| 姓： | 姬 | |||||||||
| 名： | 延 | |||||||||
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周赧王，名姬延(公元前?～前256年)。周慎靓王子。慎靓王死后继位。在位59年，病死。葬于牵水北岸(今陕西省陇县)，一说葬于岳阳(今湖南省岳阳县)。
周赧王姬延在位期间，秦国开始左右出击，南攻楚，东击三晋(韩、赵、魏)，向中原地区扩展。
楚国于公元前306年灭越国后，几乎占有了整个南部中国，成为战国七雄中土地最大、人口最多，兵力最众的大国，具有攻灭六国、统一中国的有利条件。然而，由于吴起变法的失败，旧贵族势力的强大，阻碍了楚国的发展，成为秦国攻击的对象。为了抗秦，楚国和齐国结成了联盟。秦国力图拆散齐楚联盟，以便各个击破，于公元前313年派纵横家张仪赴楚，对楚怀王说，如楚国和齐绝交，秦王愿以商于(今湖南省浙川内乡一带)600里之地献楚。楚怀王不顾屈原、陈轸、昭睢等有识之士的劝阻，听信子兰、靳尚、郑袖等一群佞臣宠妃的话，应允了张仪，派使者跟他回秦受地。张仪一到秦，就假装坠车伤了脚，闭门谢客。三个月后，张仪得知齐楚确实已经绝交，才接见楚国使者说：“秦国的土地岂能随便送人，我说的是将自己的六里俸邑赠给你们。”楚怀王听了怒不可遏，不顾陈轸等人劝阻，发兵攻秦，于公元前312年与秦军战于丹阳(今河南省丹江北)。楚军大败，主将屈匀及副将70余人被生俘，8万士兵阵亡，汉中郡被秦占领。楚怀王恼羞成怒，倾全国兵力再次攻秦。同年与秦军又战于蓝田(今陕西省蓝田县)，再次大败。韩、魏乘机出兵攻楚。楚两面受敌，只得匆忙撤退，向秦国割地求和。此后的一段时间内，秦国因致力于攻打三晋，楚国暂时解除了来自秦的威胁，但是，国内社会矛盾激化，于公元前301年发生了庄跻领导的农民起义，使统治阶级受到了沉重的打击。
公元前299年，秦王以结亲为名，约楚怀王去武关(今陕西省商南县)相会。楚怀王再次不听屈原劝阻，听信子兰之言赴会，果然被秦兵劫持，押送到秦都咸阳。两年后，他逃跑不成，忧愤而死于秦。他死前，秦军攻楚，杀楚军5万，夺去15座城市。公元前 280年以后，秦军更开始集中兵力攻占了大片楚地，并于公元前278年由名将白起率兵攻占了楚国都城郢。楚国就此一蹶不振，一步步地在走向灭亡。在郢都陷落后，伟大的爱国诗人和政治家屈原不忍心眼见楚国灭亡，投汨罗江(在今湖南省湘阴县北)自尽。
秦在攻楚同时，又向三晋出击。公元前314年，秦趁齐攻燕之机，出兵攻打三晋，夺取了不少地方。公元前308年，秦军出函谷关进攻韩国的战略要地宜阳(今河南省宜阳县)。经过几个月的激战，秦军于第二年攻克宜阳，打开了通向中原的大门。公元前 293年，韩、魏两国合兵抗秦，会战于伊阙(河南省洛阳市南)，秦军在白起指挥下大胜，歼敌24万多人，韩、魏两国的兵力受到严重削弱。此后，秦继续进攻、蚕食三晋，到公元前286年止，已经占据了三晋一半的土地，首当其冲的韩、魏大大被削弱了。
秦国的日益壮大，使秦昭王不满足于王的称号，要称帝以示尊严，准备取周而代之。公元前288年10月，秦昭王约齐愍王一起称帝，秦为西帝，齐为东帝。12月，在纵横家苏秦劝说下，齐愍王去帝号，迫使秦昭王也取消了帝号。两强称帝，暴露了他们吞并五国、瓜分天下的企图，使五国十分惶恐，导致了五国攻秦和六国攻齐两大事件。韩、赵、魏、齐、燕的五国攻秦，由于各国各怀目的，难以统一步调，最后无功而散。公元前284年，燕、秦、楚、赵、魏、韩六国在秦王组织下联合攻齐，燕军在名将乐毅指挥下大败齐军，长驱直入，攻占齐国都城临淄，攻取齐国七十多城，齐国只剩下莒、即墨两城，齐王逃奔于莒。五年以后，在齐国名将田单指挥下，齐军才打败燕军，收复失地。经过这次打击，齐国国力大衰，此后就不是秦的对手了。
楚、齐逐渐衰落时，赵国却强盛起来。公元前307年，赵国国君武灵王深知本国处于燕、东胡、林胡、楼烦、秦、韩之间，不强兵就会亡国，决心奋发图强，振兴赵国。针对赵当时的主要对手是东胡等游牧民族的形势，他决定建立起一支强大的骑兵。但是，当时赵国人穿的是长袍大褂，袖长腰肥，领宽下摆大，不适宜骑马作战。于是，他从改革服装着手，自己首先改穿了窄袖短褂的胡服。许多贵族认为这是违背礼教，大逆不道。赵武灵王终于说服了有影响的贵族公子成，然后下了严厉的命令，要臣民改换服装，使胡服在全国得到推广，建立起一支善于骑射的强悍骑兵。这件事，史称“赵武灵王胡服骑射”。它说明了当时我国各民族相互取长补短，在习俗上逐渐接近。赵国依靠骑兵，连年出击，到公元前296年，攻灭中山国(今河北省北部一带)后，领土大大扩充，国力增强，一时成为抗秦的主要力量。
公元前262年，秦军攻韩，韩上党郡守冯亭以17城降赵。两年后，秦军攻取了上党，继而进攻长平(今山西省高平县)，赵国名将廉颇率军固守不出，挡住了秦军。秦国施用反间计，施放谣言说，廉颇容易对付，而且他快要投降了。昏庸的赵孝成王竟然相信了谣言，撤换了廉颇，以夸夸其谈毫无实战经验的赵括为统帅。赵括一反廉颇的战术，出兵大举攻秦。秦军此时已经暗中换上了能征善战的白起为主将。白起指挥秦军佯逃，诱赵括追击到秦军阵地之前，然后包围了赵军。赵军被围40多天，粮草断绝，赵括率精兵突围，被乱箭射死，赵军40万人降秦。白起担心降卒暴动，除放回240个小孩外，全部予以坑杀。这次战役史称“长平之战”。它使赵国兵力损失殆尽，从此元气大伤，一蹶不振。赵括长于空谈，导致亡军殒身，引出了“纸上谈兵”这一成语。
姬延在位期间，周王室已经十分衰弱，他所统治的地盘只有三四十座城池，3万多人口。还分成“东周”和“西周’，两部分由东周公和西周公分治，姬延居于“西周”(即王城)。时秦国已攻占了韩、魏、赵三国的很多地方，眼看下一步就要收拾周朝。姬延在忧心忡忡中度日。这时，楚国想抑制秦国势力的扩展，派使者请姬延以天子名义，号令各国协力攻秦。姬延大喜，命令西周公签丁凑起了一支五六千人的军队，可是缺少武器、粮饷。姬延向境内的富户筹借军资，付给他们借券，答应周军班师之日以战利品偿还。
公元前256年，姬延准备就绪，任命西周公为大将，率领五千军队伐秦，并约六国诸侯到伊阙(今河南省洛阳市南)会合，一起出击。不料，除了楚、燕两国派了些兵来以外，其他四国的兵马都失约不来，在伊阙的总兵力不过几万，远不是几十万秦兵的对手。结果，等了3个月仍不见其他四国的兵马到来，士气涣散，西周公只好带着自己的人马无功而回。
