姓: | 刘 | ||||||||||||||||||
名: | 宏 | ||||||||||||||||||
网笔号: | 孝灵皇帝 | ||||||||||||||||||
陵墓: | 文陵 | ||||||||||||||||||
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刘宏年表:
公元156年,刘宏出生。
公元168年,桓帝病死,刘宏被拥立为帝,是为汉灵帝。
公元168年,以外戚为首的士大夫集团在与以两节为首的宦官集团的政权斗争中失败,宦官集团掌控了朝政。
公元169年,宦官集团继续削弱士大夫集团的势力,发动了东汉历史上的第二次党锢。
公元184年,张角领导的黄巾起义爆发,随后失败。
公元189年,汉灵帝病亡。
【登上皇位】
汉灵帝刘宏能登上皇帝位,是幸运的。
汉桓帝刘志虽然36岁而终,但身后并无子嗣,年轻的窦皇后(桓帝死后被尊为太后)及其父亲窦武,把继承人的年龄设定在少年段。刘宏是汉章帝玄孙,刘宏的曾祖父是河间王刘开,父亲解渎亭侯刘苌与桓帝刘志是堂兄弟,刘宏是桓帝的亲堂侄,当时只有12岁。
刘宏能登上皇帝位,又是不幸的。
汉桓帝留下的是一个千疮百孔的社会。外戚跃跃欲试地准备统理朝政,宦官虎视眈眈地觊觎着皇权,士人的不平之鸣,遍野的饥民之声,合奏成一曲悲哀的末世之歌。
汉桓帝永康元年(167年),刘儵以光禄大夫身份与中常侍曹节带领中黄门、虎贲、羽林军一千多人,前往河间迎接刘宏。建宁元年(168年)正月二十日,刘宏来到夏门亭,窦武亲自持节用青盖车把他迎入殿内。第二天,登基称帝,改元为“建宁”。
这样,刘宏便懵懵懂懂地由一个皇族旁支已经落魄了的亭侯子弟,摇身一变而为万乘之尊。
【在位年号】
建宁(5)168—172
熹平(7)172—178
光和(7)178—184
中平(6)184—189
【徘徊于外戚与宦官之间】
东汉自汉和帝刘肇登基后,迭出少年(包括幼儿)皇帝,他们不懂国家政务,因此造成了外戚和宦官轮番窃掌国柄的斗争局面。而且这种斗争有一种愈演愈烈的趋势。汉灵帝时期也是如此。
汉灵帝建宁元年(168年),外戚与宦官的斗争便不可阻遏地爆发了。一方以窦太后、窦武为首,另一方则以曹节、王甫为首。
灵帝即位后,由于年小,仍由窦太后执政,论功策勋,封窦武为闻喜侯;其子窦机为渭阳侯,位拜侍中;其兄子窦绍为鄠(hù)侯,迁步兵校尉;窦靖为西乡侯,位拜侍中,掌管羽林左骑。窦氏一家权倾朝廷内外,十分显贵。
窦太后临朝后,复用陈蕃,大小政事,均由陈蕃参与定夺。陈蕃与窦武又起用了在第一次党锢之祸中受挫的李膺、杜密、尹勋、刘瑜等,使之列于朝廷,参议政事。这赢得了许多士人的心,“天下之士,莫不延颈想望太平”。
灵帝即位后,宦官曹节被封为长安乡侯,暂时受到压制,但通过灵帝乳母赵娆(ráo)及太后的身边宫女,向太后献殷勤,取得了太后的信任。
陈蕃与窦武对此非常担忧。于是,密谋欲除去宦官,但太后一直犹豫不决,迫使陈、窦二人采取武力消灭宦官集团,但密奏事先被宦官得知,激起事变。
永康元年九月初七日,宦官就发动了宫廷政变。他们把灵帝骗出来持剑开路,关闭宫门,逼迫尚书起草诏令,任命王甫为黄门令;胁迫太后,夺取了玉玺,派人去逮捕窦武等人。窦武不受诏,与侄子窦绍边战边退到军中,召集数千人镇守都亭。陈蕃听说发生变乱,率属下官员及太学生80多人,手持兵器冲入承明门,与王甫军遭遇。陈蕃被逮捕,送到北寺狱。看守的宦官连踢带踹地骂陈蕃:“该死的老鬼,看你还能不能裁减我们的编制,削减我们的薪俸了!”当天便把陈蕃折磨而死。
天刚亮,王甫便带领虎贲御林军,同包围将军府的不明就里的张奂军队会合。他们假传诏令,诬窦武反叛,引诱窦军投降。窦武与窦绍势单力薄,被重重包围,最后被迫自杀。随后,窦家宗亲、宾客以及姻亲,抓到的都被杀掉。又将窦太后迁入南宫,将窦武家属迁徙于日南。自公卿以下,凡是陈蕃、窦武举荐的,以及他们的门生、旧属,一律免官,永不录用。
