耶稣基督 | |||||||
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照基督教的道理,耶稣是造物主天主圣父的儿子,宇宙和人都是圣父所创造的。天主耶和华所造的第一个人叫亚当,天主为亚当造了妻子夏娃。但亚当夏娃偷吃禁果,这不是人们所误解的第一次发生性关系,而是违抗天主圣父的命令,吃了圣父禁止吃的善恶树果实。这是极大的罪,因此,亚当夏娃都受了上帝的惩罚,就是失去天主的宠爱,屈服于死亡的权下。原来亚当、夏娃可以长生不老,而且无忧无虑地在乐园里享福,犯罪之后,就被赶出乐园,辛苦劳动才勉强能够糊口。正如教宗保罗六世所说的:他们生活在正义与圣德之中(天主子民信经)。更糟糕的是,亚当夏娃犯罪连累了后代,也就是整个人类,因此,每个人都有了原罪,也由于有罪性人就难以避免实际地犯罪,产生罪行。有罪必罚,对抗上帝的罪是罪大恶极,因此每个人都要受罚下地狱。天主是慈爱的,不愿看到人下地狱,就派他的圣子耶稣来代替人受刑。因此,借助圣神的德能,童女玛利亚生了一个男婴,男婴长大,因为人的罪被判死刑,被残酷地钉在十字架上,死去。但耶稣是无辜的,是为了拯救世界上的罪人而死的。他死后第三天复活,复活之后在地上生活了四十天,然后在门徒面前升到天堂。耶稣还要再来,再来的时候就要施行最后审判。信耶稣的人上天堂享福,不信耶稣的人下地狱受刑。
信耶稣的人,今生可以得百倍的祝福,来生可以上天堂。这是圣经的诺言。你若口里认耶稣为主,心里信神叫他从死里复活,就必得救;因为人心里相信,就可以称义;口里承认,就可以得救。
耶稣的介绍
耶稣(公元前6年 / 2年 至 公元 29年 / 36年)是基督教的中心人物,他也被称为拿撒勒的耶稣,或耶稣基督。耶稣2字音译自希腊文“Ίησους”,景教称为移鼠,英文译为“Jesus”,是希腊文“Ίησους (Iēsous)”英语化后的写法,而“Ίησους”本身则是由希伯来语“יהושע (Yehoshua)”或希伯来亚拉姆语(亚兰语;阿拉米语;阿拉美语)“ישוע (Yeshua)”希腊语化后而来,“יהושע”或 “ישוע” 的意思是 “耶和华是救世主”,音译为「约书亚」。“基督”2字源自希腊文Χριστός(拉丁化的写法是Christós),源自音译为「弥赛亚」的希伯来文 מָשִׁיחַ(阿拉米语是משיחא,阿拉伯语圣经是يسوع ,古兰经记载是عيسى,伊斯兰教汉译为「麦西哈」),意思是“擦油净身的人”,或译「受膏者」、「受傅油者」、「受傅者」,也就是「被膏油浇灌的人」,「膏立」或「傅油」(也就是把膏油倒在「受膏」或「受傅」的人头上)是古希伯来册立君王的神圣仪式,细节详见《旧约·撒母耳记》先知撒母耳膏立扫罗和大卫做王;「弥赛亚」和「基督」都是头衔、尊称,在《旧约·以赛亚书》和《旧约·但以理书》等多部先知书中,「弥赛亚」是先知所预言的解救万民的救主。
耶稣基督有非常多的头衔:人子、中保(保惠师)、大祭司、君王、万王之王、万主之主、大医生、神的儿子、羔羊、好牧人(善牧)、明亮的晨星(晓明)、大卫的儿子(大卫的子孙)、大卫的根、老师(音译「拉比」或「拉波尼」)等等
“耶稣”是中文对于Jesus的翻译而“基督”则是耶稣的头衔之一,意思是救世主,弥赛亚。
信者得救
《路加福音》23:39-43 在众人不信耶稣的情况下,和耶稣同钉十字架的一名犯人,悔过并信了耶稣,他的罪被赦免,并得救。
《罗马书》 1:20 自从造天地以来,神的永能和神性是明明可知的,虽是眼不能见,但藉着所造之物,就可以晓得,叫人无可推诿。
《罗马书》 1:21 因为他们虽然知道神,却不当作神荣耀他,也不感谢他。他们的思念变为虚妄,无知的心就昏暗了。
《罗马书》 1:22 自称为聪明,反成了愚拙,
《罗马书》 1:23 将不能朽坏之神的荣耀变为偶像,彷佛必朽坏的人,和飞禽走兽昆虫的样式。
《罗马书》 1:24 所以神任凭他们,逞着心里的情欲行污秽的事,以致彼此玷辱自己的身体。
耶稣是基督宗教教义的中心人物,也是基督宗教的创始人。在基督宗教中,也称为耶稣基督(Iēsous Christos或Iēsous Christos)。基督为意为受膏者,指天主敷以圣膏而派其降世的救世主,本为尊称,后常与耶稣连称。也有人称他为拿撒勒人耶稣。
耶稣(也称为基督(在教会中意为品为至尊贵者),意思是王、弥赛亚、教会中称为默西亚为救世主之意)2000年前生于巴勒斯坦地区。现代文明把时间分为公元前(即基督前)和公元(即主年)的纪年方式来纪念耶稣的诞生。耶稣在30岁以前是个木匠,过着犹太人的传统生活。当时以色列全境都处于罗马皇帝恺撒的独裁统治之下,包括耶稣出生的伯利恒和成长的拿撒勒。
耶稣三十岁以后开始教导众人,行神迹,并被记载下来。但他从来都没有远行到距离出生地200英里(大约320公里)以外的地方。耶稣在三年的时间里一直尽力保持低调,但他的名声还是传遍了全国,引起了设在以色列各省执政掌权的罗马官员和犹太领袖(宗教律法师)的注意。耶稣传讲的信息主要有:上帝爱你并与你同在,彼此相爱,每个人都极其宝贵(福音:上帝的国度已经临到地上;关乎天堂或地狱的审判的实际情况;若求告上帝,上帝就必赦免)。
耶稣最受争议的就是他一直声称自己就是上帝,直接干犯了律法。因而宗教领袖要求罗马政府处死他。罗马当局几次审讯都没发现耶稣触犯了罗马的法律。就连犹太人的领袖也承认,耶稣除了自称为上帝之外,完好地遵行了犹太人的律法。但他们还是以对政府不利为由,说服以色列南省的罗马总督彼拉多下令将耶稣处决。
耶稣残忍地遭到严刑拷打,然后双手被人挂起来,钉在一根水平的木梁(十字架)上。这种行刑方法使得空气无法吸入肺部,三小时以后他就死了。然而,有500多人却见证说,他三天以后复活了,而且此后的40天里在以色列的南北两省走动。很多人认为这就足以证明耶稣自称为上帝是真实的。后来,耶稣返回了自己不久前遇害的城市耶路撒冷,见证人说他从那里离开了地球,升到天国去了。
因为这些神奇的事件,跟随耶稣的人数大大增加了。根据史料记载,仅仅几个月之后,也是在耶路撒冷城一天之内就增添了大约3000跟随者。宗教领袖执意镇压跟随耶稣的人,但他们当中许许多多的人宁愿去死,也不肯否认耶稣就是真神的信仰。
不到100年的时间,罗马全境(小亚细亚、欧洲)到处都有人跟随了耶稣。公元325年,跟随耶稣的信仰(基督教)被罗马皇帝君士坦丁确立为合法宗教。公元391年罗马皇帝宣布基督宗教为罗马帝国的国教。 500年以后,希腊境内希腊诸神的庙宇也都改造成了教会,成为跟随耶稣的人聚会的场所。虽然耶稣传讲的部分信息在宗教机构扩张的过程中没有受到应有的重视,甚至被人错误地传播,但耶稣的原话以及他的生命本身仍然万古长存。
古兰经称为麦西哈 尔撒(弥赛亚 耶稣),是伊斯兰教六大先知之一,被称为“大圣先知”、“真主的灵气”,仅次于至圣先知、封印使者穆罕默德,承认他无父出生,肉身升天,但不承认他是真主的独生子,也不认为他曾经死而复活;有70多段《圣训》记载:尔撒在临近世界末日是在大马士革下凡,做穆斯林的领袖,继承穆罕默德的位置,以《古兰经》为主导,传播伊斯兰教,统一万教。新约圣经称为基督,是基督宗教的中心人物和上帝。
耶稣是基督教信仰的救世主,基督教的创始人。其称号基督为希伯来文弥赛亚(意为受膏者,原指上帝派来拯救以色列的救世主)之希腊文译音。根据《新约》四福音书的记载,耶稣是天主之子,由童贞女玛丽亚受圣神感孕,生于伯利恒城客店的马厩之中。耶稣成年后从施洗约翰受洗,并经受了40天的考验,后开始在犹太各地和巴勒斯坦的加利利传教。他率领其12个门徒一方面宣传天国将临、悔改得救的福音,一方面治病救人,扶危助困。其教义宣扬“爱上帝爱邻人”、“爱人如己”,并抨击了当时的当权者和犹太教的某些戒规,因而遭到犹太教上层分子的忌恨。在逾越节前夕,被其门徒之一犹大所出卖,以莫虚有的罪名,被钉死在十字架上。死后第三日复活,并显现于众门徒中,第40日升天。关于耶稣其人的历史性问题,曾经引起学术界的争议。历史实证主义者力图剔除早期教会传说的信仰成分,要求返回有关耶稣的原始事实。而许多神学家如利奇尔等则认为不能把历史上的耶稣与信仰中的基督分开。从公元1世纪犹太史学家约瑟弗斯的《犹太古史》和古罗马史学家塔西陀的《编年史》中,都可以找到关于耶稣的一些资料,这些资料间接地说明了历史上的确出现过耶稣其人。研究基督教起源的人,总是遇到这样一个问题: 历史上的耶稣是否实有其人? 否认耶稣实有其人的学者大约持有下列几种观点: (1)认为耶稣只是基督教神话中的偶像;(2)耶稣是错误传说中的人物;(3)基督教中的耶稣实际上是历史上同名者的捏合杂揉; (4)在同时代的历史著作和考古发掘中找不到充分的根据;另外,教会中同样有一部分人否认耶稣有血肉之躯,他们认为耶稣基督是神,作为历史上有血有肉的人的耶稣只是一种"幻影",或者说是人的幻像。
