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tā jí wèi shí yīng gé lán chǔyú nèi bù yīn zōng jiào fēn liè de hùn luàn zhuàng tài, dàn tā bù dàn chéng gōng dì bǎo chí liǎo yīng gé lán de tǒng yī, ér qiě zài jīng guò jìn bàn gè shì jì de tǒng zhì hòu, shǐ yīng gé lán chéng wéi 'ōu zhōu zuì qiáng dà, fù yòu de guó jiā zhī yī。 yīng gé lán wén huà yě zài cǐ qī jiān dá dào liǎo yī gè dǐng fēng, yǒng xiàn chū liǎo zhū rú xǔ duō zhù míng de rén wù, bāo kuò jù zuò jiā wēi lián · suō shì bǐ yà、 kè lì sī tuō fú · mǎ luò hé bān zǔ míng · yuē hàn xùn; guì guān shī rén 'ài dé méng · shǐ bīn shā jiāng《 xiān hòu》 xiàn gěi tā; fǎ lán xī sī · dé ruì kè jué shì zài qí rèn nèi chéng wéi dì yī gè huán háng dì qiú de yīng guó rén; fú lán xī sī · péi gēn jué shì fā biǎo liǎo tā duì zhé xué yǔ zhèng zhì de guān diǎn; wò 'ěr tè · luó lì jué shì hé hán fú lǐ · jí bó tè jué shì zài běi měi jiàn lì liǎo yīng guó zhí mín dì。 tā de tǒng zhì qī zài yīng guó lì shǐ shàng bèi chēng wéi“ yī lì suō bái shí qī”, yì chēng wéi“ huáng jīn shí dài”。
yī lì suō bái wéi rén jǐn shèn, tā de zuò yòu míng shì“ míng chá wú yán”( videoettaceo, lā dīng wén, zhí yì wéi“ wǒ guān kàn, ér qiě wǒ chén mò”)。 shèn yú róng yù de bān fā hé xiǎn zhí de shòu yǔ yě shì tā zài wèi qī jiān de tè zhēng。 zài jiāng jìn sì shí wǔ nián lǐ, zài yīng gé lán zhǐ shòu yǔ liǎo bā gè guì zú tóu xián: yī gè bó jué jué wèi、 qī gè nán jué jué wèi; zài 'ài 'ěr lán zhǐ shòu yǔ yī gè nán jué jué wèi。 tā bìng jiāng shū mì yuàn de chéng yuán yóu sān shí jiǔ rén jiàng zhì shí jiǔ rén, hòu lái zài jiàng zhì shí sì rén。
wéi jí ní yà zhōu( yuán lái de yīng guó zhí mín dì xiàn wéi měi guó de yī gè zhōu) shì yǐ tā“ tóng zhēn nǚ wáng” de chēng hào lái mìng míng de。
tóng nián
yī lì suō bái dàn shēng yú lún dūn de pǔ léi sēn xī gōng, tā shì hēng lì bā shì hé tā de dì 'èr gè wáng hòu 'ān nī · bó lín wéi yī xìng cún de hái zǐ。 yóu yú tā fù mǔ shì 'àn xīn jiào jiào guī jié hūn de, tiān zhù jiào rèn wéi tā shì yī gè sī shēng nǚ。 tā chū shēng shí bèi zhǐ dìng wéi wáng wèi jì chéng rén, tā de tóng fù yì mǔ de jiě jiě mǎ lì chéng wéi tā de nǚ shì guān。 yī lì suō bái sān suì shí, tā de mǔ qīn bèi pàn pàn nì zuì chǔsǐ, yī nián hòu hēng lì bā shì hé tā de dì sān gè wáng hòu jiǎn · xī mó jiù shēng liǎo yī gè nán hái: ài dé huá。 yī lì suō bái hé mǎ lì dōuchéng liǎo 'ài dé huá de yōng rén。
hēng lì hòu lái de wáng hòu men duì zhè liǎng gè bèi chǐ duó gōng zhù xián tóu de jì nǚ dōuhěn hǎo, hēng lì běn rén yě jīng cháng guān zhù tā men de chéngzhǎng, tā men shòu dào hěn hǎo de jiào yù, yòu kě kào de péng yǒu hé tóng líng de bàn lǚ。 1547 nián hēng lì sǐ hòu, tā zuì hòu de nà wèi wáng hòu kǎi sè lín · pà 'ěr hé tā de xīn zhàng fū tuō mǎ sī · xī mó( tā shì jiǎn · xī mó de xiōng dì hé xīn guó wáng 'ài dé huá liù shì de jiù fù) yǎng hù yī lì suō bái。 xī mó bèi nián qīng de yī lì suō bái suǒ xī yǐn, tā fū rén sǐ hòu, tā běn lái dǎ suàn qǔ tā wéi fù, dàn tā hé tā de xiōng dì 'ài dé huá · xī mó hòu láidōu zài yī xì liè quán lì dǒu zhēng zhōng bèi chǔsǐ liǎo。
yī lì suō bái shòu dào hěn hǎo de jiào yù, tā de jiào shī bāo kuò yīng guó wén yì fù xīng shí qī zhù míng de rén wén zhù yì zhě luó jié · ā sī kǎn。 tā shòu dào gǔ diǎn、 lì shǐ、 shù xué、 shī gē hé yǔ yán de jiào yù。 zài tā tǒng zhì qī jiān tā kě yǐ shuō hé xiě liù zhǒng yǔ yán: yīng yǔ、 fǎ yǔ、 yì dà lì yǔ、 xī bān yá yǔ、 lā dīng yǔ hé xī là yǔ。 zài kǎi sè lín · pà 'ěr hé tā qí tā de jiào shī yǐng xiǎng xià yī lì suō bái chéng wéi liǎo yī gè xīn jiào tú。
zài tā xiōng dì shēng qián, tā de dì wèi bǐ jiào wěn dìng, dàn 'ài dé huá 1553 nián jiù yīn fèi jié hé huò pī shuāng zhòngdú 'ér qù shì liǎo。 qín · gé lěi fū rén zhǐ zuò liǎo jiǔ tiān nǚ wáng, jiù bèi tā jiā wēng de tóng dǎng tuī fān, bìng bèi qí hòu shàng tái de mǎ lì chǔsǐ。 mǎ lì shì yī gè qián chéng de tiān zhù jiào tú, tā bī pò yī lì suō bái gǎi xìn tiān zhù jiào。 yī lì suō bái biǎo miàn shàng suī rán bǎn yǐ, dàn nèi xīn réng rán shì yī gè xīn jiào tú。 mǎ lì duì cǐ fēi cháng bù mǎn。 yòu yī xiǎo duàn shí jiān lǐ yī lì suō bái shèn zhì bèi guān rù lún dūn tǎ。 yòu rén rèn wéi tā shì zài zhè lǐ rèn shí liǎo tā hòu lái de 'ài rén lāi sī tè bó jué luó bó tè · dá dé lì de, dàn gèng kě néng de shì tā men zài tóng nián shí dài jiù xiāng shí liǎo。