宦官集团取得了宫廷政变的胜利。之后,灵帝被迫升任曹节为长乐卫尉,封育阳侯;升任王甫为中常侍。其他朱瑀、共普、张亮等6人封为列侯,11人封为关内侯。于是“群小得志,士大夫皆丧气”。
熹平元年(172年),窦太后的母亲病故,太后忧思成病,也于六月初十日在南宫云台去世。宦官们对窦氏积怨很深,竟用一辆简陋的车装着太后的尸体放在城南一个宅院中。几天之后,曹节、王甫打算用贵人的礼节为太后发丧,灵帝没有同意。曹节等又想把太后葬于别处,不和桓帝合葬。对此,灵帝也拿不定主意,于是诏令公卿会议讨论。会上,大家观望了很久,却都不愿意先说话。最后廷尉陈球说:“皇太后以盛德良家,母临天下,宜配先帝,是无所疑。”宦官赵忠连讥带讽,威胁陈球,陈球却毫不畏惧,太尉李咸也表示支持。曹节、王甫则强调“窦氏罪恶”,力议其非。李咸再次上疏,认为“后尊号在身,亲尝称制,且援立圣明,光隆皇祚”,甚至说:“太后以陛下为子,陛下岂得不以太后为母!”这才使灵帝同意了“合葬宣陵”的主张。
太后葬礼之争是外戚与宦官这次较量的尾声。这样的事情尚且拿到公卿会议上讨论,可以看出灵帝的昏庸无能和无可奈何。廷议中赵忠、曹节、王甫与公卿同堂对簿,又用带有讥讽和恐吓的语气相争,可以看出宦官是何等的骄横霸道。
从这时开始,一直到灵帝死去的中平六年(189年),整个灵帝一朝,都在宦官势力垄断之中。
宦官集团的罪恶行径,概括起来,大致有这样三个方面:
制造了第二次“党锢之祸”
从灵帝做上皇帝的那天起,他的深层心理就被一个可怕的阴影笼罩着。随着灵帝在阴谋和险恶四伏的宫廷中不断长大,这个阴影不仅没有消失,而且越来越厚重。渐渐地,他对皇位与皇权形成了一种异常敏感以至于脆弱的心理,总是恐惧有人图谋社稷,觊觎王位,侵夺皇权,就像他突然得到皇位那样,又在突然间丧失。
宦官们非常透彻地了解汉灵帝的这块心病,也总想利用他的这种心理,因而不断地营造“谋反”“叛逆”的气氛来吓唬灵帝。永康二年(164年),曹节指使人奏请“诸勾党者故司空虞放及李膺、杜密、朱宇、荀翌、翟超、刘儒、范滂等,请下州郡考治”。灵帝问道:“什么是勾党?”曹节等答道:“勾党就是党人。”灵帝又问:“党人做了什么恶而要杀他们?”答道:“他们相互勾结,图谋不轨。 ”灵帝问:“他们想做什么不轨的事呢?”答道:“想要夺权窃国。”灵帝这才奏准。宦官这样做的结果,一是提高了自己的地位,二是使灵帝更依赖于自己,三是消灭了敌对政治力量。
第二次党锢之祸就是这样发生的。
第一次党锢之祸发生之后,李膺等虽然被罢官并终身禁官,但天下士大夫都一致推崇他们的操守而抨击朝廷,还给他们取
了许多赞美的称号:称窦武、陈蕃、刘淑为“三君”,君是指被奉为一代之典范;称李膺、荀翌、杜密等人为“八俊”,俊是指为人之英杰;称郭泰、范滂、尹勋等人为“八顾”,顾是指能以自己的德行引导别人;称张俭、翟超等人为“八及”,及是指能引导别人追求典范;称度尚、张邈等人为“八厨”,厨是指能施财物救人危困。
外戚被诛除以后,党人清廉自守,在社会上威望极高,他们为陈蕃、窦武申冤,攻击时政,自然涉及到宦官的切身利益,因此遭到宦官的嫉恨,每拟诏书,总是重申“党人之禁”。
中常侍侯览对张俭尤其怨恨,他的老乡朱并是个奸邪小人,平时为张俭所唾弃,侯览便授意他诬陷张俭,朱并上书诬告张俭与同乡24人互相别署称号,结成朋党,图谋社稷,而以张俭为领袖。诏令收捕张俭。永康二年十月,曹节也乘机奏捕、拷杀虞放、李膺、杜密、范滂等百余人,妻子皆徙边。此外,借机报私怨和地方官滥捕牵连,以至死、徙、废、禁者又有六七百人。熹平元年(172年),宦官又指使司隶校尉捕党人和太学诸生千余人。熹平五年(176年)进一步下诏州郡,凡党人的门生、故吏、父子兄弟及族亲,都被免官禁锢。直到黄巾起义爆发,党人的禁锢才被解除。
这就是历史上第二次“党锢之祸”。至此,贤能忠义进步势力遭到彻底打击。宦官们通过镇压,消除了与自己直接抗衡的力量,宦官专权达到了历史的顶峰。
导致了社会的极端黑暗
宦官是一个十分腐朽的政治集团。身体的残缺和社会的鄙视,使得他们具有卑劣的人格和极强的报复心理。因而当这个集团左右了皇帝,操持了朝政,总揽了大权之后,社会的极端黑暗便是不可避免的了。