主张耶稣实有其人的既有护教人士,也有非基督徒的学者,各种看法之间往往大相径庭,大致可分为如下几种:(1)全盘接受圣经的记载,维护教会传统,认为耶稣就是道成肉体的基督;(2)耶稣是当时犹太人"叛乱的首领";(3)耶稣是一场革命运动的领导人;(4)耶稣是个大骗子; (5)耶稣是至死不悟的预言家;(6)耶稣是有血有肉的普通人,但後来的人们将他神化了。学术界对圣经中"拿撒勒人耶稣"这个名称展开过讨论。《新约》头 5卷称耶稣为"拿撒勒人(Nazarene)或"拿佐拉派。(Nazoraean);而在犹太教文献中,耶稣及其门徒被称作"拿撒利姆" (Notarim)。大多数学者认为这些词都与加利利一个叫做"拿匝勒"(Nazareth)的城市有关,但也有少数学者不同意这种看法,他们认在《旧约》中找不到这个拿撒勒城的名字,可能它是一个小村庄名字。近人罗伯逊(Archibald Robertson)引述4世纪约有关献後指出:公元前在叙利亚和巴勒斯坦境内就有一个教派叫"拿撒利派"(Nasaraens),并说:"另一桩奇事是,一个叫做曼达安派的教派,他们崇奉施洗者约翰为真先知,而斥责耶稣是说谎者和骗子,但是依然称他们的主要成员为拿撒拉(Nasoraye)也就是"拿佐拉派"。他因此得出结论说:"约翰和耶稣的信徒们被称为拿佐拉派。但是这个称号并不是源于拿撒勒的村名,却是源於希伯来语Natzar一词,原是'守' 的意思 即指守秘密者或严守犹太律法者。" 国内也有人认为基督教是由上述拿撒勒派发展而来。似乎更多的学者坚持拿撒勒派是基督教中的一个派别的观点,认为该派出现的时间应为1、2世纪。
"耶稣"在希腊文作lesous,是希伯来文Jeshua(耶书亚)。Jehoshua (约书亚),Joshua(约书亚)等词的译音,原意为"耶和华(是)拯救"。罗伯逊认为希腊文中"基督‧耶稣"就是"弥赛亚‧约书亚",同《旧约》中的先知约书亚有内在联系。但这种一家之言忽略了"约书亚"这词本身的含义,也撇开了《马太福音》第1章第21节的解释,所以不能为大多数学者所接受。
即使非常肯定耶稣实有其人的论者,对耶稣的生平仍存有种种疑点,比如耶稣的生卒年代,照教会的传统说法,耶稣生年就是公元纪年的开始,但是历史学家指出: 《路加福音》第2章第2节所载"°居里扭作叙利亚巡抚的时候",应在公元6 - 7年,然而按《马太福音》第2章第1节的记载"当希律王的时候,耶稣生在犹太的的佰利恒"来看,生年应定于公元前4年。不仅生年仍为悬案,卒年亦难以确定。
《圣经》中记载耶稣生平事迹寥寥无几,童年的事几乎末提到,只在《路加福音》第2章讲到他12 岁时跟父母去耶路撒冷,在圣殿里坐在教师中间听讲发问的情景。然後就是第3章第23节说:"耶稣开头传道,年纪约有30岁。"此外,福音书记载的都是他传道以後的言行。所以黑格尔也觉得不无遗憾地说:"关於耶稣[思想]发展的成熟过程这一有趣的问题,我们没有得到任何消息。他最初出现时已经是在成年时期,那时他已经从犹太人传统旧俗念意识中解放出来了。"
综合现有的资料和研究成果来看,关于耶稣生平有下列几点我们可加以肯定:
耶稣的宣称
耶稣说过他是上帝的儿子,与上帝同等:耶稣宣称自己有赦罪的权柄,又说他有一天要审判世界——世人终极命运如何,全在乎他们在世之时,如何看待耶稣。
已故剑桥大学教授、名作家鲁益师(C·S·Lewies)说得好:“如果耶稣只是凡人,却说出‘新约圣经所记的’那些话,他就绝对不可能是万世师表!他要么是疯到一个程度说自己是个皮蛋,要么是地狱的恶魔——我们必须作出选择:耶稣若非上帝之子,就必然是狂人(甚至比狂人更恐怖的人!)……不要再自以为是地胡说耶稣是什么“万世师表”了——他的言行催迫我们选定路向——这当中不存在模棱两可的犹疑!”
耶稣的品格
很多不会自称为基督徒的人,却会同意耶稣的一生是“毫不利己,全心为人”的完美榜样。大文豪陀妥也夫斯基(F.M.Dostoevsky)说:“我相信不会有人比耶稣更可爱、更有深度、更仁厚、更纯洁。虽不情愿,但不可不承认:‘从来没有人能与耶稣相比,将来也不会有人能比得上他。’”
耶稣的教导,是举世公认最纯全、最深刻的教训——比古今中外任何哲人学士所说的都好。
鲁益师说:“事实摆在眼前,耶稣显然不是疯子或恶魔,因此,不论我觉得如何离奇、惊诧、难以置信,仍不得不承认一件事实:耶稣的的确确是上帝。上帝曾经道成肉身,来到这被仇敌占据的世界。”
耶稣为什么降世
耶稣是唯一一个自己决定要来到世间的人,也是极少数甘愿受死的人。耶稣曾经说过,他降世的唯一目的就是为我们死:“人子来……要舍命,作多人的赎价。”
十字架是人类历史上数一数二的残酷刑具。历史学家西塞罗(Cicero)形容十字架的刑罚是“酷刑中最残忍恐怖之酷刑。”
耶稣被钉十字架前,要先被绑在一条柱子上受鞭打;那鞭子不是普通的皮鞭,而是4、5条镶有尖刺铅粒的皮条带合成的鞭子。主后三世界教会史学家西比乌斯(Eusebius)这样描述罗马人的鞭刑:“犯人皮开肉绽,肌腱与内脏尽现!”
耶稣受完鞭刑,还要被迫把六尺长的十字架背到受刑的山上去(耶稣途中不支倒地)。耶稣到了钉十字架地地方,兵丁用六寸长的大钉子,猛力去钉耶稣的手腕和脚,钉牢了,就把十字架竖起来。耶稣悬挂在十字架上有六个钟头之久,他的生命在难以言喻的剧痛中,一点点的流逝。
可是耶稣受的最大痛苦并不关于肉体,甚至不关于精神,却关乎灵性——耶稣背负我们的罪,不得不与至圣的父上帝暂时隔绝。
圣经这样记载
主耶稣,您是谁?为何能深得两位史学家的赞赏。耶稣是一位木匠的儿子,生于一千九百多年前。终其一生只在巴勒斯坦一带不出四百里的范围内活动,他英年早逝,只活了三十三岁,就被罗马人以莫须有的罪名处死。二千年悠悠岁月、不知逝去了多少国家和伟人。许多主义、学说被淘汰,几许英雄豪杰被人遗忘。但耶稣始终仍然受到人的尊敬与爱戴。
主耶稣,您是谁?您生前寂寞无闻。死后却影响了人类历史近二千年之久,且继续左右着人类的历史文化。
耶稣!您究竟是谁?您既不是音乐家,又不是教育家,更不是医学家和作家,为何世上出色的音乐家都因您的名创作了无数伟大的乐章?为何千万所学校因你而创办?为何众多医院因你而兴建?为何全世界的作家常以您生平的言论为题材,写出无数不朽的名著?世界上没有一间图书馆能容纳所有与您有关的著作。甚至年销千万册的圣经,书中的主角仍是您。
主耶稣,您到底是谁?您令世上才智一流之士也拜您为主为师。人类的纪元竟以您的降生为分水岭。人们称您出生前的年代为公元前(BC),您出生之后的年代称为公元或主后(AD)。
每年的圣诞节、复活节,都以您——耶稣为主角的,前者是庆贺您的出生。后者为纪念您从死里复活。复活确实令人有些费解和惊喜。人人都不免一死,从来没有听过人能胜过死亡,而您,唯独不能被死拘禁,从坟墓里复活过来,且活到今天,活到永永远远。耶稣,您真令人惊诧,每个礼拜天,全世界将近十六多亿人到教堂唱诗、赞美和敬拜您。
耶稣,您是谁?您到底是谁?从来没有人像您一样赢得亿万人的心。您曾经这样教导人:
“凡劳苦担重担的人,可以到我这里来,我就使你们得安息。”
“不要为明天忧虑,因为明天有明天的忧虑,一天的难处一天当就够了。”
“你们听见有话说:当爱你的邻舍,恨你的仇敌。只是我告诉你们,要爱你们的仇敌,为那逼迫你们的祷告。”
“我就是道路,真理、生命,若不借着我,没有人能到父那里去。”
耶稣,您是谁?为何您的话闪闪发光,带着能力、智慧和权柄,使无数人领受了您的话之后。心灵得着平安喜乐!您的话,成了信徒生命路上的光,脚前的灯。您的活改变了无数罪犯,使他们不再犯罪,瘾君子不再吸毒,都成了新造的人。您的话使伤心无助的人得到安慰帮助。您的话叫人的生命更丰盛。
耶稣,您到底是谁?耶稣,您是宇宙万物的创造者,是一切罪人的拯救,是心灵忧伤者的安慰。为了世人,您甘愿从创造者的身份降卑为人。为了世人,您舍去宝贵的生命,代替世人接受罪的刑罚。人类因您的死免去了上帝的审判和定罪。只有靠着您,才能与天主和好,只有藉着您,人才能来到圣洁公义的天主面前,得蒙喜悦——因您是永生天主的爱子,是人类的救赎主。
“因我们还软弱的时候,基督就按所定的日期为罪人死。为义人死,少有的,为仁人死,或者有敢做的。谁有基督在我们还是罪人的时候,为我们死,天主的爱就在此向我们显明了。”“我们作仇敌的时候,且藉着耶稣基督的死得与天主和好,既已和好,就更藉着他以上帝为乐。”
中国著名《山海经》权威、吉林学者宫玉海教授对《山海经》等古籍进行了多年的认真研究和考证后,最近提出一个堪称“石破天惊”的新说:耶稣并非只是宗教或神话的人物,而是实有其人:他就是中国上古时期“五帝”之一的颛顼;他死而“复活”后,回到了中国(西方学者有人认为他回到东方的印度);其墓葬则在吉林省扶余县! 而基督教上的耶稣则是以颛顼为原型重新塑造的。