yī lì suō bái bǎo liǎo mìng, dàn mǎ lì yǔ xī bān yá guó wáng fěi lì pǔ 'èr shì de hūn lǐ shǐ dé yīng gé lán zhòng guī tiān zhù jiào de kě néng xìng zēng dà liǎo, duì cǐ yīng gé lán rén mín jí guì zú dōuhěn bù mǎn。 1558 nián mǎ lì yī shì wú zǐ 'ér wáng, yī lì suō bái chéng liǎo tā de hé fǎ jì chéng rén。 yīng guó guó huì chóngshēn liǎo hēng lì bā shì guó wáng guī dìng yī lì suō bái zuò wéi jì chéng rén de 'ān pái。
jiā miǎn
yī lì suō bái yú 1559 nián 1 yuè 15 rì zài xī mǐn sì bèi jiā miǎn wéi nǚ wáng, jù shuō tā dāng shí jiāng yī méi jié hūn jiè zhǐ dài dào zì jǐ shǒu shàng, biǎo shì tā zì jǐ yǐ jià gěi yīng gé lán。 dāng shí tā de dì wèi hěn bù wěn dìng。 tā jiā miǎn de rì zǐ shì dāng shí yīng guó zhù míng de shù xué jiā hé zhàn xīng shì yuē hàn · dí yī tiǎo xuǎn de, jù shuō tā tè bié jí lì。 gěi tā jiā miǎn de shì kǎ lǐ sī lè de zhù jiào, tā shì dāng shí zài jiào huì jiè néng zhǎo dào de chéng rèn tā de hé fǎ dì wèi de zuì gāo zhí wèi zhě。 tóng nián tā jiù yǐ jīng qiān shǔ liǎo jié shù yì dà lì zhàn zhēng díkǎ duō - kǎn péi jí tiáo yuē。
zhèng zhì
yī lì suō bái 44 nián de tǒng zhì qī jiān yīng guó zōng jiào fēn qí de dǒu zhēng fēi cháng qiáng liè。 1530 nián dài lǐ hēng lì bā shì yǔ tiān zhù jiào jué liè, shèng gōng huì jiàn lì。 ài dé huá liù shì de duǎn zàn tǒng zhì qī jiān shèng gōng huì de jiào yì rì yì wán shàn。 mǎ lì yī shì tǒng zhì qī jiān shèng gōng huì shī qù liǎo qí tǒng zhì dì wèi。 yī lì suō bái huī fù liǎo shèng gōng huì de dì wèi。 zài yī lì suō bái tǒng zhì de zuì chū liǎng nián jiān tā jiù fā bù liǎo zhì zūn fǎ hé dān yī fǎ lìng, guī dìng guó wáng tóng shí shì jiào huì de zuì gāo lǐng dǎo rén。
suī rán tā shì tú zài zōng jiào jí duān pài zhī jiān xún zhǎo yī tiáo zhé zhōng de lù lái zǒu, dàn tā běn rén wú yí shì yī gè xīn jiào tú。 yóu qí zài 'ài 'ěr lán tiān zhù jiào tú hé qí tā bèi rèn wéi shì yì jiào tú de rén bèi pò hài。 wēi lián · sài xī 'ěr shì tā zhèng zhì shàng zuì qīn mì de gù wèn, wéi sài xī 'ěr tā tè dì chuàng lì liǎo bǎi lì xūn jué zhè gè jué wèi。 1598 nián sài xī 'ěr sǐ hòu, tā de 'ér zǐ luó bó tè · sài xī 'ěr chéng wéi yī lì suō bái zuì qīn mì de gù wèn, dàn luó bó tè yuǎn yuǎn bù néng dá dào qí fù qīn de néng lì。 tā de guǎn lǐ jī gòu zhōng lìng yī gè zhòng yào rén wù shì fú lán xī sī · huá xīng hàn jué shì。 huá xīng hàn zài zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu jiàn lì liǎo yī gè jiàndié wǎng。 tā kě yǐ bǎo zhèng suǒ yòu duì nǚ wáng de yīn móu dōubèi tā suǒ zhī。
jì chéng rén wèn tí
duì yī lì suō bái zuì dà de pī píng shì tā méi yòu tí gōng yī gè jì chéng rén。 bié rén yī zhí yǐ wéi tā huì jié hūn shēng zǐ, yòu xǔ duō rén zhuī qiú tā, bāo kuò tā de qián jiě fū, xī bān yá de fěi lì pǔ guó wáng, yǐ jí tā de chǒng chén lāi sī tè bó jué, xǔ duō rén rèn wéi lāi sī tè bó jué shì tā de 'ài rén, yī lì suō bái hěn míng zhì dì bì miǎn liǎo tā men。 jǐ nián hòu, dāng tā de tǒng zhì dé dào gǒng gù hòu, rén men yuè lái yuè míng xiǎn dì kàn dào tā bù huì jié hūn shēng zǐ liǎo。
dāng bié rén zhì wèn tā wèishénme tā bù jié hūn shí, tā tí dào tā jiě jiě tǒng zhì shí qī tā de chǔjìng。 dāng shí tā bù dàn shì mǎ lì zuì jì huì de rén, ér qiě zào fǎn zhě rú tuō mǎ sī · huái tè jué shì hái lì yòng tā de míng yì。 yīn cǐ tā míng zhì dì rèn shí dào jiǎ rú tā zhǐ dìng yī gè jì chéng rén de huà, tā de dì wèi huì bèi xuē ruò, ér qiě zhè yī jǔ kě yǐ gěi tā de dí rén tí gōng yī gè cì jī, yīn wéi tā men kě yǐ lì yòng zhè gè jì chéng rén lái fǎn duì tā。 dàn méi yòu jì chéng rén, yīng gé lán jiù bù huì zài tā qù shì qián de qíng kuàng xià xiàn rù nèi zhàn, zhè yī diǎn zài 1562 nián tā huàn tiān huā jīhū sàng shēng shí biàn dé fēi cháng míng xiǎn。 zài yī duàn shí jiān lǐ, yī lì suō bái céng yán sù dì kǎo lǜ guò jié hūn shēng zǐ。 dàn yī gè tiān zhù jiào de zhàng fū shì xiǎn 'ér yì jiàn bù kě néng de, ér yī gè xīn jiào de zhàng fū rú lāi sī tè bó jué, huì lì kè jiā jù gōng tíng nèi de zōng pài dǒu zhēng。 wú lùn tā xuǎn zhōng shuí, dōubù huì yòu hǎo jiēguǒ。 bù lùn tā gè rén de qīng xiàng rú hé, tā dāng shí de chǔjìng shǐ rèn hé chuán zōng jiē dài de kǎo lǜ bù néng dé yǐ shí xiàn。