在政治上,挟主专权,在全国范围内实行宦官集团的独裁统治。只要对他们稍有不满,他们就诬告陷害,或流放禁锢,或罢官下狱,或杀身灭族,无所不用其极;在经济上,兼并土地,恨不得天下所有的良田美地、山林湖泽都占为己有,杀人越货,巧取豪夺,与强盗无异;在生活上,腐化糜烂,挥金如土。
他们还引导灵帝荒淫乱政,伙同灵帝在西园卖官,支配灵帝驱正扶邪,从而使得正常的统治秩序遭到破坏,社会矛盾迅速加剧,最后终于爆发了全国规模的黄巾大起义。
引起了黄巾农民大起义
中常侍是宦官中权势最大的职位,虽只是食俸二千石,但却负责管理皇帝文件和代表皇帝发表诏书,是皇帝最为亲近的人。
汉初,中常侍没有固定的编制,但惯例是设4人,秩级千石。灵帝却陡增至12人,他们是:张让、赵忠、夏恽、郭胜、孙璋、毕岚、栗嵩、段珪、高望、张恭、韩悝、宋典,当时人们称之为“十常侍”。他们不仅封侯受赏,连他们的父兄子弟也被派往各州郡做官。他们把持朝政,贵盛无比,昏庸的汉灵帝甚至对人说:“张常侍(张让)是我父,赵常侍(赵忠)是我母。”
由于宦官当权,朝政腐朽黑暗,各地遍布贪官污吏,土地兼并十分严重。百姓再也忍受不了剥削与压榨,纷纷走上反抗的道路,各地起义连年不断,从建宁元年(168年)到中平元年(184年)的十多年时间内,见于史籍记载的农民起义不下十几起。最后终于在灵帝中平元年(184年)爆发了全国范围的农民大起义——张角领导的黄巾大起义。
为了纠正时弊,郎中张钧曾上书说道:
张角所以能兴兵作乱,万民所以乐附之者,其源皆由十常侍多放父兄、子弟、婚亲、宾客典据州郡,侵掠百姓,百姓之冤,无所告诉,故谋议不轨,聚为盗贼。宜斩十常侍,县(悬)头南郊,以谢百姓,遣使者布告天下,可不经师旅而大寇自清。
尽管张钧对黄巾起义爆发原因的分析并没有抓到根本,只杀几个宦官也不一定能消除鄂州百姓长期积淀的不满情绪,但宦官专权无疑是黄巾起义的催化剂和导火索。灵帝对宦官的宠信与依赖无疑加速了这个催化的过程,并亲手点燃了这个导火索。
【流连于香艳和荒诞之间】
面对宦官的恣意妄行和士人的激烈抗争,汉灵帝感到无能为力。
既然宦官们喜欢专权用事,只要这些奴才们把自己的生活料理好了,汉灵帝也便乐得个恬然自得;既然宦官们能够放手做事,只要这些奴才们变着法让自己玩好了,汉灵帝也便只想着敛财玩乐。
于是,在汉灵帝的时代,一些在历史上罕见的龌龊(wòchuò)之事在这里都出现了。
裸游馆
中平三年(186年),汉灵帝在西园修建了千间裸游馆。灵帝与众多的姬妾在这里裸体游玩,他让人采来绿色的苔藓将它覆盖在台阶上面,引来渠水绕着各个门槛,环流过整个裸游馆。他选择玉色肌肤、身体轻盈的宫女执篙划船,摇漾在渠水中。在盛夏酷暑,他命人将船沉没在水中,观看落在水中的裸体宫娥们玉一般华艳的肌肤,然后再演奏《招商七言》的歌曲用以招来凉气。渠水中所植的荷花莲大如盖,高一丈有余,荷叶夜舒昼卷,一茎有四莲丛生,名叫“夜舒荷”。又因为这种莲荷在月亮出来后叶子才舒展开,又叫它“望舒荷”。宫女年纪都在14岁以上18岁以下,有时灵帝也同她们一同裸游。
流香渠
灵帝与宫女在裸游馆的凉殿里饮酒作乐,经常通宵达旦。西域进献了茵犀香,灵帝命人煮成汤让宫女沐浴,把沐浴完的漂着脂粉的水倒在河渠里,人称“流香渠”。他感叹说:“假如一万年都这样的话,那真就是天上的神仙了。 ”灵帝整夜饮酒直到醉得不省人事,天亮了还不知道。宫廷的内侍把一个大蜡烛扔在殿下,才把灵帝从梦中惊醒。灵帝又让宫内的内监学鸡叫,在裸游馆北侧修建了一座鸡鸣堂,里面放养许多只鸡。每当灵帝在醉梦中醒不过来时,内监们便争相学鸡叫,以假乱真来唤醒灵帝。
宫中市