历史上是否真有耶稣其人,因史料不足,众说纷纭,世界上至今没有一致看法,成为世界未解之谜。宫玉海说:“西方有一种说法:‘宗教上的基督,历史上的耶稣’。其实应改为:宗教上的耶稣,历史上的颛顼。”这一新说,对揭开这个谜带来了希望之光!宫先生的这一观点发表在《〈山海经〉与中国文化论文集》(第三辑)中,并在不久前在东北举行的一个山海经国际学术探讨会上引起轰动。
耶稣的出身
公元前1世纪到公元1世纪期间,“耶稣”在希腊化的犹太人中是一个非常普通的名字,其希伯来语义是“上主是救主”。希伯来圣经--基督宗教的旧约全书——其中一卷以其希伯来名字“约书亚” 命名,约书亚是旧约中保摩西的接班人,以色列民族历史上第一位军事统帅;在摩西带领以色列全民族出埃及过红海、流浪旷野40年后,是约书亚率领以色列人西渡约旦河、夺取迦南地定居,奠定了以色列王国的版图基础。今日的以色列国的版图,基本上承袭了约书亚的遗产。两约之间的犹太人很多以“约书亚”的亚兰语名字“耶书亚”或希腊语名字“耶稣”为自己的儿子命名。《圣经·新约全书》记载了5个“耶稣”:
1. 拿撒勒人耶稣;
2. 拉巴的儿子耶稣(耶稣·巴拉巴;
3. 使徒圣保罗的同工耶稣(中文圣经和合本译作“耶数);
4. 犹太会堂的管理人耶孙(“耶孙”是希腊语中“耶稣”的受格);
5. 巫师巴耶稣的父亲(“巴耶稣”意思是“耶稣的儿子”)。
本词条所涉及的是拿撒勒人耶稣,被基督宗教的教徒称为耶稣基督。
拿撒勒人耶稣的养父约瑟和生母玛丽娅都是以色列北方拿撒勒镇的居民,以色列历史上第二位国王、大卫王朝的创始人大卫王的直系后裔;玛丽娅是施洗约翰的生母伊丽莎白的表妹。在他们订婚后、还没有结婚前,玛丽娅声称天使长加百列向她显现,告知她从圣灵怀孕,将要生一个名叫耶稣的男孩,被称为圣者、天主的儿子和“以马内利”(天主与人同在);约瑟因为尚未和玛丽娅圆房,于是打算暗中解除婚约,不料在梦中遇见天使长加百列,确认了玛丽娅的信息。
在罗马帝国首任皇帝奥古斯都·恺撒在位期间曾经做过若干次人口普查,其中一次是玛丽娅将要生产耶稣前后。按规定,约瑟和将要临盆的玛丽娅回到原籍伯利恒镇登记人口,该镇位于以色列东部偏南地区。由于各个客栈人满为患,约瑟和玛丽娅只得住在客栈的马厩中,玛丽娅分娩后,一个马槽就成为小耶稣的摇篮;当晚,几个牧羊人从郊外赶来,声称一个天使指示他们来拜见马槽中的圣婴,即未来的弥赛亚。不久,又有几个来自东方的博学之士辗转经耶路撒冷来伯利恒朝见圣婴,宣称耶稣未来要作以色列国王。
耶稣遇难与复活
在他遇难的前夕,耶稣和他的门徒们在耶路撒冷相会,庆祝犹太教的逾越节。在共进晚餐的时候,耶稣用无酵饼和葡萄酒来向门徒们阐述他即将面临的死亡所具有的意义。从此以后,基督徒们用定期的圣餐仪式来纪念这顿晚餐(基督徒们称之为“最后的晚餐”)。
晚餐后,耶稣走出耶路撒冷城,在橄榄山麓的革责玛尼山园向上帝祈祷了一些时间。当夜,他就被非法逮捕,被带到大祭司和犹太教最高评议会(Sanhedrin)面前,遭到非法刑讯和非法审判;最后被交给罗马帝国的犹地亚州总督般雀·彼拉多(Pontius Pilate),彼拉多把耶稣移交给杀害施洗约翰的分封王黑落德,希律又将耶稣退还彼拉多。彼拉多一个人就可以批准死刑,在公众强大的压力下,彼拉多后来恰恰就是这么做的。
就在耶路撒冷城外,耶稣被钉在十字架上,直到他窒息而死,这是全世界的基督徒在耶稣受难日(Good Friday)要回忆的事件。一位追随耶稣的神秘人物——阿瑞马西亚的约瑟夫——向彼拉多要来了耶稣的尸体,并把它埋葬在自己还没有使用过的坟墓里——从一整块磐石中凿出的一个墓穴。
注:福音书记载了耶稣在十字架上说的最后七句话。长期以来,“十架七言”是基督徒在耶稣受难节(Good Friday)里使用的祈祷辞的核心部分。
[耶稣受难]
耶稣受难
第三天,几个女人来到耶稣的坟墓为他的身体擦香油。这项任务本该在人去世后立即完成,但是耶稣去世的时候已接近礼拜五傍晚,犹太人的安息日是从礼拜五的日落后到礼拜六的日落前,而犹太人在这天不能做任何事情;尤其是这个安息日是逾越节的安息日,对犹太教有着十分特殊的重大意义,除非迫不得已,犹太人绝不会做触摸尸体等不洁净物品及其它诸如此类的事情;所以为耶稣的尸体涂抹膏油这件事,被推迟到了下一个星期的第一天(周日)黎明时分,也就是耶稣死后第三天的拂晓,逾越节安息日后的第一个白昼将临之时。当这些女人到达坟墓的时候,她们发现坟墓入口的石头已经滚开,而且坟墓里是空的;她们还碰到几位天使,并被告知耶稣已经复活了。就在那一天,耶稣在他的门徒中间出现,以后还现身过两次。在接着的几周内,关于耶稣身体复活的消息被传播给越来越多的人们。
在耶稣遇难后的最初几天里,耶稣的门徒们在耶路撒冷紧紧拥抱在一起,希望自己不会遭遇和耶稣一样的命运;当耶稣多次向不同的门徒群体显现后,耶稣的门徒们才非常迟缓地明白了耶稣复活的真相。逐渐地,他们明白耶稣是另一种新的“弥赛亚”——不是一个世俗的国王,而是一个天上的统治者。复活后第四十天,耶稣在门徒们的注视下升入了天堂,这是一些基督徒们在耶稣升天节(Ascension Day)里要庆祝的大事。在离开世上之前,耶稣对门徒许诺,他将为他们派遣一位安抚者或者保惠师——即“圣灵”(Holy Spirit),“圣灵”将永远和他们在一起。
他为要拯救我们世人,从天降临,因着圣神、并由童贞女玛丽亚成肉身,而为一个人;他在般彼雀拉多执政下,为我们钉于十字架上、受难、埋葬;第三日复活;他升了天,坐在父的右边;他还要光荣地来临,审判生者死者,他的神国万世无疆。——《尼西亚信经》(Nicend Creed)
弥赛亚
弥赛亚是什么人呢?大卫王之子所罗门王驾崩之后,以色列王国分裂了。公元前8世纪,北方的以色列王国被亚述帝国灭亡,以色列12支派中的北方10个支派被掳掠到亚述首都,分散到帝国各地,最终成了失散的10个支派;公元前6世纪,南方的犹大王国被迦勒底新巴比伦帝国灭亡,国民大部分被掳掠到了巴比伦城,再分布到帝国全境。从此以色列亡国。以色列民族从旧约全书的预言中得知,大卫王的直系后裔将兴起一位国王,能统帅全民族恢复大卫-所罗门王父子两代王国的光荣,这位“大卫的子孙”被称为“弥赛亚”--“弥赛亚”在希伯来语中意思是“受膏者”,即“被上帝膏抹的人”,其希腊语名称为“基督”。
玛代-波斯帝国灭亡迦勒底新巴比伦帝国后,允许以色列人返回犹大省定居,重建耶路撒冷和所罗门圣殿。亚历山大大帝灭亡玛代-波斯帝国后不久,以色列又沦为希腊化之叙利亚王国的殖民地。公元前2世纪末叶至公元前1世纪前叶,犹大支派的马加比家族带头反抗叙利亚国王践踏信仰自由和民族尊严的独裁暴政,以色列一度短期独立,后又被罗马共和国灭亡,沦为罗马帝国的殖民地。由于马加比家族虽属于犹大支派,但不是大卫王族,所以,犹太人一直盼望大卫王族兴起一位救星,成为复国中兴的民族英雄。
如今,新生儿耶稣的生母玛丽娅、养父约瑟、那些牧羊人和东方博学之士都宣称耶稣就是那位弥赛亚,这种传闻引起当时的犹太统治者大希律王的恐慌。当时以色列实行双轨统治,一方面派驻罗马总督,另一方面由以东人大希律作国王。以东人的祖先以东和以色列人的祖先以色列是孪生兄弟,他俩的父亲以撒和阿拉伯人的祖先以实马利是同父异母的兄弟,以实马利是亚伯拉罕的长子,以撒是亚伯拉罕的次子和嫡长子(《古兰经》称亚伯拉罕为易卜拉欣,称以实马利为易司马仪)。以东民族历史上多次为以色列王国和犹大王国统治,所以让一个以东人作以色列的国王,是对以色列民族很大的侮辱。大希律王为了保住自己的王位,一面讨好罗马当局,一面修缮圣殿、取悦以色列人,一面谋杀政敌。此刻,襁褓中的耶稣成了他的暗杀目标。
约瑟得到天使警告,带着玛丽娅和耶稣逃往埃及。大希律在伯利恒找不到圣婴,就残忍地将该城两岁以下的男童都杀害了。当年大希律死掉,约瑟和玛丽娅带着耶稣回到老家拿撒勒定居;约瑟和玛丽娅圆房,生了雅各、约西、西门、犹大四个儿子和几个女儿(天主教传统认为这几位是耶稣的堂弟堂妹,圣母玛丽娅终身童贞、肉身升天。新教发现这种传统缺乏圣经原文语义的支持,况且圣母玛丽娅是犹太人、为圣民,出身于大卫王族、为神圣家族,为圣者耶稣的母亲,又是耶稣基督的门徒、为圣徒,所以才被称为圣母)。
拿撒勒人耶稣从小就知道自己的使命,曾于12岁随约瑟和玛丽娅去耶路撒冷朝觐时滞留在圣殿中好多天,自称“要以我父的家为念”。30岁去约旦河找到表兄施洗约翰受洗;洗礼结束时,圣灵降临在他身上,一个声音在天上说:“这是我的爱子,我所喜悦的。”