tā dāng shí shì yòu yī xiē kě néng de jì chéng rén xuǎn, dàn yī lì suō bái duì tā mendōu bù yú kǎo lǜ。 tā de biǎo zhí nǚ sū gé lán nǚ wáng mǎ lì · sī tú yà tè shì yī gè tiān zhù jiào tú, zài tā cóng sū gé lán chū táo qián shèn zhì cǐ hòu, tā yī zhí shì yī gè fēi cháng kě néng de jì chéng rén。 mǎ lì bèi zhú hòu, yī lì suō bái suī rán jiē nà liǎo tā, dàn tā jiāng mǎ lì qiú jìn qǐ lái yǐ bǎo zhàng mǎ lì wú fǎ wēi xié tā de dì wèi。 mǎ lì de 'ér zǐ zhān mǔ shì dāng shí hái shì yī gè hái zǐ, zài tā wèi bèi kǎo yàn zhī qián, tā hái bù huì bèi kǎo lǜ dào, qí tā rén xuǎn yě bù tài kě néng。 yī lì suō bái de nǚ bàn zhī yī, qín · gé lěi de mèi mèi kǎi sè lín · gé lěi fū rén, yīn wéi wéi bèi yī lì suō bái yì yuàn 'ér jié hūn chù nù liǎo yī lì suō bái; kǎi sè lín · gé lěi de mèi mèi mǎ lì · gé lěi zé shì yī gè duǒ bèi 'ǎi zǐ。 yī lì suō bái dāng shí yī zhí xī wàng sū gé lán de mǎ lì yī shì huì bǎn yǐ xīn jiào, bìng zhǎo yī gè yī lì suō bái rèn wéi kě kào de zhàng fū, yīn cǐ tā zài mǎ lì zài yīng gé lán bèi qiú qī jiān, jiāng tā de jì chéng rén de wèn tí yī tuī zài tuī。
yǔ cǐ tóng shí, tā hái shì jì xù yòu jié hūn de kě néng xìng。 tā céng kǎo lǜ guò zài fǎ guó de zhòng duō wáng zǐ zhōng zhǎo yī gè zhàng fū, dì yī gè jiàn yì shì bǐ tā xiǎo 20 suì de 'ào 'ěr liáng gōng jué hēng lì( hòu lái de hēng lì sān shì), dāng shí fǎ wáng chá lǐ jiǔ shì de dì dì。 dāng zhè gè jiàn yì bèi jù jué hòu, tā hái kǎo lǜ guò fǎ wáng gēngnián qīng de dì dì 'ā lǎng sōng gōng jué fú lǎng suǒ wǎ, dàn fú lǎng suǒ wǎ de zǎo yāo shǐ zhè gè jìhuà yě pò chǎn liǎo。
1568 nián, zuì hòu yī gè yòu zī gé zuò tā de jì chéng rén de yīng gé lán rén- kǎi sè lín · gé lěi fū rén qù shì liǎo, yī lì suō bái bèi pò zài cì kǎo lǜ sū gé lán nǚ wáng mǎ lì。 yī lì suō bái jiàn yì mǎ lì yǔ lāi sī tè bó jué jié hūn, dàn mǎ lì jù jué liǎo zhè gè jiàn yì。 bù guò zhè shí mǎ lì de 'ér zǐ zhān mǔ shì yǐ jīng shòu dào liǎo xīn jiào de jiào yù。 1570 nián fǎ wáng shuō fú yī lì suō bái ràng mǎ lì chóngfǎn sū gé lán, dàn yī lì suō bái tí chū liǎo xǔ duō kē kè de yào qiú, qí zhōng zhī yī jiù shì ràng zhān mǔ shì liú zài yīng gé lán。 suī rán rú cǐ, tā de móu shì sài xī 'ěr hái shì jì xù shè fǎ bāng zhù mǎ lì huí sū gé lán, dàn sū gé lán rén jù jué jiē shòu zhè wèi nǚ wáng, yīn cǐ wèi suì。
yī lì suō bái de hūn yīn hé gè rén shēng huó lì lái shì rén men de huà tí。 bèi chēng wéi“ tóng zhēn nǚ wáng” bìng bù yì wèi zhe tā zhōng shēng méi yòu xìng shēng huó, tā zài shì shí jiù yòu hěn duō sī shēng zǐ chuán wén, lāi sī tè bó jué luó bó tè · dá dé lì、 āi sài kè sī bó jué luó bó tè · dé fú luó děng bèi pǔ biàn rèn wéi shì tā de qíng fū。 dàn shì lìng yī fāng miàn, yě yòu chuán wén shuō tā zhōng shēn wèi hūn shì yīn wéi bù néng shēng yù, shèn zhì yòu kě néng yīn wéi tā yòu mǒu zhǒng xìng gōng néng shàng de quē xiàn。 zhuànjì zuò jiā sī dì fēn · cí wēi gé、 lì dùn · sī tè lāi qiē jí bào chí zhè yī guān diǎn。
zōng jiào kuān róng de jié shù
zhèng dāng cǐ shí, xīn jiào huáng bì hù wǔ shì 1570 nián 2 yuè 25 rì jiāng yī lì suō bái jué fá, zhè shǐ yī lì suō bái wú fǎ jì xù tā de zōng jiào kuān róng de zhèng cè。 tóng shí tā de dí rén duì tā de yīn móu yě shǐ tā fēi cháng zhèn nù, 20 nián lái mǎ lì yī zhí shì tú bù xiàng yī lì suō bái tiǎo zhàn, dàn zhè shí tā xiàn rù liǎo tā de tiān zhù jiào tóng qíng zhě de yīn móu zhōng。 zhè xiē yīn móu de zhù móu shì 'ān dōng ní · bā bīn dùn, qí mù de shì yíng jiù mǎ lì shǐ tā qǔ yī lì suō bái 'ér dài zhī, duì yī lì suō bái lái shuō, zhè shì yī gè hěn hǎo de xiāo chú zhè gè dà dí rén de jī huì。 1587 nián tā chǔsǐ liǎo mǎ lì( jù shuō tā bìng bù qíng yuàn xià zhè tiáo mìng lìng)。
yǔ xī bān yá de zhàn zhēng