灵帝在后宫仿造街市、市场、各种商店、摊贩,让宫女嫔妃一部分扮成各种商人在叫卖,另一部分扮成买东西的客人,还有的扮成卖唱的、耍猴的等。而他自己则穿上商人的衣服,装成是卖货物的商人,在这人造的集市上走来走去,或在酒店中饮酒作乐,或与店主、顾客相互吵嘴、打架、厮斗,好不热闹。灵帝混迹于此,玩得不亦乐乎。肆中的货物都是搜刮来的珍奇异宝,被贪心的宫女嫔妃们陆续偷窃而去,甚至为了你偷的多我偷的少而暗地里争斗不休,灵帝却一点也不知道。灵帝还用驴驾车,亲自操辔执鞭,驱驰于苑中。这件事被京城的百姓知道了,争相仿效,一时本来低廉的驴价骤然上涨,与马的价格相同。
卖官店
汉灵帝刘宏的“灵”在谥法中解释为“乱而不损曰灵”,汉灵帝确实是个极度追求淫欲与荒乱的皇帝。最为荒唐的是汉灵帝竟然在西园开办了一个官吏交易所,明码标价,公开卖官。
灵帝以前也曾有过类似现象,但只是通过这一手段以比较温和的方式征富人之钱,偶尔为之,而且所得钱款一般都是“佐国之急用”。而到灵帝之时,卖官鬻爵却呈现出扩大化、持续化和制度化的特点。公开卖官从光和元年(178年)一直持续到中平六年(184年),卖官所得钱款都流入了灵帝自己的腰包。卖官的规定是:地方官比朝官价格高一倍,县官则价格不一;官吏的升迁也必须按价纳钱。求官的人可以估价投标,出价最高的人就可中标上任。除固定的价格外,还根据求官人的身价和拥有的财产随时增减。一般来说,官位的标价是以官吏的年俸计算的,如年俸二千石的官位标价是二千万钱,年俸四百石的官位标价是四百万钱,也就是说官位的价格是官吏年收入的一万倍。段颎、张温等人虽然功劳很大,声望也很高,却也都是先交足了钱,才登上公位的。及至后来更变本加厉,以后官吏的调迁、晋升或新官上任都必须支付三分之一或四分之一的官位标价,也就是说,官员上任要先支付相当他25年以上的合法收入。许多官吏都因无法交纳如此高额的“做官费”而吓得弃官而走。
崔烈买官的例子更能发人深省。崔烈出身于北方的名门望族,历任郡守及朝廷卿职。中平二年(185年)三月,崔烈想当司徒,便通过关系,花了500万钱买了个司徒。到册拜之日,宫廷举行隆重的封拜仪式,灵帝亲临殿前,百官肃立阶下。望着崔烈春风得意的样子,灵帝突然觉得崔烈的司徒一职来得太便宜了,忍不住满怀惋惜地对随从亲信说:“悔不少靳,可至千万!”旁边的中常侍插嘴说:“他能出五百万,已经很不错了。像崔公这样的冀州名士,岂肯轻易买官?陛下您不知道我从中做了多少工作!”事后,崔烈的儿子对崔烈说:“大人实在不该当这个三公了。外面议论纷纷,都嫌这个官有铜臭味。”“铜臭”这个典故就是从这儿产生的。卖官已卖到朝廷的最高官职——三公,堂堂皇帝竟然贪婪地像买卖货物那样讨论着三公的价格,让人一方面感受到灵帝的贪婪,另一方面也看出当时政治的黑暗。
皇帝都是如此,那些贪官酷吏更是变本加厉地搜刮、盘剥百姓,榨取更多的“礼金”来给灵帝送礼,博取更大的官职然后利用手中更大的权力来捞取更多的财富。灵帝曾在西园游乐场与一班无赖子弟玩狗,并给狗带上了进贤冠和绶带。东汉的进贤冠为文官所用,前高7寸,后高8寸,长8寸。给狗戴上文官的帽子,实际上是对官吏的一种侮辱,而当时有些官吏欺压百姓,无恶不作,简直像恶狗一样凶残。灵帝的卖官鬻爵无疑是饮鸩止渴,将东汉王朝推向死亡的深渊。
灵帝荒淫无道,宦官弄权朝廷,文武大臣也多为非作歹。上行下效,全国一片奢华浮糜之风。就这样,汉灵帝刘宏在声色犬马中,享受这短暂的人生和末世大厦将倾的悲凉,流连于聚敛财富的快乐和香艳女色的诱惑中,忘却了身为帝王的职责和尊严,在身边权宦的怂恿和引领下,在玩乐和贪婪的享受中,把东汉200年的宏伟基业置之脑后了。
【遗恨于宫廷与皇子之间】
天子有天子的快乐,天子也有天子的悲哀。当满朝文武匍伏于前,他可能体验的是唯我独尊的快乐;当天下臣民为己所用,他可能体验的是掌运乾坤的快乐。但当妻妾之间都是靠利益驱动的时候,当连自己所爱的人都难以保护的时候,当自己的皇子被呼来唤去地左右或者鱼肉的时候,天子还能快乐起来了吗?灵帝的内心深处也有着不尽的遗憾。
情殇宋皇后
建宁四年(171年),汉灵帝立宋贵人为皇后。
宋皇后是扶风平陵人,她的出身虽不如阴、马、窦、邓几大望族,但也算得上皇亲国戚。汉章帝时,宋氏家族的两姐妹同时被选入掖庭,而且被封为贵人,大宋贵人还生了皇子刘庆,曾被立为太子,后被废为清河王。宋皇后正是两姊妹的曾孙女辈。