拿撒勒人耶稣从此呼召门徒、传扬福音,从门徒中选立12人作使徒。由于他的信仰及其实践与犹太宗教领袖尖锐对立,受到犹太权贵迫害。他33岁那年正月在赴耶路撒冷途中,他的女门徒伯大尼的玛丽娅用一瓶价格昂贵的真哪达香膏来膏抹他;耶稣基督说这是为他自己安葬用的;这个玛丽娅既不是圣母玛丽娅,也不是抹大拉的玛丽娅,而是另一个女门徒玛莎的妹妹,她俩的兄弟拉撒路死后下葬四天,被坟墓外的耶稣基督从坟墓中唤醒。
耶稣基督的一个使徒伊斯卡利奥·犹大以 30枚银币的价格将耶稣基督出卖给了犹太权贵。耶稣基督于逾越节前夜在耶路撒冷城郊橄榄山麓的客西马尼园被非法逮捕,随后遭到非法刑讯和非法审判,被交给罗马帝国犹大省总督本丢·彼拉多;彼拉多迫于压力,释放了强盗耶稣·巴拉巴,而将耶稣基督钉死在城郊髑髅地的十字架上,当天下葬于磐石穴中。次日,彼拉多应犹太大祭司要求,派兵把守耶稣基督的坟墓。
耶稣基督死后第三日清晨,抹大拉的玛丽娅、圣母玛丽娅及其他几位女门徒发现耶稣基督的坟墓空了,随后身体复活的耶稣基督多次向他的门徒和弟弟妹妹显现;复活后第40日,耶稣基督当众升天,预告自己将在世界末日时再来审判全地、审判罪恶、审判活人死人。
耶稣基督的教导
耶稣基督的教导非常耐人寻味。《圣经·新约全书·马太福音》第五章3~12节记载耶稣基督山中训众的话说:
“虚心的人有福了!因为天国是他们的。
哀恸的人有福了!因为他们必得安慰。
温柔的人有福了!因为他们必承受地土。
饥渴慕义的人有福了!因为他们必得饱足。
怜恤人的人有福了!因为他们必蒙怜恤。
清心的人有福了!因为他们必得见上帝。
使人和睦的人有福了!因为他们必称为上帝的儿子。
为义受逼迫的人有福了!因为天国是他们的。
人若因我辱骂你们,逼迫你们,捏造各样坏话毁谤你们,你们就有福了!应当欢喜快乐!因为你们在天上的赏赐是大的;在你们以前的先知,人也是这样逼迫他们。”
第四十三节和第四十四节中就阐述了一个十分鲜明的观点。
你听人说过:你要爱自己的街坊,恨自己的敌人。
但是我想告诉你:你要爱自己的敌人,祝福诅咒你的人。
对恨你的人行善,为虐待你的人和迫害你的人祈祷。
在这一段的前几行中有这样的话:“不要反抗恶行,谁要打你的右脸,把左脸也伸过去。”
这些观念当然算是曾出现过的最著名的、最富有创新精神的道德观念,因为这些观念不是耶稣时代的犹太教的一部分,也不是其他宗教的一部分。
《圣经·新约全书·马太福音》第16章记载,耶稣基督问他的门徒:“你们说我是谁?”首席使徒西门彼得回答:“您是基督,是永生上帝的儿子。”耶稣基督答复他说:“西门巴约拿,你是有福的!因为这不是属血肉的指示你的,乃是我在天上的父指示的。我还告诉你,你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这磐石上;阴间的权柄,不能胜过他(“权柄”原文作“门”)。我要把天国的钥匙给你,凡你在地上所捆绑的,在天上也要捆绑;凡你在地上所释放的,在天上也要释放。”随后便预言自己将去耶路撒冷,被犹太权贵逮捕侮辱,被交给罗马人处死,并于第三日复活。这些话在当时真的令人瞠目结舌!
《圣经·新约全书·约翰福音》第6章记载,耶稣基督在用五饼二鱼喂饱五千男子及其随行的妇女儿童后次日,对听众说:“我实实在在地告诉你们,你们若不吃人子的肉,不喝人子的血,就没有生命在你们里面。吃我肉喝我血的人就有永生,在末日我要叫他复活。我的肉真是可吃的;我的血真是可喝的。吃我肉喝我血的人常在我里面,我也常在他里面。永活的父怎样差我来,我又因父活着;照样,吃我肉的人也要因我活着。这就是从天上降下来的粮。吃这粮的人就永远活着,不象你们的祖宗吃过吗哪还是死了。”类似这些充满借喻、暗喻及其他比喻的话,使得耶稣基督非常令人难以理解。
直至耶稣基督死而复活之后,他的这些教导才逐渐为人理解,因为毕竟其他任何宗教的教主都不曾死而复活,况且还是替罪人赎罪而死。这是一个独一无二的历史事件。
(补充:另有宝贵的教导比如:上帝平等示爱尤其是回头的罪人,要时时刻刻警醒才能进主的国度,勿虑衣食,上帝珍爱人类无论贫富,自以为高的必降为低,要常常为人类服务做洗足的人,信心是遴选上帝之国子民的最为重要者,最后,以我最为喜爱的两句话结束:要做世间的盐和光,为他人的生活调味指路。)
(至于为什么耶稣常常用比喻,耶稣自己说:百姓油蒙了心,耳朵发沉,言下之意是担心百姓听而不见,视而不闻,又说:然而天国的道理我只讲与你们(指门徒),那么人子并非是故作玄虚,而是要天国的道理更快地进入人们的心理)
耶稣生平
基督教教义宣称耶稣基督是童贞女玛丽娅受圣灵感孕(也有少女一说,但这种说法一般认为是异端)所生,他是上帝的儿子道为肉身(incarnation),宣扬上帝的国已经降临的信息,到处医病和赶鬼,并挑战犹太传统,因而被判钉死于十字架上,以最羞辱的方式死亡。但他三天后从死里复活,向世人证明自己钉十字架前所宣扬的道是真理,凡信他的人将来必像他一样身体复活;他的复活也证明自己是旧约先知所预言的“默西亚/弥赛亚Messiah”,凡信靠他的人在末世审判的时候,可以得到永生。
中文‘基督'是音译希腊文的Christos,而Christos是希伯来文“弥赛亚” (Messiah)的希腊语翻译。在旧约圣经弥赛亚的意思是上帝的受膏者(the anointed one),是上帝膏立的君王或先知。旧约圣经中的大卫王就是上帝的受膏者。到了两约之间的时间(约公元前二世纪),在犹太教的文献中显示,他们极渴望弥赛亚的来临,弥赛亚在这时的意思是一位上帝差派下来、像大卫王一样充满权能的救世者。他要拯救犹太人脱离罗马人的统治。但自从耶稣从死里复活后,一些追随耶稣的犹太人发现,上帝差派下来的弥赛亚不单要拯救犹太人,而且要拯救全世界的人,使凡信他的人得享永生,于是宣告耶稣是真正的弥赛亚,是基督,故称他为耶稣基督(Jesus Christ)。中文译名方面,东正教根据希腊文译作“基利斯督”,而天主教和新教只取首末两个字。
耶稣基督在养父约瑟的祖籍、当时罗马帝国犹太行省的伯利恒出生,其后为逃避当时犹太的长官大希律王的追杀令而远走埃及,至到大希律王死后才回到约瑟的居住地、加利利行省的拿撒勒定居(一说“拿撒勒”这个地名是耶稣死后才命名的)。后来接受施洗约翰的洗礼,开始在加利利一带开展传道工作,并在信徒当中亲自拣选了12人成为入室的使徒。在约33年时,由耶利哥城前往耶路撒冷,受到群众的欢迎。但由于各种宗教和世俗的原因,当时的犹太人对耶稣基督非常憎恨。他们收买了耶稣十二门徒之一的加略人犹大,以30块银的价钱和他串通,以亲吻耶稣为号,把耶稣拘捕,并控以“自称为犹太人的王”的罪名。在群众压力下,被本丢彼拉多判处钉死在十字架上,并随即押往髑髅地的刑场。据圣经记载耶稣死后被安葬于髑髅地附近的一个墓室。三天后复活,并回到加利利与众门徒见面,并于40日后升天。
过去学界有很大的争论,怀疑是否真有“耶稣基督”此人。他们的论据有三:
首先,耶稣的出生年份自相矛盾。由于当时罗马的历法非常混乱,使当时的日期记录非常不准确。所以耶稣出生的年份,由公元前6年至公元后6年的任何一年都有可能。(现已证实大约在公元前6至4年出生)(具圣经记载应该为公元6世纪)
其次,“耶稣”其实只是“约书亚”的希腊式写法,而“约书亚”其实是一个非常普通的名字,其字的意思是耶和华的拯救。单单在拿撒勒,据历史记载,就已经有至少三个“约书亚”。而未有证据证实这三个“约书亚”的其中一人可能是耶稣基督。
再次,耶稣的行事并未有在其他历史书内记载,使人怀疑其可信程度。
但某些学者称,随着考古学的新发现,不少来自公元1世纪的文献(包括来自当时反对耶稣基督的地方官员和祭司的文书记录),都间接证实了耶稣在各地所行的事,以及被杀时的特异天象。不过,这些证据并没有使所有怀疑者信服。同时,也没有可信的理由或者证据说基督教信徒为何要使用伪托的人物代表其领袖。
大部分研究人员认为耶稣确有其人,曾以类似先知身份出现和进入耶路撒冷,并由于宗教或者民族的理由被当局所杀;但教会其他方面的传统说法并没有获得信徒以外的研究者广泛接受。
新约所记耶稣事迹与思想大要
①出生与受洗。关于耶稣诞生及幼年的记载,见于《马太福音》和《路加福音》,后据此衍化为圣诞节的传说。《新约》其他部分对此事都没有任何论述。四福音书中成书最早的《马可福音》,则以耶稣30岁时受施洗约翰之洗为起首。1世纪犹太历史学家约瑟弗斯对施洗约翰的事曾有记载。他说施洗约翰是个“义人”, “他号召犹太人遵循义路,叫人人对待邻人要公道,在上帝面前为人虔敬并要前来受洗……”(《犹太古事记》第18卷第 5章)。耶稣受约翰之洗亦见于“马太”和“路加”,可见此事在早期基督教的口传材料中,占有相当重要的地位。在晚出的《约翰福音》中未提耶稣受洗于约翰的事,而仅说约翰给耶稣作见证,证明耶稣就是那将要来的弥赛亚救世主。福音书称,耶稣在受洗时,真切感到自己是“上帝的爱子”。并觉得自己和一般人不同,与上帝有一种特殊的密切关系,到世界来负有一种特殊的使命。