“西周”的富户见周军回来，纷纷持借券向姬延讨债。他们从早到晚聚集在宫门外，喧哗不止，声音直传入内宫。姬延愧悔不及，又无可奈何，只好躲到宫后的一个高台上避债。周朝人将这个高台称为“逃责台”(即逃债台)。此后，秦军不肯罢休，攻下韩国的阳城(今河南省登封县东南)、负黍(今河南省登封县西南)后，直扑东周王城。姬延惊慌，打算逃奔韩国或魏国。西周公劝说道：“秦吞并六国已是大势所趋，韩、魏两国也不会幸免，大王与其到那时被俘受辱，还不如趁早投降，结局或许能好些。”姬延无奈只好率领臣下和宗室，到祖庙哭拜了一番，三天后，亲自带着家眷、图册，去秦军军营投降。秦昭襄王受降，封他为周公，命令他居住于梁城(今陕西省韩城县南)，并夺去象征国家权力的九鼎宝器。至此，东周宣告灭亡。
姬延当时已经年老，奔走于周，秦，梁等地，经不起劳苦，到梁城后不满一月就病死。姬延死后谥号为赧王
Chu in 306 BC, destroyed more countries, almost occupied the whole of southern China, the Warring States to become the largest in the land, the most populous, most numerous in the great strength of the country, with Gongmie six countries, favorable conditions for the reunification of China. However, due to the failure of Qi Reform, the powerful forces of the old aristocracy, hindered the development of Chu, Qin became the object of attack. To Gang Qin, Chu and Qi alliances. Qin sought to break up neat and smart alliance to each break, in 313 BC, went on to send strategists Zhang Yi Chu, the grandson said, such as Chu and Qi Dear John, the King of Qin willing provider in the (now within the rural area of Hunan Province Zhejiang and Sichuan) Xian-Chu 600 in place. Grandson of the disregard of Qu Yuan, Chen Zhen, Zhao Sui and other people of insight to discourage, listen son Lan, Jin Shang, Zheng Xiu Chen Chong Fei such a group of eloquent words, promised, Zhang Yi, sent messengers to him by the way back to Qin. Qin Zhang Yi arrived, pretending to fall on the vehicle or injure a foot, behind closed doors, thank-you. Three months later, Zhang Yi that neat and smart indeed Dear John, before meeting with Chu envoy said: "How can the state of Qin of the land given away casually, I said six years his pension Yap donated to you." Grandson of the After listening to rage, regardless of Chen Zhen, who discourage, hair Bing Gong Qin, and Qin in 312 BC battle at Danyang (Jiangbei Dan, Henan province). Chu defeat, Lord Whitty uniform and lieutenants were Shengfu 70, 80 000 soldiers were killed, Hanzhong County was occupied by Qin. Grandson of the angry, the whole nation forces again attacked Qin. In the same year another battle with the Qin army in the Lam Tin (now Lantian County in Shaanxi Province), once again defeated. Han, Bing Gong Wei Chu opportunity out. Chu sides by the enemy, only hasty retreat, ceding territory and paying sums to the state of Qin. After some time, due to efforts to attack Sanjin Qin, Chu temporarily relieved from the threat of Qin, but the domestic social conflicts intensified, in 301 BC occurred in the village among the top leadership of the peasant uprising, so the ruling class by a heavy blow.