宋氏聪慧美丽,又具有“淑媛之懿”,因而建宁三年(170年)被选入宫,并封为贵人,第二年又被册封为皇后。尽管宋
皇后深知宫闱之中勾心斗角的可怕与相互倾轧的险恶,她也谨慎周密地待人接物,如履薄冰地维护地位,但不幸还是降临在她的身上。
宋皇后有个姑姑是渤海王刘悝的妃子,宦官中常侍王甫与刘悝曾有过节。但由于皇后初立,灵帝宠爱有加,不便下手。待何氏进宫后,灵帝便渐渐忽略了宋皇后。王甫觉得时机成熟了,于是诬陷刘悝图谋叛乱,刘悝被迫自杀,宋妃冤死狱中。怕遭到报复,王甫接着又陷害宋皇后。光和元年(178年),他指使太中大夫程阿上书诬告皇后利用“巫蛊之术”惑乱后宫,诅咒皇帝。
灵帝非常愤怒,联想起刚刚处理过的刘悝谋反,他更加怒不可遏。立即诏令废黜宋皇后,并诛杀其父及兄弟,流放其他亲属。宋皇后无辜受贬,并累及亲人,不久便在暴室中忧愤而死。
怒气过后,汉灵帝有时也感到有所不解:堂叔刘悝从未犯过错误,他是先帝桓帝的同母弟,怎么会谋反呢?宋皇后与自己共承天下,母临万国,怎么会诅咒自己呢?“游魂不安”的恐惧,使他做了一个梦。他梦见桓帝声色俱厉地斥责他。第二天他赶紧请许永解释梦境,许永便借此向他讲了刘悝与宋皇后冤死的全部事实,并指明改葬、反家、复封的补救措施。但汉灵帝最终也没有走出宦官们为他制造的阴影,至死也没有对刘悝及宋皇后的“冤魂”进行丝毫安抚。
遗爱王美人
美人王氏是赵国人,祖父王苞是东汉王朝的五官中郎将。王美人的出现给汉灵帝的后宫生活带来了一阵清新的风,她具有艳丽的容颜、美善的德操、大家闺秀的娴淑,特别是才华横溢的灵秀之气,是其他嫔妃无法比拟的。制赋、作画,使他俩的生活充满了诗情画意。
熹平五年(176年),嫔妃何氏为灵帝生下一子,何氏被封为贵人。光和三年(180年),灵帝在权宦的压力下,只好册封何贵人为皇后。但何皇后骄纵专横,生性嫉妒,爱弛的境遇使她恨透了王美人。
何皇后被册封时,王美人已经有孕在身,她担心自己的地位受到威胁,于是加紧了对王美人的迫害。王美人担心何皇后的嫉恨会给自己和腹中的孩子带来不幸,便想办法打掉胎儿,但却没有成功。
光和四年(181年)三月,王美人果真生下一位皇子,他就是刘协。
刘协的出生给何皇后带来了更大的恐慌,于是她毫不顾忌地毒死了王美人。灵帝很快查明了凶手,龙颜大怒,决定废除何皇后。但诸多宦官求情,使他竟没敢处罚何皇后。
面对皇子刘协,汉灵帝常常思念起善解人意的王美人,回忆起从前二人诗赋唱和的情景,他写了《追德赋》、《令仪颂》,来追怀王美人的美德与善仪,情意缠绵,如泣如诉。
汉灵帝临死前,把立刘协的愿望嘱托给大权在握的蹇硕,算是对他心爱的王美人的一个交待。
梦断何皇后
何皇后是南阳屠夫何真之女,建宁四年(171年)经采选入宫。按照“采女制”及东汉的采选习俗,地位低贱的屠夫之女是没有资格入宫的,他的父亲“以金帛”贿赂掖庭采选人员,再加上天生丽质,何氏才得以入选。
何氏入宫后,很快得到灵帝的无比宠幸。熹平五年(176年),何氏生下皇子刘辩。此前,几个嫔妃、贵人也为灵帝生过儿子,但都夭折。宗法制的“家天下”时代,可以想见,天子断嗣将会给皇帝带来怎样沉重的痛苦和打击!因而刘辩的降生无疑会使灵帝欣喜若狂,也自然会使何氏地位提升。刘辩出生后不久,何氏被立为贵人。
由平民阶层步入宫闱,进而迅速得到灵帝宠幸的经历,最容易造就出“小人得志”的不良心态。
何皇后被册封之后,骄横之心迅速膨胀,王美人生下皇子刘协更使之走向极端:她鸩杀了王美人,也便鸩杀了她企图获得灵帝专宠的梦。尽管由于中宫宦官的苦苦哀求,何氏保住了皇后的凤冠,但透过汉灵帝对王美人的绵绵思念,可以看出,何皇后永远失去了汉灵帝的心。
中平六年(189年),汉灵帝驾崩,刘辩即位,是为汉少帝,何氏以太后身份临朝。何氏之兄大将军何进为翦除异已,加紧密谋诛灭宦官。为此,他召并州剌史董卓进京,然而事情败露,何进反被宦官所杀。董卓率兵进洛阳以后,废除少帝刘辩,立刘协为帝,是为献帝。
何太后被迁居永安宫,不久也被鸩杀。