②在加利利的传道。施洗约翰在群众中间有很大影响。他因指责当时的统治者希律王被捕入狱。约翰被捕后,耶稣在巴勒斯坦北部加利利地区开始传道。据《约翰福音》记载,在此之前他曾在南部犹太地传道。他宣传的主要内容是:上帝的国近了,要悔改相信福音。耶稣所说的“天国”就是“上帝的国”。
③呼召门徒。耶稣深感他所进行的传道事业需要人们的帮助,因此呼召他所选中的12人作为门徒。最初的4个门徒是西门(又名彼得)、安得烈、雅各和约翰,他们都是渔人。彼得的家在加利利的重要城市迦百农。耶稣以迦百农为根据地,把“天国的福音”传遍加利利一带。
④行神迹。耶稣除传道外,还行了许多神迹。福音书记载耶稣所行神迹,可分自然神迹(如呼斥风浪平息、使死人复活等)和治病赶鬼两类。基督教传统观点认为耶稣是上帝之子,施行神迹,足以证明他具有神能,同时救死扶伤,表彰上帝的慈爱。近代以来有些人对此表示怀疑或否定,而从新的角度作出各种解释。
⑤与当权者的冲突。据福音书记载,耶稣与当时在犹太教中占统治地位的法利赛人和撒都该人的冲突,主要是宗教见解的不同。例如耶稣声称自己有赦罪的权柄,而法利赛人中的文士认为这是僭妄。耶稣不同意法利赛人关于守安息日的烦琐教条。他在安息日为人治病激怒了一些当权者。耶稣同情被法利赛人称为罪人的下层民众,和他们一同吃喝,法利赛人因此更加敌视耶稣。耶稣自称是弥赛亚,是上帝的儿子,因此大祭司定耶稣为有罪,把他交给彼拉多,要求将其钉十字架处死。
福音书作者有意强调耶稣不是政治性的弥赛亚。有一次,群众要拥戴耶稣作王,他退到山上去了。但少数学者根据约瑟弗斯著作的斯拉夫文译本,认为耶稣及其门徒的活动,具有现实政治意义。耶稣的宣传激起广大群众要求民族解放,摆脱罗马统治的强烈意识,他的追随者确曾用武力反抗过罗马帝国。
⑥被捕、受死与复活。四福音书都以耶稣在耶路撒冷被捕、受死与复活为结束。关于耶稣复活的传说,在基督教教义和神学中占有十分重要的地位。据福音书记述,耶稣生前曾几次预言他将要受难,第3天复活。耶稣死后第3天清早,人们发现他已复活,耶稣的门徒起初并不相信,当天晚上耶稣乃向门徒显现,后又多次向众人显现。
⑦上帝与天国的思想。根据福音书,“上帝是父”为耶稣的最重要思想。他曾以浪子为比喻:小儿子将父亲分给他的产业挥霍殆尽后醒悟,决心向父亲忏悔。父亲不仅没有责备他,而且为他设宴庆贺,说这个儿子是死而复活,失而又得。耶稣以此说明上帝对世人的态度。
耶稣另一个重要思想是上帝的国。一般《新约》研究者认为上帝的国特指“上帝的统治”。当时犹太人认为当上帝的国实现的时候,他们要从异国的压迫下得到解放,弥赛亚来临统治世界。耶稣理想中上帝的国不局限于犹太民族,而及于全人类;并且,它不是属于物质的,而是一种精神境界,有资格进入上帝国的是小孩子,是那些自感灵性贫乏的人,是那些为正义遭受迫害的人。关于耶稣的使命,除了宣告上帝国即将来临之外,他自己总结为“人子来,不是要受人的服事,乃是要服事人;并且要舍命,作多人的赎价”。关于舍命救赎众人之说,在福音书中仅此一处,其意义在学者中尚有争议。基督教把这一救赎思想,作为耶稣基督的最重要使命,称他为救世主。
⑧伦理观。耶稣伦理观的出发点是其宗教观。既然上帝是父,所以人类都应该是弟兄。耶稣斥责犹太教的民族偏见,他称赞一个因扶贫济困而被犹太教徒歧视的撒马利亚人。他认为人的生命比全世界的财富更宝贵,主张信徒之间要彼此相爱。耶稣没有制定道德规条,而只是讲一些原则,他将犹太教律法归结为“尽心、尽性、尽意、爱……上帝”和“爱人如己”,认为这就是“律法和先知一切道理的总纲”。
耶稣诞生年份
现时公历以耶稣出生之年为公元一年。但其实,这个定义在6世纪才出现。据说当时东罗马为了修订历法,以替代混乱非常的罗马历法,就请当时精通天文的僧侣建议一个更合理的纪年标准。由于自君士坦丁大帝以后,罗马帝国举国改信基督教,僧侣就决定改以耶稣出世的年份为新纪元一年。当时的僧侣就基于圣经上“耶稣被处决时约三十多岁”,就在耶稣处决那一年的年份减去三十,作为新纪元的元年。
事实上,根据新约圣经里各个篇章的记载,耶稣的出生日期可得出不同结论:
公元6年
路加福音里,记载着耶稣的父母因为人口普查而返回位于伯利恒的家乡。若根据历史上有关人口普查的年份,应该为公元后6年。不过,近年有新的考古证据指公元前6年亦曾举行过一次人口普查。
公元前6年
马太福音里,马太提及过耶稣出生时,(大)希律王曾下令屠杀犹太的新生婴儿,以免王位受到威胁。历史学家计算出大希律王在公元前4年去世,所以耶稣其实应该在公元前4 年或以前出生。按最近的推算,耶稣其实应该在约公元前6年出世。然而,有历史学家指出,在那段时间的前后,位于犹太省和加利利省有三个名为“希律”的 “王”出现过。对于马太所指的希律是哪一位,其实还有商榷的余地。
公元前7年
马太福音第二章亦提及过,有东方三博士因为夜观天象而被引领到伯利恒。梁燕城牧师在考证过中国东汉时的天文记录,以及明星在天上的轨迹后,推断出当时应该为公元前7年。
诞生年份的争议
关于耶稣出生的年份,一个有力的参考资料是圣经的记载。圣经指出,耶稣的表兄施浸者约翰是在罗马皇帝提比略·凯撒在位第15年开始先知生涯的。历史证实提比略于公元14年9月15日登基,因此他在位第15年应该是公元28年下半年至公元29年下半年。 在那段期间, 约翰开始向人传道;六个月后,耶稣也展开他的服事职务。这件事实跟其他佐证结合起来, 显示耶稣在公元29年秋季开始他的服事职务。圣经记载当时耶稣“约有三十岁”。(路加福音3:23)如果耶稣在公元29年秋季满30岁, 他就必然生于公元前2年了。
公历以耶稣的出生为参照。在6世纪时,东罗马帝国为了修订历法,以替代混乱非常的罗马历法,就请当时精通天文的僧侣建议一个更合理的纪年标准。由于自君士坦丁大帝以后,罗马帝国举国改信基督教,僧侣就决定改以耶稣出世的年份为新纪元一年。当时的僧侣就基于圣经上“耶稣被处决时约三十多岁”,就在耶稣处决那一年的年份减去三十,作为新纪元的元年。
根据新约圣经里各个篇章的记载,我们可能会对耶稣的出生日期得出不同的结论。
伊斯兰教中的耶稣
耶稣在《古兰经》中的汉译为尔萨(阿拉伯语:عيسى ),他是伊斯兰教之神真主安拉最爱和最重要的先知,被称为“真主的灵气”、“大圣先知”。伊斯兰教同样认为耶稣是童贞女马利亚(《古兰经》中汉译为麦尔彦)之子,而且没有约瑟的血统。真主(《古兰经》中汉译为真主,或安拉)将《引支勒》(圣经新约)赐予之。伊斯兰教否认耶稣钉十字架及其神性,认为耶稣在客西马尼园被捕时,真主令耶稣和叛徒犹大变脸,使得耶稣长了犹大的脸、犹大长了耶稣的脸,结果叛徒犹大被钉死在十字架上,耶稣没死,是肉身升上天堂的。
《古兰经》中记载:你们说:「我们信我们所受的启示,与易卜拉欣(亚巴郎)、易司马仪(以实玛利)、易司哈格(以撒)、叶尔孤白(雅各)和各支派所受的启示,与穆萨(梅瑟)和尔撒(耶稣)受赐的经典,与众先知受主所赐的经典;我们对他们中任何一个,都不加以歧视,我们只顺真主(阿拉)。」(2 : 136)
留意圣经的耶稣和古兰经的尔萨在阿拉伯语拼法略有不同。
耶稣的种族
耶稣养父约瑟是亚伯拉罕的后裔,在马太福音第一章有所记载,由亚伯拉罕到约瑟一共有 42 代,但根据路加福音第三章的记载,由亚伯拉罕到约瑟则只有 36 代,比较两个列表,除了代数不同,人物也不尽相同。相信两份族谱是女系与男系族谱。根据马太福音的记载,马利亚是在约瑟还未迎娶的情况下怀孕的,而且耶稣不是约瑟血统上的儿子。然而耶稣出生后第8天行了割礼,第40天由父母带到圣典去献祭,可见他是约瑟承认的长子,是按照摩西律法继承家族产业最多的人,也是产业的合法继承人。
根据以赛亚书中以赛亚的预言,耶稣出于大卫的家族就是犹大部族。从玛利亚和约瑟去犹大的伯利恒登记户口可得知,他们确实属于犹大部族。因为犹大的父亲耶西就是住在犹大的伯利恒。
记录耶稣受难的电影
《耶稣受难记》
达芬奇的名画《最后的晚餐》让世人知道了耶稣在蒙难前如何坦然面对这场必然的死亡。身处光明中的耶稣手持酒杯和薄饼,
对自己的信徒侃侃而谈;而躲在黑暗处的犹大则是一脸的恐慌,他知道,自己的下一次拥抱将会让面前这位睿智的贤者陷入死亡的漩涡……
《耶稣受难记》记录了耶稣基督一生中最后的12个小时,在耶路撒冷被犹大出卖、受刑、折磨直到死去的一天。逾越节的前夜,在最后的晚餐之后,耶稣抗拒了魔鬼的诱惑,然后被罗马士兵带到了耶路撒冷城内犹太法利塞教众的面前。他的言语被当成了僭越狂妄的疯话,大祭司和教众就这样宣判了耶稣的死罪。接着,耶稣又被带到执政官比拉多的面前,比拉多意识到自己的审判将无可避免的带来政治上的冲突,于是他决定听从希律王的旨意。希律王让百姓在耶稣和罪犯巴拉巴之间做出选择,结果是巴拉巴被无罪释放,而耶稣将接受惩罚。耶稣就这样被交到了罗马士兵的手中,饱受鞭笞之苦。然而,盲目的百姓仍然认为对耶稣的处罚远远不够,对他诅咒。直到此时 ,比拉多才意识到自己已经不得不将耶稣推向刑场。
