the reign of 59 years and 96 days, the two records beyond the successive his former England or the British monarch. Today the record was only exceeded his granddaughter Victoria, and Queen Elizabeth II, although the long-lived than George, but is still less than the reign of the time. The comparison monarch George III before the third term, that Queen Anne, George I and George II, the reigning three of them combined have one short than George III.
  Although the early years of popularity in the rule high, but into the mid 1770s after George lost because of the revolutionary wave of colonial North America, 13 states support (equivalent to the British colonies in North America, one third of the population). Declaration of Independence from the United States have seen the allegations, George accused of "repeated destruction and hijacked", and tried to establish colonies in the Americas "absolute tyranny", which makes the American public generally left the impression that George III was a tyrant. As for Ireland, George, and because the violent repression of Great Britain in 1798 for reasons such as bad reputation rebellion. Contemporary scholars, the general evaluation of the life of George III divided into two camps, one party would "rule can focus on its late, that he became the strength to resist the French plan and a symbol of reverence" of that period; and the other from they "reign of George the first 20 years in pain partisan struggle, to establish their views of George III, so they reflected in the works, often the opposition views." From the latter point of view the development, which some 19 and early 20th century British historian Sir if off with Lee Wei and 厄尔斯金梅, etc., are imposed on the life of George III to the evaluation of hostile . But by mid-20th century, some historians such as Sir Lewis 伯恩斯坦纳 Mill thought that in the past to George's comments "too slander", and focus on re-assessment of George and its rule. Into the late 20th century, scholars such as Butterfield, Peres, McCaw Pan and Hunt, etc., are inclined to sympathize with the point of view, George, and his fate as the victims of the disease. Today, the long rule of George III, generally regarded as the sovereign political power, a continuation of the decline, and the embodiment of the sovereign state slow transformation and moral image of the era.
  To commemorate George III and his son George IV, and many former British colonies of towns have been named George Town. In many parts of the United Kingdom George III erected a statue, which in reality Fu Wai Lun Duisen Ma courtyard, and located in the most famous statue Duosetewei Plymouth. In addition, the erection of the New York City has been a gilded equestrian statue of George III, but the statue after the American War of Independence broke out in 1776 was down during the crash.
  George III
  Style Majesty title
  * March 31, 1751 -1,751 on April 20: His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh
  In Great Britain, George III's official title is "George III; asked God Hongfu; Great Britain, France and Ireland king; and other defenders of faith." In 1801, the merger of Great Britain and Ireland, he took the opportunity to abandon the claim to have served as England's monarch in "The French King" title, while eliminating the need for Zi since the reign of Elizabeth I, on the "defender of faith" behind the words The added "such as". Thus, since 1801 onwards, its title changed to become "George III; asked God Hongfu; United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, King; faith defenders."
  Child
  Frederick Duke of York, August 16, 1763 January 5, 1827 in 1791 married Princess Frederica of Prussia, the two have no children
  Kent Edward Augustus Duke of November 2, 1767 January 23, 1820 married 1818 Saxony - Coburg - Saalfeld Victoria Princess, they have two children (Queen Victoria)
  恩斯特奥古斯 Augustus I of Hanover, June 5, 1771 November 18, 1851 married in 1815 Mecklenburg - Strelitz of Princess Frederica, two children
  Duchess of Gloucester Princess Mary April 25, 1776 April 30, 1857 1816, married the Duke of Gloucester, Prince William, the two have no children
  Prince Alfred September 22, 1780 August 20, 1782
  (59 years)
  Crown Prince George IV
  Child
  William IV
  Princess Augusta Sophia
  Frederick Augustus Duke of Sussex
  Princess Sophia
  Princess Amelia
  Title
  His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh
  Praise God Save The Queen Royal
  Born June 4, 1738 [NS]
  Baptized June 4, 1738 and July 4 [NS]
  Windsor Castle Berkshire England United Kingdom
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