无奈两皇子
汉灵帝一生荒淫无度,嫔妃众多,所生皇子也有十几个,但存活下来的只有两个:刘辩和刘协。
刘辩是何皇后所生,为避凶求吉,刘辩生后被寄养在道士史子眇(miào)家,号曰“史侯”。刘协是王美人所生,王美人被害后,灵帝担心幼小的皇子遭不幸,便把他交由母亲董太后抚养,号曰“董侯”。
在立太子的问题上,面对两皇子,汉灵帝是无奈的。按照古代的立嗣传统,嫡长子继位,天经地义。因此,刘辩理应是惟一合法的皇位继承人。无论是从维护传统上,还是从各政治集团的利益上,外戚、官僚与宦官三方的态度也十分鲜明,要立刘辩为太子。汉灵帝因憎恶何皇后,而不想立刘辩,说他“轻佻无威仪,不可为人主”;因宠爱王美人而欲立酷似自己的刘协,又担心三方势力不能接受。直到死前,他才把刘协托咐给自己的心腹蹇硕,让他拥立刘协,也是一种无奈的选择。
汉灵帝末期,已感觉到世运不济,东汉政权岌岌可危,于是他亲手组建了一个以“西园八校尉”为核心的卫戍部队,任命“壮健而有武略”的小黄门蹇硕为上军校尉,统帅这支部队。从表面上看,蹇硕的权力很大,但在事实上蹇硕仅是一个低级军官,他只是借灵帝的威力发号施令。蹇硕与何皇后的矛盾很深,他也深知何皇后之兄何进兵权在握。在嫡长制的世袭制度下,刘辩是长子,是皇位的当然继承人,而现在要废嫡立庶,是有悖常理的。为此,蹇硕决定先下手为强,诛杀何进后再立刘协。
是时,汉灵帝的灵柩停放在殿中,蹇硕在四周密布伏兵,俟何进入殿拜奠时乘机动手将其杀死。然而,蹇硕阴谋未果。何进闻知消息,立即进行部署,并通报何皇后。何太后位居正宫,占有优势,于是与何进一起拥兵入宫,升朝议政,宣布14岁的皇长子刘辩为皇帝,史称汉少帝。何皇后以太后身份临朝,何进与太傅袁隗(wéi)辅政,负责军国事务。
蹇硕又想与宦官联合,商议一起捕杀何进。机密再一次泄漏,何进命黄门令逮捕并处死了他。何进以皇帝舅舅资格辅政,不久又拉拢了“累世宠贵,海内所归”的袁绍、袁术,权力日益膨胀。骠骑将军董重看着何进横行朝廷,心中十分不平。董太后也忿恨不已。于是发誓除掉何氏外戚。何太后却先下手,与何进设毒计,除掉了董氏。
蹇硕、董氏虽除,但宦官的势力并未彻底铲除。袁绍看到这一点,便向何进献计尽除宦官。但何太后却没有同意。袁绍几次进言,何进都未置可否。袁绍于是私自行事,诈托何进之命,致书州郡,命其抓捕中官亲属,归案定罪。何进按照袁绍的建议,召集天下豪杰带兵入京,何太后被迫解散中常侍、小黄门,只把几个与何进关系好的宦官留在宫中。何进、袁绍的行动引起了张让的恐慌,他们得悉何氏正在密谋诛杀宦官之事,于是发动宫廷政变,杀死何进。
何进部曲将领吴臣、张章获悉何进被杀,急忙调集军队包围了皇宫。虎贲中郎将袁术也率兵攻打宫殿,放火烧了南宫九龙门及东西宫,逼迫宫中交人。
张让等人慌忙去见何太后,也没说何进已死,只说他谋反焚宫。何太后也惊慌失措,被张让、段珪等挟着,与少帝刘辩、陈留王刘协一起,从复道逃入北宫。
这时,袁绍等也带人冲入宫中。他命令军士见宦官就杀。但却不见张让、段珪。原来,张让、段珪劫迫少帝兄弟步出北门,夜走小平津,逃到了黄河岸边。卢植和河南中部掾闵贡等追赶上来,张让、段珪自知难免一死,转身投入滚滚东去的黄河之中。
董卓听说少帝在此,便率公卿到北芒阪奉迎回宫。董卓以与太后同族自居,扩大自己的势力,并以迎少帝有功,把持朝政。
董卓前来奉迎,初见刘辩与刘协时,与刘辩说话,刘辩虽贵为天子,但已被吓得“语不可了”;而问刘协,刘协虽比刘辩小五岁,但却详叙原委,无所遗漏。再加上刘协为董太后抚养长大,于是心中便产生了废掉刘辩,更立刘协的想法。
九月初一日,董卓率领公卿到崇德殿,强迫何太后诏策废除少帝,贬为弘农王;立陈留王刘协为帝,是为汉献帝。
【谥号陵寝】
刘宏谥曰“孝灵”,葬文陵。
【后妃子女】
皇后:
宋皇后
何皇后
妃嫔:
王美人
子:
刘辩
刘协
女:
长女,光和三年封万年公主。
【后人评价】
范晔
《秦本纪》说赵高谲二世,指鹿为马,而赵忠、张让亦绐灵帝不得登高临观,故知亡敝者同其致矣。然则灵帝之为灵也优哉!