耶稣扛着沉重的厚木十字架,走过耶路撒冷的街巷,不时摔倒在地上,市民们更加疯狂地向他涌来,发泄他们肆无忌惮的无知与怨恨。在人群的末尾,抹大拉的玛丽娅(莫妮卡·贝鲁奇)痛苦地看看着背负十字架的耶稣,遍体伤痕血迹斑斑慢慢地走向执行绞刑的山坡,她的眼里充满了绝望。
在随后的人群中,圣母玛丽亚(美娅·摩根斯坦)眼角滑下一行浊泪,流出一脸的沉痛。山坡上一片静默,执行绞刑的十
字架在苍穹下木然,耶稣静静地承受生命中最后的苦难,直到他将他自己的灵魂交给天父上帝。十字架上,耶稣经受了最后的考验——被上帝所遗弃。经受了恐惧的耶稣看着圣母玛丽亚,大声喊出了生命中的最后一句话:“我的十字架使命完成了。父 啊!我将我的灵魂交在你手里!”
刹那间,天地失色……
【片名】The Passion of the Christ
【译名】耶稣受难记
【年代】2004
【国家】美国
【片长】127Mins
【类别】传记/剧情
【语言】拉丁语
【字幕】中文
【评分】7.2/10 (58,025 votes)
【格式】X264 1553KBPS AC3 384K+AC3 96K x4
【大小】3CD 3x49x15MB
【导演】梅尔·吉布森 Mel Gibson
【主演】詹姆斯·卡维泽 James Caviezel .... Jesus
Maia Morgenstern .... Mary
Hristo Jivkov .... John
Francesco De Vito .... Peter
莫妮卡·贝鲁奇 Monica Bellucci .... Magdalen
Mattia Sbragia .... Caiphas
Toni Bertorelli .... Annas
Luca Lionello .... Judas
Hristo Shopov .... Pontius Pilate (as Hristo Naumov Shopov)
Claudia Gerini .... Claudia Procles
Fabio Sartor .... Abenader
Giacinto Ferro .... Joseph of Arimathea
Olek Mincer .... Nicodemus
Sheila Mokhtari .... Woman in Audience
Lucio Allocca .... Old Temple Guard
信耶稣者必得永生,基督教既是宗教也不是宗教,而是超越宗教之上,他是真理、道路、生命,也是永恒。最后,让我们以祷告结束关于耶稣词条的编辑:我们在天的父,愿人尊你的名为圣,愿你的国降临,愿你的旨意行在地上如同行在天上,我们日用的饮食,天天赐给我们,赦免我们的罪,因为我们也赦免因亏欠我们的人,让我们远离试探,救我们脱离凶恶,阿门!
《万王之王》
剧情介绍:
电影讲述的是耶稣下凡受难的故事,表现出了耶稣博大的胸襟和对人们的慈爱之心。
本片虽为无声电影,但决不影响其宏大的效果,看过后都会让人有一种心灵收过洗涤的感觉。
《万王之王》与《十诫》、《戏中之王》是史诗片导演德米尔三大经典作品。
电影《万王之王》在默片时代曾被八亿人看过。
介绍耶稣生平的中文图书
《耶稣传》(图文版)
本书出自世界著名传记作家埃米尔•路德维希之手。在这里,耶稣——这个基督教的圣子,走出了宗教的迷雾,成为有血有肉的历史真实。毫无疑问,这个世界最大宗教的缔造者,同
[耶稣传(图文版)]
耶稣传(图文版)
时也是一个充满理想、不懈奋斗的历史伟人。在他的身上,散发着强大的人格魅力,堪称是人类理想的化身;他吸引着不计其数的信众,为了共同的理想而前赴后继。他如人类文明史上众多的先行者一样,为了人类的幸福,为了坚定的理想,艰苦修行,不惜以身殉道……
作者简介
埃米尔•路德维希(1881-1948),波兰作家,出生于今日波兰的布雷斯劳,以人物传记而闻名于世。
路德维希善于使用直白、坦诚的散文式语言描述历史,以至于给人不是书写历史,而是描写现实的印象,使人有身临其境的感觉。
路德维希一生著述颇多,主要有《歌德传》、《拿破仑传》、《俾斯麦传》、《斯大林传》、《耶稣传》、《林肯传》等人物传记,以及一些政治性作品,如《纪晓姆二世》、《兴登堡》、《罗斯福》等。
According to Christian truth, Jesus is the Son of God the Father Creator, the universe and man are created by the Father. The Lord God had made the first person called Adam, God made his wife Eve to Adam. But Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit, this is not the first time that people misunderstood sexual relations, but the defiance of the order of God the Father, the Father allowed to eat eat fruit from the tree of good and evil. This is a great sin, Adam and Eve are punished by God, is to lose God's favor, succumbed to death under the weight. The original Adam and Eve to live forever, carefree and enjoying life in paradise, after the crime, he was out of the park, barely working hard to make ends meet. As Pope Paul VI said: They live in justice and holiness among (the people of God Creed). To make matters worse, the descendants of Adam and Eve suffered in his crime, that is the whole mankind, therefore, everyone has an original sin, but also because people convicted of crimes would be difficult to avoid actually produce crime. Impunity, is a heinous crime against God and therefore everyone must be punished in hell. God is love, and hate to see people go to hell, sent his Son Jesus instead of people tortured. Therefore, Germany can help the Holy Spirit, the Virgin Mary gave birth to a baby boy, baby boy grow up, because the people sentenced to death, was brutally crucified, died. But Jesus is innocent, is to save the world's sinners to death. The third day after his death, resurrection, after the resurrection life of 40 days in the ground, then rose to heaven before his disciples. Jesus should come again, come again, when would the implementation of the final trial. People who believe Jesus to heaven enjoy a happy life, do not believe in Jesus go to hell tortured.