yī lì suō bái xiàng fǎ guó de xīn jiào tú hēng lì sì shì tí gōng liǎo jūn duì hé qián cái lái ràng tā huò dé fǎ guó wáng wèi。 zài bā nián zhàn zhēng zhōng, tā xiàng hé lán de xīn jiào tú 'ào lún zhì qīn wáng wēi lián yī shì( chén mò zhě) tí gōng jūn duì lái ràng tā fǎn kàng xī bān yá de tǒng zhì。 bù dàn rú cǐ, 1568 nián fú lán kè · dé léi kè jué shì hé yuē hàn · huò jīn sī jué shì lǐng dǎo de yī zhī fàn nú jiàn duì bèi xī bān yá huáng jiā hǎi jūn zhòng shāng hòu, xī bān yá de yùn cái jiàn duì bù duàn shòu dào yīng gé lán hǎi dào de jié lüè。 xī bān yá guó wáng fěi lì pǔ 'èr shì jué dìng yǐ mǎ lì zhī sǐ wéi jiè kǒu rù qīn yīng gé lán, lái jī tuì yīng gé lán duì xī bān yá zài 'ōu zhōu dà lù hé zài qí hǎi wài zhí mín dì de tiǎo zhàn。
1588 nián, xī bān yá wú dí jiàn duì xiàng yīng gé lán jìn fā。 yī lì suō bái bù gù gè fāng duì yú tā gè rén 'ān quán de yōu lǜ, zài 'āi sài kè sī jùn tí 'ěr bó lǐ bù dài wèi bīng bù zhe kuī jiá jiǎn yuè hǎi jūn, bìng fā biǎo liǎo lì shǐ shàng zuì zhù míng de yǎn shuō zhī yī。 cǐ hòu jiè zhù dì lì jí tiān qì tiáo jiàn děng, yīng gé lán hǎi jūn jī kuì liǎo lái fàn de wú dí jiàn duì, yī lì suō bái wén xùn hòu zhǐ dài liǎo liù gè suí cóng jiù lí kāi yào sài dào zhèn shàng yǔ tā de chén mín gòng tóng qìng zhù shèng lì。
suī rán rú cǐ, xī bān yá 1589 nián jī bài liǎo yī gè gèng dà de yīng gé lán fǎn jī jiàn duì。 zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng yī zhí yán xù dào 1604 nián, shuāng fāng dǎ liǎo gè píng shǒu, bù lùn zài hǎi shàng hái shì zài lù shàng yīng gé lán bìng wèi néng zhàn shàng fēng。 cóng 1594 nián qǐ zài 'ài 'ěr lán hái bào fā liǎo yīcháng yóu jī zhàn。
yī lì suō bái zuì hòu jǐ nián de chǒng chén shì luó bó tè · dé fú luó, tā shì lāi sī tè bó jué de yǎng zǐ。 tā shèn zhì yuán liàng liǎo tā de yī xiē qīng zuì, dàn luó bó tè 1601 nián cān jiā liǎo yīcháng bào luàn, yī lì suō bái bù dé bù jiāng tā chù sǐ。
shì shì
yī lì suō bái cóng wèi jié hūn, tā de sǐ jié shù liǎo dū duó wáng cháo。 zài tā de wǎn nián, dāng tā bù dé bù què dìng tā de jì chéng rén shí, tā yuè lái yuè qīng xiàng tā de biǎo zhí sūn, bèi tā chǔsǐ de sū gé lán mǎ lì nǚ wáng de 'ér zǐ zhān mǔ shì。 dàn tā cóng wèi zhèng shì mìng míng tā wéi jì chéng rén。 1603 nián 3 yuè 24 rì tā sǐ yú sà lǐ de liè zhì wén gōng。 tā bèi 'ān zàng zài xī mǐn sì。 tā de jì chéng rén shì zhān mǔ shì yī shì, zhè wèi zhān mǔ shì dāng shí yǐ jīng chéng wéi sū gé lán de zhān mǔ shì liù shì liǎo。 cǐ shí, yīng gé lán hé sū gé lán tóng guī yī gè jūn zhù, yī gè wáng cháo de tǒng zhì xià, kāi shǐ liǎo bù liè diān tǒng yī jìn chéng de dì yī bù ── wáng shì lián hé, dàn yīng gé lán hé sū gé lán liǎng gè guó jiā yǐ rán bǎo chí zì jǐ dú lì yùn zuò de zhèng fǔ。 tā qù shì 50 nián zhī hòu, yīng guó nèi zhàn bào fā liǎo, yīng guó chéng wèile yī gè duǎn zàn de gòng hé guó。
yīng guó wén huà
yī lì suō bái shí qī shì yīng guó wén huà fā zhǎn de yī gè zhòng yào shí qī。 wén xué, yóu qí shì shī gē hé huà jù jìn rù liǎo yī gè huáng jīn shí dài。 yīng guó duì qí tā dà lù de kǎo chá, yóu qí shì duì měi zhōu de kǎo chá jìn rù liǎo yī gè xīn de jiē duàn。 rú tóng tā de fù qīn, tā běn rén yě cóng shì xiě zuò hé fān yì, tā qīn zì fān yì liǎo huò lè sī de《 shī gē yì shù》, yī xiē tā shēng qián de yǎn shuō hé fān yì zuò pǐn yī zhí liú chuán zhì jīn。
yǐng xiǎng hé píng jià
yī lì suō bái shì yīng guó lì shǐ shàng zuì shòu huān yíng de jūn zhù。 2002 nián, zài yóu BBC zhù chí de mín zhòng gōng xuǎn de“ zuì wěi dà de 100 míng yīng guó rén” zhōng, yī lì suō bái míng liè dì qī, chāo guò liǎo yīng guó gè dì gè dài suǒ yòu qí tā jūn wáng。 2005 nián, zài lì shǐ pín dào( HistoryChannel) de jì lù piàn《 yīng guó zuì wěi dà de jūn zhù》 zhōng, lì shǐ xué jiā hé píng lùn jiā men fēn xī liǎo shí 'èr wèi yīng guó jūn zhù, bìng wéi tā men píng fēn( gēn jù liù xiàng zhǐ shù, rú jūn shì lì liàng hé yǐng xiǎng lì děng, mǎn fēn wéi 60 fēn), yī lì suō bái yíng dé liǎo zuì gāo de 48 fēn。