灵帝负乘,委体宦孽。征亡备兆,《小雅》尽缺。麋鹿霜露,遂栖宫卫。
——《后汉书·孝灵帝纪》
AD 184, the inclination of the Yellow Turbans led erupted failure.
Emperor Ling of Han Liu able to board the emperor, is lucky.
Emperor Huan of Han is riddled with problems left behind by society. Dukes eager to prepare for system management affairs of state, eyeing to covet the imperial eunuch, scholars injustice, misery of the hungry voice, ensemble into a sad song end of the world.
】 【Reign reign
Since the Emperor He of Han Han Liu Zhao Dengji, the filed one after another youth (including children) emperor, they did not know the national government, thus creating the Dukes and the eunuch took turns stealing charge of the country's struggle to handle the situation. This struggle intensified and there is a trend. Emperor Ling of Han period too.
Yongkang seven days the first year of early September, launched a palace coup on the eunuch. Cheated out of Emperor Ling sword they open, close the palace, forced the Book of drafting decree, the appointment of Wang Fu-made for the yellow gate; stress empress, seized the imperial jade seal, sent to arrest Dou Wu et al. Dou Wu no Shou Zhao, Shao-side battle with his nephew sinus side retreated to the army, guarding thousands of people have called Pavilion. Chen Fan hear of turmoil, the rate of its officials and university students, more than 80 people, carrying weapons into the commitment out the door, and Wang Fu-military experience. Chen Fan was arrested and taken to North Temple prison. Eunuch guards kicking with kick even scolded Chen Fan: "damned old devil, see you can not afford to cut our preparation, a reduction in our salaries!" Day Pianbachenfan tortured to death.
A lot of praise for the title: that Dou Wu, Chen Fan, Shu as the "Three Gentlemen" the king is to be regarded as a model for generation of; said Li Ying, Xun Yi, Du secret and other man-made "eight-jun," Chun refers to man of the Aviva; said Guo Tai, Fan Pang, Yin Xun and other man-made "eight care," care is able to guide others in their own virtue; said Jian Zhang, Di Chaodeng man-made "eight and", and is able to guide others pursuit of a model; that degree yet, Zhang Miao and other man-made "eight kitchen" kitchen is the midst of these difficulties can be applied to save property.
Politically, backing the right of the main experts in the nationwide implementation of eunuchs Group dictatorship. As long as they are slightly dissatisfied, they false accusation, false imprisonment or exile, or forced to resign imprison, or kill themselves genocide, nothing would do; in the economy, the annexation of land, can not wait for all the world's fertile land, a mountain lake ze has a market share There have been many, banditry, extortion and banditry same; in life, corruption, erosion, big spenders.
In order to correct the current problems, doctor Zhang Jun has a letter said:
【Linger in between eclectic and absurd】
Thus, in the era of Emperor Ling of Han, some of the sordid history of rare (wòchuò) things here are there.
Emperor Ling had previously had a similar phenomenon, but only through this means to a more moderate way of levy money rich, occasionally, money and income are generally "Zuo country urgently." By the time of Emperor Ling, sale of public preached expansion, characterized by sustained and institutionalized. Open and Selling from the light and the first year (178 years) until Zhongping six years (184 years), or selling income money are flowing into their pockets Emperor Ling. Selling in the provision are: local officials double the price than Substitution of Jin Dynasty, the magistrate then prices vary; officials of the promotion must also be satisfied by the money price. The valuation officer can seek bids, the highest bidder can bid office. In addition to a fixed price, but also according to demand Husband's worth and have the property at any time increase or decrease. In general, the official position of the official price is based on the annual pension calculated as the annual salary Erqian Dan's official position is 20 million price of money, pension 400 years of official position stone four million price tag is money, the price of official position is that officials of the Revenue's 1 times. Duan Jiong, Zhang Wen, who despite great credit, reputation is also very high, but are also first be enough money before the board of public spaces. Up was worse, the officials after the transfer, promotion or new to the post have to pay the price one-third or one quarter of the official position, that is, the officials took him first to pay a substantial legitimate income of more than 25 years. Many officials are unable to pay such a high because of "official fees" and scared official position while walking.