Introduction of Jesus
Jesus (6 BC / 2 years to AD 29 years / 36 years) is the central figure of Christianity, he is also known as Jesus of Nazareth, or Jesus Christ. 2, translated from the Greek pronunciation of Jesus "Ίησους", Nestorian called shift mouse, translated in English "Jesus", is Greek "Ίησους (Iēsous)" after the English of the wording of the "Ίησους" itself is from the Hebrew language "יהושע (Yehoshua)" or the Hebrew Aramaic (Aramaic language; Aramaic language; Aramaic) "ישוע (Yeshua)" come in after the Greek, "יהושע" or "ישוע" means "The Lord is the savior", transliterated as "Joshua." "Christ" two words from Greek Χριστός (Latinized written with Christós), from the transliteration of "Messiah" in Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Aramaic language is משיחא, Arabic Bible is يسوع, the Koran is written عيسى Islam translation of "Messiah"), meaning "purification Oil it's people," translated as "anointed", "subject to anoint the person", "anointed ones", or "anointed Oil watered "and" anoint "or" anoint "(that is, the oil and poured it in the" anointed "or" anointed "person's head) is the Hebrew sacred books up kings ceremony, details see" Samuel Old Testament "prophet Samuel anoint Saul and David to be king;" Messiah "and" Christ "is the title, respectfully, in the" Old Testament Book of Isaiah "and" Old Testament but management books "and many other books of the prophets," Messiah "is the prophet predicted the Savior to rescue 10,000 people.
"Jesus" is the Chinese translation for Jesus and "Christ" is the title of one of Jesus means Savior, Messiah.
"Romans" 1:20 since the creation of the world since God eternal power and divine nature are clearly seen, although the eye can not see, but when made, so you can know that men are without excuse.
"Romans" 1:23 to the glory of the immortal God into an image made like mortal man and birds and beasts creeping.
Jesus (also known as the Christ (the Church of Italy for the product is to honor persons), meaning the king, the Messiah, the church called the Messiah as a savior of Italy) was born in Palestine before 2000. Modern civilization is divided into the time BC (before Christ, that is) and AD (the primary years) in the Annals way to commemorate the birth of Jesus. Jesus was a carpenter 30 years ago, lived a traditional Jewish life. At that time all of Israel are in the Roman Emperor Caesar, under the dictatorship, including Bethlehem and the birth of Jesus of Nazareth growth.
Jesus was brutally tortured, and then was hung up his hands, nailed to a wooden beam level (cross) on. This method allows the execution of air the lungs can not breathe, three hours later he died. However, more than 500 people have witnessed that he resurrected three days later, and after 40 days walking in the provinces north and south of Israel. Many people think that this proves that Jesus claimed to be God is true. Later, Jesus was killed not long ago returned to their city of Jerusalem, from where witnesses said he left the earth, rose to heaven go.
Koran called 麦西哈尔撒 (Messiah Jesus), is one of the Islamic prophet six, known as the "Great Sage Prophet," "God's Aura", second only to Holy Prophet, Muhammad seal Messenger Mohamed, admitted that he no parent birth, bodily to heaven, but does not acknowledge that he is God's only son, do not think he had died and resurrection; has more than 70 paragraphs, "Hadith" record: Jesus, near the end of the world descend in Damascus, do Muslim leaders, Mohammed inherited the position to "Koran" oriented, spread Islam, unity of the many religions. New Testament as Christ is the central figure of Christianity and God.
Jesus is the savior of the Christian faith, the founder of Christianity. The Hebrew title of Christ as the Messiah (meaning anointed, originally referred to the Messiah sent by God to save Israel) in Greek transliteration. According to the "New Testament" four gospels record that Jesus is the Son of God and the Virgin Mary was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born in Bethlehem inn and stables into. Jesus from John the Baptist baptized as adults, and has withstood the test of 40 days, after the Jewish and Palestinian parts of the Galilee Missionary. He led his 12 disciples on the one hand promote the kingdom of heaven will be temporary, the gospel of repentance and salvation, on the one hand to saving lives, distress Subsidizing. The doctrine advocating "love God love your neighbor," "Love your neighbor as yourself" and criticized those in power at that time some ring rules and Judaism, which was the top molecule hate Judaism. The eve of Passover, was one of his disciples, betrayed by Judas, and some false charges to Mozambique, was crucified. The third day of resurrection after death, and appeared in all the disciples, the first 40 days to heaven. Jesus the man on the historic problems had caused the academic controversy. History positivists sought to eliminate the early church belief in the elements, asked to return to the original truth of Jesus. Many theologians such as Lechler think that can not be in the history of faith in Jesus Christ and separated. From the 1st century AD Jewish historian Yuesefusi's "Jewish ancient history" and the Roman historian Tacitus's "Chronicle" in Jesus can be found on some of the information, these data indirectly illustrate the history does there have been Jesus who he is. Of Christian origins, always face the question: the history of Jesus is indeed the people? Deny Jesus scholars who actually have some views held by the following types: (1) that Jesus is the Christian mythology idol; (2) Jesus is the error legendary figure; (3) Jesus Christ in the history of the same name who is actually the kneading hybridity; (4) in the contemporary history of archaeological excavation works and can not find sufficient According to; In addition, the church also have some people deny that Jesus had flesh and blood, they believe Jesus Christ is God, as the history of human flesh and blood of Jesus is only a "ghost", or is a human illusion.
Advocates who Jesus really have to teach people not only care, but also non-Christian scholars often differ between the various views can be broadly divided into the following categories: (1) accept all the Bible records, maintenance of church tradition that Jesus, the Word into the body of Christ; (2) Jesus was Jewish, "rebel leader"; (3) Jesus is the leader of a revolutionary movement; (4) Jesus was a liar; (5) Jesus is Zhisibuwu prophet; (6) Jesus is the ordinary people of flesh and blood, but then people deified him. Academic circles in the Bible, "Jesus of Nazareth," the name to start a discussion. "New Testament" Jesus said the first five volumes of "Nazarene (Nazarene) or" Nazuo La Pine. (Nazoraean); literature in Judaism, Jesus and his disciples were called "Nasalimu" (Notarim). Most scholars believe that these words are related to Galilee, called a "take turns Le" (Nazareth) in the city, but it also has a small number of scholars do not agree with this view, they believe in the "Old Testament" not found in the Nazareth City's name, may be it is a small village name. Neighbor Robertson (Archibald Robertson) quote about the 4th century, after the offer states: BC on the territory of Syria and Palestine there is a sect called the "Nasa Li School" (Nasaraens), and said: "Another pile strange is that a religious faction called the Man Daan, who worship John the Baptist as the true prophet, and rebuked Jesus is a liar and cheat, but still said their main members of Na Sala (Nasoraye) is "Nazuo La Pine." He therefore concluded that: "John and Jesus, the faithful are called Nazuo La Pine. But this title is not the name of the village from Nazareth, but the word is derived from Hebrew Natzar, was originally a 'Code' means i.e. confidential or strictly abide by Jewish law. "China also suggested that Christianity is developed from the Nazareth School. Seems more scholars insist on a Christian school in Nazareth, a faction of the view that the allocation of time there should be 1,2-century.
"Jesus" in Greek for lesous, is the Hebrew Jeshua (Yeshua). Jehoshua (Joshua), Joshua (Joshua) and other words of transliteration, the original intent of "the Lord (is) to save." Robertson that the Greek of "Jesus Christ ‧" is "Messiah ‧ Joshua," with the "Old Testament" of the prophet Joshua intrinsically linked. But this one ignores the words "Joshua" the meaning of the word itself, but also put aside the "Matthew" Chapter 1, Section 21 of the interpretation, so it is not accepted by most scholars.
Synthesis of existing information and research point of view, the following points on the life of Jesus we can be certain:
The late Cambridge professor, writer Lewis (C · S · Lewies) when he said: "If Jesus only human, but to say 'the New Testament is written, the' who, he absolutely can not be eternal Biao! He is either mad to a degree that he is a preserved egg, or is the devil of hell - we must make a choice: either Jesus, the Son of God, they must be crazy (even more terrifying than the maniacs who!) ... ... Do not self-righteous to nonsense What Jesus is "Jesus Christ Biao" - and his words and actions urging the way we have chosen - it does not exist among the ambiguous hesitation! "
Jesus taught, is widely recognized the most pure whole, the most profound lesson - more than one degree at all times and Renhe Zhe said that's okay.
Jesus is the only one to decide who should come into the world, but also a handful of Gan Yuanshou dead people. Jesus once said that he came into the world's sole purpose is to die for us: "Son of man came ... ... to be laid down His life a ransom for many."
End flogging of Jesus, but also forced to cross six feet long to go back to the torture of the hill (Jesus on the way Buzhidaodi). To the crucified Jesus to where the soldiers, six inches long with large nails, vigorously to the wrist and feet of Jesus nailed, nailed, put the cross erected. Jesus hung on the cross as long as six hours, his life in indescribable pain in a little bit of passing.
Lord Jesus, Who are you? Why so successful in winning the appreciation of the two historians. Jesus is the son of a carpenter, was born 1900 years ago. Throughout his life, not only in the Palestinian area in the range of 400 activities, he died young, only lived 30-year-old, it was the Romans put to death for unfounded charges. Our long years of the millennium, I wonder how many countries and great passing. Many doctrine, doctrine be eliminated, dash heroes be forgotten. But Jesus has always been people still respect and love.
Lord Jesus, you who in the end? You make people in the world-class talent has also worship your Lord and Teacher. The era of human birth is actually in your watershed. People say the era before you were born for the BC (BC), known as the era you were born after the year or our Lord (AD).
"Who are weary and burdened, can come to me and I will give you rest."
"I am the way, truth and the life, except through me, no one comes to the Father."