tā jīng cháng zài huà jù huò xiǎo shuō zhōng chū xiàn。 1971 nián gé lún dá · jié kè xùn pāi shè de《 yī lì suō bái nǚ wáng》 hé《 sū gé lán mǎ lì nǚ wáng》 shēn shòu huān yíng。 1998 nián kǎi tè · bù lán qiē tè zài《 yī lì suō bái》 zhōng bàn yǎn nǚ wáng nián qīng de shí hòu, zhū dì · dān qì zài《 suō wēng qíng shǐ》 zhōng bàn yǎn nián lǎo de nǚ wáng。 mǐ lán dá · lǐ chá sēn zài diàn shì lián xù《 hēi jué shì》 zhōng biǎo yǎn liǎo yī gè chāo xiàn shí zhù yì de nǚ wáng。 tóng xìng liàn xiān qū kūn tīng · kè lì sī pǔ zài《 ào lán duō》 zhōng bàn yǎn tā。 běn jié míng · bù lǐ dùn zài tā wéi yī lì suō bái 'èr shì de jiā miǎn zuò de gē jù《 zàn měi》 zhōng miáo huì liǎo tā yǔ luó bó tè · dé fú luó de guān xì。 2007 nián mò, diàn yǐng《 yī lì suō bái》 de xù jí《 yī lì suō bái: huáng jīn shí dài》 shàng yìng, réng yóu kǎi tè · bù lán qiē tè shì yǎn nǚ wáng, miáo shù nǚ wáng dēng jī hòu de yī xì liè wén zhì wǔ gōng。
duì hòu lái bù liè diān de tǒng zhì zhě lái shuō, yī lì suō bái de tǒng zhì qī hé dāng shí de xǔ duō rén wù yòu tè bié de yì yì。 wò 'ěr tè · léi lì jué shì、 dé ruì kè jué shì hé mǎ dīng · fú luó bǐ xiē jué shì chéng wéi hòu lái de tàn xiǎn jiā de yuán xíng, wēi lián · suō shì bǐ yà、 kè lǐ sī duō fú · mǎ luó jué shì hé fú lán xī sī · péi gēn jué shì chéng wéi hòu dài zuò jiā de mó fàn。 zài zōng jiào wèn tí shàng, yī lì suō bái suī rán yǐ tiě wàn tǒng zhì, dàn tóng shí xiāng duì yú tā zài dà lù shàng de duì shǒu lái shuō, tā jǐyǔ tā de zhǐ huī guān hé gù wèn men gèng dà de zì yóu。 yī lì suō bái shí qī zhèng zhì de xiāng duì kāi míng, yě shì dǎo zhì zài xuān yáng“ jūn quán shén shòu” de sī tú yà tè wáng cháo cóng sū gé lán rù zhù hòu, yīng gé lán gè jiē céng yóu yú qiáng liè fǎn chā 'ér kāi shǐ zhuī qiú mín zhù zì yóu děng jià zhí, bìng zuì zhōng yǐn fā yīng guó nèi zhàn hé jiàn lì shì jiè shàng dì yī gè mín zhù zhèng quán de zhòng yào yuán yīn zhī yī。
suī rán tā yòu shí zhì dìng jūn shì xíng dòng de zhàn lüè( bǐ rú 1589 nián yīng gé lán duì xī bān yá hé pú táo yá de yuǎn zhēng), dàn tā cóng wèi xiàng hēng lì wǔ shì、 ào lì fú · kè lún wēi 'ěr huò wēn sī dùn · qiū jí 'ěr jué shì nà yàng qīn zì chōng dāng jūn shì shǒu lǐng。 xǔ duō jūn shì huò tàn xiǎn shì yè dōushì jiàn cháng de gè rén jué dìng, huáng jiā xǔ kě( yóu qí shì duì yú hǎi dào xíng wéi) dōushì hòu lái bǔ fā de, dāng shí de wén xué chuàng zuò gèng shì méi yòu huò dé huáng jiā de zhī chí。 yóu cǐ kě jiàn yī lì suō bái shí dài de xǔ duō shì jiàn hé wén huà chuàng zuò, shí jì shàng shì xǔ duō gè rén xíng dòng de zǒng hé。 duì hòu lái, yóu qí shì dì guó zhù yì shí qī de yīng guó rén lái shuō zhè shì yòu xiàng zhēng xìng yì yì de。
lìng yī fāng miàn, bù shǎo lì shǐ xué jiā yě tí chū liǎo duì yī lì suō bái shí dài de pī píng。 yī xiē xiàn dài 'ōu zhōu lì shǐ xué jiā hé zhuànjì zuò zhě kāi shǐ zhì yí lì lái duì dū duó shí dài de zhèng miàn píng jià( lì rú: Somerset,Guy,Haigh,Ridley,Elton)。 cóng jūn shì shàng lái kàn, yī lì suō bái de yīng gé lán bìng bù hěn chéng gōng。 suī rán xī bān yá wú dí jiàn duì bèi jī bài, dàn zhè zhǐ bù guò shì yīcháng cóng 1585 nián zhì 1604 nián chí xù jìn 20 nián de zhàn zhēng de kāi shǐ。 yīng gé lán shì bīng zài lù dì shàng( zhù yào zài hé lán hé fǎ guó) de suǒ zuò suǒ wéi píng píng, zài 1588 nián hòu de hǎi zhàn zhōng yě shì fù duō shèng shǎo, 1589 nián hé 1595 nián zhì 1596 nián de hǎi jūn zhàn yì yóu qí sǔn shī cǎn zhòng, 590 nián zhì 1591 nián zài yà sù 'ěr qún dǎo yǐ jí 1597 nián yīng gé lán de hǎi dào yě zāo dǎ jī。 1595 nián yī zhī xī bān yá xí jī duì zài kāng wò 'ěr dēng lù, bìng jiāng gāi jùn de dà bù fēn dì qū tóu rù zhàn huǒ, zhè shì lì shǐ shàng shǎo shù cì wài guó jūn duì zài yīng guó dēng lù de shì jiàn zhī yī。 gèng zāo gāo de shì zài mǎ lì yī shì de zuì hòu jǐ nián hé yī lì suō bái de kāi shǐ wǔ nián zhōng, yīng gé lán bù duàn bèi cóng fǎ guó dà lù shàng qū zhú, zhè gěi yīng gé lán de zì zūn xīn jǐyǔ liǎo hěn dà de dǎ jī, ér qiě shǐ yīng gé lán chè dǐ fàng qì liǎo tā zài dà lù de yě xīn。
yī lì suō bái de yóu yí bù jué, duì jūn shì xíng dòng yóu qí bù lì。 zài 1589 nián duì xī bān yá hé pú táo yá de yuǎn zhēng zhōng, yīng jūn méi yòu xié dài wéi gōng pào hé huǒ pào。 dàn tā de xiǎo xīn jǐn shèn shì yòu yuán yīn de, yě xǔ tā men chū yú cháng yuǎn de kǎo lǜ: jiǎ rú méi yòu yī gè jiān shí de zhàn lüè, tā bù yuàn yīng gé lán juǎnrù 'áng guì de、 bù yī dìng chéng gōng de mào xiǎn, yīn cǐ tā bù yuàn zài duì fù qiáng dà de jūn duì huò jiàn duì zuò zhàn shí làng fèi zhēn guì de zī yuán。