Cui strong example of buying more food for thought. Cui Lie was born in the north of famous families, served as Mayor of State and the court staff. Zhongping two years (185 years) in March, Cui strongly want to Stuart, then through the relationship between money spent 5 million a month Stuart. To register the day of worship, the court held a grand ceremony Feng Bai, Emperor Ling in person before the house, the King stood in the next stage. Proud of the way the wind looking at the Cuilie Chun, Choi Emperor Ling suddenly felt strong in Situ post is too cheap, full of regret on the entourage could not help confidant said: "regret a lot of Jin, to to 10 million!" Next to the Attendants interrupted said: "He can out of five million, has been very good. the public such as Choi Ji Zhou celebrities, Qiken easily buying? Majesty you do not know how much work I have to do!" After that, the son of the Cui Cui Lie Lie said, : "Adults really should not when the Excellencies of the. outside talking about, are there too the stench of government." "mercenary" This allusion is generated from here. Has been sold to the highest court or selling official - Excellencies, dignified emperor even as greedily as the sale of goods to discuss the Sangong price, makes one feel the greed of Emperor Ling, on the other hand see that the political darkness.
Love Song Queen War
Song intelligent and beautiful, but also has "the Yi Shu-Yuan", which Jianning three years (170 years) elected to the House, and sealed the honored person, the second year they were canonized as the Queen. Although Song
Emperor Ling very angry to think of just treated Liu Kui rebellion, he was even more furious. Dahir immediately deposed Queen of Song, and Heaven's father and brothers, exiled to other relatives. Song Queen innocent is dismissed, and involving the family and soon died in the storm room Anger.
Ho palace, the incomparable quickly favorite of Emperor Ling. Xiping five years (176 years), gave birth to Prince Liu Ho debate. Previously, several concubines, and elegant but also birth to a son of Emperor Ling, but all died. Were the rule of law "home world", one can imagine, the Son of Heaven down to the Emperor heir will bring the pain and how heavy blow! Thus the birth of Liu debate will undoubtedly Emperor Ling ecstatic, of course, would raise the status of Ho. Liu debate soon after birth, Ho has been established as the honored person.
Zhongping six years (189 years), Emperor Ling of Han Jia Beng, Liu argued the throne, is the Chinese Shao Di, Ho to Queen Mother as Powerbut. Big brother Ho Ho Jin Jian Chu General dissidents to step up conspiracy Zhumie eunuchs. To this end, he called and the state La Shi Dong Zhuo to Beijing, but what was brought to light, how advanced, has been killed by the eunuchs. Dong shuaibing into Luoyang after the abolition of Shao Di Liu Bian, Li Liu Society for the emperor, is Emperor Xian.
Emperor Ling of Han life of dissolute excesses, many concubines, princes born to have a dozen, but only two survive: Liu Bian and Liu Society.
Emperor Ling of Han end of the World Games have been feeling bad, the Eastern Han government stake, and he personally set up a "West Park, 8 commander" as the core of the garrison, the appointment of "strong and healthy and have a little force," the small yellow door Jian Shuo To the military XiaoWei, commander of the force. On the surface, Jian Shuo great power, but in fact Jian Shuo is only a junior officer, he is only through the power of orders of Emperor Ling. Jian Shuo deep contradiction with what the Queen, he also knew what He Jinbing's powerful brother of the Queen. In the entropy of the system of hereditary chief system, Liu argued that the eldest son, is heir to the throne, of course, and now stand to disinherit Shu, is perverse. To this end, Jian Shuo decided to gain the upper hand, after He Jin Li Liu Heaven's Association.
Jian Shuo, Dong Although eliminated, but did not completely eliminate the power of eunuchs. Yuan Shao see this, they would offer advice and what to do except into eunuchs. But the Empress Dowager He did not agree. Yuan Shao word for several times, He Jin, none of such. Yuan Shao was acting without authorization, fraud asked what progress the mission to send a letter gun, ordered the arrest of the official family, justice conviction. He Jin, Yuan Shao in accordance with the recommendation to convene the world and saw the soldier into the capital, where Queen Mother was forced to disband in Attendants, small yellow door, only to a few good relationships with how progress remain in the palace eunuchs. He Jin, Zhang Yuan Shao's actions led to the panic, they noted that Ho is a matter of plotting to Heaven's eunuch, was a coup, killing any progress.
At this time, Yuan Shao, also bring people into the palace. He ordered the sergeant see eunuchs to kill. But not see Zhang Rang and Duan Gui. It turns out Zhang Rang and Duan Gui Shao Di brothers robbed leaving the North to force the door, take the small Pingjin night, fled to the shore of the Yellow River. Lu Zhi Gong Min and Henan and other central auxiliary catch up, Zhang Rang and Duan Gui knew that death is inevitable, and turned into billowing into the Yellow River to the east.
In September started this day, Dong Sung Tak led to the house or poor, abolition of forced Empress Dowager Chao Shao Di policy, dismissing it as Hongnong Wang; Li Liu-Wang Liu Society for the emperor, is Emperor Xian of Han.
】 【Concubines children
Ho Queen
Sub:
Female:
Fan Ye
- "After the Han Emperor Ling Xiao Ji"
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