"When we were still powerless, Christ set by died for the ungodly. For a righteous man, though rare, death for the Habitat for Humanity, or a dare. Who still sinners Christ in our time, our death, love of God revealed it to us here. "" When we were enemies, and die with God through Jesus Christ and, having been reconciled, much more, through his God for music. "
Jesus was born
2. Raba son of Jesus (Jesus Barabbas;
5. Shamans Palestinian father of Jesus ("Palestinian Jesus" means "son of Jesus").
After dinner, Jesus out of the city of Jerusalem, at the foot of Olive Hill Garden of Gethsemane to pray to God for some time. That night, he was unlawfully arrested, was taken to the high priest and the Jewish High Council (Sanhedrin) before, was illegal torture and illegal trial; was finally handed over to the Roman Empire still to Georgia Governor Pilate-like bird ( Pontius Pilate), handed over to Pilate to kill Jesus, John the Baptist points champion black off the German, in turn Herod returned Jesus to Pilate. Pilate could approve a person to death, strong public pressure, Pilate was precisely to do so.
[Passion]
On the third day, several women came to Jesus's tomb for his body rub sesame oil. The task of this immediately after the completion of the death, but when Jesus died almost Friday evening, the Jewish Sabbath from Friday sunset to Saturday's sunset, before the Jews can not do anything these days ; in particular, the Sabbath is the Sabbath of Passover, Judaism has a very special significance, unless forced to, the Jews do not touch the bodies, which are not clean items, and other sort of thing; so the body of Jesus this anointing oil painting matter was postponed to next week's first day (Sunday) at dawn, that is, Jesus died on the third day of the dawn, after the Passover Sabbath, the first day of Advent, when. When these women arrive at the tomb when they found the stone entrance of the tomb has been boiling, and the tomb is empty; They also met a few angels, and told Jesus had been resurrected. On that day, Jesus appeared among his disciples, later also appeared twice. In the following weeks, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, the news was spread to more and more people.
Jesus Christ, an apostle Judas 30 pieces of silver 伊斯卡利奥 the price will be betrayed Jesus Christ to the Jewish elite. Jesus Christ on the eve of Passover in Jerusalem suburb at the foot of Gethsemane olive illegal arrest, then was illegal torture and illegal trial, was handed over to Roman governor Pontius Pilate Judas; Pilate forced pressure, the release of Jesus Barabbas the robber, but Jesus Christ crucified in the suburbs, the cross of Calvary, when the world is buried in the clefts. The next day, should the Jewish high priest asked Pilate, Jesus Christ's tomb guarded by troops.
Jesus Christ's teachings are very interesting. "New Testament Bible, Matthew," Chapter 3 ~ 12 public records training in the mountains of Jesus Christ as saying:
Blessed are the meek it! For they shall inherit the earth.
Blessed are the pure in heart! For they shall see God.
Who insults you because of me, persecute you and falsely all kinds of evil against you will be blessed! Rejoice and be glad! Because your reward in heaven is great; the prophets which were before you, so persecuted them. "
But I want to tell you: you have to love your enemies, bless those who curse you.
These ideas, of course there had been regarded as the most famous, most innovative ideas of morality, as these concepts are not part of Judaism in Jesus time, not part of other religions.
Until after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, he gradually understood that these teachings, because, after all, is not any other religious leader who died and rose again, What is atonement for sinners died. This is a unique historical event.
Life of Jesus
Joseph's ancestral home in the foster father of Jesus Christ, when the Roman province of Bethlehem was born Jewish, followed by the Executive of the Jewish escape Herod was king of the fatwa and gone to Egypt, to the back until after the death of Herod the Great to Joseph's place of residence, province of Nazareth in Galilee to settle (some say "Nazareth," the names of Jesus's death was named). Subsequently accepted the baptism of John the Baptist, began to carry out missionary work in the Galilee area, and personally chosen among the faithful as burglary of the Apostles 12. In about 33 years, by the city of Jericho to Jerusalem, welcomed by the masses. However, a variety of religious and secular reasons, when the Jews are hated on Jesus Christ. They bought one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Judas Iscariot, the price of 30 silver, and his complicity in order to kiss him for the number, the Jesus arrested and charged with "claiming to be King of the Jews" to the charges. Under the pressure of the masses was Pontius Pilate sentenced to crucifixion, and then marched to the execution ground Calvary. According to the Bible records that Jesus died and was buried in a tomb near Calvary. Resurrection three days later and returned to Galilee to meet with the disciples, and in 40 heaven later.
Secondly, the "Jesus" is only "Joshua" the Greek wording, and "Joshua" is actually a very common name, the word means to God for salvation. Nazareth alone, according to historical records, it has at least three "Joshua." But no evidence that these three "Joshua" and one of them might be Jesus Christ.
Most researchers believe that Jesus was a real person was once similar to the Prophet as the appearance and access to Jerusalem, and because of religious or ethnic grounds by the authorities killed; but other aspects of the church's traditional view and has not been widely accepted by researchers outside the believers .
① born and baptized. On the record of the birth of Jesus and the young are found in "Matthew" and "Luke", thus derived for Christmas after the legend. "New Testament" no other part of any discussion on this matter. The first four Gospels in a book of "Mark", Zeyi Jesus by John the Baptist at the age of 30 for the beginning of washing. 1st century Jewish historian Yuesefusi had something on the record of John the Baptist. He said that John the Baptist was a "righteous" and "he called Jews follow the righteous way, as people are treating the neighbors should be fair, before God and man to come to baptism ... reverence ..." ("Jewish Kojiki" No. 18 Chapter 5). The baptism of Jesus by John is also seen in "Matthew" and "Luke", visible matter in early Christian oral tradition materials, has an important position. In the night out, "John" is not mentioned in the baptism of Jesus in John's thing, but only to the testimony of Jesus Christ that John, that Jesus is the Messiah was to come, savior. Gospel says Jesus was baptized, the real feel that they are "God's love child." And most people feel and different, and God has a special close relationship to the world to bear a special mission.
② preaching in Galilee. John the Baptist in the middle of a great impact on the masses. He was accused Herod was the ruler of jail. John was arrested, Jesus began to preach Galilee region of northern Palestine. According to "John" records, before he was to preach in the southern Jewish. The main content of his propaganda is: God is near, we must repent and believe the gospel. Jesus said "heaven" is "God's country."
⑤ conflict with those in power. According to the Gospel records of Jesus with the then dominant in Judaism of the Pharisees and Sadducees of the conflict, mainly the different religious views. For example, Jesus claimed that he has power to forgive sins, and scribes of the Pharisees think this is blasphemy. Jesus do not agree with the Pharisees on the Sabbath of the cumbersome dogma. He angered some Sabbath healing power. Compassion of Jesus is condemned by the Pharisees referred to as the lower people, and eat and drink with them, the Pharisees become more hostile to Jesus. Jesus claimed to be the Messiah, the Son of God, so Jesus as high priest be guilty, handed him over to Pilate and asked for his crucifixion death.
⑦ the idea of God and heaven. According to the Gospel, "God is the Father" as Jesus, the most important ideas. He Who made the prodigal son as a metaphor: the younger son to the father points to his awakening after the industry spent all the money, determined to confess to his father. Not only did not blame his father, but also for his dinner to celebrate, saying that her son is dead and resurrection, but get lost. Jesus as an example of the attitude of God to the world.
Year of the birth of Jesus
AD 6 years
Matthew Lane, Matthew mentioned the birth of Jesus, (large) Herod the king had ordered the massacre of Jewish newborns, so that the throne is threatened. Historians calculate Herod the Great died in 4 BC, so Jesus should in fact born on or before 4 BC. According to recent projections, Jesus in fact should be born in about 6 BC. However, historians point out that in that period of time before and after, in the Jewish Galilee province province and the three called "Herod" and "King" appeared. Matthew referring to Herod for which one, there is also open to question.
Year of birth controversy
According to the New Testament record of each chapter, we may have dates of birth of Jesus come to different conclusions.
"Koran" in the record: You said: "We believe in the inspiration, and Ibrahim (Abraham), Ishmael (Ishmael), Ishaq (Isaac), leaves Seoul Solitary White (Jacob) and the inspiration of all the tribes, and Musa (Moses) and Isa (Jesus) by giving the classic, and the prophets by the gift of the Lord classic; any one of them we have not be discriminated against, we just shun God (Allah). "(2: 136)
Joseph foster father of Jesus is the seed of Abraham, in Matthew chapter has been written, from Abraham to Joseph, a total of 42 generations, but according to Luke Chapter records, from Abraham to Joseph, only 36 generations, more two lists, in addition to algebra different, the characters are not the same. I believe the two female family tree genealogy department and the male line. According to Matthew's record, Mary was not married at the Joseph case of pregnancy, and blood of Jesus was not Joseph's son. However, after Jesus was born and circumcised the 8th day, the first 40 days into the canon by the parents to sacrifice, showing that he is the eldest son of Joseph admitted, is in accordance with the law of Moses inherited the family business the most, is the legal successor Industry .
"Passion of the Christ"
Under the word frame in the sky woodenly, Jesus quietly endure the suffering of life in the last, until he sees his own soul to God the Father. The cross, Jesus endured the ultimate test - abandoned by God. Jesus experienced fear looking at the Virgin Mary, shout out their lives in the last sentence: "I completed the Cross mission. Father ah! I put my soul into your hands!"
Translation】 【Passion of the Christ
【Duration】 127Mins
【Subtitles】 Chinese
【Size】 3CD 3x49x15MB
Maia Morgenstern .... Mary
Monica Bellucci Monica Bellucci .... Magdalen
Luca Lionello .... Judas
Fabio Sartor .... Abenader
Sheila Mokhtari .... Woman in Audience
"King of Kings"
Although the silent film movie, but it will not affect their great results, read minds after all people have a sense of washing received.
Describes the life of Jesus of Chinese books
[Jesus Christ (Photo Edition)]
About
Ludwig life writing a lot, mainly the "Goethe Biography," "Napoleon Biography", "Bismarck Biography", "Stalin Biography", "Jesus Christ", "Abraham Lincoln" and other biographies, as well as some political of works, such as "Ji Xiao Farm II", "Hindenburg," "Roosevelt" and so on.
公元耶稣 Jesus |