yī lì suō bái shí qī de yīng gé lán jīng jì hěn bù wěn dìng。 dāng shí yīng gé lán duì hé lán hé běi dé hàn suō lián méng de yáng máo jiāo yì bù duàn zēngzhǎng, zhè gěi guó jiā dài lái liǎo hěn dà de hǎo chù。 yī lì suō bái tǒng zhì chū qī jiē shòu liǎo mǎ lì liú xià de sān bǎi wàn yīng bàng de jù zhài, yī lì suō bái、 xī sài 'ěr hé tā de qí tā guān yuán bù dé bù cǎi qǔ jí duān shǒu duàn lái xiàn zhì guó jiā de zhī chū, zhè xiē shǒu duàn yòu shí dài lái liǎo qí tā de kùn nán, bǐ rú xǔ duō shì bīng( bāo kuò dǐ kàng wú dí jiàn duì díshì bīng) hěn jiǔ dé bù dào xīn jīn, dàn suí zhe guó jiā jīng jì de fā zhǎn, zhè gè qíng kuàng dé dào hǎo zhuǎn。 dāng yǔ xī bān yá de zhàn zhēng kāi shǐ shí, yīng gé lán de jīng jì shèng kuàng shì cóng hēng lì qī shì yǐ lái cóng wèi yòu guò de。
yǔ xī bān yá de zhàn zhēng gěi yīng gé lán de jīng jì chóngxīn dài lái liǎo jù dà de fù dān。 cóng 1590 nián dài kāi shǐ yīng gé lán zài cì fù zhài。 yóu qí 'ài 'ěr lán de yóu jī zhàn gěi yīng gé lán de jīng jì dài lái liǎo jù dà sǔn shī, tā bèi chēng wéi“ yīng gé lán guó kù de lòu dǒu”。 yī lì suō bái bù dé bù chū shòu guó yòu dì miàn yǐ jí guān zhí。 1603 nián yīng gé lán de zhài wù zài cì dá dào sān bǎi wàn yīng bàng, yǔ yī lì suō bái tǒng zhì kāi shǐ shí xiāngchà bù duō。 bù guò zhān mǔ shì yī shì hòu lái zài hé píng shí qī qiàn zhài de sù dù yuǎn chāo guò yī lì suō bái, ér yī lì suō bái liú xià de zhài wù bìng bù shì wú fǎ kòng zhì de。
zuì jìn duì yī lì suō bái tǒng zhì de pī píng, yóu qí jí zhōng zài yīng gé lán de fēi zhōu nú lì fàn mài huó dòng hé tā zài 'ài 'ěr lán de shī cè, zhè gè shī cè yán zhòng dì yǐng xiǎng liǎo yīng guó hé 'ài 'ěr lán de fā zhǎn。 yīng gé lán shì zài 1562 nián jiā rù kuà dà xī yáng de fàn mài nú lì de huó dòng de, dāng shí yuē hàn · huò jīn sī jué shì kāi shǐ liǎo gāo lì rùn de tōu mài nú lì huó dòng, tā cóng jǐ nèi yà huò qí tā fēi zhōu gǎng kǒu huò dé tā de rén lèi shāng pǐn, rán hòu jiāng tā de fú lǔ yùn dào xī yìn dù de xī bān yá nú lì shì chǎng shàng chū mài。 yī kāi shǐ yī lì suō bái nǚ wáng zé bèi huò jīn sī cān jiā zhè yàng bù dào dé de mào yì, dàn dāng huò jīn sī xiàng tā xiǎn shì tā de shì yè de lì rùn hòu, tā hěn kuài jiù gǎi biàn liǎo tā de jiàn jiě, tā bù jǐn bāo bì huò jīn sī de mào yì, ér qiě zhí jiē cóng zhōng dé lì, shèn zhì wèitā tí gōng chuán zhǐ hé rén yuán。
yī lì suō bái nǚ wáng duì huò jīn sī de nú lì fàn mài de zhī chí, wéi zhè gè mào yì tí gōng liǎo huáng jiā de rèn kě, tā shǐ zhè gè mào yì hé fǎ huà, tā shǐ gèng duō yīng guó shāng rénshēn jiā jìn qù liǎo。 yīn cǐ yī lì suō bái nǚ wáng hé měi guó de tuō mǎ sī · jié fěi xùn yī yàng shòu dào pī píng: jìn guǎn tā zài dào yì shàng xiāng xìn zhè gè mào yì shì bù hé fǎ de, dàn tā réng rán zhí jiē cóng nú lì mǎi mài zhōng dé lì。
cóng hēng lì 'èr shì qǐ yīng gé lán hé 'ài 'ěr lán zhī jiān jiù cún zài zhe yī gè zhèng zhì lián xì。 dàn dào dū duó wáng cháo wéi zhǐ, yīng gé lán duì 'ài 'ěr lán de tǒng zhì shì hěn yòu xiàn de。 dū duó wáng cháo kāi shǐ jiā qiáng duì 'ài 'ěr lán guì zú de tǒng zhì,, hēng lì bā shì yǔ tiān zhù jiào duàn jué hòu 'ài 'ěr lán wèn tí jiù gèng jiā jiā jù liǎo, yīn wéi 'ài 'ěr lán yǐ rán shì tiān zhù jiào wéi zhù de。 1568 nián xī bān yá chéng wéi duì shǒu hòu, ài 'ěr lán wèn tí yě chéng wéi liǎo yī gè shè jí yīng gé lán 'ān quán de wèn tí。 yīng gé lán zhù 'ài 'ěr lán de guān yuán shì chòu míng zhāo zhù de, tā men hěn fǔ bài、 duì 'ài 'ěr lán háo bù lǐ jiě, dào chù shù dí, xiǎo de qǐ yì lì kè bèi zhèn yā。 1570 nián, yī lì suō bái bèi kāi chú jiào jí hòu, duì tiān zhù jiào tú de pò hài gèng jiā jiā jù, shǐ liǎng gè mín zú de guān xì gèng jiā 'è huà。 1594 nián kāi shǐ jiǔ nián zhàn zhēng zhōng yú bào fā。
zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng hé sì gè shì jì hòu měi guó zài yuè nán zhàn zhēng de chǔjìng xiāngchà bù duō。 ài 'ěr lán fǎn kàng zhě shǐ yòng yóu jī zhàn de shǒu duàn lái xiāo mó hé cuò bài lái zhèn yā tā men de、 zhuāng bèi liáng hǎo hé yòu xùn liàn de yīng gé lán shì bīng。 duì yīng gé lán lái shuō, zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng yóu qí 'áng guì, yīng jūn shòu dào duō cì jù dà sǔn shī, zuì hòu yīng jūn bù dé bù cǎi yòng jiāo tǔ zhèng cè; jiǎ rú yòu 'ài 'ěr lán rén bèi huái yí cān jiā fǎn kàng, tā jiù quán jiā bèi shā, yīng jūn shāo huǐ tián yě, pò huài nóng zhuāng, zhì zào liǎo yīcháng kōng qián de rén wéi dà jī huāng。
1604 nián, zhān mǔ shì yī shì zài tā de dì yī gè mìng lìng zhōng xiàng 'ài 'ěr lán dào qiàn, cái jié shù liǎo zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng。 dàn zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng de cán kù xìng shǐ 'ài 'ěr lán rén duì yīng guó rén de chóu hèn、 dí duì hé bù xìn rèn yī zhí yí chuán zhì jīn。
bù guò, yīng gé lán cān jiā nú lì mǎi mài hé duì 'ài 'ěr lán de zhèng cè yě dé 'àn dāng shí de qíng kuàng lái fēn xī kàn dài。 suī rán yī lì suō bái duì huò jīn sī de mào yì zài dào yì shàng yú yǐ zhǐ zé, dàn tā dāng shí miàn lín zhe sān bǎi wàn yīng bàng de jù zhài, huò jīn sī wéi tā tí gōng de jīng jì lái yuán shì tā suǒ bù néng jù jué de。 bù lùn rú hé, yīng guó zài yī lì suō bái shí qī de nú lì mào yì yuǎn xiǎo yú xī bān yá hé pú táo yá, yě xiǎo yú hòu lái hé lán zài 17 shì jì de nú lì mào yì。
yī lì suō bái duì 'ài 'ěr lán de zhèng cè chū yú tā duì xī bān yá de yī gè“ tiān zhù jiào hòu mén” de kǒng jù, zhè gè wèn tí lái zì yú xīn jiào gǎi gé zài zhè gè guó jiā de shī cè tā wú fǎ jiǎn dān dì jiě jué。 dāng rán yī lì suō bái hé tā de guān yuán zài 'ài 'ěr lán de zhèng cè wú yí jiā jù liǎo zhè chǎng chōng tū, dàn tā hái shì yòu zhàn lüè yuán yīn de。
yī lì suō bái gěi tā de jì chéng rén liú xià liǎo yī gè kùn nán de、 bù wěn dìng de guó jiā。 yóu qí zài jīng jì hé zōng jiào shàng xǔ duō wèn tí méi yòu jiě jué。 tā zuì zhù yào de gòng xiàn zài yú tā guān xīn tā de chén mín, hàn wèi liǎo tā de tǒng zhì, shǐ yòng liǎo hǎo de gù wèn, tā de tǒng zhì bāng zhù yīng gé lán bì miǎn liǎo jīng jì shàng de wēi jī hé zōng jiào zhàn zhēng。 dàn 17 shì jì zhōng, zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng hái shì zài yōng hù chá lǐ yī shì de bǎo huáng pài hé kè lún wēi 'ěr lǐng dǎo de xīn jiào tú jiān bào fā liǎo。
dà zhòng wén huà
zài diàn yǐng diàn shì zhōng, yī lì suō bái nǚ wáng de xíng xiàng shí cháng chū xiàn。 bāo kuò:
diàn yǐng
*FlorenceEldridge chū yǎn, MaryofScotland(1936)
*FloraRobson chū yǎn, FireOverEngland(1937),TheLionHasWings(1939), TheSeaHawk(1940)
* bèi dì · dài wéi sī chū yǎn,《 yī lì suō bái yǔ 'āi sài kè sī de sī shēng huó》 (ThePrivateLivesofElizabethandEssex, 1939),《 tóng zhēn nǚ wáng》 (TheVirginQueen, 1955)
* zhēn · xī méng sī (JeanSimmons) chū yǎn, YoungBess(1953)
*AgnesMoorehead chū yǎn, TheStoryofMankind(1957)
*QuentinCrisp chū yǎn, Orlando(1993)
* kǎi tè · bù lán qiē tè chū yǎn,《 yī lì suō bái》 (Elizabeth,1998, huò 'ào sī kǎ zuì jiā nǚ zhùjué tí míng ), jí qí xù jí《 yī lì suō bái: huī huáng nián dài》 (Elizabeth:TheGoldenAge, 2006 nián 4 yuè kāi pāi )
* zhū dì · dān qì (JudiDench) chū yǎn,《 suō wēng qíng shǐ》 (ShakespeareinLove, 1998, huò 'ào sī kǎ zuì jiā nǚ pèijué jiǎng )
diàn shì
*GlendaJackson chū yǎn, BBC diàn shì jù jí ElizabethR(1971), huò 'ài měi jiǎng
*MirandaRichardson chū yǎn, BBC qíng jǐng xǐ jù Blackadder dì 'èr jì
*Anne-MarieDuff chū yǎn, BBC sì jí diàn shì jù TheVirginQueen(2005)
* hǎi lún · mǐ lún (HelenMirren) chū yǎn, Channel4 èr jí diàn shì jù ElizabethI(2005/06), huò 'ài měi jiǎng
Elizabeth was born in London Puleisenxi Palace, she was Henry VIII and his second King 后安妮博林 only surviving child. Because her parents are married by the Protestant canon, the Catholic that she was an illegitimate daughter. Her birth was designated as heir to the throne, and her half-sister Mary to be her maid officer. Elizabeth-year-old, her mother was sentenced to death treason a year, Henry VIII and his third Queen Jane Seymour gave birth to a boy: Edward. Elizabeth and Mary have become Edward's servants.