299 BC, the King of Qin to marry in the name of the grandson about to force off (now County, Shaanxi Province) meet. Again do not listen to Qu Yuan, the grandson of dissuasion, listen to the words of vanilla to attend, and she was Bing Qin hijacked and sent to the Qin Capital. Two years later, he fled fail, Anger died YU Qin. He died, Qin attacked Chu, Chu 50 000 killed, took 15 cities. After 280 BC, Qin started to concentrate forces captured large areas of Chu and in 278 BC by the famous White captured the Chu capital from shuaibing Ying. Chu on this devastated, step by step towards extinction. Yingdu after the fall of the great patriotic poet and statesman Qu Yuan, Chu could not bear to witness destruction, vote Miluo River (in today Xiangyin County, Hunan Province) himself.
Chu, Qi gradually decline, the State of Zhao is strong and prosperous. 307 BC, Zhao Guoguo Kimitake king Ling Yan aware of their own in the East Hu, Lin Hu, Lou Fan, Qin, Han, between weak soldiers will be conquered nation, determined to work hard to revitalize the State of Zhao. Zhao was the main rival for the Eastern Wu, nomadic peoples of the situation, he decided to establish a strong cavalry. But Zhao was wearing the robe coat, Sleeve waist fat, wide collar Hem large horse operations inappropriate. So he started from the reform of clothing, their first wearing a tight sleeves Duangua of Hu Dress. Many nobles think that this is contrary to propriety, outrageous. King Wuling of Zhao finally persuaded the influential noble son into, and then under the strict orders to his subjects change clothes, so be promoted Hu Dress in the country and establish a good at riding and shooting, powerful cavalry. This, known to history, "King Wuling of Zhao Hu Dress riding and shooting." It illustrates the complementarity between the various nationalities that time, the custom gradually close. Zhao rely on cavalry, attack year after year, to 296 BC, the Gongmie Zhongshan State (now the northern area of Hebei Province), the territory greatly expanded, enhanced national strength, the incident became a major force Gang Qin.
In 256 BC, Ji Yan ready for the general appointed Western Duke, led the 5000 military Faqin, and about six princes to Yique (south of Luoyang City, Henan province) joined together to attack. Unexpectedly, in addition to Chu, Yan, China sent more troops to, other four countries of the troops and horses are not to missed appointments, the total strength in Yique but tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of Bing Qin far rivals. The results, so the 3 months is still not seen the other four countries the arrival of troops and horses, morale and lax, West Duke had to bring their troops without success.