In her brother before his death, her position is relatively stable, but Edwards 1553 on tuberculosis or died of arsenic poisoning. Mrs. Qin Gelei only had nine days queen, by her father-the party to overthrow, and was later killed Mary came to power. Mary is a devout Catholic, she was forced Elizabeth converted to Catholicism. While the expansive surface, according to Elizabeth, but the inside is still a Protestant. Mary was very unhappy. There was even a short time off Rulunduita Elizabeth. Some people think that she is here to know her lover was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, but more likely is that they've known her in childhood.
Elizabeth on January 15, 1559 was crowned Queen in Westminster Abbey, is said to be a wedding ring she was wearing to his hand, said she has been married to England. She was very unstable position. Her coronation day was a famous British mathematician and astrology 士约翰迪伊 selected, said that it particularly auspicious. Her coronation is Kalisile bishop, he was able to find in the church community recognized the legitimacy of her position were the highest. In the same year she had already signed cards to end the war, Italy and more - Hom accompany Kyrgyzstan treaty.
Although she tried to find among the religious extremists to go the way of a compromise, but she is undoubtedly a Protestant. Especially in the Irish Catholics and other people who are considered pagan persecution.威廉塞西尔 her closest political adviser, she was specially created for the Cecil Bailey Lord the title of nobility. 1598 Cecil's death, his son Robert Cecil as Elizabeth's closest adviser, but Robert is far from the ability to reach his father. Her administration is another important figure of Sir Francis Huaxing Han. Huaxing Han across Europe set up a spy ring. He can ensure that all of the Queen's plot have been his knowledge.
1568, the last qualified for the England of her successor - 凯瑟琳格蕾 his wife died, Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots was forced to reconsider. Mary Elizabeth proposed marriage with the Earl of Leicester, but Mary refused the proposal. But this time the son of Mary, James has been a Protestant education. 1570 His Holiness to return to Scotland to persuade Elizabeth to Mary, but Elizabeth made a number of stringent requirements, one of which is to allow James to remain in England. Even so, her advisers continue to try to help Mary, Cecil was back in Scotland, but refused to accept the Queen of Scots, so attempts.
Just at this time, the new Pope Pius V, February 25, 1570 to Elizabeth of excommunication, which makes Elizabeth is unable to continue her policy of religious tolerance. While her enemies conspiring against her made her very angry, 20 years, Mary Elizabeth has been trying not to challenge, but when she caught her Catholic sympathizers of the conspiracy. The plot's mastermind is Anthony Babington, whose purpose is to rescue Elizabeth and Mary to take her on behalf of, on Elizabeth, this is a good opportunity to eliminate the big enemy. In 1587 she executed Mary (said she was not willing to order under this section).
1588, embarked on the Spanish Armada to England. Elizabeth despite all the concerns for her personal safety, in Essex County Tierboli armor vain without guard naval review, and published a history of one of the most famous speech. After the help of location and weather conditions, England routed the invading naval armada, Elizabeth heard the news with only six followers to leave the fort to the town and celebrate the victory of her subjects.
Deaths
Elizabeth is a British cultural development during an important period. Literature, especially poetry and drama into a golden age. UK study on other continents, especially in the Americas visit entered a new stage. Like her father, she also engaged in writing and translation, she has translated Horace's "poetry", some of her speeches and translations during his lifetime has been passed so far.
On the other hand, many historians have also raised criticism of the Elizabethan era. Some modern European historians and biographers began to question the Tudor era has always been positive (for example: Somerset, Guy, Haigh, Ridley, Elton). From the military point of view, Elizabeth's England was not very successful. Although the Spanish Armada was defeated, but this is just a from 1585 to 1604 lasted for almost 20 years of the start of the war. English soldiers on land (mainly in the Netherlands and France) and done average, in 1588 after the sea battle is less negative and more wins, 1589 and from 1595 to 1596 naval battle in particular suffered heavy losses, 590 to 1591 and 1597 in the Azores have been combating piracy in England. 1595 attack on a Spanish team landed in Cornwall, and large parts of the county into war, which is a few times in history of foreign troops landed in the United Kingdom one of the events. Worse, in the last years of Mary and Elizabeth I, the beginning of five years, England continued to be expelled from the French mainland, giving England a big blow to self-esteem, but also to England completely abandon its mainland ambitions.
The war with Spain to England again tremendous economic burden. England again started from the 1590's debt. In particular, the guerrilla war to England, Ireland, has brought enormous economic losses, it was known as "England's treasury of funnel." Elizabeth had to sell state-owned land and office. 1603 England reach three million pounds of debt once again, beginning with Elizabeth ruled with almost. But James I was in peacetime debt faster than Elizabeth, and Elizabeth left the debt is not beyond the control.
However, to participate in the slave trade in England and Ireland's policy was to analyze the prevailing situation in view. Although Elizabeth Hawkins's trade to be accused of moral, but she was faced with three million pounds of huge debts, Hawkins was her source of income that she can not resist. Either way, the British slave trade in the Elizabethan period is far less than Spain and Portugal, the Netherlands was also smaller than the slave trade in the 17th century.
Popular Culture
* Florence Eldridge appeared in, Mary of Scotland (1936)
* Jane Simmons (Jean Simmons) starred, Young Bess (1953)
* Cate Blanchett star in "Elizabeth" (Elizabeth, 1998, Best Actress Oscar nomination), and its sequel "Elizabeth: The Golden Age" (Elizabeth: The Golden Age, 2006 年 4 月 shot)
* Glenda Jackson starred, BBC TV series Elizabeth R (1971), Emmy
* Helen Mirren (Helen Mirren) starred, Channel 4 drama Second set of Elizabeth I (2005/06), Emmy
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